C

CIRCULATION

SS
AND
EXCRETION
R
A
RM
PA
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

C
-
Pumping organ: pumps
blood to cells

SS
R
A
Pacemaker: Artificial Heart
O rich blood: bright red :To measure arterial blood pressure : Sphygmomanometer is used
. CO rich blood: dark red
RM

Lungs

M
#
Largest vein -

Largest artery

Pulmonary artery
-
(right) longer
-

I
-

-
PA

Collects blood
Sinoatrial node 5
↓
initiates heartbeat

↓
W &
Because of aorta ↑

I ↓
Largest artery Septum (dividing wall
J
J E
Pumps blood
The human heart pumps blood
between left and right
Largest vein
Carries blood from heart to
part of heart)
different parts of the body
 superior vena cava

(Il Lungs

=E
pulmonary vein
deoxygenated Right Left
blood

C
Atrium Atrium

SS
Ventricle Ventricle
inferior vena cava

pulmonary artery

R Heart to different body parts (pure blood)

A
F Narrow, thicker (due to pressure)
RM

Arteries: carries oxygenated blood

Veins: carries deoxygenated blood -
different body parts to
Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated heart (impure blood)

Exception blood (right ventricle to lungs)

Pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood
(lungs to left atrium)
PA

-
When heart contracts: systole 120 mm of Hg (if more than this, then
>

high BP)

/ When heart relaxes: diastole >

80 mm of Hg (if less than this, then low
BP)

- Sound oh heart: lubb-dubb (when heart contracts)

 Blood Group valves of heart:
Mitral (Bicuspid valve)

~
Discovery: Karl Landsteiner Aortic
Universal donor: O- Tricuspid

C
Universal acceptor: AB+
by YM Bhendel#

SS
Bombay blood 1952, Bombay): Lacks H antigen on RBCs, have anti-H in the
serum i.e. cannot take blood from anyone

Systole: Contractions

I
Diastole: Relaxation

*
Given B+ blood
R ↑
Rh is derived from the use of blood of
rhesus monkeys in the basic test for
determining the presence of Rh antigen
Pacemaker:
in humanArtificial
blood heart
A
A+-
B+ Rh factor is a protein on the surface of

↓=
RBCs
RM

can die due to blood Rh+ Protein present

coagulation Rh- Protein not present
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 EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Waste removal Solid eg: by kidneys

+E.
C
Basic unit of kidney: Nephron
(specialised cells)
Gaseous eg: Liquid eg: by skin (sweating)
Millions of nephron present in one

SS
by lungs
kidney
Deoxygenated blood

Kidney to heart Renal vein Heart

X
Right kidney is slightly

R down than left kidney

A
C M P
↓b +

!"
2 ureters, sends - Cortex Medulla Pelvis
RM

wastes to urinary
blood

⑲ Yellow solid waste

PA

from anus due to

bilirubin

Waste product: Ammonia

Urea is major excretory
e
Kidney converts ammonia to urea product

Urine Ureter Urinary bladder

Colour: yellow due to Urobilin/Urochrome
 Reabsorption E
-Ultrafiltration (filters
everything)
and removal of

C
nutrients/urea C
↓

SS
Nephron: removes

R
A
- Colour: Yellow
RM

Urine component:
-
This colour comes from -
liver cells are made of kupffer
Water: 95% urochrome/urobilin, a
cells
I

waste product that

↑
Urea: 2% comes from breakdown
~
pH: 4.5-5
4.8
& of haemoglobin

I
Kidney stone made of: Calcium oxalate
PA

-
When both kidney malfunctions: Dialysis is done
-

↓
Artificial process to remove the
waste from blood
 ↑ Large bean-shaped lymphoid organ in human body: Spleen (lymphoid
organ)

Swollen bluish veins resulting from valves that do not close properly:

: C
Varicose veins

A healthy individual has 12-16 gm of haemoglobin in in every 100 mL

SS
of blood

Heart weight: 285 gm

RBCs develop in bone marrow

R
Brain weight: 1300-1400 gm, male brain weighs more than females
A
Blood clot (coagulation) is formed because of presence of platelets
RM

Carbon Monoxide reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Sweating/perspiration is a nature’s way of releasing excess water

from the body

Flame cells: kidney, found in aquatic vertebrates

PA