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The Palgrave Handbook of
Development Cooperation for
Achieving the 2030 Agenda
Edited by Sachin Chaturvedi · Heiner Janus · Stephan Klingebiel
Li Xiaoyun · André de Mello e Souza
Elizabeth Sidiropoulos · Dorothea Wehrmann
 The Palgrave Handbook of Development Cooperation
for Achieving the 2030 Agenda

“Why should countries help others to develop? How should their efforts be organized?
This magisterial tome provides deep insights from almost 50 experts from around the
world on the conceptual issues involved and public policy implications. The future of
the planet and its soon-to-be 9 billion inhabitants depends on sustainable development.
This book helps us understand how to get there.”
—Homi Kharas, Senior Fellow for Global Economy and Development, Center for
Sustainable Development at The Brookings Institution

“This book offers a sound and clear understanding of the narratives, norms, and insti-
tutions as far as development cooperation in the context of Agenda 2030 is concerned.
The authors emphasize the role of collective action as a method to foster the attain-
ment of global policy frameworks such as Agenda 2030 across national, regional, and
global levels, and diverse policy areas. However, regardless of the mechanism set to
attain the SDGs, they doubt that its attainment is still feasible due to the characteristics
of power struggles and unresolved contestations surrounding this global development
agenda. The authors do note the concrete and measurable goals, targets, and indicators
that can be used to hold governments and non-governmental actors accountable, and
yet warn that the negotiation process among the UN Member States is so politicized
that it jeopardizes the success of the agenda.
The authors emphasize that Agenda 2030 and the Paris Agreement are the main
global strategies to promote a sustainable society with an ecologically sound and
economically viable future. With respect to Development Financing, they recognize
ODA as an important resource for the poorest or most conflict-affected countries,
however, warn that even if every donor met the 0.7 percent target, it would barely
touch the trillions that have been variously estimated to be required to achieve SDGs.
They question the modes of cooperation between the actors in the global North
and South which still remains based on traditional patterns of cooperation. The
authors argue for technical cooperation and transnational cooperation as an equitable
mode of cooperation with more potential towards developing innovative solutions for
sustainable development.
I consider this book as a very important contribution to the current debates on the
future of development cooperation, especially as we embark in the uncertainties of a
post-COVID19 era.”
—Ibrahim Assane Mayaki, Chief Executive Officer of the African Union Development
Agency-NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD)
 Sachin Chaturvedi · Heiner Janus ·
Stephan Klingebiel · Li Xiaoyun ·
André de Mello e Souza · Elizabeth Sidiropoulos ·
Dorothea Wehrmann
Editors

The Palgrave
Handbook
of Development
Cooperation
for Achieving the 2030
Agenda
Contested Collaboration
Editors
Sachin Chaturvedi Heiner Janus
Research and Information System for German Development Institute /
Developing Countries (RIS) Deutsches Institut für
New Delhi, India Entwicklungspolitik (DIE)
Bonn, Germany
Stephan Klingebiel
German Development Institute / Li Xiaoyun
Deutsches Institut für China Agricultural University
Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) Beijing, China
Bonn, Germany
Elizabeth Sidiropoulos
André de Mello e Souza South African Institute of International
Institute for Applied Economic Research Affairs
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Wits University
Johannesburg, South Africa
Dorothea Wehrmann
German Development Institute /
Deutsches Institut für
Entwicklungspolitik (DIE)
Bonn, Germany

ISBN 978-3-030-57937-1 ISBN 978-3-030-57938-8 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57938-8

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication.
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 Preface

Global policy frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Devel-
opment and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) require collective
action across national, regional, and global levels and different policy areas.
At a time when multilateralism is increasingly being contested, it is crucial
to develop constructive ways for intensifying cooperation across these levels to
achieve the 2030 Agenda. In order to identify improved governance structures
for SDG cooperation, our handbook contributes to a better understanding of
contested narratives, norms, and institutions.
We are pleased to present this handbook—a collaborative effort of interna-
tional researchers and practitioners across disciplines. The book features chap-
ters that provide unique perspectives on the conceptual and practical chal-
lenges for achieving the SDGs. The findings are most relevant to the policy
field of development cooperation, but they also address broader questions
currently being discussed in global governance research. The chapters in this
book examine different forms of cooperation and contestation but also exem-
plify that contestation does not necessarily result in gridlock. In line with the
current debates on the 2030 Agenda, our authors were invited to present a
diversity of perspectives, including critical views and disagreements. We believe
that a key contribution of this handbook is to present different perspectives on
how to govern the implementation of the SDGs. As a result, this handbook
will hopefully advance discussions among both practitioners and researchers
and lead to new commonly shared ideas.
The 2030 Agenda is a universal agenda that needs to be translated for,
and implemented in, heterogeneous contexts across the world. Given these
pluralistic settings, contributors to this handbook apply varying perspectives as
well as normative assumptions, depending on the contexts they are analysing.
Similarly, the chapters in this handbook are of different lengths to allow

v
vi PREFACE

for a sound analysis of the different types of questions under investigation.

This diversity notwithstanding, the introductory chapter serves to identify
common analytical foundations and puts forward overarching findings and
lessons learnt.
As editors, we compiled and discussed thematic areas and research topics
that shape development cooperation as a policy field and which we consider
to be of high relevance for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Based
on this selection, we approached authors who are experts in the respective
areas. We are thankful for the great efforts of all the authors, who dedicated
their time to this project and open-mindedly considered all comments raised
during two author workshops and several rounds of reviews for each chapter.
We are also grateful to all reviewers who provided comments and suggestions
on earlier drafts of the chapters and to all the experts who engaged in discus-
sions during our author workshops. We would also like to express our appre-
ciation for those who contributed to this book while working in challenging
research environments.
This volume has its roots at the following institutions: the China Agricul-
tural University, the German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für
Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), the Institute for Applied Economic Research, the
Research and Information System for Developing Countries, and the South
African Institute of International Affairs. We thank each of these institutions
for their essential support. We also gratefully acknowledge financial support
from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Develop-
ment (BMZ), including through the Managing Global Governance (MGG)
network at DIE.
We are happy to have worked on this project with Palgrave Macmillan and
we thank Alina Yurova for her continued support and assistance in seeing this
volume through to its finalisation. We are grateful to the three anonymous
reviewers for their valuable feedback on the book proposal. Importantly, we
thank Robert Furlong for being an excellent copy editor of the entire hand-
book. Finally, we thank Benjamin Heil, Cornelia Hornschild, Nora Pierau, and
Jonas Willen at the German Development Institute for their essential support
on editorial and administrative matters.
 PREFACE vii

As is the usual practice, all errors remain solely the responsibility of the
editors.

New Delhi, India Sachin Chaturvedi

Bonn, Germany Heiner Janus
Bonn, Germany Stephan Klingebiel
Beijing, China Li Xiaoyun
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil André de Mello e Souza
Johannesburg, South Africa Elizabeth Sidiropoulos
Bonn, Germany Dorothea Wehrmann
 Contents

1 Development Cooperation in the Context of Contested

Global Governance 1
Sachin Chaturvedi, Heiner Janus, Stephan Klingebiel,
Li Xiaoyun, André de Mello e Souza, Elizabeth Sidiropoulos,
and Dorothea Wehrmann

Part I Global Cooperation for Achieving the SDGs

2 Maximising Goal Coherence in Sustainable

and Climate-Resilient Development? Polycentricity
and Coordination in Governance 25
Sander Chan, Gabriela Iacobuta, and Ramona Hägele

3 Development Finance and the 2030 Goals 51

Emma Mawdsley

4 Transnational Science Cooperation for Sustainable

Development 59
Anna Schwachula

Part II Development Cooperation: Narratives and Norms

5 An Evolving Shared Concept of Development

Cooperation: Perspectives on the 2030 Agenda 91
Milindo Chakrabarti and Sachin Chaturvedi

ix
x CONTENTS

6 The Globalisation of Foreign Aid: Global Influences

and the Diffusion of Aid Priorities 113
Liam Swiss

7 The Untapped Functions of International Cooperation

in the Age of Sustainable Development 127
Adolf Kloke-Lesch

8 The Difficulties of Diffusing the 2030 Agenda: Situated

Norm Engagement and Development Organisations 165
Lars Engberg-Pedersen and Adam Fejerskov

9 Diffusion, Fusion, and Confusion: Development

Cooperation in a Multiplex World Order 185
Paulo Esteves and Stephan Klingebiel

10 Conceptualising Ideational Convergence of China

and OECD Donors: Coalition Magnets in Development
Cooperation 217
Heiner Janus and Tang Lixia

Part III Measurements of Development Cooperation:

Theories and Frameworks

11 Measuring Development Cooperation and the Quality

of Aid 247
Ian Mitchell

12 Interest-Based Development Cooperation: Moving

Providers from Parochial Convergence to Principled
Collaboration 271
Nilima Gulrajani and Rachael Calleja

13 Monitoring and Evaluation in South-South Cooperation:

The Case of CPEC in Pakistan 289
Murad Ali

14 The Implementation of the SDGs: The Feasibility of Using

the GPEDC Monitoring Framework 309
Debapriya Bhattacharya, Victoria Gonsior, and Hannes Öhler
 CONTENTS xi

15 Counting the Invisible: The Challenges and Opportunities

of the SDG Indicator Framework for Statistical Capacity
Development 329
Rolando Avendano, Johannes Jütting, and Manuel Kuhm

Part IV Institutional Settings for Development Cooperation

16 Building a Global Development Cooperation Regime:

Failed but Necessary Efforts 349
André de Mello e Souza

17 Failing to Share the Burden: Traditional Donors,

Southern Providers, and the Twilight of the GPEDC
and the Post-War Aid System 367
Gerardo Bracho

18 Should China Join the GPEDC? Prospects for China

and the Global Partnership for Effective Development
Cooperation 393
Li Xiaoyun and Qi Gubo

19 South Africa in Global Development Fora: Cooperation

and Contestation 409
Elizabeth Sidiropoulos

20 Middle Powers in International Development

Cooperation: Assessing the Roles of South Korea
and Turkey 435
R. Melis Baydag

Part V Aligning National Priorities with Development

Cooperation/SDGs

21 The SDGs and the Empowerment of Bangladeshi Women 453

Naomi Hossain

22 Russia’s Approach to Official Development Assistance

and Its Contribution to the SDGs 475
Yury K. Zaytsev
xii CONTENTS

23 US Multilateral Aid in Transition: Implications

for Development Cooperation 499
Tony Pipa

Part VI The Contribution of SSC and Triangular Cooperation

to the SDGs

24 “The Asian Century”: The Transformational Potential

of Asian-Led Development Cooperation 519
Anthea Mulakala

25 South-South Development Cooperation as a Modality:

Brazil’s Cooperation with Mozambique 543
Jurek Seifert

26 South Africa as a Development Partner: An Empirical

Analysis of the African Renaissance and International
Cooperation Fund 567
Philani Mthembu

27 Triangular Cooperation: Enabling Policy Spaces 583

Geovana Zoccal

28 Achieving the SDGs in Africa Through South-South

Cooperation on Climate Change with China 605
Moritz Weigel and Alexander Demissie

29 India as a Partner in Triangular Development Cooperation 625

Sebastian Paulo

Part VII The Role of Non-state Actors to the SDGs

30 Partnerships with the Private Sector: Success Factors

and Levels of Engagement in Development Cooperation 649
Jorge A. Pérez-Pineda and Dorothea Wehrmann

31 The Role and Contributions of Development NGOs

to Development Cooperation: What Do We Know? 671
Nicola Banks
 CONTENTS xiii

32 Southern Think Tank Partnerships in the Era of the 2030

Agenda 689
Andrea Ordóñez-Llanos

33 Conclusion: Leveraging Development Cooperation

Experiences for the 2030 Agenda—Key Messages
and the Way Forward 705
Sachin Chaturvedi, Heiner Janus, Stephan Klingebiel,
Li Xiaoyun, André de Mello e Souza, Elizabeth Sidiropoulos,
and Dorothea Wehrmann

Index 717
 Notes on Contributors

Murad Ali is Assistant Professor of Development Studies at the University of

Malakand in Pakistan. He completed his Ph.D. at Massey University in New
Zealand in 2012 and his postdoctoral degree at the German Development
Institute (DIE) in 2018. He is the author of The Politics of US Aid to Pakistan:
Aid Allocation and Delivery from Truman to Trump, which was published by
Routledge in 2019.
Rolando Avendano is an Economist at the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
Prior to joining ADB, he worked for Partnership in Statistics for Develop-
ment in the 21st Century (PARIS21), the OECD (Development Centre and
Economics Department), and the University of Los Andes in Colombia. He
holds a Ph.D. in economics from the Paris School of Economics.
Nicola Banks is a Senior Lecturer in global urbanism and urban development
at the University of Manchester. Her research interests include the transforma-
tive potential of development NGOs, and she has recently conducted research
mapping the United Kingdom’s development NGO sector.
R. Melis Baydag is Research Associate and Ph.D. candidate at the Chair
of International Politics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany. She previously
worked as Guest Researcher at the German Development Institute (DIE).
Her research interests include middle powers, international development
cooperation, and societal approach.
Debapriya Bhattacharya is Distinguished Fellow at the Centre for Policy
Dialogue; Chair of the Southern Voice network of think tanks; and a member
of the Governing Board at BRAC International. He was the Former Ambas-
sador and Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to WTO and UN Offices
in Geneva; a Special Advisor on least-developed countries to the Secre-
tary General of UNCTAD; and Executive Director of the Centre for Policy
Dialogue. He studied in Dhaka, Moscow, and Oxford.

xv
xvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Gerardo Bracho is a Mexican Diplomat and an Associate Fellow at the

Centre for Global Cooperation Research. He is the Mexican Delegate (devel-
opment) at the OECD and has been Senior Advisor at the OECD-DAC
and Deputy Director General at AMEXCID. He has published extensively on
development issues.
Rachael Calleja is a Senior Research Associate at the Center for Global Devel-
opment and a Research Fellow at the Norman Paterson School of International
Affairs. Her research interests include aid effectiveness, donor motivations, and
the management of development agencies. She holds a Ph.D. in international
affairs from Carleton University, Canada.
Milindo Chakrabarti is Visiting Fellow at the Research and Information
System for Developing Countries think tank in New Delhi, in addition
to serving as a Full Professor at the Jindal School of Government and
Public Policy, O.P. Jindal Global University in Sonipat, India. He is also an
Adjunct Professor with the Natural Resources Institute of Manitoba Univer-
sity in Winnipeg Canada. His specialisations include development cooperation,
programme evaluation, and development economics.
Sander Chan is a Political Scientist specialising in international environ-
mental governance at the German Development Institute (DIE) and Adjunct
Assistant Professor at the Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development,
Utrecht University. His research interests include global environmental poli-
tics, transnational actors in developing countries, development, and climate
governance.
Sachin Chaturvedi is the Director General at the Research and Information
System for Developing Countries think tank in New Delhi. He works on issues
related to development economics, involving development finance, SDGs, and
South–South cooperation, in addition to trade, investment, and innovation
linkages, with a special focus on the World Trade Organization. He is also a
member of the Board of Governors at the Reserve Bank of India.
Alexander Demissie is the Founding Director of The China Africa Advi-
sory. His research interest is focussed on China–Africa relations, in partic-
ular on China–Ethiopia relations. He is also a Ph.D. researcher and a non-
resident lecturer at the University of Bonn on topics surrounding China–Africa
relations.
Lars Engberg-Pedersen is Head of the Research Unit and Senior Researcher
at the Danish Institute for International Studies. He works on interna-
tional development cooperation and global norms and has coordinated several
research programmes. He has undertaken research on aid in fragile situa-
tions, aid management practices, and poverty reduction by local organisations,
among other issues.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Paulo Esteves is an Associate Professor at the Institute of International Rela-

tions in Rio (IRI/PUC-Rio), the Director of the BRICS Policy Center, and a
Research Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (Potsdam)
and the National School of Public Administration (ENAP) in Brazil. He has
published articles and book chapters in the area of international development.
He was the President of the Brazilian Association of International Relations
between 2011 and 2014.
Adam Moe Fejerskov is a Researcher at the Danish Institute for Interna-
tional Studies. His research addresses the dynamics of contemporary global
development and international theory on norms and organisations. His newest
books are The Gates Foundation’s Rise to Power (2018) and Rethinking Gender
Equality in Global Governance: The Delusion of Norm Diffusion (2019).
Victoria Gonsior is an Economist within the Development Planning and
Research Unit at the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development in
Sierra Leone. She participates in the Fellowship Programme of the Overseas
Development Institute and worked previously as a Researcher at the German
Development Institute (DIE).
Qi Gubo is a Professor and Rural Development Researcher at the China Insti-
tute for South–South Cooperation in Agriculture/College of Humanities and
Development Studies at China Agricultural University. She received her Ph.D.
in agricultural economics in 1996. Her main research interests are resource
management and sustainable development, and international development
cooperation.
Nilima Gulrajani is Senior Research Fellow at the Overseas Development
Institute in London and an Associate at the Department of International
Development at King’s College. Previously, she was an Assistant Professor at
the London School of Economics. She currently serves as an Associate Editor
of the journal Public Administration and Development.
Ramona Hägele is a Researcher at the German Development Institute (DIE)
with a focus on the water–energy–food nexus under conditions of climate
change and the integrated implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Her main
research interests are integrated water resources management and local water
governance.
Naomi Hossain is a Political Sociologist currently at the Accountability
Research Center at American University. She researches the politics of develop-
ment, chiefly but not exclusively in Bangladesh, and has published on political
elites, the social and political responses to crises, women’s empowerment, and
food riots.
Gabriela Iacobuta is a Researcher at the German Development Institute
(DIE) within the “Environmental Governance” programme. The focus of her
xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

work is on the adoption and stringency of domestic climate change mitiga-

tion policies and measures around the world and the potential implications of
these policies and measures to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and
its Sustainable Development Goals. She is currently also pursuing a Ph.D. at
Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands, on the same research
topic.
Heiner Janus is a Researcher at the German Development Institute (DIE)
in the programme “Inter- and Transnational Cooperation”. He holds a
Ph.D. from the University of Manchester’s Global Development Institute. His
research focusses on aid and development effectiveness and the role of rising
powers in development cooperation.
Johannes Jütting Executive Head of the Partnership in Statistics for Devel-
opment in the 21st Century (PARIS21), is a trained Development Economist
with a Ph.D. from Humboldt University at Berlin in agricultural economics
and expertise in various fields of development such as agriculture, health
economics, institutional change, gender, employment, and social protection,
as well as data and statistics.
Stephan Klingebiel has been serving as the Director of the UNDP (United
Nations Development Programme) Seoul Policy Centre since mid-2019. He
previously worked as the Chair of the programme “Inter- and Transnational
Cooperation” of the German Development Institute (DIE). From 2007 to
2011, he was the Founding Director of the KfW Development Bank office
in Kigali, Rwanda. He was a regular Guest Professor at Stanford University
(2011–2019) and is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Marburg. The
views expressed herein are those of the author and can in no way be taken to
reflect the official views or positions of the United Development Programme.
Adolf Kloke-Lesch became Executive Director of the Sustainable Develop-
ment Solutions Network in Germany in 2014. Prior to this, he served as
Managing Director at the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusamme-
narbeit (2011/2012) and Director General at the German Federal Ministry for
Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ, 2007–2010). Before joining
BMZ in 1978, he graduated from the Berlin Technical University, where he
studied urban and regional planning.
Manuel Kuhm holds a B.Sc. in international economics from the University
of Tübingen and is currently finishing his M.A. in development economics
at the University of Passau. Previously, he worked for Partnership in Statis-
tics for Development in the 21st Century (PARIS21) at the OECD’s Statis-
tics and Data Directorate. His research interests include statistical capacity
development, innovative entrepreneurship, and digital technological change.
Tang Lixia Professor, is Deputy Dean at the China Institute for South–
South Cooperation in Agriculture, China Agricultural University. She has been
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xix

involved in several research projects on poverty analysis and livelihood develop-

ment, social public policy analysis, international development aid, and Chinese
engagements in Africa.
Emma Mawdsley is a Reader in Human Geography at the University of
Cambridge and the Director of the Margaret Anstee Centre for Global Studies
at Newnham College. She works on international development cooperation,
with a particular focus on South–South partnerships and how the United
Kingdom and other DAC donors are responding to this and other shifts in
global development.
André de Mello e Souza is a Researcher at the Institute for Applied
Economic Research (IPEA), a Brazilian governmental think tank. He earned
a Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University in the United States. He
previously worked as a Professor of International Relations at the Pontifical
Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro.
Ian Mitchell is a Senior Fellow and Co-director of the “Development Policy
and Leadership” programme at the Center for Global Development in Europe.
He leads research on how governments’ policies accelerate or inhibit develop-
ment and poverty reduction—considering both the effectiveness of aid and
policies including trade, migration, environment, and security. He is also an
Associate Fellow at Chatham House and at the Institute for Fiscal Studies.
Philani Mthembu is Executive Director at the Institute for Global Dialogue.
His recent publications include a book titled China and India’s Develop-
ment Cooperation in Africa: The Rise of Southern Powers, and he is co-editor
of the books From MDGs to Sustainable Development Goals: The Travails of
International Development, and Africa and the World: Navigating Shifting
Geopolitics.
Anthea Mulakala leads The Asia Foundation’s work on Asian Approaches to
Development Cooperation, focussing on how Asian countries are shaping the
global development cooperation landscape. Previously, she served as Country
Representative Malaysia at the World Bank (Indonesia), at the Department
for International Development (Bangladesh, Sri Lanka), and at South Asia
Partnership (Canada).
Hannes Öhler is a Researcher at the German Development Institute (DIE)
and works on issues related to development effectiveness, aid allocation, and
private aid. He holds a Ph.D. in development economics from Heidelberg
University and studied economics in Göttingen, Kiel, Innsbruck, and Verona.
Andrea Ordóñez-Llanos is Director of Southern Voice, a network of think
tanks devoted to bringing research from the Global South to international
debates on the development agenda. She is co-editor of the book Southern
Perspectives on the Post-2015 International Development Agenda. Her work
xx NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

focusses on fostering better knowledge systems to support sustainable devel-

opment.
Sebastian Paulo is a freelance researcher focussing on international develop-
ment cooperation, global governance, and India’s role as a global develop-
ment partner. He has worked for various think tanks, including the Observer
Research Foundation, the German Development Institute (DIE), and the
OECD Development Centre.
Jorge A. Pérez-Pineda is an Economist at the National Autonomous Univer-
sity of Mexico (UNAM) and holds a Ph.D. in international economics and
development from the Complutense University of Madrid. At the German
Development Institute (DIE), he specialised in the area of global governance.
He belongs to the National System of Researchers in Mexico (SNI 1) and
networks such as REMECID, REEDES, NEST, and MGG. He is also a
Research Professor at Anáhuac University México.
Tony Pipa is a Senior Fellow in Global Economy and Development at the
Brookings Institution, where his research focusses on local leadership of
the global sustainable development agenda; the effectiveness of multilateral
aid; and place-based policies to strengthen the prosperity and resilience of
marginalised communities.
Anna Schwachula studied literature and sociology at the University of Bonn
and received a Ph.D. from Bremen University. In her dissertation, she focussed
on science policy for cooperation with the Global South and impacts on
sustainable development. She is a Researcher at the German Development
Institute (DIE).
Jurek Seifert is a Development Cooperation Expert. He holds a Ph.D. from
the University of Duisburg-Essen and has focussed on South–South coop-
eration, development effectiveness, and private-sector engagement. He has
conducted research at the BRICS Policy Center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and
has worked in German development cooperation.
Elizabeth Sidiropoulos is the Chief Executive of the South African Insti-
tute of International Affairs. She has published on South Africa’s development
diplomacy and global governance engagement. She is co-editor of Development
Cooperation and Emerging Powers: New Partners or Old Patterns (2012) and
Institutional Architecture and Development: Responses from Emerging Powers
(2015).
Liam Swiss is an Associate Professor of Sociology at Memorial University. He
researches the role of foreign aid in international norm diffusion, the politics
of Canadian aid policy, and women’s political representation in the Global
South. His book The Globalization of Foreign Aid: Developing Consensus was
published by Routledge in 2018.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxi

Dorothea Wehrmann holds a Ph.D. in political science and works as a

Researcher at the German Development Institute (DIE). She studied social
sciences, political communication, and interamerican studies. Her research
areas include international and transnational cooperation in networks, private-
sector engagement in development cooperation, and the politics of the polar
regions.
Moritz Weigel is the Founding Director of The China Africa Advisory. His
research interests include China–Africa relations and sustainable development.
He has published extensively on South–South and triangular cooperation on
climate change. He holds an M.A. in economics, political science, and modern
China studies from the University of Cologne.
Li Xiaoyun is a Chair Professor (one of the few prominent professors)
at China Agricultural University and Honorary Dean at the China Insti-
tute for South–South Cooperation in Agriculture. He is the Chair of the
Network of Southern Think Tanks and Chair of the China International Devel-
opment Research Network. His expertise mainly focusses on international
development, aid, agriculture, and poverty reduction.
Yury K. Zaytsev is a Senior Research Fellow at the Russian Academy of
National Economy and Public Administration. His expertise covers macroeco-
nomic regulation; global economic governance; international investments; and
international development assistance and cooperation. His professional expe-
rience deals with consulting projects for, among others, the World Bank, the
Eurasian Development Bank, and CISCO Entrepreneur Institute.
Geovana Zoccal has been a Researcher Associate at the BRICS Policy Center
since 2012. She received a Ph.D. (2018) and an M.A. (2013) in interna-
tional relations at Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro. She was
the German Chancellor Fellow at the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
(2018–2019), based at the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and
Development (BMZ), and was a Visiting Fellow in 2017 at the Institute of
Development Studies at the University of Sussex.
 Abbreviations

2030 Agenda United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

AAA Accra Agenda for Action
AAAA Addis Ababa Action Agenda
AAGC Asia–Africa Growth Corridor
ABC Brazilian Cooperation Agency/Agência Brasileira de Cooperação
ADAPT Advanced Data Planning Tool
ADB Asian Development Bank
AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
AMC Advanced Market Commitment
AMEXCID Mexican Agency for International Development Coopera-
tion/Agencia Mexicana de Cooperación Internacional para el
Desarrollo
ANC African National Congress
APDev Africa Platform for Development Effectiveness
APRM African Peer Review Mechanism
ARF African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund
AS Alliance for Sustainability
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
AU African Union
BAPA Buenos Aires Plan of Action
BAPA+40 Second High-Level United Nations Conference on South–South
Cooperation/Buenos Aires Plan of Action plus 40
BBIN Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal
BEPS Base Erosion and Profit-Shifting
BICS Brazil, India, China, South Africa
BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation
BMBF German Federal Ministry of Education and
Research/Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
BMZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Devel-
opment/Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und
Entwicklung

xxiii
xxiv ABBREVIATIONS

BRI Belt and Road Initiative

BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
CAP Common African Position on the Post-2015 Development Agenda
CBDR Common But Differentiated Responsibilities
CDB China Development Bank
CDI Commitment to Development Index
CGD Center for Global Development
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
CPEC China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
CRBC China Road and Bridge Corporation
CRF Country Results Framework
CRS Common Reporting Standard
CSO Civil Society Organisation
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
DAAD German Academic Exchange Service/Deutscher Akademischer
Austauschdienst
DAC Development Assistance Committee
DAG Development Assistance Group
DBSA Development Bank of Southern Africa
DC Development Cooperation
DD DAC Donor
DFID Department for International Development (United Kingdom)
DIE German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwick-
lungspolitik
DIRCO Department of International Relations and Cooperation (South
Africa)
DPA Development Partnership Administration
DPF Development Partnership Fund (India–United Nations)
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
ECDC Economic Cooperation Among Developing Countries
Embrapa Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation/Empresa Brasileira de
Pesquisa Agropecuária
EP Emerging Power
EU European Union
EXIM Export-Import
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FfD Financing for Development Forum (United Nations)
FIDC Forum for Indian Development Cooperation
Fiocruz Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
FOCAC Forum on China–Africa Cooperation
FONA Research for Sustainable Development Framework Programme
(BMBF)
FTA Free Trade Agreement (Pakistan–China)
G7 Group of Seven
G20 Group of Twenty
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GFCE Global Forum on Cyber Expertise
GHG Greenhouse Gas
 ABBREVIATIONS xxv

GII Gender Inequality Index

GIZ German Corporation for International Cooperation/Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
GNI Gross National Income
GNP Gross National Product
GPEDC Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation
GPG Global Public Good
GPI Global Partnership Initiative
HIC High-Income Country
HLF High Level Forum
HLG-PCCB High-Level Group for Partnership, Coordination and Capacity-
Building for Statistics for the 2030 Agenda
HLM High-Level Meeting
HLP High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development
Agenda
HLPF High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development
HOM Head of Mission (United Nations)
HSS Health System Strengthening
IATF Inter-Agency Task Force on Financing for Development (United
Nations)
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IBSA India, Brazil, and South Africa
IBSA Fund India, Brazil, and South Africa Facility for Poverty and Hunger
Alleviation
IDA International Development Association
IDC International Development Cooperation
IFF Illicit Financial Flow
IFFIm International Finance Facility for Immunisation
IGN Inter-Governmental Negotiation
IMF International Monetary Fund
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IR International Relations
IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
ISA International Solar Alliance
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
JCC Joint Cooperation Committee (Pakistan)
JST Joint Support Team
JWG Joint Working Group
KP Kyoto Protocol
LDC Least-Developed Country
LIC Low-Income Country
LOC Line of Credit
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MANAGE National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (India)
MDB Multilateral Development Bank
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MEA Ministry of External Affairs (India)
MEE Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of
China
xxvi ABBREVIATIONS

MIC Middle-Income Country

MIKTA Mexico, Indonesia, Korea, Turkey, Australia
MoF Ministry of Finance
MoIs Means of Implementation
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MPT Middle Power Theory
MW Megawatt
NDB New Development Bank
NDC Nationally Determined Contribution
NDP National Development Plan
NDRC National Development and Reform Commission (China)
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
NeST Network of Southern Think Tanks
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NSC North-South Cooperation
NSO National Statistical Office
ODA Official Development Assistance
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corporation
OWG Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable
Development Goals
Oxfam GB Oxfam Great Britain
PA Index Principled Aid Index
PALOP Portuguese-Speaking African Countries/Países Africanos de Língua
Oficial Portuguesa
PARIS21 Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century
PBIG Post-Busan Interim Group
PDR Planning Development Reform (Pakistan)
PFSD Partnerships for Sustainable Development
PIO Public International Organisations
PPP Public–Private Partnership
PPPD Public–Private Partnership for Development
PROCID Programa de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Mexico)
PSE Private-Sector Engagement Through Development Cooperation
QuODA Quality of Official Development Assistance
RC Recipient Country
SADC Southern African Development Community
SADPA South African Development Partnership Agency
SAP Structural Adjustment Programme
SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SECI Solar Energy Corporation of India
SEGIB Ibero-American General Secretariat/Secretaría General Iberoameri-
cana
SEZ Special Economic Zone
SG Secretary-General
SITA Supporting Indian Trade and Investment for Africa
SPCI Southern Climate Partnership Incubator
SSC South–South Cooperation
 ABBREVIATIONS xxvii

SSCCC South–South Cooperation on Climate Change

SSDC South–South Development Cooperation
T20 Think 20
TCDC Technical Cooperation Among Developing Countries
TERI The Energy and Resources Institute
TMP Theory of Middle Powers
TOSSD Total Official Support for Sustainable Development
TrC Triangular Cooperation
TT-SSC Task Team on South–South Cooperation
UN DCF United Nations Development Cooperation Forum
UN DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UN United Nations
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNGA United Nations General Assembly
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNOSSC United Nations Office for South–South Cooperation
UNPK United Nations Peacekeeping
UNSDG United Nations Sustainable Development Group
UNSC United Nations Security Council
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USG Under-Secretary-General
VNR Voluntary National Review
WBG World Bank Group
WHO World Health Organization
WP-EFF Working Party on Aid Effectiveness (OECD)
WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio+10)
ZAR South African Rand
 List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Complementary levels of coherence for implementing the

Post-2015 Agenda (Source Adapted from OECD [2014,
p. 15]) 29
Fig. 7.1 “North-South” and “South-South” cooperation in the
pre-2015 world (Note LIC [low-income country], MIC
[middle-income country], WBG [World Bank Group], UNDG
[United Nations Development Group], HIC [high-income
country]. Source Author) 148
Fig. 7.2 Mutually transformative cooperation in the 2030 world
(Note AIIB [Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank], ASEAN
[Association of Southeast Asian Nations], HIC [high-income
country], LIC [low-income country], MIC [middle-income
country], WBG [World Bank Group], UNDG [United
Nations Development Group], IMF [International Monetary
Fund], OECD [Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development], EU [European Union]‚ SCO [Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation], UNSDG [United Nations
Sustainable Development Group]. Source Author) 150
Fig. 9.1 Formal model of the tripartite structure of contemporary
international norms (Source Winston 2018) 189
Fig. 9.2 The proto-constitution of development cooperation clusters
(1945–1961) (Source Authors) 192
Fig. 9.3 The establishment of the ODA normative framework
(1961–1972) (Source Authors) 194
Fig. 9.4 Manufacturing the SSC normative framework (1961–1978)
(Source Authors) 196
Fig. 9.5 Conditional official development assistance (Source Authors) 198
Fig. 9.6 From Paris to Nairobi: Diffusion strategies of aid effectiveness
(Source Authors) 200
Fig. 9.7 Busan and the fusion attempt (Source Authors) 201
Fig. 9.8 TOSSD: The neutralisation of development flows (Source
Authors) 205

xxix
xxx LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 11.1 Countries by absolute size of economy and relative average

income level (Notes CDI refers to the [OECD] countries that
the Center for Global Development (CGD) assessed in its
2018 Commitment to Development Index. The remaining
G20 countries (in red) have been added to the 2020 edition
as well as Chile, Israel and United Arab Emirates. Source
Author’s analysis; uses gross domestic product [GDP] and
gross national income [2018 data] from the World Bank
[2020]) 249
Fig. 15.1 Survey results on regional disaggregation requirements.
Question 12: Please indicate what types of data disaggregation
require the most immediate support (Source PARIS21 2018b) 335
Fig. 21.1 Global Gender Gap Index rankings, South Asia, in 2018 (Note
Lower scores indicate lower levels of gender inequality in the
particular domain, that is, better scores. Source Author, based
on data from the World Economic Forum [2018]) 457
Fig. 22.1 Official development assistance provided by the Russian
Federation in the period from 2005 to 2017 ($ millions)
(Source Based on data provided by the OECD-DAC and the
MoF of Russia [Knobel and Zaytsev 2018]) 478
Fig. 22.2 Distribution of Russian ODA to bilateral and multilateral
assistance ($ millions) (Source Based on data provided by the
OECD-DAC and the MoF of Russia [Knobel and Zaytsev
2018]) 480
Fig. 23.1 US ODA, 2005–2016 (Source Brookings analysis of OECD
Creditor Reporting System [CRS] ODA data [For more
information on the data analysis, see “Note about the
individual projects (CRS) database” under OECD. Stat on
the OECD International Development Statistics (IDS) online
databases website: https://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline.
htm]) 502
Fig. 26.1 Allocation trends between 2003 and 2015 (Source Author,
using data from annual reports of the ARF [2003–2015]) 576
Fig. 26.2 Expenditure trends between 2003 and 2015 (Source Author,
using data from annual reports of the ARF [2003–2015]) 577
Fig. 28.1 “NDC-SDG Connections”—overview of linkages between
African countries’ NDCs and the SDGs (Source DIE [2019]) 607
Fig. 28.2 Current and future spending scenarios on China’s SSCCC
(Source Weigel [2016]) 611
Fig. 30.1 Concept of orchestration (Source Wehrmann [2018]) 658
Fig. 31.1 Sources of income for British development NGOs
(2009–2014) (Source Banks and Brockington 2018) 682
 List of Tables

Table 1.1 Contested cooperation matrix: mapping the role of

development cooperation for achieving the SDGs 12
Table 5.1 Features of GAVI 102
Table 5.2 Features of the International Solar Alliance 106
Table 5.3 Features of UNPK 109
Table 7.1 Functional mapping of externally oriented policies and the
place of development cooperation 135
Table 7.2 Functional mapping of the means of implementation of the
2030 Agenda 138
Table 9.1 Effectiveness principles: From Paris to Busan 203
Table 10.1 Potential coalition magnet ideas in development cooperation 223
Table 11.1 SDG indicators focussed on international spillovers and
cooperation 250
Table 11.2 Development contributions and policies 251
Table 11.3 Development contributions and impacts 252
Table 11.4 Policies that matter for international sustainable development 261
Table 12.1 Summary of dimensions, indicators, and data sources 279
Table 12.2 Change in PA Index scores between 2013 and 2017 by
dimension and overall 281
Table 13.1 Analytical framework for assessing China–Pakistan
development partnership 292
Table 13.2 A brief assessment of CPEC within the NeST framework 305
Table 14.1 GPEDC monitoring framework—effectiveness principles and
indicators 313
Table 15.1 Survey results on regional SDG indicator prioritisation 335
Table 17.1 The burden-sharing game 374
Table 20.1 Comparing Korea (KR) and Turkey (TR) 443
Table 21.1 Gender Inequality Index, South Asia 464
Table 22.1 The amount of financial participation by Russia in
international development institutions in 2017 481
Table 22.2 List of national goals of the Presidential May Decree of 2018 487
Table 26.1 ARF allocation and expenditure (2003–2015) 575

xxxi
xxxii LIST OF TABLES

Table 28.1 Contested cooperation matrix for China’s South-South

cooperation on climate change with African countries 615
Table 30.1 Elements contributing to the success of partnerships 656
 CHAPTER 1

Development Cooperation in the Context

of Contested Global Governance

Sachin Chaturvedi, Heiner Janus, Stephan Klingebiel,

Li Xiaoyun, André de Mello e Souza, Elizabeth Sidiropoulos,
and Dorothea Wehrmann

1.1 Introduction
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has successfully set a norma-
tive framework that defines development as a universal aspiration for inclusive-
ness and sustainability. Furthermore, this global agreement contains concrete
and measurable goals, targets, and indicators that can be used to hold govern-
ments and non-governmental actors accountable for achieving sustainable

S. Chaturvedi (B)
Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), New Delhi, India
e-mail: sachin@ris.org.in
H. Janus · S. Klingebiel · D. Wehrmann
German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE),
Bonn, Germany
e-mail: heiner.janus@die-gdi.de
S. Klingebiel
e-mail: stephan.klingebiel@die-gdi.de
D. Wehrmann
e-mail: dorothea.wehrmann@die-gdi.de
X. Li
China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
e-mail: xiaoyun@cau.edu.cn

© The Author(s) 2021 1

S. Chaturvedi et al. (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Development
Cooperation for Achieving the 2030 Agenda,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57938-8_1
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