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Ariel Braidot · Alejandro Hadad (Eds.)

Volume 49

VI Latin American Congress on

Biomedical Engineering CLAIB 2014,
Paraná, Argentina
29, 30 & 31 October 2014
IFMBE Proceedings

Volume 49

Series Editor
Ratko Magjarevic

Deputy Editors
Fatimah Binti Ibrahim
Igor Lacković
Piotr Ładyżyński
Emilio Sacristan Rock
The International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, IFMBE, is a federation of national and transnational
organizations representing internationally the interests of medical and biological engineering and sciences. The IFMBE is a
non-profit organization fostering the creation, dissemination and application of medical and biological engineering knowledge
and the management of technology for improved health and quality of life. Its activities include participation in the formulation
of public policy and the dissemination of information through publications and forums. Within the field of medical, clinical,
and biological engineering, IFMBE’s aims are to encourage research and the application of knowledge, and to disseminate
information and promote collaboration. The objectives of the IFMBE are scientific, technological, literary, and educational.

The IFMBE is a WHO accredited NGO covering the full range of biomedical and clinical engineering, healthcare, healthcare
technology and management. It is representing through its 60 member societies some 120.000 professionals involved in the
various issues of improved health and health care delivery.

IFMBE Officers
President: Ratko Magjarevic, Vice-President: James Goh
Past-President: Herbert Voigt
Treasurer: Marc Nyssen, Secretary-General: Shankhar M. Krishnan
http://www.ifmbe.org

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7403

Ariel Braidot · Alejandro Hadad
Editors

VI Latin American Congress on

Biomedical Engineering CLAIB 2014,
Paraná, Argentina
29, 30 & 31 October 2014

ABC
Editors
Ariel Braidot Alejandro Hadad
Facultad de Ingeniería - UNER Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos
Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos Entre Ríos
Entre Ríos Argentina
Argentina

ISSN 1680-0737 ISSN 1433-9277 (electronic)

IFMBE Proceedings
ISBN 978-3-319-13116-0 ISBN 978-3-319-13117-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-13117-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014958071

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

c Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific
statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
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The IFMBE Proceedings is an Official Publication of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE)

Printed on acid-free paper

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 Preface

The CLAIB 2014 Organizing Committee, representing the Regional Council of Biomedical Engineering for Latin America
(CORAL), has carried out together with the Latin American and international scientific community, the VI Latin American
Biomedical Engineering Conference (CLAIB2014) www.claib2014.org.ar
This event, that has been carried out since 1998, had its sixth edition in Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina, and it took place in
two venues: the Howard Johnson Plaza Resort & Casino Mayorazgo and the Maran Suites & Towers.
The organization of the Latin American Conference on Biomedical Engineering was carried out by the Argentine Bioengi-
neering Society and the Faculty of Engineering (National University of Entre Ríos). It was also sponsored by the International
Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE), the Society for Engineering in Medicine and Biology (EMBS)
among other organizations and international organisms that bring together scientists, academics and biomedical engineers in
Latin America and other continents in an environment conducive to academic exchange and professional growth.
The Latin American conferences have provided a forum to present research findings, share experiences and coordinate
activities between institutions and universities in the region to develop Bioengineering, Biomedical Engineering and related
sciences.
The CLAIB2014 in Paraná (Entre Ríos – Argentina) follows previous meetings that were held in Mazatlan(Mexico) in
1998, Havana (Cuba) in 2001 ; Joao Pessoa(Brazil) in 2004, Margarita Island( Venezuela) in 2007 and Havana (Cuba) in 2011.
The Conference program was designed so as to cover topics of regional and international interest and to meet scientific
expectations.
More than 400 scientific articles were peer reviewed (double-blind by three independent reviewers and members of the
CLAIB scientific committee). Moreover, 14 keynote talks will be delivered by distinguished international scientists and aca-
demic and professional discussion panels with a high impact on bioengineering/biomedical engineering will take place. Com-
panies and firms will also participate in CLAIB2014 in order to show their products and to exchange views with the participants.
We thank you all for your participation in CLAIB 2014 and we give you a warm welcome.

Alejandro Hadad Ariel Braidot

Co-Chair CLAIB 2014 Chair CLAIB 2014
 Organization

Organizing Institutions

Regional Council of Biomedical Argentine Society of Engineering School, Nacional

Engineering for Latin America / Bioengineering / Sociedad University of Entre Ríos /
Consejo Regional de Ingeniería Argentina de Bioingeniería Facultad de Ingeniería,
Biomédica para América Latina (SABI) Universidad Nacional de Entre
(CORAL) Ríos (FI-UNER)

International Federation for IEEE Engineering in Medicine

Medical and Biological and Biology Society (EMBS)
Engineering (IFMBE)
VIII Organization

Conference General Chair

Ariel Braidot

Professor of Biomedical Engineering Department

National University of Entre Ríos, Argentina

Road 11, Km 10.5, Oro Verde, Entre Ríos, Argentina

Tel: (+54343) – 4975100/1 Ext. 121

Email: abraidot@bioingenieria.edu.ar

Conference General Co-Chair

Alejandro Hadad

Professor of Informatics Department

National University of Entre Ríos, Argentina

Road 11, Km 10.5, Oro Verde, Entre Ríos, Argentina

Tel: (+54343) – 4975100/1 Ext. 149

Email: ajhadad@bioingenieria.edu.ar
Organization
Scientific Committee
Dr. Gustavo Abraham - Argentina
Msc. Bioing. Rubén Carlos Acevedo - Argentina
Dr. Bioing. Javier Fernando Adur - Argentina
Luis Antonio Aguirre - Brazil
Dr. Eduardo Aldo Albanesi- Argentina
Dra. Ana Lía Albarracín - Argentina
Msc. Ing. Julio Aldonate - Argentina
Dr. Vera Alvarez - Argentina
Dr. Andre Alvarenga - Brazil
Dr. Ariel Fernando Amadío - Argentina
Msc. Ing. María Magdalena Añino - Argentina
Prof. John F. Archira Diaz - Brazil
Dr. Ing. Pedro Arini - Argentina
Dra. Olimpia Arias de Fuentes - Cuba
Dr. Ricardo Armentano Feijoo - Argentina
Bioing. Federico Arguissain - Denmark
Bioing. Yanina Atum - Argentina
Prof. MSc. Guillermo Avendaño - Chile
Ing. Enrique Ávila - Argentina
Dra. Ing. Virginia Ballarin - Argentina
Dra. Marta Susana Basualdo - Argentina
Teodiano Bastos Filho - Brazil
Dra. Josefina Ballarre - Argentina
Msc. Bioing. Marcelo Eduardo Berli - Argentina
Prof. Mauricio Becerra Vargas - Brazil
Ing. Diego Beltramone - Argentina
Luis E Bergues Cabrales - Cuba
Bioing. Gustavo Bizai - Argentina
Bioing. José Biurrun Manresa - Denmark
Dr. Eduardo Blotta - Argentina
Ing. Edgardo Arturo Bonfils - Argentina
Bioing. Claudia Bonell - Argentina
Dra. Agustina Bouchet - Argentina
Dra. Bioing Maria Paula Bonomini - Argentina
Kalinja Branco - Brazil
Bioing. Silvia Britos - Argentina
Dr. Fabian Buffa - Argentina
Dr. Bioing. Diego Martín Campana - Argentina
Dr. Víctor Hugo Casco - Argentina
Dr. Marcelo Castro - Argentina
Prof. Jorge Castro Medina - Cuba
Prof. Miguel Cadena Méndez - Mexico
Dra. Bioing. Paola Catalfamo Formento - Argentina
Dr. Pablo Caracciolo - Argentina
Prof. Maylen Carballo Barreda - Cuba
Ing Guillermo Campiglio - Argentina
IX
Prof. Julián Luciano Cárdenas Barrera - Cuba
Dra. Silvia Ceré - Argentina
PhD. Msc. Ing. Max Chacón Pacheco - Chile
Bioing. Analía Cherniz - Argentina
Jesus Enrique Chong Quero - Mexico
Msc. Ing. Carlos Cifuentes - Brazil
Prof. Roger Clotet - Venezuela
Dra. Ing. Lorena Correa Prado - Argentina
Bioing. Alfredo Corniali - Brazil
Dra. Ing. Lorena Correa Prado - Argentina
Dr. Ing. Raúl Correa Prado - Argentina
Prof. Wagner Coelho - Brazil
Dr. Fernando Cesar Coelli - Brazil
Ing. Pablo Cortez Tornello - Argentina
Ing. Diego Comas - Argentina
Prof. Marcos A Coca Pérez - Cuba
Dra. Teresita Cuadrado - Argentina
PhD. Msc. Ing. Mara Clécia Dantas Souza - Brazil
Esp. Ing. Cristina Dall’ava - Argentina
Dr. Oscar Alfredo Decco - Argentina
Ing. Ronald Del Aguila - Argentina
Prof. José Ángel Delgado García-Menocal - Cuba
Dr. Ing. Pablo Federico Diez - Argentina
Dr. José Di Paolo - Argentina
Dr. Bioing. Leandro Di Persia - Argentina
Mag. Ing. Susana Drudi - Argentina
Mg. Ing. Ana María Echenique - Argentina
Bioing. Pedro Escobar - Argentina
Prof. Daniel Escobedo Beceiro - Cuba
Dr. Bioing. Diego Alexis Evin - Argentina
Msc. Msc. Bioq. José Luis Favant - Argentina
Dr. Fernando Daniel Farfán - Argentina
Dr. Carmelo Jose Felice - Argentina
Dr. Elmer Fernandez - Argentina
Prof. José Manuel Ferrer Villena - Perú
Msc. Bioing. Eduardo Filomena - Argentina
Prof. Jose de Jesus Agustin Flores Cuautle - Mexico
Ing. José María Flores - Argentina
Bioing. Marcos Formica - Argentina
Prof. Mario Forjaz Secca - Portugal
Prof. José Folgueras Méndez - Cuba
Prof. Dr. Anselmo Frizera Neto - Brazil
Prof. Whisner Fraga Mamede - Brazil
Bioing. Melisa Frisoli - Argentina
Bioing. Exequiel Fries - Argentina
Dra. Ing. Agustina Garcés Correa - Argentina
X Organization
Prof. Miguel Angel García Alvarez - Cuba
PhD. Renato Garcia Ojeda - Brazil
Dr. Luciano Garelli - Argentina
Ms. Ing. Cesar Galindo - Chile
Dra. Ing. Agustina Garcés Correa - Argentina
Prof. Yainelis Garrido Nicot - Cuba
Dr. Bioing. Gerardo Gabriel Gentiletti - Argentina
Ms. Nancy Enriqueta Guerron Paredes - Ecuador
Prof. Rosa Mayelin Guerra Bretaña - Cuba
Prof. Margarita Goire Castilla - Cuba
Mg. Ing. María E. Gomez - Argentina
Luiz Marcos G. Gonçalves - Brazil
Prof. Cesar Antonio Gonzalez Diaz - Mexico
Prof. Juan Manuel Gomez Gonzalez - Mexico
Dra. Jimena Gonzalez - Argentina
Mg. María de los Ángeles Gómez López - Argentina
Prof. Evelio Gonzalez Dalmau - Cuba
Prof. Rene Ivan Gonzalez Fernandez - Cuba
Prof. Emilio González Rodríguez - Cuba
Prof. Eduardo González Moreira - Cuba
Dr. Bioing. Sebastián Graf - Argentina
Dr. Ing. Juan Pablo Graffigna - Argentina
Ms. Nancy Eriqueta Guerron Paredes - Ecuador
Dr. Pablo Gustavo Guerestein - Argentina
Prof. Rafael Guzman Cabrera - Mexico
Prof. Marcos de Sales Guierra Tsuzuki - Brazil
Bioing. Alejandro Hadad - Argentina
Dr. Tayebeh Hajjari - Iran
Dra. Myriam Cristina Herrera - Argentina
Prof. Aurelio Horacio Heredia Jimenez - Mexico
Prof. Luis Hernández Martínez - Mexico
Bioing. Jordan Insfran - Argentina
Dra. Maria Fernanda Izaguirre - Argentina
Prof. Ulises Javier Jauregui Haza - Cuba
Prof. Fabricio Junqueira - Brazil
Prof. Mónica Karel Huerta - Venezuela
Dr. Miklos Kozlovszky - Hungría
PhD. Shankhar Krishnan - Estados Unidos
Prof. Paulo Kurka - Brazil
PhD. Luis Kun - Estados Unidos
Prof. Alexandra La Cruz - Venezuela
Dr. Ing. Eric Laciar Leber - Argentina
Ing. Guillermo La Mura - Argentina
Ph.D. Roberto J. Lavarello - Perú
Prof. Orestes Llanes Santiago - Cuba
Ph.D. Roberto J. Lavarello - Perú
Prof. Jorge Ernesto Letechipia Moreno - Mexico
Dr. Ing. Sergio Lew - Argentina
Prof. Rogelio Leyva Ochoa - Cuba
Ing. Norberto Lerendegui - Argentina
Bioing. Roberto Fabio Leonarduzzi - Argentina
Prof. Fernando Lizarralde - Brazil
Prof. Mónico Linares Aranda - Mexico
Prof. Susana Beatriz Llanusa Ruiz - Cuba
Prof. Daniel Lorias Espinoza - Mexico
Dra. Ing. Natalia López Celani - Argentina
Daniel Lorias Espinoza - Mexico
Prof. Juan Valentín Lorenzo Ginori - Cuba
Ing. Biomedico Marco Lopez Ibarra- Argentina
Dra. Annia Lussón Cervantes - Cuba
Prof. Leonardo Marquez Pedro - Brazil
Dr. Bioing. Leonardo Makinistian - Argentina
Prof. Ratko Magjarevic - Croacia
Dr. Bioing. César Ernesto Martinez - Argentina
Prof. Antonio Mauricio - Brazil
Prof. Maira Martins da Silva - Brazil
Dr. Ing. Jorge Mazzeo - Argentina
Dra. Rossana Elena Madrid - Argentina
Ing. Ladislao Mathe - Argentina
Prof. Miguel Malamud - Argentina
Prof. Ratko Magjarević - Croacia
Msc. Bioing. María Carla Mántaras - Argentina
Prof. Miriam Marañón Cardonne - Cuba
Prof. Eduardo Martínez Montes - Cuba
Prof. Raul Martinez Memije - Mexico
Bioing. Andrés Machtey - Argentina
Prof. João Carlos Mendes Carvalho - Brazil
Prof. Verónica Medina Bañuelos - Mexico
Dr. Gustavo Meschino - Argentina
Prof. Paulo Eigi Miyagi - Brazil
Dr. Bioing. Diego Milone - Argentina
Dra. Mónica Miralles - Argentina
Bioing. Christian Mista - Denmark
Prof. Renan Moritz - Brazil
Ing. Florencia Montini Ballarin - Argentina
Prof. Lizette Morejón Alonso - Cuba
Prof. Rubén Orozco Morales - Cuba
Mg. Bioing. Andrés Naudi - Argentina
Prof. Jurandir Nadal - Brazil
Dr. Leonardo Nicola Siri - Argentina
Dr. Nicolas Nieva - Argentina
Prof. Julio Elias Normey Rico - Brazil
Prof. Flavio Nobre - Brazil
Prof. Kléber de Oliveira Andrade - Brazil
Mg. Juan Manuel Olivera - Argentina
Dr. Carlos Oldani - Argentina
Dra. Ing. Lorena Orosco - Argentina
Dr. Andrés Ozols - Argentina
Prof. Juan Enrique Palomares - Mexico
Dr. Armando Atilio Pacher - Argentina
Organization
Mg. Bioing. Carlos Pais - Argentina
Dr. Juan Pastore- Argentina
Dra. Isabel Passoni - Argentina
Lic. Inti Pagnuco - Argentina
Dr. Franco Martín Pessana - Argentina
Dra. María Susana Perrone - Argentina
Dra. Amalia Perez - Argentina
Dra. Ing. Elisa Perez - Argentina
Ing. Juan Carlos Perfetto - Argentina
Prof. Eduardo Peón Avés - Cuba
Prof. Marlen Pérez Díaz - Cuba
Bioing. Pablo Pennisi - Denmark
Prof. Joaquín Danilo Pina Amargós - Cuba
Prof. José Pirrone - Venezuela
Msc. Ing Sergio Ponce - Argentina
Mg. Julio César Politti - Argentina
Esp. Bioing. Emilce Preiz - Argentina
Ing. Carlos Horacio Ramirez - Argentina
Dr. Alberto Ramirez Treviño - Mexico
Bioing. Emiliano Ravera - Argentina
Prof. Angel Regueiro Gómez - Cuba
Prof. Enrique J. Reyes Marañón - Cuba
Lic. Marcela Rivarola - Argentina
Ms Rossana Rivas - Perú
Dr. Luis Eduardo Rodriguez Cheu - Colombia
Prof. Carlos Rocha - Brazil
Dra. Ing. Silvia Rodrigo - Argentina
Dra. Andrea Paola Rodríguez - Argentina
Prof Dr. Alfredo Rosado - España
Mst. Ing. Viviana Rotger - Argentina
Esp. Ing. Raúl Romo - Argentina
Mg. Luis Alfredo Rocha - Argentina
Prof. Rafael Rodriguez Rojas - Cuba
Mg. Ing. Luis Romero - Argentina
Prof. Orlando Rodríguez Rúa - Cuba
Prof. Tamara Rodriguez-Parra Rivas - Cuba
Dra. Andrea Paola Rodríguez - Argentina
Mg. Viviana Inés Rotger - Argentina
Dr. Bioing. Hugo Leonardo Rufiner - Argentina
Dr. Gabriel Ruiz - Argentina
Prof. Yusely Ruiz Gonzalez - Cuba
Dr. Luis Enrique Sánchez Crespo - Ecuador
Prof. Luiz Carlos Sandoval Góes - Brazil
Local Organizing Committee
Chair: Dr. Ariel Braidot
Co-Chair: Bioing. Alejandro Hadad
XI
Msc. Bioing. Adrian Salvatelli - Argentina
Dr. Luis Enrique Sánchez Crespo - Ecuador
Dr. Bioing. Gastón Schlotthauer - Argentina
Msc. Bioing. Luciano Schiaffino - Argentina
Dra. Adriana Scandurra - Argentina
Bioing. Federico Schaumburg - Argentina
Dr. Eduardo Pedro Serrano - Argentina
Dra. Gabriela Simonelli - Argentina
PhD. Ricardo Silva Bustillos - Ecuador
Dra. Valeria Sigot - Argentina
Dr. Franco Simini - Uruguay
Prof. Marcio de Souza - Brazil
Mg. Pablo Federico Solarz - Argentina
Bioing. Erika Spaich - Denmark
Prof. Juan Enrique Suen Díaz - Cuba
Prof. Dr. Ing. Max Suell Dutra - Brazil
Msc. Bioing. Carolina B. Tabernig - Argentina
Ing. Ricardo Taborda - Argentina
Prof. Alberto Taboada Crispi - Cuba
Prof. Marco Henrique Terra - Brazil
Dr. Cesar Teixeira - Brazil
Prof. María del Carmen Tellería Prieto - Cuba
Prof. José Mauricio Santos Torres Da Motta - Brazil
Mg. Ing. Eduardo Toledo - Perú
Dra. María Eugenia Torres - Argentina
Ing. José María Triano - Argentina
Prof. Mário Luiz Tronco - Brazil
Dr. Bioing. Sebastián Ubal - Argentina
Ing. Alejandro Uriz - Argentina
Prof. Fernando A.N. Castro Pinto - Brazil
Mg. Ing. Andrés Valdez - Argentina
Prof. Carlos Román Vázquez Seisdedos - Cuba
Ing. Oscar Vanella - Argentina
Prof. Consuelo Varela Corona - Cuba
Esp. Marcelo Vázquez - Argentina
Dra. Elizabeth Vera de Payer - Argentina
Prof. Mg. Luis Vilcahuamán - Perú
Msc. Bioing. María Virginia Walz - Argentina
Esp. Bioing. Rosa María Weisz - Argentina
Bioing. Brenda Weiss - Argentina
Dr. Bioing. Martín Zalazar - Argentina
Prof. Martha Zequeira Diaz - Colombia
Prof. Ramón Basilio Zubillaga Berazaín - Cuba
XII Organization

Area Coordinators:
Msc. Bioing. Rubén Acevedo - Institutional Sponsors
Tec. José Luis Ciani - Operational Management
Bioing. Ricardo Rodriguez - Comercial Sponsors
Bioing. Tomás Molas - Registration
Ms. Bioing. Carolina Tabernig - Cultural Activities
Dr. Bioing. Sebastian Ubal - Courses y Conferences
Bioing. Rosa María Weisz - Logistics
Mg. Lic. Diana Waigandt

National and International Members

Prof. MSc. Guillermo Avendaño - Chile
Dra. Virginia Laura Ballarin - Argentina
Mg. Diego Antonio Beltramone - Argentina
Bioing. Alfredo Corniali - Brasil
M. en C. Miguel Cadena Méndez - México
Ing. Jorge Castro - Cuba
Ing. Leandro J. Cymberknop - Argentina
PhD. Msc. Ing. Mara Clécia Dantas Souza - Brasil
Bioing. Pedro Pablo Escobar - Argentina
PhD. Renato Garcia Ojeda- Brasil
Dr. Juan Pablo Graffigna Vaggione - Argentina
Boing. Gastón Jaren - Argentina
Bioing. Federico Klappenbach - Argentina
Dr. Eric Laciar Leber - Argentina
Bioing. Daniel Mancedo - Argentina
Bioing. Andrés Matchtey - Argentina
Dr. Gustavo Meschino - Argentina
Dr. Franco Simini - Uruguay
Mg. Ing. Luis Vilcahuamán - Perú
PhD. Martha Zequera Diaz - Colombia

Local Members:
Dr. Bioing. Javier Adur Bioing. Melisa Frisoli
Bioing. Fernando Aguirre Bioing. Iván Gareis
Bioing. Fernando Josue Albornoz Laferrara Dr. Bioing. Gabriel Gentiletti
Mst. Ing. Julio Aldonate Ing. Biomed. Marco López
Mst. Bioing. Atum Yanina Mst. Bioing. Carla Mántaras
Msc. Bioing. Marcelo Berli Dr. Bioing. Cesar Martinez
Bioing. Claudia Bonell Bioing. Iván Peralta
Ing. Edgardo Bonfils Bioing. Emilce Preisz
Dr. Bioing. Diego Campana Bioing. Emiliano Ravera
Bioing. Analía Cherniz Bioing. Riquardo Rodriguez
Bioing. Fries Exequiel Bioing. Virginia Walz

Informatic Support
Bioing. Roberto Leonarduzzi Dr. Enrique Marcelo Albornoz
Tec. Daniel Wilka

Local Student Members:

Francisco Arata Brenda Bruselario
Pablo Ayala Pablo Ariel Collova
Romina Adue Guillermo Casillas Cárpena
Luciano Ezequiel Bechi Pamela De Guardia
Organization XIII

Nicolas Frank Guido Pascariello

Juan Cruz Gassó Loncan Giuliana Pais
Joaquín Galvañ Victoria Peterson
Mauricio Henrich Virginia Peterson
Melisa Haller Azul Quiroga
Gerardo Lara Nadia Valeria Romero
Alexander López Zavaleta Ricardo Rodriguez
Sebastian Mateos Sheila Scatollaro
Ayelen Muñoz Agustin Solano
María Soledad Moreno Diamela Solmoirago
Matias Micheloud Angela Teller
Emilio Perez Todoroff Ailin Carina Tibaldo
Facundo Peiretti Gabriel Vega
 Table of Contents

Surface EMG Multichannel Measurements Using Active, Dry Branched Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Federico N. Guerrero, Enrique Spinelli

Assessment of the Biomechanical Properties of the Interface Surrounding a Dental Implant: An In Vitro Approach . . . . 5
Romain Vayron, Guillaume Haiat

Development of BIA Equipment in Total Body Water Determination: Preliminary Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

N.F. Parodi, L.M. Yanicelli, C.B. Goy, E. Britos, G. Baena, M.A. Gómez López, M.C. Herrera

Novel Single-Stage-Switching Neuromuscular Stimulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

S.A. González, F. Guerrero, E.M. Spinelli

Liver Cancer Analysis Using Bioimpedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

J.A. Salazar-Anguiano, D. Elías, V. Zúñiga-García, M.G. Chávez-López, J. Camacho

Instrumental Methodology for the Measurement of the Pupil Cycle Time Using a Chromatic Slit Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
E. Suaste-Gómez, R. Mora-Martínez, E. Villareal-Calva, A.S. Sánchez-Sánchez

Estimation of Viscoelastic Arterial Wall Transfer Function Based on Volume Compensation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
L. Casal, G.M. La Mura

Towards the Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) Technique as a Monitor of Effects in Magnetic Field
Exposure Experiments In Vitro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
L. Makinistian, B.E. Marelli, H.H. Ortega

Design and Characterization of a Volume-Cycled Small Animal Mechanical Ventilator Coupled with a Respiratory
System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
R. Bonatti, A.F. Cruz, H.T. Moriya

A Novel Instrumentation to Investigate the Alternative Tactile Communication through Mechanical Stimulation Using
CO2 Jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
J.C. Cunha, P. Nohama

Novel Sensor Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

David Carmona, Juan Martinez, Martha E. Londoño, Yesid Montoya, Róbinson Torres

Time of Permanence in the Bloodstream and Biodistribution of MnFe2 O4 in Rats: Preliminary Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
A.G. Próspero, P. Fidelis-de-Oliveira, C.C. Quini, J.I.F. De Gobbi, J.F. Matos, N. Zufelato, A.F. Bakuzis,
J.R.A. Miranda

Chaos Detection in Ventricular Wall Thickness Pulsatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

W.E. Legnani, L.J. Cymberknop, M.R. Alfonso, F.M. Pessana, R.L. Armentano

Optical Absorption Coefficients of Gold Nanorods through Acoustic Waves in an Optical Hyperthermia System . . . . . . 51
P.F. Escudero, C. Sánchez, F. del Pozo, J.J. Serrano

Development of DNA Biosensors for Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

N.M. Pérez-Vielma, G.D. Ibarra-García, M. Gómez-López, M.A. Martínez Godínez, H. González Martínez,
C.A. González Díaz, B.E. Del-Río-Navarro, V.F. Martínez-Silva, A. Martínez-Rivas, A.V. Vargas Varval,
A. Miliar-García
XVI Table of Contents

Mobile System of Monitoring and Training Cyclists with Smartphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

O.F. Gaidos, I. dos Santos

Assessment of Systolic Arterial Pressure Using Diameter Waveforms: 24-Hour Conscious Sheep Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
S. Graf, A. Pascaner, D. Craiem

Biostatistics Applied to Comparison of Jaw Movement Measurement Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

M. Frisoli, A. Braidot, J. Nicolet, J. Edelhoff, N. Gersdorff, W. Engelke

SIMVENT – Patient Simulator to Test Mechanical Ventilators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

F. Simini, J. Aguirre, G. Carballo, F. Ferreira, S. Gómez, A. Monkas, A. Briva, L. Urruty, C. Santos, D. Geido,
J. Hurtado

Electromyographic Driven Assisted Therapy for Hand Rehabilitation by Robotic Orthosis and Artificial Neural
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Julian Ramirez, Mariel Alfaro, Isaac Chairez

Design of a Device for Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis with TENS, EMS and Iontophoresis through an Android
Application on a Smartphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
J.P. Moreno Ortiz, A. Torres Ruiz, G. Santiago Cuesta

Design of an Electromyographic Signal Conditioning Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

J.J.A. Mendes Junior, F.C. Janzen, E. Agostini Junior, S. Okida, S.L. Stevan Jr.

New Experimental Set Up for ACB Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

R.V.R. Matos, P.R. Fonseca, A.G. Próspero, D.B.B.S. Grossklauss, D.L.M. Souza, J.R.A. Miranda

Blood Coagulation Measurements Using Dynamic Speckle Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

M.M. Patiño-Velasco, C. Andrade-Eraso, J. Vásquez-López, M. Trivi, H.J. Rabal

Ocular Motility in Children between Ages 7 and 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

V. Corchuelo, J.D. Pulgarín, A.M. Dolmetsch

Six Channels Electrostimulator Prototype for Neurogenic Bladder Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

P.D. Alonso, A. Minor, R. Ordorica, D. Lorias

Design and Validation of a One Channel Near-Infrared Spectroscopy System for Applications in Medicine . . . . . . . . . . 103
Juan Ramón Jiménez Alaniz, Oscar Yáñez Suárez, Raquel Valdés Cristerna, Diego Alberto Rodríguez Tamez,
Juan Manuel Uribe Flores

Dynamometry as a Coadjuvant Analysis for the Characterization of Frailty Syndrome in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
F. Noveletto, A.T.Y. Watanabe, P. Bertemes Filho, A.V. Soares, E. Marcelino

Design and Implementation of a Portable Digital Scoliometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Esperanza Camargo, Johan Malagón, Francisco Hurtado

Evaluation of Magnetic Nanoprobe for Breast Cancer Immunolabeling: Experimental Study In Vivo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
J.G. Silva, J.L. Cruz, G.C. Villanueva, N.M. Perez, L.F.E. Huerta, A.V. Vargas, S. Soto, R. Soto, C.A. Gonzalez

The Slit-Lamp Survey in Entre Ríos, Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Gabriela R. de los M. González, Andrés Faisano, Rodrigo Martín Torres
Table of Contents XVII

Development Proposal of a Masticatory Reflexmetry System Used in Monitoring the Treatment of People with
Craniomandibular Dysfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
B.F. Ramírez, F.A. Medina, N.P. Guerrero, J.M. González, D.E. Viñas, P.A. Moctezuma
Bandpass Speaker Box to Perform Forced Oscillation Technique Using the Wavetube Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
V. Mori, T.G. Kilmar, A.C. Fonseca, H.T. Moriya
Miokinetic Noise Attenuation in Photoplethysmographic Pulse Signals by LMS Adaptive Filtering with Adequacy of
the Input Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
B. Becerra-Luna, R. Martínez-Memije, J.C. Sánchez, O. Infante
Tympanic Tinnitus Acoustics Signal Detector Using MEMS Microphones Detector de señales acústicas de Tinnitus
Timpánicos usando micrófonos MEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
H.V. Robles, A.V. Molina, L.J. Martinez, J.A. Aldonate, R. Vergara
Printing Collagen 3D Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
A. Díaz Nocera, N.A. Salvatierra, M.P. Cid
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Adsorption of Histidine on Graphene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
S.J. Rodríguez, L. Makinistian, E.A. Albanesi
An In Vitro Set Up for the Assessment of Electrospun Nanofibrous Vascular Grafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
D. Suarez-Bagnasco, L.J. Cymberknop, F.M. Ballarin, G. Balay, C.A. Negreira, G. Abraham, R.L. Armentano
Hybrid Scaffolds on Radial Flow Bioreactor to Generate Liver Tissue Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
O. Ramírez-Fernández, R. Godínez, J. Morales, L.E. Gómez-Quiroz, M.C. Gutiérrez-Ruiz, E. Zúñiga-Aguilar,
R. Olayo
Osteoblasts Derived from Autologous Human Stem Cells to Graft Jawbone Deficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Savio Lourenco, Cheryl Lourenco
Effect of Composite Alumina and Carbon Nanotubes on Cell Viability In Vitro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
N. Restrepo, A.M. Lopera, G. Claudia, P. Villegas, J.C. Arroyave
Effect of Sintering Time of CaTiO3 -CaCO3 in Osteoblastic Response of KUSA/A1 Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Andrea P. Rodríguez, María A. Sánchez, Miho Inoue, Betiana Felice, Hitoshi Nagatsuka, Rossana E. Madrid,
Carmelo Felice, Hidetsugu Tsujigiwa
Mechanical Behaviour of Argentinian-Made Intramedullary Nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
M. Pisano, M. Bahnyckyj, N. Carrizo, L. Pazos
Fabrication of 3D Bioactive Ceramic Scaffolds by Robocasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
S. Andrade, A. Abdalla, E. Montufar, L. Corté, P. Vanegas
Proliferation of 3T3 Fibroblasts in a Spinner Type Reactor on Microcarriers of Fibrin-Aginate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
D. Malagón-Romero, J. Vivas, D. Garzón-Alvarado, R. Godoy-Silva
Spinal Cord Injury of Rhesus Monkey Implanted with PPy/I Plasma Polymer, MRI Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Axayacatl Morales-Guadarrama, Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos, Israel Grijalva, Juan Morales, Camilo Ríos,
Guillermo J. Cruz, Araceli Diaz-Ruiz, Maria-Guadalupe Olayo, Laura Alvarez-Mejia, Rodrigo Mondragón-Lozano,
Alejandra Ibáñez-Contreras, Braulio Hernández-Godínez, Roberto Olayo
Gelatin as a Skin Phantom for Bioimpedance Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
A.M.R. Pinto, P. Bertemes-Filho, A.S. Paterno
XVIII Table of Contents

Comparative In Vitro Study of Surface Treatment of Grade II Titanium Biomedical Implant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Decco Oscar, Beltrán Victor, Zuchuat Jésica, Gudiño Romina

Biodegradable Polymeric Microparticles as Drug Delivery Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Merari Tumin Chevalier, Jimena Gonzalez, Vera Alvarez

Analysis of the Effects of Dental Whitening on the Teeth Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

A. Borgonhoni, J.M. Maia, P.C. Borges

Keratinocytes Growth Using Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) Fiber Mats by Electrospun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Carlos Omar González-Morán, Ernesto Suaste-Gómez, Omar Ulises Romero-Romano, José G. Miranda-Hernández,
Héctor Herrera-Hernández

Experiences in the Use of the Compucell3d in the Career of Biomedical Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Laura E. Cué La Rosa, Diego Alejandro Zottola Pareja, Fidel D. Ruiz Pérez, Guillermo Estrada Domech,
Adrián Hernández Méndez

Biomechanical Trabecular Bone Behavior of Calcaneus Samples Using Finite Element Analysis and Experimental
Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
R. Cesar, J.O. Blanco, J.B. Castillero, R. Rodriguez-Ramos, M.E. Kunkel, C.A.M. Pereira, A.M. Netto,
J.M.D.A. Rollo

Pre-prosthetic Remodeling of Alveolar Ridge Using Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

M.C. Pérez, J.A. Delgado, A. Alfonso, R.M. Guerra, J.A. Rodríguez, L. Morejón, D.M. Márquez, A. Beltrán,
A. Almirall

Growth Aligned in Primary Skeletal Muscle Cells on Poly Pyrrole Coated Surfaces by Plasma Polymerization . . . . . . . 211
E.S. Zuñiga-Aguilar, J.O. Ramirez-Fernandez, J. Morales, R. Olayo, J.R. Godinez

Effect of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Fibroblast Proliferation In Vitro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

R.P. Cárdenas Sandoval, D.H. Malagón Romero, D.A. Grazón-Alvarado

Properties of Biocompatible Materials for Use in Maxillary Bone Regeneration: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
M.L. Mejía, N.A. Zapata, M.E. Moncada

Augmented-Reality and Alternative-Input System Based on Simultaneous Head Position and Pose Estimation . . . . . . . . 222
I. Ghersi, M.T. Miralles, M. Mariño

Neural Network Prediction of the Trabecular Bone Mechanical Competence Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
E.R. Filletti, W.L. Roque

A Tele-robotic System for Real-Time Remote Evaluation of Upper-Limb Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Iván D. Plazas-Roa, Andrés F. Ruiz-Olaya

Evaluation of Methods Based on Conventional Videography for Detection of Gait Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
M.V. Peterson, D. Ewins, A. Shaheen, P.A. Catalfamo Formento

Comparison between Defined and Total Areas of the Foot for Detection of Gait Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
J.M. Völker, A. Shaheen, D. Ewins, R. Acevedo, P. Catalfamo

Assisted Rehabilitation by Robotic Orthosis of Spinal Cord and Back Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
David Cruz, Mariana Ballesteros, Ivan Salgado, Isaac Chairez
Table of Contents XIX

Stress in Human Pelvis throughout the Gait Cycle: Development, Evaluation and Sensitivity Studies of a Finite Element
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
E.P. Ravera, M.J. Crespo, F.A. Guarnieri, A.A. Braidot

Bending Performance Prediction of Intramedullary Nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

L. Pazos

Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation of Thumb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

F. Calderón Romero, P. Niño-Suarez, E.A. Portilla-Flores, D.M. Barajas

Kinematic Hand Analysis Using Motion Capture Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Juan Pablo Ángel-López, Nelson Arzola de la Peña

Bone Remodeling Analysis with Different Material Parameters Based on a Three-Dimensional Femur Using the Finite
Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
G.W.O. Dicati, J.E. Gubaua, E.G.F. Mercuri, e J.T. Pereira

Visuo-Motor Interaction in the Estimation of Distance: Athletes vs. No-Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

D.A. Asaf, J.E. Santillán, J.F. Barraza

Evaluation of Biomechanical Variables and Electromyography for the Mobilization of Patients in the Health Sector
Companies in Medellin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Luis E. Rodríguez Cheu, Wilson A. Sierra, María P. Acero, Carlos Ceballos

Video Assistance for the Analysis of Biomechanical Records Obtained from On-Body Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
J.R. Mazzeo, G.C. Campiglio

Robust Control of Semi-active Ankle Prosthesis Driven by Electromyographic and Electro-goniometric Signals . . . . . . 277
Hugo Serrano, Alberto Luviano-Juáarez, Isaac Chairez

Mechanism for Anthropomorphic Finger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Karim Muñoz, Oscar Avilés, Juan Hernández, Joao Rosario

Biomechanical Characterization of Five Sporting Gestures of Taekwondo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

A. Torres Ruiz, J.M. Manrique Fernández, S. Ardila Jiménez

Polycentric Mechanisms Used to Produce Natural Movements in a Hip Prosthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

G.A. Valentino Orozco, M. Piña Aragón, A. Altamirano Altamirano, Daniel Ruiz Diaz

Design of a Special Vehicle for Moving Complex Patients within Healthcare Facilities without Human Efforts . . . . . . . . 293
P.P. Escobar, F. Déber, R. Romero

Biomechatronic Platform to Assess the Mechanical Response of Human Wrist Joint under Neuromuscular Electrical
Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
A.F. Ruiz-Olaya, D. Rangel-Rodríguez, A. López-Delis, I.D. Plazas-Roa

Reduction of Stress Distribution in Dysplastic Hip Joint by Varying the Femoral Anteversion Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Freddy L. Bueno-Palomeque, Carlos J. Cortés-Rodríguez, Carlos D. García-Sarmiento

Bone Remodeling Simulation of Subject-Specific Model of Tibia under Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

R.A. González-Carbonell, A. Ortiz-Prado, Y.A. Cisneros-Hidalgo, A. Alpizar-Aguirre

A Robotic System to Gait Training for Children with Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
M.T. Figueroa Amador, P.A. Niño Suarez, E.A. Portilla Flores, A. Medina Salas
XX Table of Contents

Biospeckle Technique for Monitoring Bacterial Colony Growth with Minimal Photo-Exposure Time Associated . . . . . . 313
E.E. Ramírez-Miquet, J.G. Darias, I. Otero, D. Rodríguez, S. Murialdo, H. Rabal, M. Trivi

Low Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Effects over Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Moderate
Nicotine Dependent Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
M. Flores-Leal, E. Sacristán-Rock, L. Jiménez-Angeles, J. Azpiroz-Leehan

Determination of Gold Standard Techniques for Skull and Chest in Pediatric Computed Radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
A.F.F. Alves, F.A. Bacchim Neto, S.M. Ribeiro, A.P. Trindade, D.R. Pina, J.R.A. Miranda

Automated Assessment of Thoracic Aorta Morphology and Calcium Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

D. Craiem, M.E. Casciaro, G. Chironi, A. Simon

Automatic Fetal Head Measurements from Ultrasound Images Using Optimal Ellipse Detection and Texture Maps . . . . 329
J.L. Perez-Gonzalez, J.C. Bello Muñnoz, M.C. Rolon Porras, Fernando Arámbula-Cosío, V. Medina-Bañuelos

Effect of the Image Detector Response in the Identification of Low-Level X-ray Scattering Signals from Image
Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
A.B. Ríos, H. Somacal, A. Valda

Supervised Enhancement Filter Applied to Fissure Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

E. Cavalcanti Neto, P.C. Cortez, T.S. Cavalcante, V.E.R. da Silva Filho, P.P. Rebouças Filho, M.A. Holanda

Initial Steps of Objective Measurements of Image Quality in Phase-Contrast vs. Digital Mammography . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Y. Ruiz-Gonzalez, M. Perez-Diaz, D. Martínez-Aguila, M. Diaz-Barreto, I. Fleitas, R. Mora-Machado, L. Rigon,
G. Tromba, P. Bregant

Deceived Bilateral Filter for Improving the Automatic Cell Segmentation and Tracking in the NF-kB Pathway without
Nuclear Staining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Aránzazu Sáenz, Saúl Calderón, Jorge Castro, Rodrigo Mora, Francisco Siles

Characterization of Gelatin Phantoms Using Crawling Wave Sonoelastrography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

S. Alvarez, J. Ormachea, R. Lavarello, B. Castañeda

Image Quality Optimization vs. Patient Dose in Digital Thoracic Radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
M. Pérez-Díaz, Y. Ruiz-González, L. Machin-Linares, M. Ely-Andrade, J.C. Barros-Saito, H.J. Khoury,
J.C. Ventosa-Almeida

Ultrasound Image Segmentation through a Fast Active Contour Based Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Ignacio Bisso, Juliana Gambini

Implementation of a New Digital Application to Enhance Learning Environments of Basic Medical Sciences . . . . . . . . . 361
E.J. Caldon, M.H. Tobar, J.A. Vasquez, R. Vargas-Cañas

Analysis of the Orientation of Collagen Fibers as a Tool for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
M. Bianchi, J.F. Adur, S.Y. Ruff, M.F. Izaguirre, H.F. Carvalho, C.L. Cesar, V.H. Casco

New VCG and ECG Indexes for Early Identification of Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
R. Correa, P.D. Arini, L.S. Correa, M.E. Valentinuzzi, E. Laciar

Evaluation Methods of Image Segmentation Quality Applied to Magnetic Resonance Guided High-Intensity Focused
Ultrasound Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
D.A. Santana-Calvo, A. Vargas-Olivares, S. Pichardo, L. Curiel, J.E. Chong-Quero
Table of Contents XXI

Workflow Based on Pixel Processing for Automatic Segmentation of Vasculature in Retinographies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
M.E. Insfran, J.A. Yancovichi, A. Salvatelli, G. Bizai, B. Drozdowicz

Automatic Image Segmentation Method for In Vitro Wound Healing Assay Quantitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
A. Cardona, L. Ariza-Jiménez, D. Uribe, J. Arroyave, F.M. Cortés-Mancera

A New Approach Based on Local Binary Patterns Histogram and Fourier Descriptors as a Support Tool in Presumptive
Diagnosis of Gastritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
L. Serpa-Andrade, V. Robles-Bykbaev, L. Gonzalez-Delgado, G. Guevara-Segarra

Quantification of Hand Tissues to Dose Optimization Procedures in Computed Radiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

A.L.M. Pavan, D.R. Pina, G. Giacomini, S. Yamashita, S.M. Ribeiro, S.B. Duarte, J.R.A. Miranda

Patient-Specific Left Ventricle Mesh Generation Using the Bull’s Eye of the Wall Thickness Measurements from
Medical Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
J.P.F. Rodrigues, T.R. Schmal, Johnny Moreira Gomes, B.M. Rocha, R.W. dos Santos

Diffusion Tensor Imaging to Characterized Early Stages of Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

K. Batista, R. Rodríguez, M. Carballo, J.M. Morales

A New Spontaneous Pupillary Oscillations-Based Biometric System Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

Fabiola M. Villalobos-Castaldi, Ernesto Suaste-Gómez

Temporal and Spatial Fuzzy Granularity of Laser and Ultrasound Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Ana Lucía Dai Pra, Héctor Rabal, Guillermo Bértora, Paul Finger, Lucía Passoni

A Morphological Analysis of Pigmented Skin Lesions through Digital Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
R.M. Paz, E.A. Fontan, A.C. Maldonado, J.I. Armesto

Grid and Depth Intracranial Electrodes Localization in a Normalized Space Using MRI and CT Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
A. Blenkmann, H. Phillips, J.P. Princich, S. Kochen

Automatic Design of Window Operators for the Segmentation of the Prostate Gland in Magnetic Resonance Images . . . 417
Marco E. Benalcázar, Marcel Brun, Virginia Ballarin

The Effects of Sleep Deprivation in Working Memory Using the N-back Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
D.P. Martínez-Cancino, J. Azpiroz-Leehan, L. Jiménez-Angeles

Segmentation of Hyperintense Regions Applied to Multiple Sclerosis Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

F. Rodrigo, J.P. Graffigna, R. Isoardi, M. Noceti

Pupil Segmentation Approach on Low Resolution Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

L. Vázquez Romaguera, F. Perdigón Romero, C.R. Vázquez Seisdedos, J. Evangelista Neto

Neural Activity of Cues Associated with Smoking after 24-Hour Smoking Abstinence and After 7-Days of Treatment
and Smoking Abstinence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Samantha Mendoza Jiménez, Jocelyn Terrazas Medina, Luis Jiménez-Angeles

Autofluorescence of the Intestinal Mucosa in a Mouse Colorectal Cancer Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

S.Y. Ruff, J.F. Adur, M. Bianchi, V.H. Casco

Best Parameters for Magnetic Stimulation of the Facial Nerve to Improve Cerebral Blood Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
O.C. Sánchez, E. Sacristan, J. Azpiroz, M.K. Borsody
XXII Table of Contents

Optimization of New Spray Technique for Hybrid Sol-gel Coatings for Biotechnological Purposes: Preliminary
Deposition Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
S.A. Omar, A. Bouchet, S. Pellice, V. Ballarín, S.M. Ceré, J. Ballarre, J.I. Pastore

Analysis and Selection of Operating Parameters of an Evolutionary Algorithm for Muscle and Bone Segmentation . . . . 449
Marco A. Lopez Ibarra, Ariel A.A. Braidot, Anbal Sattler, Claudia Schira

Semiautomatic Calculation of Ejection Fraction Using Echocardiographic Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

D. Pombo, M.A. Loaiza, A. Cadena, J.P. Tello

Segmentation of Lateral Ventricles in Magnetic Resonance Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

A. Bouchet, J.I. Pastore, M. Brun, V. Ballarin

A Kinect Based Approach to Assist in the Diagnosis and Quantification of Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
R. Torres, M. Huerta, R. Clotet, R. González, L.E. Sánchez, D. Rivas, M. Erazo

Isoluminant Chromatic High Speed Video-Oculography to Study the Dynamic of the Pupillary Response . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Anabel S. Sánchez, Ernesto Suaste, Elsy Villarreal

A Framework for Massive Searchlight MVPA Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

M. Ontivero-Ortega, A. Lage-Castellanos, M. Valdes-Sosa

Fatigue Detection in Anaesthesiologists Using Digital Image Processing Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

J.A. Vasquez-Lopez, R. Vargas-Cañas, S.L. Mera-Jiménez

Morphological Characterization of Fresh Human Colon Biopsies by Autofluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

Carla Tomatis, Laureana Spósito, Mariana Bianchi, Jorge Camaño, Mario Camaño, Víctor H. Casco, Javier Adur

Framework for Comparison and Evaluation of Image Segmentation Algorithms for Medical Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
G. Windisch, M. Kozlovszky

Spectral Bands Analysis of ECG Derived Signals in Chagasic Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

E. de la Rosa, E.A. Fernández

Characterization of the Temporal Evolution of the ECG Indices under Abrupt Heart Rate Changes in Healthy
Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Pablo Daniel Cruces, Marcos Javier Teperino, Ana Mincholé, Pablo Laguna, María Paula Bonomini,
Pedro David Arini

A New Method for Structural Analysis of Perturbed Pitch Period Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
G.A. Alzamendi, G. Schlotthauer, M.E. Torres

Complete Ensemble EMD and Hilbert Transform for Heart Beat Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
M.A. Colominas, G. Schlotthauer, M.E. Torres

Comparison of Classifiers to Detect Epileptic Seizures via PARAFAC Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

M. Ontivero-Ortega, Y. Garcia-Puente, E. Martínez-Montes

p-Leader Based Classification of First Stage Intrapartum Fetal HRV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

R.F. Leonarduzzi, J. Spilka, H. Wendt, S. Jaffard, M.E. Torres, P. Abry, M. Doret

Effective Connectivity Changes in Presymptomatic Alzheimer’s Disease with E280A Presenilin-1 Mutation Gene . . . . . 508
J. Ochoa, F. Sánchez, C. Tobón, J. Duque, Y. Quiroz, F. Lopera, M. Hernandez
Table of Contents XXIII

Evaluation of the Entropy of the Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex Conditioned by High and Low Frequency Electrical
Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
R.A. Espinosa, J. Biurrun Manresa, O.K. Andersen, C.B. Tabernig

Particle Filtering Applied to the EEG Inverse Problem with Dependent Noises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Sergio Liberczuk and Bruno Cernuschi Frías

Vocal Fold Activity Detection from Speech Related Biomedical Signals: A Preliminary Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Ariel E. Stassi, Gabriel A. Alzamendi, Gastón Schlotthauer, María E. Torres

Wavelet Packet and Matched Filter Inspired QRS Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Carlos M. Pais, Hugo Leonardo Rufiner

Baseline Correction in Electrocardiographic Signals Using Dynamic Temporal Sequence Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Valentín Molina, Paola A. Molina, Horderlin V. Robles, Hermann Dávila, Luis J. Martínez

ECG Analysis for Ventricular Fibrillation Detection Using a Boltzmann Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
A. Mjahad, A. Rosado-Muñoz, J. Guerrero-Martínez, M. Bataller-Mompeán, J.V. Francés-Víllora

Heart Rate Variability during Hemodialysis in Two Ultrafiltration Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

R. Martinez-Memije, S. Meza-Campos, P.R. Morales-Álvarez, B. Becerra-Luna, H. Pérez-Grovas, C. Lerma,
O. Infante

Time-Frequency Methods for Studying Non-stationary Auditory Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

Y. García-Puente, P. Prado-Gutiérrez, E. Martínez-Montes

Analysis of the Influence of Systemic and Intracranial Pressure in Patients with Severe Head Injury Using Linear and
Non-linear Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
M. Chacón, J.L. Jara, N. Varas, R.B. Panerai

Maximum Approximate Entropy for Normal and Pathological Voices Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Juan F. Restrepo, Gastón Schlotthauer, María E. Torres

Influence of Mother Tongue on Dynamic Handwriting Features in Primary School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

P. D’Antrassi, F. Costa, E. Fornasa, A. Accardo

A Brain Computer Interface Classification Method Based on SIFT Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

R. Ramele, A.J. Villar, J.M. Santos

Ablation Pattern Guided by Approximate Entropy Maps to Prevent Chronic Atrial Fibrillation: A Simulation Study . . . 560
C. Tobón, E.A. Cardona, L.C. Palacio, J.E. Duque, J.P. Ugarte, A. Orozco-Duque, M.A. Becerra, J. Bustamante

Comparison of Electrocardiographic and Vectorcardiographic Planes on a Set of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
M.P. Bonomini, F.J. Ingallina, V. Barone, M.E. Valentinuzzi, P.D. Arini

Cardiovascular and Diabetes Focused Remote Patient Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568

M. Kozlovszky, L. Kovacs, K. Karoczkai

Most Discriminative Atom Selection for Apnea-hypopnea Events Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572

R.E. Rolon, L.E. Di Persia, H.L. Rufiner, R.D. Spies
XXIV Table of Contents

Visual P300 Stimulator with Non Uniform Background and Non Symmetric Stimulation Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Omar Piña-Ramírez, Oscar Yañez-Suárez, Raquel Valés-Cristerna

Prosodic Speech Analysis to Identify Mild Cognitive Impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

E. Gonzalez-Moreira, D. Torres-Boza, M.A. Garcia-Zamora, C.A. Ferrer, L.A. Hernandez-Gomez

Local Discriminant Wavelet Packet Basis for Signal Classification in Brain Computer Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Victoria Peterson, Rubén Acevedo, Hugo Leonardo Rufiner, Rubén Spies

Automatic Pattern Recognition of Functional Upper-Limb Activities Using Markov Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Parra-Sánchez Sergio, Gómez-González Juan Manuel, Quintero-Ortega A. Iraís, Mendoza-Novelo Birzabith,
Delgado-García José Jorge, Cuéllar-Cruz Mayra, Vega-Gonźalez Arturo

Denoising Algorithms Comparison and Implementation in a Hearing Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

A.J. Uriz, P.D. Agüero, J.C. Tulli, J. Castiñeira Moreira, E.L. González, R.M. Hidalgo

Fuzzy Classification of Hemiplegic Gait Using Kinematic Indicators in Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596

U.R. Padilla

Time Domain Baroreflex Analysis Using Piecewise Linearized Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

J.C. Perfetto, G.A. Ruiz, C.E. Dattellis

Genetic Feature Selection for a P300 Brain Computer Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Y.V. Atum, J.A. Biurrun Manresa, L. Rufiner, R.C. Acevedo

Classification of Performance in Risk-of-Falls Assessment Based on Accelerometer Data and Feature Boosting . . . . . . . 607
I. Ghersi, F. Álvarez, M.T. Miralles

A Software Version for Getting Frequency Shifts on Infant Cry Pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
R. Gámez de la Rosa, D.I. Escobedo Beceiro, F. Sanabria Macias

EEG Signals Processing Based on Fractal Dimension Features and Classified by Neural Network and Support Vector
Machine in Motor Imagery for a BCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
J. Montalvo Aguilar, J. Castillo, D. Elias

Online Artifact Detection in EEG Using Simple Digital Signal Processing’s Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Ivette María Cabana Pérez, Manuel Sánchez Castillo, Lidice Galán García

Reconstruction of Multi Spatial Resolution Feature Maps on a 2D Model of Atrial Fibrillation: Simulation Study . . . . . 623
Juan Murillo-Escobar, Miguel A. Becerra, Esteban A. Cardona, Catalina Tobón, Laura C. Palacio, B.E. Valdés,
Diana A. Orrego

Influence of High Pass Filtering on the T-wave End Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

J.E. Neto, C.R. Vázquez Seisdedos

Discontinuous Adventitious Sounds Imaging by Semiautomatic Selection of Independent Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

S. Charleston-Villalobos, N. Castañeda-Villa, R. González-Camarena, M. Mejía-Ávila, T. Aljama-Corrales

EEG Analysis in Resting State and during a Memorization Task in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Subjective Cognitive
Impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
E. Fornasa, A. Accardo, G. Mazzon, F. Monti
Table of Contents XXV

Valuation of the Peripheral Blood Pulse Control through Heart Rate Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
D. Ehrens, R. Martínez-Memije, O. Infante
Analysis of the Modifications in the Spectral and Morphologic Regularity during Ventricular Fibrillation Produced by
Physical Exercise and the Use of Glibenclamide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
J. Guerrero-Martínez, A. Rosado-Muñoz, A.J. Serrano-López, M. Bataller-Mompeán, J.V. Francés-Víllora,
I. Guerrero-Aleixandre, J. Chorro, A. Alberola, L. Such

Characterization of Microelectrode Records in Deep Brain Stimulation Applied to Parkinson’s Disease Patients . . . . . . 647
J. Guerrero-Martínez, A. Rosado-Muñoz, M. Bataller-Mompean, J. Francés-Villora, V. Teruel, A. Cervera-Ferri,
J. Martinez-Ricós, A. Gutiérrez, I. Martínez-Torres

Development of a Library for Sound Classification Using Spiking Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
José Tomás Molas, Iván Peralta, Cesar Martinez, Hugo Leonardo Rufiner

Implementation of a Simple Real-Time Algorithm for Ventricular Fibrillation Detection in a Microcontroller . . . . . . . . . 655
C.R. Dell’aquila, G.E. Cañadas, C. Sistena, E. Laciar
An Exploration Tool for Quality Analysis in Targeted Sequencing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
G. Merino, C. Fresno, D. Koile, P. Yankilevich, J. Sendoya, J. Oliver, A. Llera, E. Fernández

Simulations of Spontaneous Action Potentials via the Combination of β1 -Adrenergic Stimulation and NCX Mutation in
Cardiac Myocytes of Mouse Left Ventricle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
D.P.M. Esprito Santo, R.W. dos Santos, S.C. Leite, G.M. Novaes, F.O. Campos, V.E. Bondarenko

Application of Hierarchical Function Prediction in Solanum Lycopersicum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

F. Spetale, D. Arce, F. Krsticevic, J. Murillo, E. Tapia, P. Bulacio

Classification of Cattle Coat Color Based on Genotype Using Pattern Recognition Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
M.E. Benalcázar, I.A. Pagnuco, D.S. Comas, P.M. Corva, G.J. Meschino, M. Brun, V.L. Ballarin
Optimization for n-alkyl Cyanoacrylates Degradation by Human Cytochrome P450 2E1 Enzyme via Bioinformatic
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
A.C. Díaz Valencia, D. Benítez Duarte, J. Martín Martínez

Analysis of Small Heat Shock Protein Gene Family Expression (RNA-Seq) during the Tomato Fruit Maturation . . . . . . 679
D.P. Arce, F.J. Krsticevic, M.R. Bertolaccini, J. Ezpeleta, S.D. Ponce, E. Tapia

Effective Connectivity in Epileptogenic Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

Santiago Collavini, Alejandro Blenkmann, Silvia Kochen

erbB-3 y tgfb1 Expression in Induced Mammary Tumors in Rats as Magnetic Nanoprobes’s Experimental
Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Alma V. Vargas-Valencia, Virginia Sánchez-Monroy, Nadia M. Pérez-Vielma, Jaime López-Cruz,
Jesús G. Silva-Escobedo, Lidia F. Huerta-Nuñez, Silverio Soto-Alvarez, César A. González-Díaz

Analysis of Pre-analytical Paramaters and Their Impact on Laboratory and Pharmaceutical Quality Control Tests . . . . . 691
Valentin Gonzalez and Sebastian Lorandi

Design and Implementation of the Alarms Control System on a Vital Signs Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
M. Cañizares, A.R. Rodríguez, G. Rodríguez, D. Jiménez, R.I. González

Ethylene Oxide Residues in Gelfoam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699

V. Machado, M.S. Sundin
XXVI Table of Contents

Virtual Infusion Pump for User Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

E.L. Müller, J.A. Ferreira, R.M.A. Almeida, A.P.S.S. Almeida

Objective Approach to Audiometry in the Pediatric Implanted Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707

A. Quintana, N. Beltran, M.P. Granados, E. Chamlati, Ma. Mena, JM. Cornejo

Bioengineering and Arthroscopy: Knotless Anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

S. Klausner, M. Szriber, M.T. Miralles

Smart Ambulatory Assistive Prototype Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

M.A. Pineda, A. Minor, R. Martínez

Risk Management of Medical Devices in the ICID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718

Tamara Rodriguez-Parra Rivas, Evelia Medina Martínez, Arlem Fernández Sigler, Jorge A. Rodriguez Rubio,
Leonor Calaña Fuentes, José Folgueras Méndez, Teresa González García, Ing. Jorge Luis Espinosa Portieles

Clinical Effectiveness of Combination Therapy Based on Electrophysical Agents in Patients with Traumatic Injuries of
the Upper Limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
M.T. Arista, L. Vilcahuaman, C. Carrasco

Noise Pollution Control in Neonatal Service Units: A Multidisciplinary Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726

L.M. Figueroa Gallo, J.M. Olivera, L.A. Rocha

Analysis of Uncertainty in Calibration Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

V. Machado, M.S. Sundin

Method for Evaluating Healthcare Technology Management in Peruvian Hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734

Luis Vilcahuamán, Mauricio Talla, Mauricio Córdova

Quantification of the Kinesio Taping Influence in the Muscle Strength of Palmar Prehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
R.S.N.A. Aguiar, S.R.M.S. Boschi, L. Lazzareschi, A.P. Silva, T.S. Nascimento, L.S. Gama

Remote Monitoring Maintenance Management: Integrating ICT and Reliability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
William A. Cruz Castañeda, Camila S. dos Reis, Renato G. Ojeda

Influence of the Quality Infrastructure in the Development of Medical Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746

R.M. Guerra, M.C. Meizoso, J.R. Ramírez

Integrated Interfacing System for Video Laparoscopy Procedures Based on Voice Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
L.F. Aguiar, L. Magalhães, R.H. Matsunaga, I. dos Santos

Recommendation in the Use of Touchscreen Technology in Medical Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754

C.A.B. Viviani, S.J. Calil

RDF-ization of DICOM Medical Images towards Linked Health Data Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Andrés Tello, Alexandra La Cruz, Víctor Saquicela, Mauricio Espinoza, Maria-Esther Vidal

Thoracic Surgery Patients Data Analysis Using SOM Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
A.D. Orjuela-Cañón, D.F. Gómez-Cajas

Clinical Documents Representation with Parsing Outcomes Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765

P.F. Solarz, A. Díaz, V.I. Rotger
Table of Contents XXVII

Electronic Family Health Record for Use in Primary Health Care Applied in Mangrove Community: "Cerrito de los
Morreños" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Jorge Medina, Luis Enrique Plaza, Ricardo Silva

Temporal Comparison of Arrhythmia States Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

A.J. Hadad, A. Solano, D. Evin, B. Drozdowicz

Preprocessing Unbalanced Data Set Based on Self-organizing Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

A.J. Hadad, D. Evin, B. Drozdowicz

Algorithm to Validate Access to Medical Data through GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

P.C. Macedo, S.C.M. Rodrigues

Smartphone Application for Quantitative Measurement of Parkinson Tremors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785

G. Figueras, V. Parra, M. Huerta, A. Marzinotto, R. Clotet, R. González, A. Moreno, K. Pinto, D. Rivas, R. Alvizu,
L.E. Sanchez

Optimizing a Linux Based Operating System for Use in Cardiology Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
Roberto Alejandro Espí Muñoz, René Iván González Fernández

Development of Virtual Environment to Help Minimizing Written Expression Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793

I.A. Lima, M.A.S. Bissaco, L.M.P.R. Lima, A.M. Domingues

Implementation of a Mobile Application to Promote Self-care in Elder Diabetic Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797

A. Felipe. Borrero, J. Vasques, R. Vargas

Best Practices in Developing Implementation Guidelines for Defining HL7 Messages, Regarding Admissions Events on
an Emergency Hospital Unit in Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
V. César Galindo, Juan Pablo Urzúa, A. Luis Hereira

Using NFC Technology for Monitoring Patients and Identification Health Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
A. Vasquez, M. Huerta, R. Clotet, R. González, D. Rivas, V. Bautista

Ecosystem of Electronic Health Record Databases in Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809

R. Clotet, E. Hernández, M. Huerta, D. Rivas

Multimodal Emotion Recognition Using Deep Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

C. Fadil, R. Alvarez, C. Martínez, J. Goddard, H. Rufiner

16-Patient Cardiac Telemetry System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

Gay Meissimily, Mary Cartaya, Diokis Ruiz

Heart Failure Management: Comparative Study of Telemonitoring Systems and the Medical Consensuses . . . . . . . . . . . 821
L.M. Yanicelli, N.F. Parodi, C.B. Goy, E. Britos, G. Baena, M.A. Gómez López, M.C. Herrera

e-Health/m-Health Applications for Cardiac Patients Telemonitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825

Z. Kirtava, T. Gegenava, M. Gegenava, G. Simonia, I. Andronikashvili

WLAN Interface for a Wireless EEG System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

Fransisco Martin-Gonzalez, Ernesto Velarde-Reyes

Development of a Tele-ECG Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

J. Hinestroza, A. Lias, R. Silva
XXVIII Table of Contents

Simulating the Perfusion of Contrast in Cardiac Transmural Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

J.R. Alves, R.W. dos Santos, G.M. Novaes, R.A.B. de Queiroz

Sustainable Chemotherapy Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

A. Barrea, M. Hernández

Modeling the Interference Effect in X-ray Coherent Scattering by the Inclusion of Experimental Form Factors in
PENELOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846
A.B. Ríos, H. Somacal, A. Valda

A Grid-Based Tool for Optimal Performance Monitoring of an Artificial Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850

L.O. Avila, Ernesto C. Martinez

Computer Simulations on the Influence of NCLX and Buffers Calcium in Rat Cardiac Myocyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854
E.T.N.T. Silva, R.R. Silva, D.G. Goroso

Radiofrequency Ablation of Osteoma Osteoide: A Finite Element Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858

R.M. Irastorza, M. Trujillo, J. Martel Villagrán, E. Berjano

Electrical and Thermal Effects of Esophageal Temperature Probes on Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial
Fibrillation: Results from a Computational Modeling Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
J.J. Pérez, A. d’Avila, A. Aryana, E. Berjano

3-Arc Refractive Surgery: Computational Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867

F. Ramirez, J.M. Urbano, A. Arciniegas

Analytical and Numerical Solutions of the Potential and Electric Field Generated by Different Electrode Arrays in a
Tumor Tissue under Electrotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
A.E.B. Pupo, J.B. Reyes, L.E.B. Cabrales, J.M.B. Cabrales

Numerical Solution of a 2D Lubrication Model with Sommerfeld Boundary Conditions for Hip Prostheses . . . . . . . . . . 876
B.A. Weiss, M.E. Berli, S. Ubal, J. Di Paolo

Windkessel Model in the Qualitative Analysis of the Circulatory System of Smokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880
M.M. Tavera, J.F. Remolina, S. Wray, L.J. Cymberknop, R.L. Armentano

Constructive Algorithm of Optimized Arterial Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884

R.A.B. de Queiroz, P.J. Blanco, R.A. Feijóo, J.N. Ulysses

Analysis of Spiking Electrical Activity in Human β-Cells Using Mathematical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888
G.J. Félix Martínez, J.R. Godínez Fernández

Computer Simulation of the Blood Flow in a Planar Configuration for a Pulsatile Ventricular Assist Device . . . . . . . . . . 892
E. Fríes, M. Berli, D. Campana, S. Ubal, J. Di Paolo

A Time Adaptive Scheme Based on the Rush-Larsen Method for Solving Cardiac Cell Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896
Johnny Moreira Gomes, Rodrigo Weber dos Santos

Analysis of Two Fixed Mesh Methods for Water Vaporization Formulation in the Modeling of Radiofrequency Ablation
of Biological Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900
Y. Fatieieva, P. Almendárez, R. Romero-Méndez, E. Berjano, M. Trujillo

Dynamic Estimation of Non Invasive Intracranial Pressure Using SVM with External Recurrences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904
M. Chacón, C. Sanhueza, R.B. Panerai
Table of Contents XXIX

Model of Optimal Energy Regulation for the Articulation of a Robotic Manipulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
C. Álvarez Picaza, M.I. Pisarello, J.E. Monzón

Pharmacokinetics Simulation of Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912

Daniela S. Carvalho, Jesuliana N. Ulysses, Priscila V.S.Z. Capriles, Luis Paulo S. Barra, Rafael A.B. Queiroz

Jaundice Lamps: Analysis of the “2000 Hours of Use” Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916

G.M. Salum, J. Salerno, E. Marino, R.D. Piacentini

Really Are Protective Aprons Leaded? Proposed Radiometric Methodology for Assessing Security Protective
Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
G.E. Avendaño, V. Arredondo, F. Caceres, S. Rojas

Kinetics of Photobleaching of Methylene Blue in a Collagen Matrix in the Absence and Presence of Isolated Rat Liver
Mitochondria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924
G. Lepore, E. Miranda, C.H. Yokomizo, L. Cassiavilani, I.L. Nantes, N.A. Daghastanli

Dose Evaluation in Medical Staff during Interventional Radiology Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927

F.A. Bacchim Neto, A.F.F. Alves, M. Alvarez, M.E.D. Rosa, C.C. Macedo de Freitas, R. Moura, D.R. Pina,
J.R.A. Miranda

Objective Quantification of Chest Radiography Exams for Pulmonary Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931

G. Giacomini, D.R. Pina, M. Alvarez, M. Oliveira, A.L.M. Pavan, S.M. Ribeiro, P.C.M. Pereira, S.B. Duarte,
J.R.A. Miranda

Modified Gompertz Equation for Electrotherapy Murine Tumor Growth Kinetics: Predictions and New Hypotheses . . . 935
L.E.B. Cabrales, J.J.G. Nava, A.R. Aguilera, J.A.G. Joa, H.M.C. Ciria, M.M. González, M.F. Salas, M.V. Jarque,
T.R. González, M.A.O. Mateus, S.C.A. Brooks, F.S. Palencia, L.Z. Ortiz, M.C.C. Quevedo, S.E. Seringe, V.C. Cuitié,
I.B. Cabrales, G.S. González

Evaluation of a Double Threshold Algorithm to Detect Electromyographic Activity in the Healthy and Paretic Tibialis
Anterior Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940
C.E. Bonell, C.B. Tabernig, E.G. Spaich

Detection of Foot Motor Imagery Using the Coefficient of Determination for Neurorehabilitation Based on BCI
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944
L.C. Carrere, C.B. Tabernig

Robotic System for Upper Limb Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948

Mauricio Torres, Roberto Sagaró, Leonardo Broche, Denis Delisle, Angel Reyes, Alberto López, Esteban Rossi

Dynamic Response of a Pneumatic Pressure Valve Applied to the Design of an Actuation System in Assistive
Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952
C.N. Lescano, S.E. Rodrigo, C.V. Herrera

Validity and Reliability of an Impedance Meter Device for the Assessment of Neuromuscular Rehabilitation
Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956
J.M. Reta, J.A. Biurrun Manresa, C.B. Tabernig

Evaluation of Natural Technological Interfaces for Children with Psychomotor Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960
D.A. Beltramone, S.M. Tula, M.F. Rivarola, M.B. Hidalgo, P.D. Tancredi, M.L. Quinteros Quintana, J.M. Diaz,
A. Marcotti, J.J. Atea
XXX Table of Contents

Design of an Impulsion Prosthetic System for Prosthetic Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964

A.M. Santiago, R.G. Rodríguez, E.A. Merchán, O.F. Avilés, J. Gudiño, M. Avalos

Ethics and Citizenship Education across the Biomedical Engineering Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968
G. Ruiz-Soto, L. Montesinos, A. Santos-Díaz, S. de Paz-Arroyo

The Formative Evaluation and the Teaching Based on Problems in Bioengineering College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972
Luciano Schiaffino, Alejandro M. Massafra, Carlos R. Ramirez, Marisol Perassi

Strategies for Stimulate Knowledge Development and Health Technologies Management in the Valle Del Cauca . . . . . 976
Ernesto B. Rodríguez Denis, Fabiola M. Obando Reina

Innovative Tecnologies for Investigation of Breast Engorgement: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980

A.B. dos Santos Heberle, M.A.M. de Moura, M.A. de Souza, P. Nohama

Virtual Platform Technologies for Evaluation of Rehabilitation Progress and for Prosthetic Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984
N. Cardona, P. Catalfamo, A. Cherniz, C.E. Bonell

Assessment of Health Devices Regarding User Requirements: The Emotional Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988
R.L.Z. Tanure, M.E.S. Echeveste, F.C. Zaffaroni

Device for Location Assistance and Identification of Products in a Closed Enviroment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
V.U.S. Medeiros, R.P. Araújo, R.L.A. Silva, A.F.F. Slaets

Bioengineering Education: Implementation of Laboratory Experiences with Biomedical Applications in the Basic
Cycle of the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
R.M. Weisz, L.C. Carrere, M.M. Añino

Contribution of the Physics to Development of Research Skills in Biomedical Engineering Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999
R. Serra Toledo, I. Alfonso Pérez, D. Zottola Pareja

Development of a Computer Game for Improvement of Arithmetic Knowledge of Children with Low School
Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
M.V. Castro, A.M. Domingues, M.A. Bissaco

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009

Keyword Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017

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workings of her mouth. Miss Jane listened as eagerly, and questioned the
midwife. But at the answers she turned away with coquettish shudders,
pretending to stop her ears, or threatening to slap her sister with a bone.
Laura averted her eyes. She wriggled herself a little further into the
hedge. Once again the dancers veered away to the further side of the field,
their music retreating with them. She hoped they would stay away, for their
proximity was disturbing. They aroused in her neither fear nor disgust, but
when they came close, and she felt their shadows darkening above her head,
a nameless excitement caught hold of her. As they departed, heaviness took
its place. She was not in the least sleepy and yet several times she found
herself astray from her thoughts, as though she were falling asleep in a
train. She wondered what time it was and looked up to consult the stars. But
a featureless cloud covered the sky.
Laura resigned herself. There was nothing to do but to wait, though what
she waited for she did not know: whether at length Mrs. Leak would come,
like a chaperone from the supper-room, and say: ‘Well, my dear, I really
must take you home’—or if, suddenly, at the first cock-crow, all the
company would rise up in the air, a darkening bevy, and disperse, and she
with them.
She was roused by a shrill whistle. The others heard it too. Miss Minnie
and Miss Jane scrambled up and hurried across the field, outdistancing Mrs.
Dewey, who followed them panting for breath and twitching her skirts over
the rough ground. The music had stopped. Laura saw all the witches and
warlocks jostling each other, and pressing into a circle. She wondered what
was happening now. Whatever it was, it seemed to please and excite them a
great deal, for she could hear them all laughing and talking at once. Some
newcomer, she supposed—for their behaviour was that of welcome. Now
the newcomer must be making a speech, for they all became silent: a
successful speech, for the silence was broken by acclamations, and bursts of
laughter.
‘Of course!’ said Laura. ‘It must be Satan!’
As she spoke she saw the distant group turn and with one accord begin
running towards where she sat. She got up; she felt frightened, for their
advance was like a stampede of animals, and she feared that they would
knock her down and trample her underfoot. The first runner had already
swooped upon her, she felt herself encompassed, caught hold of, and carried
forward. Voices addressed her, but she did not understand what was said.
She gathered that she was being encouraged and congratulated, as though
the neglectful assembly had suddenly decided to make much of the
unsuccessful guest. Presently she found herself between Mrs. Leak and red-
haired Emily. Each held an arm. Mrs. Leak patted her encouragingly, and
Emily whispered rapidly, incoherently, in her ear. They were quite close to
the newcomer, Satan, if it were he, who was talking to Miss Minnie and
Miss Jane. Laura looked at him. She could see him quite clearly, for those
who stood round had taken up the candles to light him. He was standing
with his back to her, speaking with great animation to the old ladies,
bowing, and fidgeting his feet. As he spoke he threw out his hands, and his
whole lean, lithe body seemed to be scarcely withheld from breaking into a
dance. Laura saw Miss Jane point at her, and the stranger turned sharply
round.
She saw his face. For a moment she thought that he was a Chinaman;
then she saw that he was wearing a mask. The candle-light shone full upon
it, but so fine and slight was the modelling that scarcely a shadow marked
the indentations of cheek and jaw. The narrow eyes, the slanting brows, the
small smiling mouth had a vivid innocent inexpressiveness. It was like the
face of a very young girl. Alert and immobile the mask regarded her. And
she, entranced, stared back at this imitation face that outwitted all
perfections of flesh and blood. It was lifeless, lifeless! But below it, in the
hollow of the girlish throat, she saw a flicker of life, a small regular pulse,
small and regular as though a pearl necklace slid by under the skin. Mincing
like a girl, the masked young man approached her, and as he approached the
others drew back and left her alone. With secretive and undulating
movements he came to her side. The lifeless face was near her own and
through the slits in the mask the unseen eyes surveyed her. Suddenly she
felt upon her cheeks a cold darting touch. With a fine tongue like a serpent’s
he had licked her right cheek, close to the ear. She started back, but found
his hands detaining her.
‘How are you enjoying your first Sabbath, Miss Willowes?’ he said.
‘Not at all,’ answered Laura, and turned her back on him.
Without glancing to left or right she walked out of the field, and the
dancers made way for her in silence. She was furious at the affront, raging
at Satan, at Mrs. Leak, at Miss Larpent, with the unreasoning anger of a
woman who has allowed herself to be put in a false position. This was what
came of attending Sabbaths, or rather, this was what came of submitting her
good sense to politeness. Hours ago her instinct had told her that she was
not going to enjoy herself. If she had asserted herself and gone home then,
this odious and petty insult would never have happened. But she had stayed
on, deferring to a public opinion that was not concerned whether she stayed
or went, stayed on just as she used to stay on at balls, stayed on to be treated
like a silly girl who at the end of a mechanical flirtation is kissed behind a
palm.
Anyway, she was out of it now. Her feet had followed the windings of a
little path, which crossed a ditch by a plank bridge: it passed through a belt
of woodland, and led her out on to a space of common that sloped away
into the darkness. Here she sat down and spread out her palms upon the
cool turf.
She had been insulted and made a mock of. But for all that she did not
feel truly humiliated. Rather, she was filled with a delighted and scornful
surprise at the ease with which she had avenged her dignity. The mask
floated before her eyes, inscrutable as ever, and she thought no more of it
than of an egg-shell that she could crush between her finger and thumb. The
Powers of Darkness, then, were no more fearful than a herd of bullocks in a
field? Once round upon them and the sniffing encumbering horde made off,
a scramble of ungainly rumps and foolish tails.
It had been a surprising night. And long, endlessly long, and not ended
yet. She yawned, and felt hungry. She fancied herself at home, cutting large
crumbling slices from the loaf in the cupboard, and spreading them with a
great deal of butter and the remains of the shrimp paste. But she did not
know where she was, and it was too dark to venture homewards with no
sense of direction. She grew impatient with the night and strained her ears
for the sound of cock-crow. As if her imperious will had wrenched aside the
covering of cloud, a faint glimmer delineated part of the horizon. Moonset
or sunrise, westerly or easterly she did not know; but as she watched it
doubtfully, thinking that it must be moonset, for it seemed to dwindle rather
than increase, a breeze winnowed the air, and looking round her she saw on
every side the first beginnings of light.
Sitting up, her hunger and sleepiness forgotten, and all the
disappointments and enigmas of the Sabbath dismissed from her mind, she
watched the spectacle of the dawn. Soon she was able to recognise her
surroundings, she knew the place well, it was here that she had met the
badger. The slope before her was dotted with close-fitting juniper bushes,
and presently she saw a rabbit steal out from one of these, twitch its ears,
and scamper off. The cloud which covered the sky was no longer a solid
thing. It was rising, and breaking up into swirls of vapour that yielded to the
wind. The growing day washed them with silver. Every moment the web of
cloud seemed to rise higher and higher, as though borne upward by a rising
tide of light. The rooks flew up cawing from the wood. Presently she heard
the snap of a dead twig. Somebody was astir. Whistling to himself, a man
came out of the wood. He walked with a peculiarly slow and easy gait, and
he had a stick in his hand, an untrimmed rod pulled from the wood. He
switched at the head of a tall thistle, and Laura saw the dew fly off the
astonished blossom. Seeing her, he stopped short, as though he did not wish
to intrude on her. He showed no surprise that she should be sitting on the
hillside, waiting for the sun to rise. She smiled at him, grateful for his good
manners, and also quite pleased to see a reasonable being again; and
emboldened by this, he smiled also, and approached.
‘You are up very early, Miss Willowes.’
She did not recognise him, but that was no reason why he should not
recognise her. She thought he must be a gamekeeper, for he wore gaiters
and a corduroy coat. His face was brown and wrinkled, and his teeth were
as white and even as a dog’s. Laura liked his appearance. He had a pleasant,
rather detached air, which suited well with the early morning. She said:
‘I have been up all night.’
There was no inquisitiveness in his look; and when he expressed the
hope that she felt none the worse for it, he spoke without servility or covert
amusement.
‘I liked it very much,’ said Laura. Her regard for truth made her add:
‘Particularly when it began to be light. I was growing rather bored before
then.’
‘Some ladies would feel afraid,’ said he.
‘I’m not afraid when I’m alone,’ she answered. ‘I lived in the country
when I was a girl.’
He bowed his head assentingly. Something in his manner implied that he
knew this already. Perhaps he had heard about her in the village.
 ‘It’s pleasant to be in the country again,’ she continued. ‘I like Great
Mop very much.’
‘I hope you will stay here, Miss Willowes.’
‘I hope so too.’
She spoke a little sadly. In this unaccustomed hour her soul was full of
doubts. She wondered if, having flouted the Sabbath, she were still a witch,
or whether, her power being taken from her, she would become the prey of
a healthy and untroubled Titus. And being faint for want of food and want
of sleep, she foreboded the worst.
‘Yes, you must stay here. It would be a pity to go now.’
Laura nearly said, ‘I have nowhere to go,’ but a dread of exile came over
her like a salt wave, and she could not trust herself to speak to this kind
man. He came nearer and said:
‘Remember, Miss Willowes, that I shall always be very glad to help you.
You have only to ask me.’
‘But where shall I find you?’ she asked, too much impressed by the
kindness of his words to think them strange.
‘You will always find me in the wood,’ he answered, and touching his
cap he walked away. She heard the noise of swishing branches and the scuff
of feet among dead leaves growing fainter as he went further into the wood.
She decided not to go back just yet. A comfortable drowsiness settled
down upon her with the first warmth of the risen sun. Her mind dwelt upon
the words just spoken. The promise had been given in such sober
earnestness that she had accepted it without question, seeing nothing
improbable in the idea that she should require the help of a strange
gamekeeper, or that he should undertake to give it. She thought that people
might be different in the early morning; less shy, like the rabbits that were
playing round her, more open-hearted, and simpler of speech. In any case,
she was grateful to the stranger for his goodwill. He had known that she
wanted to stay on at Great Mop, he had told her that she must do so. It was
the established country courtesy, the invitation to take root. But he must
have meant what he said, for seeing her troubled he had offered to help.
Perhaps he was married; and if Mrs. Leak, offended, would keep her no
longer, she might lodge with him and his wife in their cottage, a cottage in a
dell among the beechwoods. He had said that he lived in the woods. She
began to picture her life in such a cottage, thinking that it would be even
better than lodging in the village. She imagined her whitewashed bedroom
full of moving green shades; the wood-smoke curling up among the trees;
the majestic arms, swaying above her while she slept, and plumed with
snow in winter.
The trees behind her murmured consolingly; she reclined upon the
sound. ‘Remember, Miss Willowes’ ... ‘Remember,’ murmured the trees,
swaying their boughs muffled with heavy foliage. She remembered, and
understood. When he came out of the wood, dressed like a gamekeeper, and
speaking so quietly and simply, Satan had come to renew his promise and to
reassure her. He had put on this shape that she might not fear him. Or would
he have her to know that to those who serve him he appears no longer as a
hunter, but as a guardian? This was the real Satan. And as for the other,
whom her spirit had so impetuously disowned, she had done well to disown
him, for he was nothing but an impostor, a charlatan, a dummy.
Her doubts were laid to rest, and she walked back through the fields,
picking mushrooms as she went. As she approached the village she heard
Mr. Saunter’s cocks crowing, and saw the other cock, for ever watchful, for
ever silent, spangle in the sun above the church tower. The churchyard yews
cast long shadows like open graves. Behind those white curtains slumbered
Mr. Jones, and dreamed, perhaps, of the Sabbath which he was not allowed
to attend.
As Laura passed through Mrs. Leak’s garden she remembered her first
morning as a witch when she had gone out to give the kitten a run. The
sunflowers had been cut off and given to the hens, but the scrubbing-brush
was still propped on the kitchen window-sill. That was three weeks ago.
And Titus, like the scrubbing-brush, was still there.
During those three weeks Titus had demanded a great deal of support; in
fact, being a witch-aunt was about twice as taxing as being an ordinary
aunt, and if she had not known that the days were numbered she could
scarcely have endured them.
At her nephew’s request she made veils of butter-muslin weighted with
blue beads to protect his food and drink. Titus insisted that the beads should
be blue: blue was the colour of the Immaculate Conception; and as pious
Continental mothers dedicate their children, so he would dedicate his milk
and hope for the best. But no blue beads were to be found in the village, so
Laura had to walk into Barleighs for them. Titus was filled with gratitude,
he came round on purpose to thank her and stayed to tea.
He was no sooner gone than Mrs. Garland arrived. Mrs. Garland had
seen the veils. She hoped that Mr. Willowes didn’t think she was to blame
for the milk going sour. She could assure Miss Willowes that the jugs were
mopped out with boiling water morning and evening. For her part, she
couldn’t understand it at all. She was always anxious to give satisfaction,
she said; but her manner suggested less anxiety to give than to receive.
Laura soothed Mrs. Garland, and sat down to wait for Mr. Dodbury.
However, Mr. Dodbury contented himself with frowning at that interfering
young Willowes’s aunt, and turning the bull into the footpath field. Laura
thought that the bull frowned too.
Though veiled in butter-muslin, the milk continued to curdle. Titus came
in to say that he’d had an idea; in future, he would rely upon condensed
milk out of a tin. Which sort did Aunt Lolly recommend? And would she
make him a kettle-holder? Apparently tinned milk could resist the Devil, for
all was peace until Titus gashed his thumb on the raw edge of a tin. In spite
of Laura’s first aid the wound festered, and for several days Titus wore a
sling. Triumphant over pain he continued the Life of Fuseli. But the
wounded thumb being a right-hand thumb, the triumph involved an
amanuensis. Laura hated ink, she marvelled that any one should have the
constancy to write a whole book. She thought of Paradise Lost with a
shudder, for it required even more constancy to write some one else’s book.
Highly as she rated the sufferings of Milton’s daughters, she rated her own
even higher, for she did not suppose that they had to be for ever jumping up
and down to light the poet’s cigarette; and blank verse flowed, flowed
majestically, she understood, from his lips, whereas Titus dictated in prose,
which was far harder to punctuate.
Nor did it flow. Titus was not feeling at his best. He hated small bothers,
and of late he had been seethed alive in them. Every day something went
wrong, some fiddle-faddle little thing. All his ingenuity was wasted in
circumvention; he had none left for Fuseli.
Anyhow, dictation was only fit for oil-kings! He jumped up and dashed
about the room with a fly-flap. Fly-flapping was a manly indoor sport,
especially if one observed all the rules. The ceiling was marked out in
squares like a chess-board, and while they stayed in their squares the flies
could not be attacked. The triangle described by the blue vase, the pink
vase, and the hanging lamp was a Yellowstone Park, and so was the King’s
Face, a difficult ruling, but Titus had decided that of two evils it was more
tolerable that the royal countenance should be crawled over by flies than
assaulted by the subject. All this from a left-handed adversary—the flies
had nothing to complain of, in his opinion. Laura owned his generosity, and
sat, when she could, in the Yellowstone Park.
By the time Titus had recovered the use of his right hand the flies had
lost their sanctuaries one by one, and could not even call the King’s Face
their own. They swarmed in his sitting-room, attracted, Mrs. Garland
supposed, by the memory of that nasty foreign cheese Mr. Willowes’s Mr.
Humphries had brought with him when he came to stay. They swarmed in
his bedroom also, and that—Mrs. Garland said—was what brought in the
bats. Laura told Titus the belief that if a bat once entangles itself in a
woman’s flowing hair there is no remedy but to cut away hair and bat
together. Titus turned pale. That afternoon he went up to London to visit his
hairdresser, and returned with hair cropped like a convict’s.
All this had unsettled her victim a good deal; but it had not unseated
him, and meanwhile it was sufficiently unsettling for her. So far, she
thought, the scheme and its execution had been the kitten’s—she could
recognise Vinegar’s playful methods. She gave him credit for doing his
best. But he was young and inexperienced, this was probably his first
attempt at serious persecution; it was not to be wondered at if his methods
were a little sketchy. Now that the Devil had taken matters into his own
hands—and of this she felt assured—all would soon be well. Well for her,
well for Titus. Really, it was time that poor boy was released from his
troubles. She felt complete confidence in the Devil, a confidence that the
kitten had never inspired. There was a tinge of gratuitous malice in
Vinegar’s character; he was, as one says, rather a cat. She suspected him of
meditating a scratch which would give Titus blood-poisoning. She
remembered with uneasiness what cats are said to do to sleeping infants,
and every night she was careful to imprison Vinegar in her bedroom, a
useless precaution since he had come in by the keyhole and might as easily
go out by it. The Devil would get rid of Titus more speedily, more kindly
(he had no reason to be anything but kind: she could not imagine Titus
being of the smallest interest to Satan), more economically. There would be
no catastrophe, no pantechnicon displays of flood or fire. He would proceed
discreetly and surely, like a gamekeeper going his rounds by night, he
would remove Titus as imperturbably as Dunlop had removed the beech-
leaf. She could sit back quite comfortably now, and wait for it to happen.
When Titus next appeared and complained that he had been kept awake
for two nights running by a mouse gnawing the leg of his bedstead, Laura
was most helpful. They went to Mrs. Trumpet’s to buy a mouse-trap, but as
Mrs. Trumpet only kept cheese they walked very pleasantly by field-paths
into Barleighs, where Denby’s stores had a larger range of groceries. During
their walk Titus recalled anecdotes illustrative of mice from Soup from a
Sausage Peg, and propounded a scheme for defending his bed by a catskin
valance. The day was fine, and at intervals Titus would stop and illustrate
the landscape with possessive gestures.
He was particularly happy. He had not enjoyed himself so much for
some time. The milk and the mice and the flies had checked his spirits; he
was not doing justice to Fuseli, and when he went out for long encouraging
walks an oppressed feeling went with him. Twice or thrice he had felt
horribly frightened, though at what he could not tell. The noise of two iron
hurdles grating against each other in the wind, a dead tree with branches
that looked like antlers, the stealthy movement of the sun towards the
horizon: quite ordinary things like these were able to disquiet him.
He fell into the habit of talking aloud to himself. He would reason with
appearances. ‘I see you, old Horny,’ he said to the dead tree. And once, as
dusk pursued him homeward, he began repeating:

As one that on a lonesome road

Doth walk in fear and dread,
And having once turned round, walks on,
And turns no more his head;
Because he knows a frightful fiend
Doth close behind him tread:

when the sound of a crackling twig made every nerve in his body stiffen
with terror. Some impulse not his own snatched him round in the path, only
to see old Luxmoor going out with his snares. Old Luxmoor touched his cap
and grinned in an embarrassed way. Every one knew that Luxmoor
poached, but it was not polite to catch him at it. He did not appear to have
overheard Titus or noticed his start of terror. But there had been one instant
before recognition when Titus had almost known what he dreaded to see.
 So it was pleasant to find that the company of his aunt could exorcise
these ghostly enmities. Clearly, there was nothing in it. To-morrow he
would go for a long walk by himself.
Laura also went for a walk that afternoon. It was a hot day, so hot and
still that it felt like a Sunday. She could not do better than follow the
example of the savages in Robinson Crusoe: go up on to a hill-top and say
O! No pious savage could have ejaculated O! more devoutly than she did;
for the hill-top was scattered over with patches of that small honey-scented
flower called Tailors’ Needles, and in conjunction with the austere outlines
of the landscape this perfume was exquisitely sweet and surprising. She
found a little green pit and sat down in it, leaning her back against the short
firm turf. Ensconced in her private warmth and stillness she had almost
fallen asleep when a moving figure on the opposite hillside caught her
attention. Laura’s grey eyes were very keen-sighted, she soon recognised
that long stride and swinging gait. The solitary walker was Titus.
There is an amusing sense of superiority in seeing and remaining unseen.
Laura sat up in her form and watched Titus attentively. He looked very
small, human, and scrabbly, traversing that imperturbable surface. With
such a large slope to wander upon, it was faintly comic to see Titus keeping
so neatly to the path; the effect was rather as if he were being taken for a
walk upon a string.
Further on the path was lost in a tangle of brambles and rusty foxglove
stems which marked the site of Folly Wood, a larch plantation cut down
during the war. In her map the wood had still been green. She had looked
for it on one of her early explorations, and not finding it had felt defrauded.
Her eyes now dwelt on the bramble tangle with annoyance. It was untidy,
and fretted the hillside like a handful of rough-cast thrown on to a smooth
wall. She turned back her gaze to see how Titus was getting on. It struck her
that he was behaving rather oddly. Though he kept to the path he was
walking almost like a drunken man or an idiot, now hurrying his pace, now
reforming it into a staid deliberation that was certainly not his natural gait.
Quite abruptly he began to run. He ran faster and faster, his feet striving on
the slippery turf. He reached the outskirts of Folly Wood, and Laura could
gauge the roughness of the going from his leaps and stumbles. Midway
through the wood he staggered and fell full-length.
‘A rabbit-hole,’ she said. ‘Now I suppose he’s sprained his ankle.’
 But before any thought of compunction could mitigate the rather
scornful bewilderment with which she had been a spectator of these antics,
Titus was up again, and behaving more oddly than ever. No amount of
sprained ankle could warrant those raving gestures with which he beat
himself, and beat the air. He seemed to be fending off an invisible volley of
fisticuffs, for now he ducked his head, now he leaped to one side, now he
threatened, now he quailed before a fresh attack. At last he made off with
shambling speed, reeling and gesticulating as though his whole body
bellowed with pain and fear. He reached the summit of the hill; for a
moment he was silhouetted against the sky-line in a final convulsion of
distress; then he was gone.
Laura felt as if she were releasing her gaze from a telescope. Her glance
strayed about the landscape. She frowned and looked inquiringly from side
to side, not able to credit her eyes. Blandly unconscious, the opposite
hillside confronted her with its familiar face. A religious silence filled the
valley. As the untroubled air had received Titus’s roarings and damnings
(for it was obvious that he had both roared and damned) without concerning
itself to transmit them to her hearing, so her vision had absorbed his violent
pantomime without concerning itself to alarm her brain. She could not
reason about what she had seen; she could scarcely stir herself to feel any
curiosity, and still less any sympathy. Like a masque of bears and fantastic
shapes, it had seemed framed only to surprise and delight.
But that, she knew, was not Satan’s way. He was not in the habit of
bestowing these gratuitous peep-shows upon his servants, he was above the
human weakness of doing things for fun; and if he exhibited Titus dancing
upon the hillside like a cat on hot bricks, she might be sure that it was all
according to plan. It behoved her to be serious and attend, instead of
accepting it all in this spirit of blank entertainment. Even as a matter of bare
civility she ought to find out what had happened. Besides, Titus might
require her ministrations. She got up, and began to walk back to the village.
Titus, she reflected, would almost certainly have gone home. Even if he
did not run all the way he would by now have had time to settle down and
get over the worst of his disturbance. A kind of decency forbade her to view
too immediately the dismay of her victim. Titus unmenaced, Titus invading
her quiet and straddling over her peace of mind, was a very different thing
from Titus melting and squirming before the fire of her resentment. Now
that she was walking to his assistance she felt quite sorry for him. My
nephew who is plagued by the Devil was as much an object for affectionate
aunt-like interest as my nephew who has an attack of measles. She did not
take the present affliction more seriously than she had taken those of the
past. With time, and a change of air, she was confident that he would make
a complete recovery.
As for her own share in the matter, she felt no shame at all. It had
pleased Satan to come to her aid. Considering carefully, she did not see who
else would have done so. Custom, public opinion, law, church, and state—
all would have shaken their massive heads against her plea, and sent her
back to bondage.
She reached Great Mop about five o’clock. As she turned up Mrs. Leak’s
garden-path, Titus bounded from the porch.
‘There you are!’ he exclaimed. ‘We have just come to have tea with
you.’
She perceived that Titus was not alone. In the porch playing with the
kitten was Pandora Williams, Pandora Williams whom Titus had invited to
play the rebeck at the Flower Show. Before Laura could welcome her Titus
was exclaiming again.
‘Such an afternoon as I’ve had! Such adventures! First I fell into a
wasps’-nest, and then I got engaged to Pandora.’
So that was it. It was wasps. Wasps were the invisible enemies that had
beset and routed him on the hill-side. O Beelzebub, God of flies! But why
was he now going to marry Pandora Williams?
‘The wops-nest was in Folly Wood. I tripped up, and fell smack on top
of it. My God, I thought I should die! They got into my ears, and down my
neck, and up my trousers, they were everywhere, as thick as spikes in
sodawater. I ran for my life, I ran nearly all the way home, and most of
them came with me, either inside or out. And when I rushed up the street
calling in an exhausted voice for onions, there was Pandora!’
‘I had been invited to tea,’ said Pandora rather primly.
‘Yes, and I’d forgotten it, and gone out for a walk. Pandora, if I’d had
my deserts, you would have scorned me, and left me to perish. Pandora, I
shall never forget your magnanimous way of behaving. That was what did
it, really. One has to offer marriage to a young woman who has picked dead
wasps out of one’s armpit.’
 Laura had never seen Titus so excited. His face was flushed, his voice
was loud, the pupils of his eyes were extraordinarily dilated. But how much
of this was due to love and how much to wasps and witchcraft it was
impossible to say. And was Pandora part of the witchcraft too, a sort of
queen wasp whose sting was mortal balm? Why should Titus offer her
marriage? Why should Pandora accept it? They had always been such
friends.
Laura turned to the girl to see how she was taking it. Pandora’s smooth
cheeks and smooth lappets of black hair seemed to shed calm like an
unwavering beam of moonlight. But at Laura’s good wishes she started, and
began nervously to counter them with explanations and apologies for
coming to Laura’s rooms for tea. She had dropped Titus’ teapot, and broken
it. Laura was not surprised that she had dropped the teapot. It was clear to
her that Pandora’s emotions that afternoon had been much more vehement
than anything that Titus had experienced in his mental uproar. How well—
thought Laura—she has hidden her feelings all this time! How well she is
hiding them now!
These fine natures, she knew, always found comfort in cutting bread-
and-butter. Pandora welcomed the suggestion. She covered three large
plates, and would have covered a fourth if the butter had not given out.
There were some ginger-bread nuts as well, and a few bull’s-eyes. Mrs.
Leak must have surmised a romance. She marked her sense of the occasion
by the tea, which was almost purple—as strong as wedding-cake, Titus said.
It was a savagely plain tea. But had it consisted of cocoa and ship’s-
biscuit, Laura might have offered it without a qualm to guests so much
absorbed by their proper emotions. Titus talked incessantly, and Pandora ate
with the stealthy persistence of a bitch that gives suck. Meanwhile Laura
looked at the new Mr. and Mrs. Willowes. They would do very well, she
decided. Young as she was, Pandora had already the air of a family portrait;
such looks, such characters change little, for they are independent of time.
And undoubtedly she was very much in love with Titus. While he talked
she watched his face with the utmost attention, though she did not seem to
hear what he was saying. Titus, too, must be considerably in love. Despite
the unreality of his behaviour, and a swelled nose, his happiness gave him
an almost romantic appearance. Perhaps it was that too recently she had
seen him dancing on the Devil’s strings to be able to take him quite
seriously; perhaps she was old-maidishly scornful of the authenticity of
anything that a man may say or do; but at the back of her mind Laura felt
that Titus was but a proxy wooer, the ambassador of an imperious dynastic
will; and that the real match was made between Pandora and Lady Place.
Anyhow, it was all very suitable, and she must be content to leave it at
that. The car from the Lamb and Flag was waiting to take them to the
station. Titus was going back to London with Pandora to see her people, as
Pandora had refused to face their approval alone. The Williamses lived
pleasantly on Campden Hill, and were typical of the best class of
Londoners, being almost indistinguishable from people living pleasantly in
the country. What, indeed, could be more countrified than to be in town
during September? For a moment Laura feared that she too would be
obliged to travel to London. The lovers had insisted upon her company as
far as the station.
‘You must come,’ said Titus. ‘There will be all sorts of things I shall
remember to ask you to do for me. I can’t remember them now, but I shall
the moment the car starts. I always do.’
Laura knew this to be very truth. Nevertheless she stood out against
going until Pandora manœuvred her into a corner and said in a desperate
whisper: ‘O Miss Willowes, for God’s sake, please come. You’ve no idea
how awful it is being left alone with some one you love.’
Laura replied: ‘Very well. I’ll come as a thank-offering.’
Pandora’s sense of humour could just contrive a rather castaway smile.
They got into the car. There was no time to spare, and the driver took
them along the winding lanes at top speed, sounding his horn incessantly. It
was a closed car, and they sat in it in perfect silence all the way to the
station. Before the car had drawn up in the station yard Titus leaped out and
began to pay the driver. Then he looked wildly round for the train. There
was no train in sight. It had not come in yet.
When Laura had seen them off and gone back to the station yard she
found that in his excitement Titus had dismissed the driver without
considering how his aunt was to get back to Great Mop. However, it didn’t
matter—the bus started for Barleighs at half-past eight, and from Barleighs
she could walk on for the rest of the way. This gave her an hour and a half
to spend in Wickendon. A sensible way of passing the time would be to eat
something before her return journey; but she was not hungry, and the fly-
blown cafes in the High Street were not tempting. She bought some fruit,
and turned up an alley between garden walls in search of a field where she
could sit and eat it in peace. The alley soon changed to an untidy lane and
then to a cinder-track running steeply uphill between high hedges. A
municipal kindliness had supplied at intervals iron benches, clamped and
riveted into the cinders. But no one reposed on them, and the place was
unpeopled save by swarms of midges. Laura was hot and breathless by the
time she reached the top of the hill and came out upon a bare grassy
common. Here was an obvious place to sit down and gasp, and as there
were no iron benches to deter her, she did so. But she immediately forgot
her exhaustion, so arresting was the sight that lay before her.
The cinder-track led to a small enclosure, full of cypresses, yews,
clipped junipers and weeping-willows. Rising from this funereal plumage
was an assortment of minarets, gilded cupolas and obelisks. She stared at
this phenomenon, so byronic in conception, so spick and span in execution,
and sprouting so surprisingly from the mild Chiltern landscape, completely
at a loss to account for it. Then she remembered: it was the Maulgrave
Folly. She had read of it in the guide-book, and of its author, Sir Ralph
Maulgrave, the Satanic Baronet, the libertine, the atheist, who drank out of
a skull, who played away his mistress and pistolled the winner, who rode
about Buckinghamshire on a zebra, whose conversation had been too much
for Thomas Moore. ‘This bad and eccentric character,’ the guide-book said,
disinfecting his memory with rational amusement. Grown old, he had
amused himself by elaborating a burial-place which was to be an epitome of
his eclectic and pessimistic opinions. He must, thought Laura, have spent
many hours on this hillside, watching the masons and directing the
gardeners where to plant his cypresses. And afterwards he would be
wheeled away in his bath-chair, for, pace the guide-book, at a
comparatively early age he lost the use of his legs.
Poor gentleman, how completely he had misunderstood the Devil! The
plethoric gilt cupolas winked in the setting sun. For all their bad taste, they
were perfectly respectable—cupolas and minarets and cypresses, all had a
sleek and well-cared-for look. They had an assured income, nothing could
disturb their calm. The silly, vain, passionate heart that lay buried there had
bequeathed a sum of money for their perpetual upkeep. The Satanic Baronet
who mocked at eternal life and designed this place as a lasting testimony of
his disbelief had contrived to immortalise himself as a laughing-stock.
 It was ungenerous. The dead man had been pilloried long enough; it was
high time that Maulgrave’s Folly should be left to fall into decent ruin and
decay. And instead of that, even at this moment it was being trimmed up
afresh. She felt a thrill of anger as she saw a gardener come out of the
enclosure, carrying a flag basket and a pair of shears. He came towards her,
and something about the rather slouching and prowling gait struck her as
being familiar. She looked more closely, and recognised Satan.
‘How can you?’ she said, when he was within speaking distance. He, of
all people, should be more compassionate to the shade of Sir Ralph.
He feigned not to hear her.
‘Would you care to go over the Folly, ma’am?’ he inquired. ‘It’s quite a
curiosity. Visitors come out from London to see it.’
Laura was not going to be fubbed off like this. He might pretend not to
recognise her, but she would jog his memory.
‘So you are a grave-keeper as well as a gamekeeper?’
‘The Council employ me to cut the bushes,’ he answered.
‘O Satan!’ she exclaimed, hurt by his equivocations. ‘Do you always
hide?’
With the gesture of a man who can never hold out against women, he
yielded and sat down beside her on the grass.
Laura felt a momentary embarrassment. She had long wished for a
reasonable conversation with her Master, but now that her wish seemed
about to be granted, she felt rather at a loss for an opening. At last she
observed:
‘Titus has gone.’
‘Indeed? Isn’t that rather sudden? It was only this afternoon that I met
him.’
‘Yes, I saw you meeting him. At least, I saw him meeting you.’
‘Just so. It is remarkable,’ he added, as though he were politely parrying
her thought, ‘how invisible one is on these bare green hillsides.’
‘Or in these thick brown woods,’ said Laura, rather sternly.
This sort of Satanic playfulness was no novelty; Vinegar often behaved
in the same fashion, leaping about just out of reach when she wanted to
catch him and shut him up indoors.
 ‘Or in these thick brown woods,’ he concurred. ‘Folly Wood is
especially dense.’
‘Is?’
‘Is. Once a wood, always a wood.’
Once a wood, always a wood. The words rang true, and she sat silent,
considering them. Pious Asa might hew down the groves, but as far as the
Devil was concerned he hewed in vain. Once a wood, always a wood: trees
where he sat would crowd into a shade. And people going by in broad
sunlight would be aware of slow voices overhead, and a sudden chill would
fall upon their flesh. Then, if like her they had a natural leaning towards the
Devil, they would linger, listening about them with half-closed eyes and
averted senses; but if they were respectable people like Henry and Caroline
they would talk rather louder and hurry on. There remaineth a rest for the
people of God (somehow the thought of the Devil always propelled her
mind to the Holy Scriptures), and for the other people, the people of Satan,
there remained a rest also. Held fast in that strong memory no wild thing
could be shaken, no secret covert destroyed, no haunt of shadow and silence
laid open. The goods yard at Paddington, for instance—a savage place! as
holy and enchanted as ever it had been. Not one of the monuments and
tinkerings of man could impose on the satanic mind. The Vatican and the
Crystal Palace, and all the neat human nest-boxes in rows, Balham and
Fulham and the Cromwell Road—he saw through them, they went flop like
cardhouses, the bricks were earth again, and the steel girders burrowed
shrieking into the veins of earth, and the dead timber was restored to the
ghostly groves. Wolves howled through the streets of Paris, the foxes played
in the throneroom of Schönbrunn, and in the basement at Apsley Terrace
the mammoth slowly revolved, trampling out its lair.
‘Then I needn’t really have come here to meet you!’ she exclaimed.
‘Did you?’
‘I didn’t know I did. I thought I came here to be in the country, and to
escape being an aunt.’
‘Titus came here to write a book on Fuseli, and to enjoy himself.’
‘Titus! I can’t believe you wanted him.’
‘But you do believe I wanted you.’
Rather taken aback she yet answered the Devil honestly.
 ‘Yes! I do believe you wanted me. Though really I don’t know why you
should.’
A slightly malevolent smile crossed the Devil’s face. For some reason or
other her modesty seemed to have nettled him.
‘Some people would say that you had flung yourself at my head.’
‘Other people,’ she retorted, ‘would say that you had been going about
seeking to devour me.’
‘Exactly. I even roared that night. But you were asleep while I roared.
Only the hills heard me triumphing over my spoil.’
Laura said: ‘I wish I could really believe that.’
‘I wish you could, too,’ he answered affably; ‘you would feel so
comfortable and important. But you won’t, although it is much more
probable than you might suppose.’
Laura stretched herself out on the turf and pillowed her head on her arm.
‘Nothing could feel more comfortable than I do, now that Titus is gone,’
she said. ‘And as for importance, I never wish to feel important again. I had
enough of that when I was an aunt.’
‘Well, you’re a witch now.’
‘Yes.... I really am, aren’t I?’
‘Irrevocably.’
His voice was so perfectly grave that she began to suspect him of
concealing some amusement. When but a moment before he had jested she
had thought a deeper meaning lay beneath his words, she almost believed
that his voice had roared over her in the thunder. If he had spoken without
feigning then, she had not heard him; for he had stopped her ears with a
sleep.
‘Why do you sigh?’ he asked.
‘Did I sigh? I’m puzzled, that’s all. You see, although I’m a witch, and
although you sitting here beside me tell me so, I can’t really appreciate it,
take it in. It all seems perfectly natural.’
‘That is because you are in my power. No servant of mine can feel
remorse, or doubt, or surprise. You may be quite easy, Laura: you will never
escape me, for you can never wish to.’
 ‘Yes, I can quite well believe that, I’m sure I shall never wish to escape
you. But you are a mysterious Master.’
‘You seem to me rather an exacting servant. I have shaped myself like a
jobbing gardener, I am sitting on the grass beside you (I’ll have one of your
apples if I may. They are a fruit I am particularly fond of), I am doing
everything in my power to be agreeable and reassuring.... What more do
you want?’
‘That is exactly what I complain of. You are too lifelike to be natural;
why, it might be Goethe’s Conversations with Eckermann. No! if I am
really a witch, treat me as such. Satisfy my curiosity. Tell me about
yourself.’
‘Tell me first what you think,’ he answered.
‘I think’—she began cautiously (while he hid his cards it would not do to
show all hers)—‘I think you are a kind of black knight, wandering about
and succouring decayed gentlewomen.’
‘There are warlocks too, remember.’
‘I can’t take warlocks so seriously, not as a class. It is we witches who
count. We have more need of you. Women have such vivid imaginations,
and lead such dull lives. Their pleasure in life is so soon over; they are so
dependent upon others, and their dependence so soon becomes a nuisance.
Do you understand?’
He was silent. She continued, slowly, knitting her brows in the effort to
make clear to herself and him the thought that was in her mind:
‘It’s like this. When I think of witches, I seem to see all over England, all
over Europe, women living and growing old, as common as blackberries,
and as unregarded. I see them, wives and sisters of respectable men, chapel
members, and blacksmiths, and small farmers, and Puritans. In places like
Bedfordshire, the sort of country one sees from the train. You know. Well,
there they were, there they are, child-rearing, house-keeping, hanging
washed dishcloths on currant bushes; and for diversion each other’s silly
conversation, and listening to men talking together in the way that men talk
and women listen. Quite different to the way women talk, and men listen, if
they listen at all. And all the time being thrust further down into dullness
when the one thing all women hate is to be thought dull. And on Sundays
they put on plain stuff gowns and starched white coverings on their heads
and necks—the Puritan ones did—and walked across the fields to chapel,
and listened to the sermon. Sin and Grace, and God and the——’ (she
stopped herself just in time), ‘and St. Paul. All men’s things, like politics, or
mathematics. Nothing for them except subjection and plaiting their hair.
And on the way back they listened to more talk. Talk about the sermon, or
war, or cock-fighting; and when they got back, there were the potatoes to be
cooked for dinner. It sounds very petty to complain about, but I tell you,
that sort of thing settles down on one like a fine dust, and by and by the dust
is age, settling down. Settling down! You never die, do you? No doubt
that’s far worse, but there is a dreadful kind of dreary immortality about
being settled down on by one day after another. And they think how they
were young once, and they see new young women, just like what they were,
and yet as surprising as if it had never happened before, like trees in spring.
But they are like trees towards the end of summer, heavy and dusty, and
nobody finds their leaves surprising, or notices them till they fall off. If they
could be passive and unnoticed, it wouldn’t matter. But they must be active,
and still not noticed. Doing, doing, doing, till mere habit scolds at them like
a housewife, and rouses them up—when they might sit in their doorways
and think—to be doing still!’
She paused, out of breath. She had never made such a long speech in the
whole of her life, nor spoken with such passion. She scarcely knew what
she had said, and felt giddy and unaccustomed, as though she had been
thrown into the air and had suddenly begun to fly.
The Devil was silent, and looked thoughtfully at the ground. He seemed
to be rather touched by all this. She continued, for she feared that if she did
not go on talking she would grow ashamed at having said so much.
‘Is it true that you can poke the fire with a stick of dynamite in perfect
safety? I used to take my nieces to scientific lectures, and I believe I heard
it then. Anyhow, even if it isn’t true of dynamite, it’s true of women. But
they know they are dynamite, and long for the concussion that may justify
them. Some may get religion, then they’re all right, I expect. But for the
others, for so many, what can there be but witchcraft? That strikes them
real. Even if other people still find them quite safe and usual, and go on
poking with them, they know in their hearts how dangerous, how
incalculable, how extraordinary they are. Even if they never do anything
with their witchcraft, they know it’s there—ready! Respectable
countrywomen keep their grave-clothes in a corner of the chest of drawers,
hidden away, and when they want a little comfort they go and look at them,