PDF Wave Dynamics Mechanics and Physics of Microstructured Metamaterials Theoretical and Experimental Methods Mezhlum A Sumbatyan Ebook Full Chapter

Wave Dynamics Mechanics and
Physics of Microstructured
Metamaterials Theoretical and
Experimental Methods Mezhlum A.
Sumbatyan
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/wave-dynamics-mechanics-and-physics-of-microstruc
tured-metamaterials-theoretical-and-experimental-methods-mezhlum-a-sumbatyan/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Experimental Methods of Shock Wave Research 1st Edition

Ozer Igra
https://textbookfull.com/product/experimental-methods-of-shock-
wave-research-1st-edition-ozer-igra/
Theoretical and Experimental Methods for Defending

Against DDOS Attacks 1st Edition Amiri
https://textbookfull.com/product/theoretical-and-experimental-
methods-for-defending-against-ddos-attacks-1st-edition-amiri/
Advancements in Optical Methods amp Digital Image

Correlation in Experimental Mechanics Volume 3
Proceedings of the 2019 Annual Conference on
Experimental and Applied Mechanics Ming-Tzer Lin
https://textbookfull.com/product/advancements-in-optical-methods-
amp-digital-image-correlation-in-experimental-mechanics-
volume-3-proceedings-of-the-2019-annual-conference-on-
experimental-and-applied-mechanics-ming-tzer-lin/
Experimental Methods in Heat Transfer and Fluid

Mechanics 1st Edition Je-Chin Han (Author)
https://textbookfull.com/product/experimental-methods-in-heat-
transfer-and-fluid-mechanics-1st-edition-je-chin-han-author/
Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4:
Experimental and Applied Mechanics 1st Edition Cesar
Sciammarella
https://textbookfull.com/product/experimental-and-applied-
mechanics-volume-4-proceedings-of-the-2015-annual-conference-on-
experimental-and-applied-mechanics-1st-edition-cesar-
sciammarella/
Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4:

Experimental and Applied Mechanics 1st Edition Yong Zhu
https://textbookfull.com/product/experimental-and-applied-
mechanics-volume-4-proceedings-of-the-2016-annual-conference-on-
experimental-and-applied-mechanics-1st-edition-yong-zhu/
A Complete Course on Theoretical Physics From Classical

Mechanics to Advanced Quantum Statistics 1st Edition
Albrecht Lindner
https://textbookfull.com/product/a-complete-course-on-
theoretical-physics-from-classical-mechanics-to-advanced-quantum-
statistics-1st-edition-albrecht-lindner/
Dynamics of the Unicycle: Modelling and Experimental

Verification Micha■ Nie■aczny
https://textbookfull.com/product/dynamics-of-the-unicycle-
modelling-and-experimental-verification-michal-nielaczny/
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Strength and

Stability of Soil 1st Edition A.Z. Khasanov (Author)
https://textbookfull.com/product/experimental-and-theoretical-
study-of-strength-and-stability-of-soil-1st-edition-a-z-khasanov-
author/
Advanced Structured Materials
Mezhlum A. Sumbatyan Editor
Wave Dynamics,
Mechanics
and Physics of
Microstructured
Metamaterials
Theoretical and Experimental Methods
Volume 109
Series Editors
Andreas Öchsner, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Esslingen University of
Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
Lucas F. M. da Silva, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Holm Altenbach, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
Common engineering materials reach in many applications their limits and new
developments are required to fulfil increasing demands on engineering materials.
The performance of materials can be increased by combining different materials to
achieve better properties than a single constituent or by shaping the material or
constituents in a specific structure. The interaction between material and structure
may arise on different length scales, such as micro-, meso- or macroscale, and offers
possible applications in quite diverse fields.
This book series addresses the fundamental relationship between materials and their
structure on the overall properties (e.g. mechanical, thermal, chemical or magnetic
etc.) and applications.
The topics of Advanced Structured Materials include but are not limited to
• classical fibre-reinforced composites (e.g. glass, carbon or Aramid reinforced
plastics)
• metal matrix composites (MMCs)
• micro porous composites
• micro channel materials
• multilayered materials
• cellular materials (e.g., metallic or polymer foams, sponges, hollow sphere
structures)
• porous materials
• truss structures
• nanocomposite materials
• biomaterials
• nanoporous metals
• concrete
• coated materials
• smart materials
Advanced Structured Materials is indexed in Google Scholar and Scopus.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8611

Mezhlum A. Sumbatyan
Editor
Wave Dynamics,
Mechanics and Physics
of Microstructured
Metamaterials
Theoretical and Experimental Methods
123
Editor
Mezhlum A. Sumbatyan
Institute for Mathematics, Mechanics
and Computer Science
Southern Federal University
Rostov-on-Don, Russia
ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic)

ISBN 978-3-030-17469-9 ISBN 978-3-030-17470-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17470-5
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword
There is a growing current interest in the production, design, and analysis of

structural elements made from metamaterials. Metamaterials are called new, mostly
artificial materials, the properties of which are determined mainly by their structure,
and not by the properties of the constituent material components. Examples of such a
metamaterial are acoustic materials with internal resonators; see [Liu, Z., Zhang, X.,
Mao, Y., Zhu, Y. Y., Yang, Z., Chan, C. T., & Sheng, P. (2000). Locally resonant
sonic materials. Science, 289 (5485), 1734–1736]. The material considered is a
matrix with embedded rubber spheres and is an acoustic insulator. Unusual prop-
erties with the presence of specific frequency intervals, “cutoff” and “transmission,”
occur both for regular and for stochastic internal structures.
The papers presented in this book are devoted to the study of the following
aspects in the dynamics of metamaterials:
– Analysis of wave propagation and wave processes in general in materials with
internal resonators, both three-dimensional and thin-walled.
– Analysis of the intrinsic instabilities inherent in such materials, in any case, to
some, based both on the applied theories of plates and shells, and on the
three-dimensional nonlinear theory of elasticity.
– Development of “effective” models of metamaterials based on one or another
method of averaging and solution to the corresponding initial-boundary value
problems for homogeneous media with effective properties.
– Development of new methods and technologies for modeling the behavior of
nanostructured materials, taking into account the surface properties and the
determination of the effective properties of the material at the macrolevel.
The developed models are focused on their practical use. That is why the authors
of the contributions use semi-analytical, numerical, and experimental methods in
solving dynamic problems for metamaterials. The papers are characterized by the
following features relevant to the study of acoustically and electrically active
deformable metamaterials and devices made from these materials at the macro-,
micro-, and nano-levels:
v
vi Foreword
– Modern and actual related problems of the theory of elasticity (piezoelectricity

or electroelasticity, thermoelectroelasticity, flexoelectricity, models for envi-
ronments with low porosity); coupled problems of interaction of deformable
bodies made of electrically active materials with acoustic media; models of the
mechanics of composite electrically active metamaterials with a periodic and
quasi-periodic structure.
– Development of the models for description of the behavior of electrically active
materials and devices at the macro-, micro-, and nano-levels.
– Development of basic approaches for the modeling at the micro- and
nano-levels: a multiscale analysis with the study of micro- and nanostructures;
taking into account the surface effects (based on various models of surface
elasticity) and the dimensional factors.
– An important algorithmic and software component of the project is in the use of
finite element methods for discretization of continual problems for electrically
active materials at different scale levels. The finite element algorithms are
applied with the symmetric quasi-defined matrices; development of specific
software for ANSYS, ABAQUS, COMSOL, and FlexPDE software systems.
– Focusing on computer simulation models and methods for the practical appli-
cations: the study of effective and important metamaterials and devices with the
elements from electrically active materials (helicoidal objects, layered spiral
piezoelectric shells, tubular piezotransducers with spiral electrodes, micro- and
nano-sensors, actuators, composite piezogenerators, tunable terahertz metama-
terials, and piezoelectric metamaterials having periodic and quasi-periodic
structure) at different scale levels.
– The development of analytical methods of wave dynamics is applied for the
problems of propagation of the acoustic waves through the internal structures of
metamaterials. It includes obtaining explicit approximate solutions and quali-
tative analysis of the mechanisms of “suppression” and transmission from
explicit analytical solutions.
– Continuous and discrete models of solids are developed (including
multi-particle models of low and highly molecular systems with complicated
strain interactions) as well as the structures taking into account surface elasticity
and real properties of materials at the macrolevel.
– Theoretical and experimental approaches are obtained for the problems of
acoustic control of active metamaterials of complex internal structure (doubly
and threefold systems of internal inclusions, periodic epoxy-based structures,
and others).
Foreword vii
This book is a logical continuation and further development of the ideas and
methods presented in the monograph: Wave Dynamics and Composite Mechanics
for Microstructured Materials and Metamaterials (ed. by M. A. Sumbatyan).
Springer Series: Advanced Structured Materials. Springer Nature: Singapore, 2017.
Saint Petersburg, Russia Alexey Porubov

January 2019 Institute of Problems in Mechanical
Engineering
Contents
On Anti-Plane Surface Waves Considering Highly Anisotropic

Surface Elasticity Constitutive Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Victor A. Eremeyev
Periodic Problem for a Plane Composed of Two-Layer Strips
with a System of Longitudinal Internal Inclusions and Cracks . . . . . . . 11
V. N. Hakobyan, A. V. Sahakyan and K. L. Aghayan
An Experimental Model of the Acoustic Wave Propagation Through
a Cascading Triple-Periodic Array of Cylindrical Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Vladimir M. Zotov, Vitaly V. Popuzin and M. Y. Remizov
Simulation of the Surface Structure of Ferroelectric Thin Films . . . . . . 33
Olga G. Maksimova, Tatiana O. Petrova, Victor A. Eremeyev,
Vladislav I. Egorov, Alexandr R. Baidganov, Olga S. Baruzdina
and Andrei V. Maksimov
Diffraction of the High-Frequency Waves by Arrays of Obstacles
in the Two-Dimensional Elastic Medium, with Multiple Reflections
and Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Nikolay V. Boyev
The Mixed Boundary Conditions Problem of Layered Composites
with Meta-Surfaces in Electro Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Ara S. Avetisyan
A Comparative Analysis of Wave Properties of Finite and Infinite
Cascading Arrays of Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Vitaly V. Popuzin, M. Y. Remizov, Mezhlum A. Sumbatyan
and Michele Brigante
ix
x Contents
Homogenization of Piezoelectric Composites with Internal Structure

and Inhomogeneous Polarization in ACELAN-COMPOS Finite
Element Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
T. E. Gerasimenko, N. V. Kurbatova, D. K. Nadolin, A. V. Nasedkin,
A. A. Nasedkina, P. A. Oganesyan, A. S. Skaliukh and A. N. Soloviev
Three-Dimensional Problems of Harmonic Wave Propagation
in an Elastic Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Mels V. Belubekyan and Vagharshak M. Belubekyan
The Experimental Study of a Metamaterial with a Triple-Periodic
Microstructure on the Epoxy Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Vladimir M. Zotov, Vitaly V. Popuzin and Alexander E. Tarasov
On the Equations of the Surface Elasticity Model Based on the Theory
of Polymeric Brushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Roman A. Gerasimov, Tatiana O. Petrova, Victor A. Eremeyev,
Andrei V. Maximov and Olga G. Maximova
Finite Element Study of Ceramic Matrix Piezocomposites
with Mechanical Interface Properties by the Effective Moduli Method
with Different Types of Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
G. Iovane and A. V. Nasedkin
A Far-Field Asymptotic Analysis in the High-Frequency Diffraction
by Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
M. Y. Remizov
3d Propagation of Ultrasonic Waves Through a System of Defects
in an Elastic Material, with Arbitrary Reflections and
Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Nikolay V. Boyev, Mezhlum A. Sumbatyan and Vittorio Zampoli
Numerical Investigation of Effective Moduli of Porous Elastic Material
with Surface Stresses for Various Structures of Porous Cells . . . . . . . . . 217
A. V. Nasedkin and A. S. Kornievsky
Electro-Magneto-Elastic Coupled Waves in Piezoactive Periodic
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Karen B. Ghazaryan, Davit G. Piliposyan and Gayane T. Piliposian
Non-linear Dynamics of Pantographic Fabrics: Modelling
and Numerical Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Marco Laudato and Emilio Barchiesi
Contributors
K. L. Aghayan Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan,

Armenia
Ara S. Avetisyan Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences,
Yerevan, Armenia
Alexandr R. Baidganov Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets, Russian
Federation
Emilio Barchiesi International Center M&MOCS Mathematics and Mechanics of
Complex Systems, DICEAA, Universitá degli Studi dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica, Università degli Studi di Roma
“La Sapienza” Rome, Rome, Italy
Olga S. Baruzdina Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets, Russian
Federation
Mels V. Belubekyan Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences,
Yerevan, Armenia
Vagharshak M. Belubekyan Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of
Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
Nikolay V. Boyev Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian
Federation
Michele Brigante University of Naples—Federico II, Naples, Italy
Vladislav I. Egorov Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets, Russian
Federation
Victor A. Eremeyev Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk
University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland;
Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
Southern Scientific Center of RASci, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
xi
xii Contributors
T. E. Gerasimenko Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science,

Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Roman A. Gerasimov Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Karen B. Ghazaryan Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences,
Yerevan, Armenia
V. N. Hakobyan Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan,
Armenia
G. Iovane Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA,
Italy
A. S. Kornievsky Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science,
N. V. Kurbatova Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science,
Marco Laudato Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze dell’Informazione e
Matematica, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Coppito, Italy
Andrei V. Maksimov Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets, Russian
Federation
Olga G. Maksimova Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets, Russian
Federation
Andrei V. Maximov Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets, Russia
Olga G. Maximova Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets, Russia
D. K. Nadolin Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science,
A. V. Nasedkin Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science,
A. A. Nasedkina Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science,
P. A. Oganesyan Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science,
Tatiana O. Petrova Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Gayane T. Piliposian Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Davit G. Piliposyan Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences,
Yerevan, Armenia
Contributors xiii
Vitaly V. Popuzin Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian

Federation
M. Y. Remizov Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science,
A. V. Sahakyan Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan,
Armenia
A. S. Skaliukh Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science,
A. N. Soloviev Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Don State
Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Mezhlum A. Sumbatyan Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian
Federation
Alexander E. Tarasov Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian
Federation
Vittorio Zampoli University of Salerno, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
Vladimir M. Zotov Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian
Federation
On Anti-Plane Surface Waves
Considering Highly Anisotropic Surface
Elasticity Constitutive Relations
Victor A. Eremeyev
Abstract Within the framework of highly anisotropic surface elasticity model we

discuss the propagation of new type of surface waves that are anti-plane surface
waves. By the highly anisotropic surface elasticity model we mean the model with a
surface strain energy density which depends on incomplete set of second derivatives
of displacements. From the physical point of view this model corresponds to a coating
made of a family of parallel long fibers which posses bending and extensional stiffness
in one direction only. As for other models with surface energy there exist anti-plane
surface waves. In the paper the dispersion relation is derived and dependence on the
material parameters is analyzed.
1 Introduction
Surface waves constitute a well-known and rather developed branch of the mechanics.
They play an important role in the both solid and fluid mechanics, see, e.g., Achen-
bach [2], Whitham [35], Goldstein and Maugin [21]. For example, such waves are
used in acoustoelectronics as they may bring information on the material structure
and its properties in the vicinity of the free surface, see Ewing et al. [17], Überall
[32]. Thank to recent advances in nanotechnologies the interest to modelling of ma-
terials and structures at the nanoscale is growing. Among various extensions of the
standard continuum mechanics the surface elasticity models by Gurtin and Murdoch
[23, 24] and by Steigmann and Ogden [28, 29] found many applications, see, e.g.,
Duan et al. [8], Wang et al. [34], Eremeyev [9], Han et al. [25], Zemlyanova and
V. A. Eremeyev (B)
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology,
ul. Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
e-mail: victor.eremeev@pg.edu.pl; eremeyev.victor@gmail.com
Southern Federal University, Milchakova str. 8a, 344090 Rostov on Don, Russia
Southern Scientific Center of RASci, Chekhova str. 41, 344006 Rostov on Don, Russia
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 1

M. A. Sumbatyan (ed.), Wave Dynamics, Mechanics and Physics
of Microstructured Metamaterials, Advanced Structured Materials 109,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17470-5_1
2 V. A. Eremeyev
Mogilevskaya [37]. Within these models the surface stresses are introduced which
generalize the surface tension for solids. As for many generalized media models, the
surface stresses may significantly change the mathematical properties of solutions
of corresponding boundary-value problems, see Eremeyev and Lebedev [13].
The paper is organized as follows. First, motivating by discrete model of polymeric
brushes consisted of rigid chains, see the seminal paper by Stockmayer [30] and
recent works by Gerasimov et al. [18–20], we propose the so-called reduced surface
elasticity model. Then we recall the solution form for anti-plane deformations of a
half-space. It is well-known that within the classic linear elasticity anti-plane surface
waves in an elastic halfspace do not exist, see, e.g., Achenbach [2]. For extended
models of continua such waves may exist, see Eremeyev et al. [14, 16] for the
surface elasticity and Vardoulakis and Georgiadis [33], Yerofeyev and Sheshenina
[36], Gourgiotis and Georgiadis [22] for the strain gradient elasticity. Using the
least action principle, we derive the corresponding boundary conditions. Finally, we
present the dispersion relations.
2 Constitutive Relations
Let us consider an elastic solid occupying volume V with the boundary S = ∂ V . In

what follows we consider infinitesimal deformations, so the kinematics is based on
the displacement field
u = u(x, t), (1)
where x is the position vector and t is time. In Cartesian coordinates xk , k = 1, 2, 3,

(1) takes the form
uk = u(x1 , x2 , x3 , t)
with u = uk ik . Here ik are Cartesian base vectors and the Einstein summation rule
is utilized. In what follows we use the direct (coordinate-free) tensor analysis as
described in Lebedev et al. [26], Eremeyev et al. [15].
For simplicity we consider an isotropic material in the bulk. So we have the
following constitutive equations
1
W =μe : e + λ(tr e)2 , (2)
2
1
K = ρ u̇ · u̇, (3)
2
∂W
σ ≡ = 2μe + λ I tr e, (4)
∂e
On Anti-Plane Surface Waves Considering Highly Anisotropic … 3
where W and K are the strain energy and kinetic energy densities, λ and μ are Lamé
elastic moduli, σ is the stress tensor, e is the linear strain tensor,
1 ∂uj
e= ∇u + (∇u)T , ∇u = ii ⊗ ij ,
2 ∂xi
“tr ” is the trace operator, and ρ is the mass density. The overdot stands for the
derivative with respect to t, the superscript “T ” means the transpose operation,“:”
denotes the scalar product of second-order tensors, ∇ is the 3D nabla operator, and
“⊗” stands for dyadic product. In what follows for brevity we use the notation
∂
∂xj
= ∂j , so, for example, ∇u = ∂j ui ij ⊗ ii .
Within the surface elasticity in addition to the constitutive equations in the bulk,
we introduce the surface strain energy and the surface kinetic energy. For example,
within the Gurtin–Murdoch linear isotropic model the strain energy is given by
1
Ws = μsε : ε + λs (tr ε )2 , (5)
2
∂Ws
s≡ = μsε + λs (tr ε )P, (6)
∂εε
1
ε= P · (∇s u) + (∇s u)T · P , (7)
2
where λs and μs are the surface elastic moduli called also surface Lamé moduli,
∇s ≡ P · ∇ is the surface nabla operator, P ≡ I − n ⊗ n is the surface unit second-
order tensor, n is the unit vector of outer normal to S, and ε is the infinitesimal surface
strain tensor, see Gurtin and Murdoch [23].
The linear isotropic model by Steigmann–Ogden is based on the following con-
stitutive equation
1 1
Ws = μsε : ε + λs (tr ε )2 + κsκ : κ + ζs (tr κ )2 , (8)
2 2
∂Ws ∂Ws
s≡ = μsε + λs (tr ε )P, m ≡ = κsκ + ζs (tr κ )P, (9)
∂εε κ
∂κ
1
κ = (∇sϑ · A + A · ∇sϑ T ), ϑ = ∇s w + B · u, (10)
2
where κs and ζs are additional surface stiffness parameters related to the surface
bending stiffness, s and m are the surface stress and surface couple stress tensors,
respectively, w = u · n and B = −∇s n is the tensor of curvature, see, e.g., Eremeyev
and Lebedev [13], Zemlyanova and Mogilevskaya [37], Han et al. [25].
In this paper we use another model of surface elasticity. We consider an elastic
coating made of ordered polymeric chains attached along the surface. Chains interact
each other and with the substrate according to the Stockmayer potential introduced
by Stockmayer [30]. For the theory of polymeric brushes we refer to the recent works
by Gerasimov et al. [18–20] and the reference therein. From the mechanical point
4 V. A. Eremeyev
of view such coating can be represented as a discrete system of parallel long chains
connected through elastic hinges or long flexible fibers. For simplicity let us assume
that the fibers are oriented along x1 -axis. Using the same argumentation as presented
by Boutin et al. [5], dell’Isola et al. [6], Placidi et al. [27], Turco [31], dell’Isola et al.
[7] we obtain the surface strain energy density in the form
1 1
Ws = κ : Ks : κ + ∇s ∇s u ∴ Ks ∴ ∇s ∇s u, (11)
2 2
where “∴” is the triple contraction operation, Ks and Kb are the stiffness tensors of
fourth- and six-order, respectively. Ks and Kb relate to the extension/compression
and bending stiffness properties, respectively. Here these tensors are singular and the
surface energy density is degenerated as in the 3D reduced strain gradient elasticity,
see Eremeyev and dell’Isola [12]. So we may call the proposed model the reduced
surface strain gradient elasticity.
In order to describe surface dynamics, we take into account the mass density
associated with the surface where surface stresses are defined, as in Gurtin and
Murdoch [24]. So the dynamic properties are described through the surface kinetic
energy density given by
1
Ks = mu̇ · u̇x∈S , (12)
2
where m is the surface mass density of S. Equation (12) means that we neglect here
the rotatory inertia related to the surface elasticity.
The motion equations and natural boundary equations can be derived using the
Hamilton variational principle
δH = 0 (13)
with the functional

T T
H = (K − W ) d V dt + (Ks − Ws ) da dt, (14)
0 V 0 ∂V
see Berdichevsky [4] for the general statements, and Abali et al. [1], Auffray et al.
[3], Eremeyev et al. [14, 16] for generalized continua with surface energy. In what
follows we consider the boundary-value problems for the anti-plane deformations.
3 Anti-plane Motions of an Elastic Half-Space
In order to demonstrate some peculiarities of the model let us consider the propa-
gation of the surface anti-plane waves. Earlier such analysis was performed within
the Gurtin–Murdoch model by Eremeyev et al. [14] and it was compared with the
Toupin–Mindlin strain gradient elasticity by Eremeyev et al. [16]. Following these

works, let us consider an elastic half-space x3 ≤ 0. The anti-plane motions have one
of the forms, see Achenbach [2],
u = u1 (x2 , x3 , t)i1 , or u = u2 (x1 , x3 , t)i2 , (15)
which correspond two different direction of wave propagation.

With (15) the general motion equations reduce into two wave equations with
respect to u1 and u2 , respectively,
μ(∂22 + ∂32 )u1 = ρ∂t2 u1 , (16)

μ(∂12 + ∂32 )u2 = ρ∂t2 u2 . (17)
Here ∂t stands for the derivative with respect to t.

Making standard assumption on steady-state behaviour, we are looking for solu-
tion of (16) and (17) in the form
uα = Uα (xβ , x3 ) exp(iωt), α = 1, 2, β = 2, 1, (18)
where ω is a circular frequency, i is the imaginary unit, and Uα is a amplitude. As a

result, (16) and (17) transform into
μ(∂22 + ∂32 )U1 = −ρωt2 U1 , (19)

μ(∂12 + ∂32 )U2 = −ρω U2 .2
(20)
Decaying with the depth solutions of (19) and (20) are given by the following
formulae
U1 = U01 exp(κx3 ) exp(ikx2 ), U2 = U02 exp(κx3 ) exp(ikx1 ), (21)
where 1/2
ρ
κ = κ(k, ω) ≡ k 2 − ω2 ,
μ
k is a wavenumber and U0α are constants. Nontrivial solutions (21) exist if they verify
the corresponding boundary conditions at x3 = 0. The latter will lead to a dispersion
relation that is a certain relation between k and ω. For example, for the classic linear
elasticity we have the boundary condition
μ∂3 uα = 0, (22)
from which it follows that U0α vanish and so anti-plane surface waves do not exist,
see Achenbach [2].
6 V. A. Eremeyev
The situation with the surface anti-plane waves is completely different for the
media with surface energy, see Vardoulakis and Georgiadis [33], Gourgiotis and
Georgiadis [22], Eremeyev et al. [14, 16]. Under the anti-plane deformations Ws
takes the simpler form
1 1
Ws = Ks [(∂2 u1 )2 + (∂1 u2 )2 ] + Kb (∂12 u2 )2 , (23)
2 2
whereas the kinetic energy is given by
m
Ks = (∂t u1 )2 + (∂t u2 )2 . (24)
2
In (23) we chosen x1 -axis as the direction of chains. So the highly anisotropic prop-
erties of the medium is obvious.
Using the least action principle in the form (13) and (14) with constitutive func-
tions (23) and (24) we get the following natural boundary conditions for anti-plane
motions
μ∂3 u1 = − m∂t2 u1 + Ks ∂22 u1 , (25)

μ∂3 u2 = − m∂t2 u2 + Ks ∂22 u2 − Kb ∂24 u2 , (26)
which correspond to (16) and (17), respectively. Note that with Ks = μs Eq. (25)
corresponds to the Gurtin-Murdoch model in the case of of anti-plane deforma-
tions, see Eremeyev et al. [14], whereas with Kb = ζs Eq. (26) includes additional
term describing the bending energy as in the linear Steigmann–Ogden model, cmp.
Steigmann and Ogden [28]. Equation (26) is a special case of the weakly nonlo-
cal models of surface elasticity introduced in Eremeyev [10]. So we have different
boundary conditions at the free surface depending on the direction of the surface
wave propagation.
In order to derive the dispersion relations we substitute (21) into (25) and (26)
and get
μκ(k, ω) =mω2 − Ks k 2 , (27)

μκ(k, ω) =mω − Ks k + Kb k .
2 2 4
(28)
Introducing the phase velocity c = ω/k we transform (27) and (28) into
μ 1 c2
c2 =cs2 + 1− 2, (29)
m |k| cT
Kb 2 μ 1 c2
c2 =cs2 + k + 1− 2, (30)
m m |k| cT
Fig. 1 Dispersion curves.

c
Curves 1 and 2 correspond to
Eqs. (29) and (30),
respectively
cT
cS
√ √
where cT = μ/ρ is the phase velocity of transverse waves and cs = Ks /m is
the shear wave velocity in the thin film associated with the Gurtin–Murdoch model.
Dispersion relations (29) and (28) were analyzed in details by Eremeyev et al. [14] and
by Eremeyev [10], respectively. Let us note that the presence of the term Kb k 4 in (28)
changes dramatically the behaviour of dispersion curves, see Fig. 1 for details. Here
Kb is normalized dimensionless value of the bending stiffness. In Fig. 1 Kb = 0.0001.
4 Conclusions
Here we discuss the propagation of anti-plane surface waves in media with highly
anisotropic surface energy. Unlike the models by Gurtin and Murdoch [23, 24] and by
Steigmann and Ogden [28, 29] the considered model constitute an intermediate class
of surface elasticity constitutive equations. It can be treated as as one-dimensional
extension of the Gurtin-Murdoch model towards Steigmann-Ogden model of surface
elasticity. Indeed, here the surface strain energy is similar to one-dimensional version
of the Steigmann-Ogden model but applied to two-dimensional structure. Following
Eremeyev and dell’Isola [12] it could be called the two-dimensional reduced strain
gradient model. Such model was applied to modeling of pantographic beam lattices,
see, e.g., Boutin et al. [5], dell’Isola et al. [6], and current reviews by Placidi et al.
8 V. A. Eremeyev
[27], dell’Isola et al. [7]. Considering anti-plane motions within the proposed model
the dispersion relations are derived. In particular, it was shown that the dispersion
properties depend on the direction of the wave propagation. Some preliminary results
were discussed by Eremeyev [11].
Acknowledgements The author acknowledges financial support from the Russian Science Founda-
tion under the grant “Methods of microstructural nonlinear analysis, wave dynamics and mechanics
of composites for research and design of modern metamaterials and elements of structures made
on its base” (No. 15-19-10008-P).
References
1. Abali, B.E., Müller, W.H., dell’Isola, F.: Theory and computation of higher gradient elasticity
theories based on action principles. Arch. Appl. Mech. 87(9), 1495–1510 (2017)
2. Achenbach, J.: Wave Propagation in Elastic Solids. North Holland, Amsterdam (1973)
3. Auffray, N., dell’Isola, F., Eremeyev, V.A., Madeo, A., Rosi, G.: Analytical continuum me-
chanics à la Hamilton-Piola least action principle for second gradient continua and capillary
fluids. Math. Mech. Solids 20(4), 375–417 (2015)
4. Berdichevsky, V.: Variational Principles of Continuum Mechanics: I. Fundamentals. Springer,
Heidelberg (2009)
5. Boutin, C., dell’Isola, F., Giorgio, I., Placidi, L.: Linear pantographic sheets: asymptotic micro-
macro models identification. Math. Mech. Complex Syst. 5(2), 127–162 (2017)
6. dell’Isola, F., Giorgio, I., Pawlikowski, M., Rizzi, N.: Large deformations of planar extensi-
ble beams and pantographic lattices: heuristic homogenisation, experimental and numerical
examples of equilibrium. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 472(2185), 20150,790 (2016)
7. dell’Isola, F., Seppecher, P., Alibert, J.J., Lekszycki, T., Grygoruk, R., Pawlikowski, M.,
Steigmann, D., Giorgio, I., Andreaus, U., Turco, E., Gołaszewski, M., Rizzi, N., Boutin, C.,
Eremeyev, V.A., Misra, A., Placidi, L., Barchiesi, E., Greco, L., Cuomo, M., Cazzani, A., Corte,
A.D., Battista, A., Scerrato, D., Eremeeva, I.Z., Rahali, Y., Ganghoffer, J.F., Müller, W., Gan-
zosch, G., Spagnuolo, M., Pfaff, A., Barcz, K., Hoschke, K., Neggers, J., Hild, F.: Pantographic
metamaterials: an example of mathematically driven design and of its technological challenges.
Continuum Mech. Thermodyn. 1–34 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00161-018-0689-8
8. Duan, H.L., Wang, J., Karihaloo, B.L.: Theory of elasticity at the nanoscale. In: Advances in
Applied Mechanics, vol. 42, pp. 1–68. Elsevier (2008)
9. Eremeyev, V.A.: On effective properties of materials at the nano-and microscales considering
surface effects. Acta Mech. 227(1), 29–42 (2016)
10. Eremeyev, V.A.: On nonlocal surface elasticity and propagation of surface anti-plane waves. In:
Altenbach, H., Goldstein, R.V., Murashkin, E. (eds.) Mechanics for Materials and Technologies,
pp. 153–162. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2017)
11. Eremeyev, V.A.: On the peculiarities of anti-plane surface waves propagation for media with
microstructured coating. In: MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, vol. 226, p. 03020
(2018)
12. Eremeyev, V.A., dell’Isola, F.: A note on reduced strain gradient elasticity. In: Altenbach,
H., Pouget, J., Rousseau, M., Collet, B., Michelitsch, T. (eds.) Generalized Models and Non-
classical Approaches in Complex Materials 1, pp. 301–310. Springer International Publishing,
Cham (2018)
13. Eremeyev, V.A., Lebedev, L.P.: Mathematical study of boundary-value problems within the
framework of Steigmann-Ogden model of surface elasticity. Continuum Mech. Thermodyn.
28(1–2), 407–422 (2016)
14. Eremeyev, V.A., Rosi, G., Naili, S.: Surface/interfacial anti-plane waves in solids with surface
energy. Mech. Res. Commun. 74, 8–13 (2016)
15. Eremeyev, V.A., Cloud, M.J., Lebedev, L.P.: Applications of Tensor Analysis in Continuum
Mechanics. World Scientific, New Jersey (2018a)
16. Eremeyev, V.A., Rosi, G., Naili, S.: Comparison of anti-plane surface waves in strain-gradient
materials and materials with surface stresses. Math. Mech. Solids (2018b). https://doi.org/10.
1177/1081286518769960
17. Ewing, W.M., Jardetzky, W.S., Press, F.: Elastic Waves in Layered Media. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York (1957)
18. Gerasimov, R.A., Eremeyev, V.A., Petrova, T.O., Egorov, V.I., Maksimova, O.G., Maksimov,
A.V.: Computer simulation of the mechanical properties of metamaterials. J. Phys. Conf. Ser.
738(1), 012,100 (2016)
19. Gerasimov, R.A., Eremeyev, V.A., Petrova, T.O., Egorov, V.I., Maksimova, O.G., Maksimov,
A.V.: Study of mechanical properties of ferroelectrics metamaterials using computer simula-
tion. Ferroelectrics 508(1), 151–160 (2017a)
20. Gerasimov, R.A., Maksimova, O.G., Petrova, T.O., Eremeyev, V.A., Maksimov, A.V.: Ana-
lytical and computer methods to evaluate mechanical properties of the metamaterials based
on various models of polymeric chains. In: Wave Dynamics and Composite Mechanics for
Microstructured Materials and Metamaterials, pp. 35–69. Springer, Singapore (2017b)
21. Goldstein, R.V., Maugin, G.A.: Surface Waves in Anisotropic and Laminated Bodies and
Defects Detection, NATO ASI. Springer (2004)
22. Gourgiotis, P., Georgiadis, H.: Torsional and SH surface waves in an isotropic and homogenous
elastic half-space characterized by the Toupin-Mindlin gradient theory. Int. J. Solids Struct.
62, 217–228 (2015)
23. Gurtin, M.E., Murdoch, A.I.: A continuum theory of elastic material surfaces. Arch. Ration
Mech. Anal. 57(4), 291–323 (1975)
24. Gurtin, M.E., Murdoch, A.I.: Surface stress in solids. Int. J. Sol. Struct. 14(6), 431–440 (1978)
25. Han, Z., Mogilevskaya, S.G., Schillinger, D.: Local fields and overall transverse properties of
unidirectional composite materials with multiple nanofibers and Steigmann-Ogden interfaces.
Int. J. Solids Struct. 147, 166–182 (2018)
26. Lebedev, L.P., Cloud, M.J., Eremeyev, V.A.: Tensor Analysis with Applications in Mechanics.
World Scientific, New Jersey (2010)
27. Placidi, L., Barchiesi, E., Turco, E., Rizzi, N.L.: A review on 2D models for the description of
pantographic fabrics. Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 67(5), 121 (2016)
28. Steigmann, D.J., Ogden, R.W.: Plane deformations of elastic solids with intrinsic boundary
elasticity. Proc. R. Soc. A 453(1959), 853–877 (1997)
29. Steigmann, D.J., Ogden, R.W.: Elastic surface-substrate interactions. Proc. R. Soc. A
455(1982), 437–474 (1999)
30. Stockmayer, W.H.: Theory of molecular size distribution and gel formation in branched-chain
polymers. J. Chem. Phys. 11(2), 45–55 (1943)
31. Turco, E.: Discrete is it enough? The revival of Piola-Hencky keynotes to analyze three-
dimensional Elastica. Continuum Mech. Thermodyn. 30(5), 1039–1057 (2018)
32. Überall, H.: Surface waves in acoustics. In: Mason, W.P., Thurston, R.N. (eds.) Physical Acous-
tics, vol. X. Academic Press, New York (1973)
33. Vardoulakis, I., Georgiadis, H.G.: SH surface waves in a homogeneous gradient-elastic half-
space with surface energy. J. Elast. 47(2), 147–165 (1997)
34. Wang, J., Huang, Z., Duan, H., Yu, S., Feng, X., Wang, G., Zhang, W., Wang, T.: Surface stress
effect in mechanics of nanostructured materials. Acta. Mech. Solida Sin. 24, 52–82 (2011)
35. Whitham, G.B.: Linear and Nonlinear Waves. Wiley, New York (1999)
36. Yerofeyev, V.I., Sheshenina, O.A.: Waves in a gradient-elastic medium with surface energy. J.
Appl. Math. Mech. 69(1), 57–69 (2005)
37. Zemlyanova, A.Y., Mogilevskaya, S.G.: Circular inhomogeneity with Steigmann-Ogden inter-
face: local fields, neutrality, and Maxwell’s type approximation formula. Int. J. Solids Struct.
135, 85–98 (2018)
Periodic Problem for a Plane Composed
of Two-Layer Strips with a System
of Longitudinal Internal Inclusions
and Cracks
V. N. Hakobyan, A. V. Sahakyan and K. L. Aghayan
Abstract The paper considers plane deformation state of a piecewise homogeneous

uniformly layered plane of two dissimilar materials, when there is a system of cracks
on the midlines of layers made of one material, and layers made of the other material
are reinforced by a system of elastic inclusions also located on the midlines. A system
of governing equations of the problem is obtained in the form of a system of singular
integral and integro-differential equations for the dislocation function of the points
of the cracks faces and tangential contact stresses acting on the long sides of the
inclusions. The solutions of the obtained systems are constructed by the method
of mechanical quadrature. A numerical calculation was carried out and the laws of
change in the coefficients of concentration of destructive stresses at the end points of
cracks and contact stresses were studied depending on the mechanical and geometric
parameters of the problem.
1 Introduction
The study of the plane deformation state of an elastic homogeneous plane with
periodic and doubly periodic defects of the type of cracks, fully or partially linked
to the matrix of elastic or absolutely rigid inclusions, has been the subject of many
works. This direction in the field of mixed and contact problems of the theory of
elasticity began to develop in the second half of the twentieth century. On the basis of
powerful methods of the mathematical theory of elasticity and mathematical physics,
closed or effective solutions were obtained for a number of important periodic and
V. N. Hakobyan · A. V. Sahakyan (B) · K. L. Aghayan

Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
e-mail: avsahakyan@gmail.com
V. N. Hakobyan
e-mail: vhakobyan@sci.am
K. L. Aghayan
e-mail: karo.aghayan@gmail.com
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 11

M. A. Sumbatyan (ed.), Wave Dynamics, Mechanics and Physics
of Microstructured Metamaterials, Advanced Structured Materials 109,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17470-5_2
12 V. N. Hakobyan et al.
doubly periodic problems. The main results in this direction are summarized in
monographs [1–3].
As for the study of periodic and doubly periodic problems for piecewise-
homogeneous, uniformly layered bodies with interfacial or internal defects, which,
in our opinion, are currently very relevant from the point of view of layered com-
posites, as we know, not so much work is devoted. Of these, we point out the works
[4–8], which are closely related to the studies conducted here. In [4] constructed dis-
continuous solutions of the equations of the plane theory of elasticity for a piecewise
homogeneous layered plane containing interface doubly periodic defects, on the basis
of which the plane deformation state was considered to be piecewise homogeneous
layered plane with a doubly periodic system of interface cracks. A similar problem
in the case of a doubly periodic system of absolutely rigid inclusions was studied in
[5]. In [6], the plane deformation state of a piecewise-homogeneous layered plane
with a periodic system of parallel internal cracks was investigated. The interaction
of stringers with an infinite plate weakened by a doubly periodic system of cracks
was investigated in [8].
2 Problem Statement and Derivation of the Governing

Equations
Suppose we have a piecewise-uniform elastic plane, made by alternately connect-

ing layers of thickness 2h from two dissimilar materials. The abscissa axis of the
Cartesian coordinate system Oxy is directed along the dividing line of materials.
On median lines of dissimilar layers Ny = (4n + 1)h and y =
(4n −1)h(n ∈ Z )
M
on systems of intervals L 1 = j=1 a j , b j and L 2 = j=1 c j , d j are
located cracks and elasticthin inclusions of thickness h j and reduced elastic mod-
( j)
uli E I = E j / 1 − v 2j ( j = 1, M) respectively. We assume that the plane is
deformed under the influence of distributed loads p j (x), applied to the cracks
( j)
a j , b j ( j = 1, N ), concentrated loads P0 ( j = 1, M) applied to inclusions at
( j)
points x0 ∈ c j , d j ( j = 1, M) and uniformly distributed loads q1 and q2 , applied
to the layers at infinity (Fig. 1).
Obviously, with this formulation of the problem, the lines y = (2n + 1)h (n ∈ Z )
are lines of symmetry. As a result, the stated problem can be formulated as a
problem for a piecewise homogeneous layer (base cell) occupying the region
{−∞ < x < ∞; |y| ≤ h}, on the boundaries y = ±h of which outside cracks
and inclusions, symmetry conditions are specified, on L 1 normal stresses are spec-
ified, and on L 2 contact conditions of inclusion with a base are specified. Here, the
inclusions are interpreted as one-dimensional continua, which under the influence of
concentrated loads applied to them and tangential contact stresses are in a uniaxial
stress state [9]. Also, we assume that due to the smallness of the thickness of inclu-
Periodic Problem for a Plane Composed of Two-Layer Strips … 13
sions and the symmetry of the problem with respect to the axes of the inclusions, the
vertical displacements of the points of the inclusions are zero.
The task is to determine the patterns of change in the tangential contact stresses
acting on the long sides of the inclusions, crack opening and intensity factors of the
fracture stresses at the end points of the cracks depending on the mechanical and
geometric parameters.
Based on this assumptions, we will have the following conditions on L 1 and L 2 :

τx(1) (1)
y (x, h) = 0; σ y (x, h) = − p j (x) aj < x < bj, j = 1, N (1)
dU2 (x, −h)

V2 (x, −h) = 0; = ε j (x) c j < x < d j , j = 1, M (2)
dx
where τ(1) (1)

x y (x, y) and σ y (x, y)—are the stress components in the upper layer,
V2 (x, y) and U2 (x, y)—are vertical and horizontal displacements of points of the
lower layer, ε j (x)—is the axial deformation jth inclusion.
To derive the system of governing equations of the problem, we introduce into
consideration the unknown functions of displacements of the crack edge V (x)
and tangential contact stresses acting on the long sides of inclusions τ(x), and
express the normal stresses and horizontal displacements of the points of the upper
(y = h; x ∈ L 1 ) and lower (y = −h; x ∈ L 2 ) sides of the composite layer using
these functions. To this end, using first conditions from (1) and (2), we consider the
following auxiliary boundary value problem:
σ y(1) (x, 0) = σ y(2) (x, 0); τx(1) (2)

y (x, 0) = τx y (x, 0); (−∞ < x < ∞)
U1 (x, 0) = U2 (x, 0); V1 (x, 0) = V2 (x, 0); (−∞ < x < ∞)
V1 (x, h) = −V (x); (x ∈ L 1 ); V1 (x, h) = 0; (x ∈
/ L 1)
τx(1)
y (x, h) = 0; (−∞ < x < ∞)
τx(2) (2)
y (x, h) = τ (x) (x ∈ L 2 ); τx y (x, −h) = 0 (x ∈
/ L 2 );
V2 (x, −h) = 0 (−∞ < x < ∞), (3)
p1 ( x ) p2 ( x ) pn ( x )
a1 b1 a2 b2 an bn q1
q1 h E1 , ν1
x
q2 h E2 , ν 2 q2
c1 d1 c2 d2 cn dn
0.5P0( ) x0( ) 0.5P0( 2) x0( 2) x0( n )
1 1
0.5 P0( n )
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the problem

Here, the index j = 1, 2 denotes the components of displacements and stresses,

respectively, in the upper and lower layers.
To solve the auxiliary boundary-value problem (3), we represent the biharmonic
stress functions for each of the heterogeneous layers in the form of Fourier integrals
∞

F j (x, y) = A j (s)ch sy + B j (s)sh sy + sy C j (s)ch sy + D j (s)sh sy eisx ds
−∞
qj 2
+ y ; −∞ < x < ∞; 0 ≤ (−1) j+1 y ≤ h; j = 1, 2 , (4)
2
where A j , B j , D j , C j ( j = 1, 2)—are unknown coefficients to be determined.
Using the well-known relations connecting the biharmonic functions with stresses
and displacements, we satisfy conditions (3) and determine unknown coefficients
through the Fourier transforms of the derivative of the crack opening V̄ (s) and
tangential contact stresses τ(s), we obtain:
2(1 − ν1 ) 2μ∗ (1 − ν2 )
A1 (s) = A2 (s) = − D1 (s) + D2 (s);
1 − μ∗ 1 − μ∗
1 − 2ν1 + μ∗ 2μ∗ (1 − ν2 )
B1 (s) = C1 (s) − C2 (s);
1 − μ∗ 1 − μ∗
2(1 − ν1 ) 1 + μ∗ (1 − 2ν2 )
B2 (s) = C1 (s) − C2 (s);
1 − μ∗ 1 − μ∗
iμ1 hs(μ∗ − 1)cth hs + μ∗ + 1 − 2ν1 ¯ τ̄(s)
C1 (s) = − s V (s) − μ∗ ;
s 2 1 (s)ch hs 1 − ν1 μ1
2μ1 i τ̄(s) μ∗ − 1 1 − 2ν2 − μ∗ (3 − 4ν2 )
C2 (s) = 2 s V¯ (s) + hscth hs + ;
s 2 (s)ch hs 4μ1 1 − ν2 1 − ν2
iμ1 μ∗ − 1 τ̄(s)
D1 (s) = − 2s V̄ (s) 1 − hs th hs + μ∗ ;
s 2 1 (s)sh hs 2(1 − ν1 ) μ1
iμ1 τ̄(s) 1 − μ∗
D2 (s) = 2 2s V̄ (s) + 1− hs th hs ;
s 2 (s)sh hs μ1 2(1 − ν2 )
where
2hs μ1
1 (s) = (μ∗ − 1) + μ∗ + κ1 ; μ∗ = ;
sh 2hs μ2
2hs
2 (s) = (μ∗ − 1) − 1 − μ∗ κ2 ; κ j = 3 − 4ν j ; j = 1, 2;
sh 2hs
∞ ∞
1 −isx 1
V̄ (s) = V (x)e d x; τ̄(s) = τ(x)e−isx d x
2π 2π
−∞ −∞
Note that the loads q1 and q2 must also satisfy the compatibility condition for the
deformations of heterogeneous layers at infinity. In this case, it can be written in the
form:

m 1 q1 = m 2 q2 m j = 1 − ν 2j /E j ; j = 1, 2 . (5)
Based on the obtained relations, we write out representations for normal stresses
on the line y = h and for the derivative of horizontal displacements on the line
y = −h, which are necessary to satisfy the boundary conditions on the cracks and
the sides of the inclusions:
λ1 V (s)ds
σ y(1) (x, h) = + R11 (x − s)V (s)ds + R12 (x − s)τ(s)ds;
π s−x
L1 L1 L2
(6)
dU2 (x, −h) λ2 τ(s)ds
=− + R21 (x − s)V (s)ds
dx π s−x
L2 L1
− R22 (x − s)τ(s)ds + m 2 q2 (7)

L2
Here the following notations are introduced:

∞
1 μ1 μ∗ κ 2
Ri j (t) = K i j (ξ) sin(ξt)dξ; λ1 = ; λ2 = (i, j = 1, 2);
π 1 − ν1 4μ1 (1 − ν2 )
0
μ1 2(hs)2 (μ∗ − 1) 16μ∗ (1 − ν1 )(1 − ν2 )[1 − ν1 + μ∗ (1 − ν2 )]
K 11 (s) = − th hs
(1 − ν1 ) sh 2hs1 (s) (μ∗ − 1)1 (s)2 (s)

1 − ν1 sh 2hs + 2hs
+ 4(1 − ν1 )(1 − ν2 ) + μ∗
1 − ν2 (ch 2hs − 1)1 (s)2 (s)
(μ2∗ + (1 − 2ν1 )2 + 2μ∗ ((1 − 2ν1 )(2 − ν2 ) + 1 − ν2 ))
− th hs +1
(μ∗ − 1)1 (s)

4μ∗ (1 − ν2 ) 1 − ν1
K 12 (s) = − 1 (s) − μ∗ + (1 + 2hscth2hs)
1 (s)2 (s)sh2hs 1 − ν2

2μ∗ 1 κ2 μ∗ + κ 1 1 + μ∗ κ2 ch2hs
K 21 (s) = − + + +
sh2hs 1 2 1 2 1 − μ∗

μ∗ (hs)2 (μ∗ − 1)2 + 21 μ2∗ κ22 + 1 − ν2 + 21 κ2 (1 − 2ν2 )(1 − 2μ∗ )
K 22 (s) =
μ1 (μ∗ − 1) (1 − ν2 )2 sh2hs
4μ∗ (1 − ν1 ) (μ∗ − 1)κ2 (1 + μ∗ κ2 ) (1 − μ∗ )κ2
+ − coth 2hs +
1 sh2hs 2(1 − ν2 )2 2(1 − ν2 )
We now turn to the derivation of the system of governing equations of the problem.
For this, we use relations (6) and (7), and satisfy second parts of conditions on the
crack (1) and inclusion (2).
As a result, taking into account that axial deformations of inclusions from loads
( j)
applied at points x0 are determined by the formula [9]:
⎡ ⎤
x

1 ⎢ ( j) ( j) ⎥ ( j)
ε j (x) = P H x − x0 − 2
( j) ⎣ 0
τ(s)ds ⎦ c j ≤ x, x0 ≤ d j , j = 1, M , (8)
h j EI
cj
we come to the following system from N + M singular integral and integro-

differential equations:
⎧
⎪
⎪ λ1 V (s)ds
⎪
⎪ + R11 (x − s)V (s)ds + R12 (x − s)τ(s)ds
⎪
⎪ π s−x
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
L1

L1

L2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ = − p (x) a < x < b , j = 1, N
⎪
⎪
j j j
⎨ λ2 τ(s)ds
− + R21 (x − s)V (s)ds + R22 (x − s)τ(s)ds + m 2 q2 (9)
⎪
⎪ π s−x
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
L2
⎡
L1 L2
⎤
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ x

⎪
⎪ 1 ⎢ ( j) ( j) ⎥ ( j)
⎪
⎪ = ⎣ P H x − x − 2 τ(s)ds ⎦ c ≤ x, x ≤ d , j = 1, M
⎪
⎪ ( j) 0 0 j 0 j
⎩ hjE I cj
Considering that V (x) and τ(x) are piecewise unknown functions with N and
M components, the resulting system together with the conditions of continuity of
displacements at the tips of cracks and the equilibrium conditions of inclusions
bj dj
( j)
V (s)ds = 0; ( j = 1, N ); τ j (s)ds = P0 /2; ( j = 1, M) (10)
aj cj
form a closed system for determining unknown components of functions V (x) and
τ(x).
3 Solution of the System of Governing Equations
Solution of the system of Eq. (9) under conditions (10) can be constructed using the
method of Chebyshev orthogonal polynomials, by reducing it to a quasi-completely
regular system of algebraic equations [9]. However, more effective, in our opinion,
is the method of mechanical quadratures [10], which we will use. Without loss of
generality, we will assume that there is one crack and one inclusion in the base cell,
which occupy intervals (a, b) and (c, d).
Turning to dimensionless quantities and introducing the notation
a∗ = (b − a)/2h; b∗ = (b + a)/2h; c∗ = (d − c)/2h; d∗ = (d + c)/2h;
c∗ τ(h(c∗ t + d∗ ))
ϕ1 (t) = V (h(a∗ t + b∗ )); ϕ2 (t) = ;
μ1
∞
∗ a∗
R11 (t, ξ) = K 11 (ζ) sin(ζa∗ (t − ξ))dζ;
λ1
0
∞
∗
R12 (t, ξ) = (1 − ν1 ) K 12 (ζ) sin(ζ(a∗ t + b∗ − c∗ ξ − d∗ ))dζ;
0
∞
∗ 4a∗ c∗ (1 − ν2 )
R21 (t, ξ) = − K 21 (ζ) sin(ζ(c∗ t + d∗ − a∗ ξ − b∗ ))dζ;
μ∗ κ 2
0
∞
∗ c∗
R22 (t, ξ) = − K 22 (ζ) sin(ζc∗ (t − ξ))dζ;
λ2
0

2πc∗ q2 1 − ν22
f 1 (t) = −π p1 [h(a∗ t + b∗ )]/λ1 ; f 2 (t) = ;
æ2 μ1
P0(1) 2πh(1 − ν2 )c∗ E 2
P0∗ = ; ϑ∗ = ,
hμ1 h 1 E (1)
I (1 + ν2 )æ2
we obtain the following system of defining equations:

⎧
⎪
⎪ 1 ϕ1 (ξ )dξ 1 ∗ 1 ∗
⎪
⎪ + R11 (t, ξ)ϕ1 (ξ)dξ + R12 (t, ξ)ϕ2 (ξ)dξ = f 1 (t)
⎪
⎪ ξ−t
⎪
⎪ −1 −1 −1
⎨ 1 1 ∗ 1 ∗
ϕ2 (ξ)dξ
ξ−t
+ R 21 (t, ξ)ϕ 1 (ξ)dξ + R22 (t, ξ)ϕ2 (ξ)dξ = f 2 (t) (11)
⎪
⎪ −1 −1 −1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ t
⎪ ∗
⎩ −ϑ∗ P0 H (t − t0 ) − 2 ϕ2 (τ)dτ (−1 < t < 1)
⎪
−1
under conditions
1 1
P0∗
ϕ1 (s)ds = 0; ϕ2 (s)ds = . (12)
2
−1 −1
It is easy to establish that the desired functions at the end points of the integration
interval have a root singularity. Therefore, they can be represented as:
ϕ∗j (t)
ϕ j (t) = √ ( j = 1, 2), (13)
1 − t2
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
to be that the industrial value of the island is fast
diminishing, and that unless there is a speedy and radical
change in existing conditions, it will soon disappear
altogether. …
{174}
"The spectacle of the utter ruin of an adjoining country, by

nature one of the most fertile and charming on the globe,
would engage the serious attention of the Government and
people of the United States in any circumstances. In point of
fact, they have a concern with it which is by no means of a
wholly sentimental or philanthropic character. It lies so near
to us as to be hardly separated from our territory. Our actual
pecuniary interest in it is second only to that of the people
and Government of Spain. It is reasonably estimated that at
least from $30,000,000 to $50,000,000 of American capital are
invested in plantations and in railroad, mining, and other
business enterprises on the island. The volume of trade
between the United States and Cuba, which in 1889 amounted to
about $64,000,000, rose in 1893 to about $103,000,000, and in
1894, the year before the present insurrection broke out,
amounted to nearly $96,000,000. Besides this large pecuniary
stake in the fortunes of Cuba, the United States finds itself
inextricably involved in the present contest in other ways
both vexatious and costly. … These inevitable entanglements of
the United States with the rebellion in Cuba, the large
American property interests affected, and considerations of
philanthropy and humanity in general, have led to a vehement
demand in various quarters, for some sort of positive
intervention on the part of the United States. …
"It would seem that if Spain should offer to Cuba genuine

autonomy—a measure of home rule which, while preserving the
sovereignty of Spain, would satisfy all rational requirements
of her Spanish subjects—there should be no just reason why the
pacification of the island might not be effected on that
basis. Such a result would appear to be in the true interest
of all concerned. … It has been objected on the one side that
Spain should not promise autonomy until her insurgent subjects
lay down their arms; on the other side, that promised
autonomy, however liberal, is insufficient, because without
assurance of the promise being fulfilled. … Realizing that
suspicions and precautions on the part of the weaker of two
combatants are always natural and not always
unjustifiable—being sincerely desirous in the interest of both
as well as on its own account that the Cuban problem should be
solved with the least possible delay—it was intimated by this
Government to the Government of Spain some months ago that, if
a satisfactory measure of home rule were tendered the Cuban
insurgents, and would be accepted by them upon a guaranty of
its execution, the United States would endeavor to find a way
not objectionable to Spain of furnishing such guaranty. While
no definite response to this intimation has yet been received
from the Spanish Government, it is believed to be not
altogether unwelcome, while, as already suggested, no reason
is perceived why it should not be approved by the insurgents. …
"It should be added that it can not be reasonably assumed that

the hitherto expectant attitude of the United States will be
indefinitely maintained. While we are anxious to accord all
due respect to the sovereignty of Spain, we can not view the
pending conflict in all its features, and properly apprehend
our inevitably close relations to it, and its possible
results, without considering that by the course of events we
may be drawn into such an unusual and unprecedented condition,
as will fix a limit to our patient waiting for Spain to end
the contest, either alone and in her own way, or with our
friendly co-operation."
President Cleveland's Message to Congress,

December 7, 1896.
Just at this time (December 7, 1896) the Cuban insurgents

suffered a serious calamity, in the death of Antonio Maceo,
the heroic mulatto, who seems to have been the most soldierly
and inspiring of their leaders. He had broken through the
"trocha," or fortified line across the island, by which the
Spaniards were endeavoring to hold its western part, and had
been troubling them in the province of Pinar del Rio for some
months. At length he was killed in an unimportant skirmish,
and much of the vigor of the insurrection appears to have gone
out of it when he died. The obstinacy of spirit remained,
nevertheless, and all the merciless energy of Weyler only
spread death and misery, without opening any prospect of an
end to the state of war. Spain was being utterly exhausted by
the immense cost of the struggle; Cuba was being ruined and
depopulated; yet neither would yield. The oppressors would not
set their victims free; the oppressed would not submit. But,
politically, the situation continued for another year as it
had been when described by President Cleveland at the close of
1896. The only visible authority was that which the Spaniards
maintained here and there. The revolutionists established no
government that could reasonably be given the name, and their
"Republic of Cuba," which foolish people in the United States
were clamoring to have recognized, existed on paper alone. To
concede "belligerent rights" to the scattered bands of
insurgents would only bring them under crippling rules of
international law, and do no good to their cause. President
McKinley, who succeeded President Cleveland in March, 1897,
made no change in the policy which the latter had pursued. He
continued the insistent pressure by which it was sought to
persuade the Spanish government to give a satisfying measure
of free government to its great dependency. After some months
there appeared to be a fair promise of success. The Liberal
party had come into power at Madrid, with Sagasta at its head.
In October, Weyler was recalled, General Blanco took his place,
and a new constitution for Cuba was announced, giving the
colony what seemed to be a fairly autonomous government, under
a parliament of its own. In his message to Congress the
following December, President McKinley was able to meet the
continued clamor for more violent measures of interference by
saying: "It is honestly due to Spain, and to our friendly
relations with Spain, that she should be given a reasonable
chance to realize her expectations, and to prove the asserted
efficacy of the new order of things to which she stands
irrevocably committed. She has recalled the commander whose
brutal orders inflamed the American mind and shocked the
civilized world. She has modified the horrible order of
concentration, and has undertaken to care for the helpless and
permit those who desire to resume the cultivation of their
fields to do so, and assures them the protection of the
Spanish Government in their lawful occupations."
{175}
But the awful tragedy of suffering among the
"reconcontrados" had excited lookers-on to such a pitch that
the conduct of Spain in any new line of policy could no longer
be fairly judged. There had been attempts on the part of the
Spanish authorities to give some relief to the starved and
perishing multitude, and help to that end had been accepted
from the United States. The American Red Cross Society, with
Miss Clara Barton at its head, entered the island in December,
with vast stores of food and hospital supplies, and a strong
force of generous workers; but the need was far beyond their
means. The tale of death and misery in the stricken country
seemed to grow more sickening every day.
CUBA: A. D. 1897 (November).

Constitution establishing self-government in the islands of
Cuba and Porto Rico, promulgated by Royal Decree.
The following is a translation of the text of the Constitution

establishing self-government in the islands of Cuba and Porto
Rico which was promulgated by royal decree at Madrid on the
25th of November, 1897:
Upon the proposition of my Prime Minister, and with the

concurrence of the Council of Ministers in the name of my
august son, King Alfonso XIII, and as Queen Regent of the
Kingdom, I hereby decree as follows:
[Footnote Start]
EXPLANATORY NOTE.
To facilitate the understanding of this decree and to avoid
confusion as to the legal value of the terms employed therein
the following definitions are to be observed:
Central Executive Power: The King with his Council of Ministers.

The Spanish Parliament: The Cortes with the King.
The Spanish Chambers: The Congress and the Senate.
The Central Government: The Council of Ministers of the Kingdom.
The Colonial Parliament: The two Chambers with
the Governor-General.
The Colonial Chambers: The Council of Administration
and the Chamber of Representatives.
Colonial Legislative Assemblies: The Council of Administration
and the Chamber of Representatives.
Governor-General in Council: The Governor-General
with the Secretaries of his Cabinet.
Instructions of the Governor-General: Those which he may have
received when named for his office.
Statute: Colonial measure of a legislative character.
Colonial Statutes: Colonial Legislation.
Legislation or General Laws: Legislation or laws of the Kingdom.
[Footnote End]
TITLE I.
GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL ADMINISTRATION IN THE ISLANDS
OF CUBA AND PORTO RICO.
ARTICLE 1.
The system of government and civil administration in the
islands of Cuba and Porto Rico shall hereafter be carried on
in conformity with the following provisions:
ARTICLE 2.
Each island shall be governed by an insular parliament,
consisting of two chambers, and by the Governor-General,
representing the mother country, who shall exercise supreme
authority.
TITLE II.
THE INSULAR CHAMBERS.
ARTICLE 3.
The legislative power as to colonial matters in the shape and
manner prescribed by law, shall be vested in the insular
chambers conjointly with the Governor-General.
ARTICLE 4.
Insular representation shall consist of two bodies of equal
powers, which shall be known as chamber of representatives and
council of administration.
TITLE III.
COUNCIL OF ADMINISTRATION.
ARTICLE 5.
The council shall be composed of thirty-five members, of whom
eighteen shall be elected in the manner directed by the
electoral law and seventeen shall be appointed by the
Governor-General acting for the Crown, from among such persons
as have the qualifications specified in the following
articles:
ARTICLE 6.
To be entitled to sit in the council of administration it is
necessary to be a Spanish subject; to have attained the age of
thirty-five years; to have been born in the island, or to have
had four years' constant residence therein; not to be subject
to any pending criminal prosecution; to be in the full
enjoyment of his political rights; to have his property free
from attachment; to have had for two or more years previous an
annual income of four thousand dollars; to have no interest in
any contract with either the insular or the home government.
The shareholders of a stock company shall not be considered as
government contractors, even if the company has a contract
with the government.
ARTICLE 7.
Persons are also qualified to serve as councilors who, besides
the above-stated requirements, have any of the following
qualifications:
1. To be or to have been a senator of the Kingdom, or to

possess the requirements for being a senator, in conformity
with Article III of the constitution.
2. To have held for a period of two years any of the following

offices: President, or prosecuting attorney of the pretorian
court of Havana; rector of the University of Havana; councilor
of administration in the council formerly thus designated;
president of the Havana Chamber of Commerce; president of the
Economic Society of Friends of the Country; president of the
Sugar Planters' Association; president of the Tobacco
Manufacturers' Union; president of the Merchants, Tradesmen's,
and Agriculturalists' League; dean of the bar of Havana; mayor
of Havana; president of the provincial assembly of Havana
during two terms or of any provincial assembly during three
terms; dean of either of the chapters of the two cathedrals.
3. Likewise may be elected or appointed as councilor any
property owner from among the fifty taxpayers paying the
highest taxes, either on real estate or on industries,
commerce, arts, and the professions.
ARTICLE 8.
The councilors appointed by the Crown shall be appointed by
special decrees, stating the qualification entitling the
appointee to serve as councilor. Councilors thus appointed
shall hold office for life. One-half the number of elective
councilors shall be elected every five years, and the whole
number shall be elected whenever the council of administration
shall be dissolved by the Governor-General.
ARTICLE 9.
The qualifications required in order to be appointed or
elected councilor of administration may be changed by a
national law, at the request or upon the proposition of the
insular chambers.
ARTICLE 10.
No councilor shall, during the session of the council, accept
any civil office, promotion (unless it be strictly by
seniority), title, or decoration; but any councilor may be
appointed by either the local or the home government to any
commission within his own profession or category, whenever the
public service shall require it. The secretaries of the
insular government shall be excepted from the foregoing rule.
{176}
TITLE IV.
THE CHAMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES.
ARTICLE 11.
The chamber of representatives shall be composed of members
named by the electoral boards in the manner prescribed by law
and in the proportion of one for every twenty-five thousand
inhabitants.
ARTICLE 12.
To be elected as representative the candidate must have the
following requirements: To be a Spanish citizen, to be a
layman, to have attained his majority, to be in full enjoyment
of civil rights, to have been born in the island or to have
had four years' constant residence therein, and not to be
subject to any pending criminal prosecution.
ARTICLE 13.
Representatives shall be elected every five years, and any
representative may be re-elected any number of times. The
insular chamber shall determine what classes of offices are
incompatible with the office of representative, as well as the
cases governing re-election.
ARTICLE 14.
Any representative upon whom either the local or home
government shall confer a pension, or any employment,
promotion (unless it be by strict seniority), paid commission,
title, or decoration, shall cease to be such without necessity
of any declaration to that effect, unless he shall within fifteen
days of his appointment notify the chamber of his having
declined the favor. The provisions of the preceding paragraph
shall not include the representatives who shall be appointed
members of the cabinet.
TITLE V.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSULAR CHAMBERS AND THEIR
RELATIONS
TO EACH OTHER.
ARTICLE 15.
The chambers will meet every year. The King, the
Governor-General acting in his name, shall convene, suspend,
and adjourn the sessions and dissolve the chamber of
representatives and the council of administration, either
separately or simultaneously, under the obligation to call
them together again or renew them within three months.
ARTICLE 16.
Each of the two legislative bodies shall determine the rules
of their proceedings and shall be the judges of the
qualifications of their respective members and the legality of
their election. Until the chamber and the council shall pass
their own rules, they shall be governed by the rules of the
national house of representatives and of the senate,
respectively.
ARTICLE 17.
Each chamber shall choose its president, vice-president and
secretaries.
ARTICLE 18.
Neither chamber shall sit unless the other be sitting also,
except when the council exercises judicial functions.
ARTICLE 19.
The two insular chambers shall not deliberate together nor in
the presence of the Governor-General. The sessions shall be
public, but either chamber may hold secret sessions whenever
business of a private nature shall require it.
ARTICLE 20.
To the Governor-General, through his secretaries, as well as
to either of the two chambers, belongs the power to initiate
and propose colonial statutes.
ARTICLE 21.
All colonial statutes in regard to taxes and the public credit
shall originate in the chamber of representatives.
ARTICLE 22.
Resolutions may be passed by either chamber by a plurality of
votes; but in order to pass a measure of a legislative
character a majority of all the members constituting the body
must be present. Nevertheless, one-third of the members shall
constitute a quorum for deliberation.
ARTICLE 23.
No resolution or law shall be considered passed by the insular
parliament unless it has had the concurrence of the chamber of
representatives and the council of administration.
ARTICLE 24.
Every colonial statute, as soon as it has been approved in the
form prescribed in the preceding article, shall be presented
to the Governor-General by the officers of both chambers for
his sanction and proclamation of the same.
ARTICLE 25.
Members of the council and the chamber of representatives
shall have immunity for any speech or vote in either chamber.
ARTICLE 26.
No councilor of administration shall be indicted or arrested
without a previous resolution of the council, unless he shall
be found "in flagranti" or the council shall not be in
session, but in every case notice shall be given to that body
as soon as possible, that it may determine what should be
done. Nor shall the representatives be indicted or arrested
during the sessions without the permission of the chamber
unless they are found "in flagranti," but in this last case,
or in case of indictment or arrest when the chamber is not
sitting, notice shall be given as soon us possible to the
chamber of representatives for its information and action. All
proceedings against councilors and representatives shall be
brought before the pretorian court at Havana in the cases and
manner that shall be prescribed by colonial statutes.
ARTICLE 27.
The guarantees established in the foregoing section shall not
apply to a councilor or representative who shall himself admit
that he is the author of any article, book, pamphlet, or
printed matter wherein military sedition is incited or
invoked, or the Governor-General is insulted and maligned, or
national sovereignty is assailed.
ARTICLE 28.
The relations between the two chambers shall be governed,
until otherwise provided, by the act of July 19, 1837,
regulating the relations between the two legislative houses of
the Cortes.
ARTICLE 29.
Besides the power of enacting laws for the colony the insular
chambers shall have power:
1. To receive the oath of the Governor-General to preserve the

constitution and the laws which guarantee the autonomy of the
colony.
2. To enforce the responsibility of the secretaries of the

executive, who shall be tried by the council, whenever
impeached by the chamber of representatives.
3. To address the home government through the

Governor-General, proposing the abrogation or modification of
existing laws of the Kingdom; to invite the home government to
present bills as to particular matters, or to ask a decision
of an executive character on matters which interest the
colony.
ARTICLE 30.
The Governor-General shall communicate to the home government
before presenting to the insular parliament any bill
originating in the executive government of the island
whenever, in his judgment, said bill may affect national
interests. Should any such bill originate in the insular
parliament, the government of the island shall ask for a
postponement of the debate until the home government shall
have given its opinion. In either case the correspondence
passing between the two governments shall be laid before the
chambers and published in the official Gazette.
{177}
ARTICLE 31.
All differences of jurisdiction between the several municipal,
provincial, and insular assemblies, or between any of them and
the executive, which by their nature may not be referred to
the home government, shall be submitted to the courts of
justice in accordance with the rules herein prescribed.
TITLE VI.
POWERS VESTED IN THE INSULAR PARLIAMENT.
ARTICLE 32.
The insular chambers shall have power to pass upon all matters
not specially and expressly reserved to the Cortes of the
Kingdom or to the central government as herein provided, or as
may be provided hereafter, in accordance with the prescription
set forth in additional Article 2. In this manner, and without
implying that the following enumeration presupposes any
limitation of their power to legislate on other subjects, they
shall have power to legislate on all matters and subjects
concerning the departments of justice, interior, treasury,
public works, education, and agriculture.
They shall likewise have exclusive cognizance of all matters

of a purely local nature which may principally affect the
colonial territory; and to this end they shall have power to
legislate on civil administration; on provincial, municipal,
or judicial apportionment; on public health, by land or sea,
and on public credit, banks, and the monetary system. This
power, however, shall not impair the powers vested in the
colonial executive according to the laws in connection with
the matters above mentioned.
ARTICLE 33.
It shall be incumbent upon the colonial parliament to make
regulations under such national laws as may be passed by the
Cortes and expressly intrusted to it. Especially among such
measures parliament shall legislate, and may do so at the
first sitting, for the purpose of regulating the elections,
the taking of the electoral census, qualifying electors, and
exercising the right of suffrage; but in no event shall these
dispositions affect the rights of the citizens, as established
by the electoral laws.
ARTICLE 34.
Notwithstanding that the laws governing the judiciary and the
administration of justice are of a national character, and
therefore obligatory for the colony, the insular parliament
may, within the provisions of said laws, make rules or propose
to the home government such measures as shall render easier
the admission, continuance, or promotion in the local courts
of lawyers, natives of the island, or practicing therein.
The Governor-General in council shall have, as far as the

island of Cuba is concerned, the same power that has been
vested heretofore in the minister for the colonies for the
appointment of the functionaries and subordinate and auxiliary
officers of the judicial order and as to the other matters
connected with the administration of justice.
ARTICLE 35.
The insular parliament shall have exclusive power to frame the
local budget of expenditures and revenues, including the
revenue corresponding to the island as her quota of the
national budget. To this end the Governor-General shall
present to the chambers every year before the month of January
the budget for the next fiscal year, divided in two parts, as
follows: The first part shall state the revenues needed to
defray the expenses of sovereignty, and the second part shall
state the revenues and expenditures estimated for the
maintenance of the colonial administration. Neither chamber
shall take up the budget of the colonial government without
having finally voted the part for the maintenance of
sovereignty.
ARTICLE 36.
The Cortes of the Kingdom shall determine what expenditures
are to be considered by reason of their nature as obligatory
expenses inherent to sovereignty, and shall fix the amount
every three years and the revenue needed to defray the same,
the Cortes reserving the right to alter this rule.
ARTICLE 37.
All treaties of commerce affecting the island of Cuba, be they
suggested by the insular or by the home government, shall be
made by the latter with the co-operation of special delegates
duly authorized by the colonial government, whose concurrence
shall be acknowledged upon submitting the treaties to the
Cortes. Said treaties, when approved by the Cortes, shall be
proclaimed as laws of the Kingdom and as such shall obtain in
the colony.
ARTICLE 38.
Notice shall be given to the insular government of any
commercial treaties made without its participation as soon as
said treaties shall become laws, to the end that, within a
period of three months, it may declare its acceptance or
nonacceptance of their stipulations. In case of acceptance the
Governor-General shall cause the treaty to be published in the
Gazette as a colonial statute.
ARTICLE 39.
The insular parliament shall also have power to frame the
tariff and fix the duties to be paid on merchandise as well
for its importation into the territory of the island as for
the exportation thereof.
ARTICLE 40.
As a transition from the old regime to the new constitution,
and until the home and insular governments may otherwise
conjointly determine hereafter, the commercial relations
between the island and the metropolis shall be governed by the
following rules:
1. No differential duty, whether fiscal or otherwise, either

on imports or exports, shall be imposed to the detriment of
either insular or peninsular production.
2. The two governments shall make a schedule of articles of

direct national origin to which shall be allowed by common
consent preferential duty over similar foreign products. In
another schedule made in like manner shall be determined such
articles of direct insular production as shall be entitled to
privileged treatment on their importation into the peninsula
and the amount of preferential duties thereon. In neither case
shall the preferential duty exceed 35 per cent. Should the
home and the colonial government agree upon the schedules and
the preferential duties, they shall be considered final and
shall be enforced at once. In case of disagreement the point
in dispute shall be submitted to a committee of
representatives of the Cortes, consisting of an equal number
of Cubans and Peninsulars. The committee shall appoint its
chairman, and in case of disagreement the eldest member shall
preside. The chairman shall have the casting vote.
3. The valuation tables concerning the articles in the

schedules above mentioned shall be fixed by mutual agreement,
and shall be revised after discussion every two years. The
modifications which may thereupon become necessary in the
tariff duties shall be carried out at once by the respective
governments.
{178}
TITLE VII.
THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL.
ARTICLE 41.
The supreme authority of the colony shall be vested in a
Governor-General, appointed by the King on the nomination of
the council of ministers. In his capacity he shall have as
vice-royal patron the power inherent in the patronate of the
Indies; he shall have command of all military and naval forces
in the island; he shall act as delegate of the departments of
state, war, navy, and the colonies; all other authorities in
the island shall be subordinate to his, and he shall be
responsible for the preservation of order and the safety of
the colony. The Governor-General shall, before taking
possession of his office, take an oath in the presence of the
King to discharge his duties faithfully and loyally.
ARTICLE 42.
The Governor-General, representing the nation, will discharge
by himself and with the aid of his secretaries all the
functions indicated in the preceding articles and such others
as may devolve upon him as direct delegate of the King in
matters of a national character. It shall be incumbent upon
the Governor-General as representing the home government:
1. To appoint without restriction the secretaries of his

cabinet.
2. To proclaim, execute, and cause to be executed in the

island all laws, decrees, treaties, international covenants,
and all other acts emanating from the legislative branch of
the government, as well as all decrees, royal commands, and
other measures emanating from the executive which shall be
communicated to him by the departments of which he acts as
delegate. Whenever in his judgment and in that of his
secretaries he considers the resolutions of the home
government as liable to injure the general interests of the
nation or the special interests of the island, he shall have
power to suspend the publication and execution thereof, and
shall so notify the respective department, stating the reasons
for his action.
3. To grant pardons in the name of the King, within the

limitations specially prescribed to him in his instructions
from the government, and to stay the execution of a death
sentence whenever the gravity of the circumstances shall so
demand or the urgency of the case shall allow of no time to
solicit and obtain His Majesty's pardon; but in either case he
shall hear the counsel of his secretaries.
4. To suspend the guarantees set forth in articles 3, 5, 6,

and 9, and in the first, second, and third paragraphs of
article 13 of the constitution; to enforce legislation in
regard to public order, and to take all measures which he may
deem necessary to preserve the peace within and the safety
without for the territory entrusted to him after hearing the
counsel of his cabinet.
5. To take care that in the colony justice be promptly and

fully administered, and that it shall always be administered
in the name of the King.
6. To hold direct communication on foreign affairs with the

ministers, diplomatic agents, and counsels of Spain throughout
America. A full copy of such correspondence shall be
simultaneously forwarded to the home Department of State.
ARTICLE 43.
It behooves the Governor-General, as the superior authority in
the colony and head of its administration:
1. To take care that the rights, powers, and privileges now

vested or that may henceforth be vested in the colonial
administration be respected and protected.
2. To sanction and proclaim the acts of the insular

parliament, which shall be submitted to him by the president
and secretaries of the respective chambers. Whenever, in the
judgment of the Governor-General, an act of the insular
parliament goes beyond its powers or impairs the rights of the
citizens as set forth in Article I of the constitution, or
curtails the guarantees prescribed by law for the exercise of
said rights, or jeopards the interest of the colony or of the
nation, he shall forward the act to the council of ministers
of the Kingdom, which, within a period that shall not exceed
two months, shall either assent to it or return it to the
Governor-General with the objections to its sanction and
proclamation. The insular parliament may, in view of the
objections, reconsider or modify the act, if it deems fit,
without a special proposition. If two months shall elapse
without the central government giving any opinion as to a
measure agreed upon by the chambers which has been transmitted
to it by the Governor-General, the latter shall sanction and
proclaim the same.
3. To appoint, suspend, and discharge the employees of the

colonial administration, upon the suggestion of the
secretaries of the departments and in accordance with the
laws.
4. To appoint and remove, without restriction, the secretaries

of his cabinet.
ARTICLE 44.
No executive order of the Governor-General, acting as
representative and chief of the colony, shall take effect
unless countersigned by a secretary of the cabinet, who by
this act alone shall make himself responsible for the same.
ARTICLE 45.
There shall be five secretaries of department, to wit:
Grace and justice and interior;
finance;
public education, public works and posts and telegraphs;
agriculture, industry, and commerce.
The Governor-General shall appoint the president of the

cabinet from among the secretaries, and shall also have power
to appoint a president without a secretaryship. The power to
increase or diminish the number of secretaries composing the
colonial cabinet, and to determine the scope of each
department, is vested in the insular parliament.
ARTICLE 46.
The secretaries of the cabinet may be members of either the
chamber of representatives or the council of administration
and take part in the debates of either chamber, but a
secretary shall only vote in the chamber of which he is a
member.
ARTICLE 47.
The secretaries of the cabinet shall be responsible to the
insular parliament.
ARTICLE 48.
The Governor-General shall not modify or abrogate his own
orders after they are assented to by the home government, or
when they shall declare some rights, or when a sentence by a
judicial court or administrative tribunal shall have been
based upon said orders, or when they shall deal with his own
competency.
ARTICLE 49.
The Governor-General shall not turn over his office when
leaving the island except by special command from the home
government. In case of absence from the seat of government
which prevents his discharging the duties of his office or of
disability to perform such duties, he can appoint one or more
persons to take his place, provided the home government has
not previously done so or the method of substitution shall not
be stated in his instructions.

PDF Wave Dynamics Mechanics and Physics of Microstructured Metamaterials Theoretical and Experimental Methods Mezhlum A Sumbatyan Ebook Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PDF Wave Dynamics Mechanics and Physics of Microstructured Metamaterials Theoretical and Experimental Methods Mezhlum A Sumbatyan Ebook Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wave Dynamics Mechanics and

Experimental Methods of Shock Wave Research 1st Edition

Theoretical and Experimental Methods for Defending

Advancements in Optical Methods amp Digital Image

Experimental Methods in Heat Transfer and Fluid

Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Volume 4:

A Complete Course on Theoretical Physics From Classical

Dynamics of the Unicycle: Modelling and Experimental

Experimental and Theoretical Study of Strength and

Mezhlum A. Sumbatyan Editor

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8611

ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic)

There is a growing current interest in the production, design, and analysis of

– Modern and actual related problems of the theory of elasticity (piezoelectricity

Saint Petersburg, Russia Alexey Porubov

On Anti-Plane Surface Waves Considering Highly Anisotropic

Homogenization of Piezoelectric Composites with Internal Structure

K. L. Aghayan Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan,

T. E. Gerasimenko Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science,

Vitaly V. Popuzin Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian

Abstract Within the framework of highly anisotropic surface elasticity model we

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 1

Let us consider an elastic solid occupying volume V with the boundary S = ∂ V . In

where x is the position vector and t is time. In Cartesian coordinates xk , k = 1, 2, 3,

with the functional

3 Anti-plane Motions of an Elastic Half-Space

Toupin–Mindlin strain gradient elasticity by Eremeyev et al. [16]. Following these

u = u1 (x2 , x3 , t)i1 , or u = u2 (x1 , x3 , t)i2 , (15)

which correspond two different direction of wave propagation.

μ(∂22 + ∂32 )u1 = ρ∂t2 u1 , (16)

Here ∂t stands for the derivative with respect to t.

uα = Uα (xβ , x3 ) exp(iωt), α = 1, 2, β = 2, 1, (18)

where ω is a circular frequency, i is the imaginary unit, and Uα is a amplitude. As a

μ(∂22 + ∂32 )U1 = −ρωt2 U1 , (19)

U1 = U01 exp(κx3 ) exp(ikx2 ), U2 = U02 exp(κx3 ) exp(ikx1 ), (21)

μ∂3 u1 = − m∂t2 u1 + Ks ∂22 u1 , (25)

μκ(k, ω) =mω2 − Ks k 2 , (27)

Fig. 1 Dispersion curves.

V. N. Hakobyan, A. V. Sahakyan and K. L. Aghayan

Abstract The paper considers plane deformation state of a piecewise homogeneous

V. N. Hakobyan · A. V. Sahakyan (B) · K. L. Aghayan

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 11

2 Problem Statement and Derivation of the Governing

Suppose we have a piecewise-uniform elastic plane, made by alternately connect-

dU2 (x, −h)

where τ(1) (1)

σ y(1) (x, 0) = σ y(2) (x, 0); τx(1) (2)

Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the problem

Here, the index j = 1, 2 denotes the components of displacements and stresses,

− R22 (x − s)τ(s)ds + m 2 q2 (7)

Here the following notations are introduced:

we come to the following system from N + M singular integral and integro-

3 Solution of the System of Governing Equations

a∗ = (b − a)/2h; b∗ = (b + a)/2h; c∗ = (d − c)/2h; d∗ = (d + c)/2h;

we obtain the following system of defining equations:

"The spectacle of the utter ruin of an adjoining country, by

"It would seem that if Spain should offer to Cuba genuine

"It should be added that it can not be reasonably assumed that

President Cleveland's Message to Congress,

Just at this time (December 7, 1896) the Cuban insurgents

CUBA: A. D. 1897 (November).

The following is a translation of the text of the Constitution

Upon the proposition of my Prime Minister, and with the