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თურქეთი
თურქეთი
kaci,
romelmac Seqmna
Tanamedrove TurqeTi
zurab batiaSvili
!
mogvianebiT, rodesac TurqeTis parlamentma miiRo kanoni gvarebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, mustafa
qemals mieniWa gvari aTaTurqi, rac TurqTa mamas niSnavs. amasTan, aikrZala sxva moqalaqeebisTvis am
gvaris miniWeba.
18
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
axalgazrdoba
mustafa daibada 1881 wels (misi dabadebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. mogvianebiT,
rodesac aTaTurqs dabadebis TariRi hkiTxes, man upasuxa, rom daibada 19 maiss
– dRes, rodesac aTaTurqma wamoiwyo erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola.) q.
salonikSi (dRevandel saberZneTSi), romelic maSin osmaleTis imperiis Semadgen
lobaSi Sedioda.
mamamisi, ali riza efendi, adgilobrivi saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli iyo. imave
klass ekuTvnoda dedamisic – zubeide hanimi. mSoblebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvao
ba iyo vaJis momavali profesiis Taobaze. dedas surda, rom misi Svili sasuliero
piri gamxdariyo, mama ki ufro Tanamedrove ganaTlebis miRebas emxroboda. mus
tafa salonikSi im droisTvis yvelaze prestiJul `Semsi efendis skolaSi~ Sevida,
magram mamamisi maleve gardaicvala da ojaxs materialurad Zalian gauWirda.
ori wlis Semdeg mustafa qemali swavlas agrZelebs bitolas (dRevandel make
doniaSia) kadetTa korpusSi, sadac interesdeba literaturiTa da oratoruli xe
lovnebiT. mustafa qemali 1905 wels Stabis kapitnis CiniT asrulebs swavlas stam
bolis generaluri Stabis akademiaSi. umaRles samxedro saswavlebelSi swavlisas
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gamoCenili adamianebi
20
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
I msoflio omi
I msoflio omi didi gamocda iyo osmaleTis imperiis
Tvis. mustafa qemali, romelsac am droisaTvis ukve se
riozuli samxedro gamocdileba hqonda, xvdeboda, rom
germania da misi mokavSireebi am omSi damarcxdebodnen.
amitom igi neitralitetis momxre iyo. Tumca mis azrs im
momentisTvis jer kidev ar hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvne
loba da xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebebs emorCile
boda. igi I msoflio omSi sxvadasxva frontze ibrZoda,
yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki aRmoCnda dardanelis brZole
bi, romlis drosac britaneTis imperia da misi mokav
Sireebi cdilobdnen sruteebisa da q. stambolis aRebas,
riTac surdaT osmaleTis gamoTiSva I msoflio omidan.
brZolebi TiTqmis 300 dRe gagrZelda da istoriaSi Se
vida, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze sisxliani furceli
– orive mxridan operaciebSi monawileobda TiTqmis
1 mili oni jariskaci, maTgan naxevarze meti brZolis
velze daeca. sabolood gamarjveba osmalebs darCaT
da amaSi didi iyo mustafa qemalis damsaxureba. swored mustafa qemal faSa samxedro formaSi,1918
dardanelis brZolebisas warmoTqva man Tavisi cnobili
sityvebi Turqi samxedroebis mimarT – `me Tqven gibrZanebT sikvdils!~
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola
mZime mdgomareobaSi myofma sulTanma mustafa qemals sxva davaleba misca – igi
anatoliaSi jer me-9, Semdeg ki me-3 armiis inspeqtorad dainiSna. brZanebis Sesabami
sad, igi 1919 wlis 19 maiss q. samsunSi ki Cavida, magram maleve gamovida sulTnis
daqvemdebarebidan da ukve damoukideblad daiwyo moqmedeba.
21
gamoCenili adamianebi
aTaTurqi xedavda, rom swrafad unda emoqmeda da Zalian mokle periodSi SeZlo
brZolisunariani armiis Camoyalibeba. Tu 1921 wlis dasawyisSi TurqeTis jaris
raodenoba 20 000 iyo, erTi wlis Semdeg mas ukve 186 000 jariskaci hyavda. swored
swrafi moqmedebebiT SeZlo aTaTurqma daemarcxebina da gaeZevebina qveynis siRr
meSi SemoWrili mowinaaRmdegeTa (didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, saberZneTi
da somxeTi) Zalebi.
bevrma ar icis, rom aTaTurqis yvelaze didi mokavSire lenini iyo. sabWoTa
ruseTma, romelsac Tavad Zalian uWirda, gadamwyvet momentSi, 1920 wels, TurqeTs
gaugzavna 6 000 Tofi, daaxloebiT 5 milioni vazna, 17 600 Wurvi da 200 kg oqros zo
debi da es raodenoba 2 wlis Semdeg kidev gazarda. sabWoTa ruseTi aseve iyo pirve
li qveyana, romelmac xelSekruleba dado qemalistur TurqeTTan, rac am ukanask
nelisaTvis diplomatiur garRvevas warmoadgenda. sabWoTa ruseTisa da TurqeTis
mokavSireobas ganapirobebda saerTo interesebi – erToblivi brZola didi brita
neTisa da misi momxreebis winaaRmdeg. Tumca, rogorc SemdgomSi urTierTobebis
gacivebamac aCvena, es mokavSireoba ufro taqtikuri xasiaTis iyo, vidre strate
giuli.
22
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
qemalizmi
qemalizmis principebia: respublikuroba, nacionalizmi, xalxuroba, eta
tizmi, laicizmi da revoluciuroba.
2
igi aseve cnobilia `eqvsi isris~ principis saxeliTac, romelic aris aTaTurqis mier daarsebuli `sa
xalxo-respublikuri partiis~ (CHP) ideologia. es partia dRes TurqeTis yvelaze didi politikuri
opoziciuri gaerTianebaa.
23
gamoCenili adamianebi
3
daakvirdiT formulirebas: `vinc ambobs, rom Turqia~ da ara `vinc Turqia~, rac eris erTad
SekvrisTvis metad efeqturi debuleba gamodga.
24
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
revoluciuri reformebi
gamarjvebulma aTaTurqma swrafi tempiT ganaxorciela revoluciuri xasiaTis
cvlilebebi:
- SemoiRo gvarebi, rac manamde ucxo iyo muslimuri TemebisTvis. amasTan, akrZala
iseTi mimarTvis formebi, rogorebicaa `efendi~, `xoja~, `xaji~, `beiefendi~ da
a.S.
4
im periodisTvis opoziciuri partiebis waxalisebis ideam ar gaamarTla, radgan isini konserva
tiuli Zalebis TavSesafrad iqca. es partiebi maleve aikrZala da aTaTurqis sicocxlis bolomde
erTpartiuli sistema SenarCunda.
25
gamoCenili adamianebi
26
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
ukanaskneli wlebi
aTaTurqma gatarebuli reformebis gamo bevri mo
sisxle mteri gaiCina. konservatiuli Zalebi politi
kuri saSualebebiT araerTxel Seecadnen xelisuf
lebidan mis CamoSorebas, Tumca warumateblad. mas
bevrjer SeTqmulebac mouwyves, magram aTaTurqi
yovelTvis gamarjvebuli gamodioda.
27
gamoCenili adamianebi
28
kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi
es sainteresoa
uprecedento SemTxveva
diplomatiis istoriaSi
qarTvelebTanaa dakavSirebu
li uprecedento SemTxveva
diplomatiis istoriaSi, rome
lic 1921 wels moxda TurqeTSi.
ori RviZli Zma – simon da budu
mdivnebi erTdroulad iyvnen ori
sxvadasxva qveynis (Sesabamisad,
saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruse
Tis) elCebi erT qveyanaSi (Tur
qeTSi).
29