UUM Pfc Tsei eS CanT and Body Metabolism YOUR GOALS Sues completing this chapter, you will have @ working knowledge of the functions of the digestive system ‘dy metabolism and will have mastered the objectives listed below. FUNCTION PREVIEW 1 The digestive system breaks down ingested food into particles small enough to be absorbed into the blood = Metabolism produces celller energy (ATP) and accounts forall constructive and degradative cellular activities. OBJECTIVE CHECKLIST PART I: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (pp. 454-467) organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs, and identity each r model 1 Identify the overall function of the digestive system as digestion and absorption of foodstuffs, nd describe the general actives of each digestive system orton 1M Describe the composition and function(s) of saliva = Name the deciduous and permanent teeth, end describe the basic anatomy of @ tooth, Explain how v tive processes in the small intestine, FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (p vomiting, and defecatio digestive tract are mixed and moved along the tract stive process, Name @ (on an aopropriate diagt he mechanisms of swal wm Descri = Deseri hormones in the diPvjective Checklist, continued) ps produced by the digestive TGR oF assy 'm List the major enzymes or enzyme grout they act lands, and name the foodstuffs on which 1m Name the end products of protein, fat, and carbohydiat 'm State the function of bile in the digestive process te digestion PART I: NUTRITION AND METABOLISM NUTRITION (pp. 478-480) & Define nutrient and caforie. fm List the six mejor nutrient categories. Note import rant dietary sources and the principal Cellular uses of each. METABOLISM (pp. 480-490) ae Define enzyme, metabolism, anabolism, and catabolis. 8 Describe the metabolic roles of the liver. ix Recognize the sources of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and their uses" call Fhe metabolism. ta Explain the importance of eneray balance in the body, and indicate conseavences of ae energy imbalance. Lat severe faviors that influence metabol rate, and indicate the effect of each Sma ‘n Describe how body temperature is regulated. 3 =Du PART Ill: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND fi ej leu METABOLISM (pp. 420-491) 1s Name important congenital disorders of of metabolism: = Describe the effect of aging inborn errors: digestive system and significant con the digestive system. 4 special fascination with the work- Children have PART I: ANATOMY AND ings of the digestive system: They relish crunching ing “mustaches' with PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ‘a potato chip, delight in mak a rtcind gigele when their stomach grows” AS PAG RET TWE GVCTEM wijlts, we know that a healthy digestive system is aejential for good health because it converts food i the raw materials that build and fuel our 5 into the Fie, specifically, the digestive system Anatomy of the Digestive takes in food Cingests i, breaks it down physically System takes Remically into nutrient molecules (digests and absorbs the nutrients into the bloodstream. Then it rids the body of the indigestible remains (defecates). 454 The organs of the digestive system can be rated into two main groups: those forming the mentary (al"é-men'tar-e; aliment = nourish) ofody Metaboism (Chapter 14: The Digestive System nd B SIGURE 14.1 The human digestive system: Alimentary canal and accessory organs. (Liver end galbbiedder ere refected superiorly and ort Sue body gestive breakdown in various wa¥s456 Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physi ology tro pro? et eran 019 Qe teat tgs ate n palace Soft tah) i plete palate ede. Hata Nasophary™* extern Palate vest Co mea Ula oan nme ies Palatine tonsil pi Lis (aia) 4 one Vestibule. J Lingual tonsil Hngu Lingual“ Oropharynx of the fronulum Geer Epilotis Tongue ~/ ry A yngopharyne Hyoid bone ~ Lane are of sopnagus tones ‘Trachea: Eoee restric suri ® Hard palate aa tonsi tong. Gingivae va (gums) syste nla feiss thre pain : salv () close chew FIGURE 14.2 Anatomy of the mouth (oral cavity), (a) Sagittal view of food the oral cavity and pharynx. (b) Anterior vew of the oral cavity low befo in C mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small ints- ouside the body, because it has contact only wi re fine, and large intestine. The large intestine leads cells lining the tact and the tube is open to the aa to the terminal opening, or anus. In a cadaver, extemal environment at both ends. As each ongaft as it the alimentary canal is approximately 9 m Gabout 30 feet) long, but in a living person, itis consider- ably shorter because of its relatively constant muscle tone. Food material within this tube is technically qo0u enasode ox 014 24Un} Bunio9 wos, suoéoxned Aue Bynuanoxdu ony2e}o 498s} (ueBr0 pay a60ycoiveu pul 01/20 4c) 51840) OY Jo UES ‘poe taveoeq Aq Ave 4909 jo as pon4e) 89) INOW OL, "OA Of the alimentary canal is described next, find in Figure 14.1. Mouth Food enters the digestive tract through the or oral cavity, a mucous membrane-lined €a¥ Figure 14.2). The lips (labia) protect its Eoeuinss the cheeks form its lateral wally alate forms its anterior roof, and thedate forms its posterior roof, The wvula (u’vu- POT a Acohy Agee] ee weer Veae ah «, which extends downward from its posterior Page. The space between the lips and_cheel 28 lly and the teth and gums itera the estibule. The area contained by the teeth is the gral cavity proper. The muscular tongue occu- fies the floor ofthe mouth, The tongue has several [ony attachments—1wo of these are to the hyoid pone and the styloid processes of the skull. ‘The ingual frenulum (ling’gwal fren’w-lum), a fold of ‘uous memibrane, secures the tongue to the floor Gf the mouth and limits its posterior movements (Gee Figure 14.22) Homeostatic Imbalance Children born with an extremely shor renulum fre otter referred to as “tongue-tied” because dis ered speech results when tongue movement is restricted. This congenital condition can be conected suricaly by cutting the frenulum, A At the posterior end of the oral cavity are paired masses of Iymphatic tissue, the palatine tonsils. The lingual tonsil covers the base of the tongue just beyond, The tonsils, along with other iympbatic tissues, are part of the body's defense ‘When the tonsils become inflamed and ly block the entrance into the Jking swallowing difficult and enlarge, they partially throat (pharynx), mal painful ts food enters the mouth, it is mixed with saliva and masticated (chewed). The cheeks and closed lips hold the food between the teeth during, chewing, The nimble tongue continually mixes 1d initiates swal- food with saliva during chewing ans lowing. Thus, the breakdown of food begins left the mouth. As noted before the food has even I in Chapter 8, papillae containing taste buds, or taste receptors, are found on the tongue surface. And so, besides its food-manipulating function, the tongue allows us to enjoy and appreciate the food as it is eaten. Pharynx From the mouth, food passes posteriorly into the oropharynx: and laryngopbarynx, both of which are common passageways for food, fluids, and air. 4s explained in Chapter 13, the pharynx is subdl- vided into the nasopharynx, part of the respiratory passageway; the oropharynx, posterior to the Chapter 14: The Digestive System and Body Metabolis™ 457 sence wo lel lar fashion. oral caviy; and the Fhisuous wth the OP walls of the pharm muscle layers. The ce ‘daly those of te outer giles) run around the 3 ‘resting contactors oft Aneel ough the par ee aan proweliag meaner riper a si) deceived Ie or gullet, rans from to the stom: Esophagus (€sof'al-gu9), tially Theo The econ ogh tbe cape the any eG ince Tong i = <8 20 Meera ta cod he soach Somat ap alimentary ea ngs fom worm UD the esophagus to the large intestine a1 aoe ocr four basic tissue layers, oF runics CFS" ure 143): : 4. The ‘mucosa is the innermost layer, 2 moist or lumen, of ‘membrane that lines the cavity, the organ. It consists primarily of a surface epithelium, plus a small amount of cones” Gee tissue (lamina propria) and a scanty ‘Smooth muscle layer. Beyond the esophagus, hich has a friction-resisting stratified squa- mous epithelium, the epithelium is mostly sim- ple columnac. 2, ‘The submucosa is found just beneath the mu- cosa, It is a soft connective tissue layer con: taining blood vessels, nerve endings, lymph. nodules, and lymphatic vessels. ‘The muscularis externa is a muscle layer 1d (by peristalsis) tO 3. typically made up of an inner circular laye and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells. 4, The serosa is the outermost layer of the wall. It consists of a single layer of flat serous fluid- producing cells, the visceral peritoneum (per'i-to-ne’um). The visceral peritoneum. is continuous with the slick, slippery parietal peritoneum, which lines the abdominopelvic cavity by way of a membrane extension, the mesentery (mes'en-ter"e). These relationships are illustrated in Figure 14.5. The alimentary canal wall contains two important intrinsic nerve plexuses—the submucosal nerveEssent of amen Anton #4 esertey—! FIGURE 14.3. Basle structure ofthe aimentary canal wal plexus and he myenteric (mien; “esl ‘muscle? nerve plexus. An addtional small