CHAPTER 5:

Examining Rizal's
Historical and
Social Context
Presented by Group 4
 Learning Outcomes
Understand Examine how
Rizal in the the political,
context of social and
history and cultural
19th Century changes in the
society. islands affected
Rizal.
 THE 19TH CENTURY: THE
CENTURY OF RIZAL, THE AGE
OF COMMERCIAL AND
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
The 19th century
was a period of
commercial and
industrial
revolutions,
fueled by
European
nations' desire
for foreign goods
Before the 19th century,
procurement of these goods was
achieved through cheap labor,
including slave labor. However,
advancements in science led to the
invention of machines such as the
steam engine, which replaced
sailing ships and made it easier to
reach countries where European
goods were needed.
Abaca fiber, a
Philippine commodity
ideal for making
ropes, was exported
from Manila and
became known as
manila hemp.
The term "Manila galleon" can also
refer to the trade route itself
between Acapulco and Manila that
was operational from 1565 to 1817.
The British East India Company
(EIC) was an English, and later
British, joint-stock company
founded in 1600 and dissolved in
1874.
 Dutch East India Company
was a chartered trading
company and the first
joint-stock company in
the world. Yet, by the late
18th century, the Dutch
East India Company was
bankrupt, and the
government formally
Vereenigde dissolved the VOC on
Oost-Indische Compagnie December 31, 1799.
Corruption and inefficiency eventually led
to the abolition of state monopolies,
leading to a laissez faire economy where
prices were dictated by supply and
demand.
In 1796, the Astrea
sailing ship, designed
to outsail any galleon
or other ship of its
time, sailed directly
to the Philippines to
load a cargo of sugar.
a chartered company
founded in 1785,
directed to establish
a monopoly on the
Spanish Philippines
and all surrounding
trade. Which was
abolished in 1834.
Dark aspect of the
Revolution
The commercial revolution in the
Philippines led to the conversion of the
economy from entrepot to cash crop
economy, resulting in landgrabbing and
duping of illiterate landowners. Farmers
were often forced to pay rent or leave
their lands, causing agrarian problems
that persist today.
 Change in
Political Thinking
The Enlightenment
brought secular
thought to Europe
and reshaped the
ways people
understood issues
such as liberty,
equality, and
individual rights.
 Taught the Social Contract

Baron de Montesquieu John Locke

Jean Jacques Rousseau Baron de Montesquieu
John Locke Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
 Libert'e = Freedom
Egalit'e = Equality
Fraternite'e = Fraternity
Louis XVI Queen Marie Antoinette
Napoleon Bonaparte Restoration of Bourbon
Political Changes
in Spain
Political Changes in Spain
In the early 1800s, Spain underwent significant
political driven by the Napoleonic Wars and the
struggle between liberal and absolute
monarchist factions. These events had a direct
impact on the Philippines, which was a Spanish
colony at the time.
The
Napoleonic
Invasion and
the
Constitution of
Cadiz (1812)
The Napoleonic Invasion and the Constitution of
Cadiz (1812)
In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte forced the
abdication of the Spanish King Charles IV and
placed his brother Joseph on the throne.
The Spanish people refused to accept Joseph
and remained loyal to the deposed King
Ferdinand VII.
The Napoleonic Invasion and the Constitution of Cadiz
(1812)
Spanish patriots, including liberals seeking to
share power with the people, formed a
government in Cadiz to resist the French.
In 1812, the liberals drafted the Constitution of
Cadiz, which granted equal rights to Spanish
citizens and colonials, including representation for
the Philippines in the Spanish parliament (Cortes).
The Restoration of
Absolute Monarchy
(1814-1823)
The Restoration of Absolute Monarchy
(1814-1823)
Upon his return in 1814, Ferdinand VII abolished the
liberal Constitution of Cadiz and dissolved the Cortes.
He imprisoned liberals and reinstated absolute
monarchy, leading to unrest in Spain and its colonies.
In the Philippines (leading citizens) in the Ilocos
region revolted in 1815 against the reinstatement of
forced labor.
THE
INTELLECTUAL
SHIFT: FROM
RELIGION TO
SCIENCE
THE INTELLECTUAL SHIFT: FROM
RELIGION TO SCIENCE
The Age of Enlightenment of the earlier 18th
century which gave birth to a scientific
revolution gave emphasis rather than
religion. It had its roots in the late Middle
Apes when: Francis Bacon came out with his
scientific method.
Freemasonry emerged as a brotherhood
promoting equality, free speech, and thought,
contrasting with the Church's faith-based
authority.
THE INTELLECTUAL SHIFT: FROM
RELIGION TO SCIENCE
Figures like Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin
challenged religious teachings, leading to conflict
between science and faith.
The Church denounced Freemasonry, leading it to
become a secret society, yet it spread globally
advocating universal brotherhood, freedom, and
equality.
Francis Isaac Charles
Bacon Newton Darwin
 THE SPANISH
EMPIRE IN RIZAL'S
TIME
 THE SPANISH EMPIRE IN RIZAL'S TIME
During the 19th century, the Philippines remained as Spain's
wealthiest colony after losing its Latin American colonies. While
Spain's power declined, it controlled territories like Cuba, Puerto
Rico, and Pacific islands. With the rise of independence
movements in Latin America, Spain focused on direct rule in the
Philippines. Communication improved with the telegraph and
Suez Canal, yet the Philippines lacked representation in Spain's
Cortes. Spain experienced secularization, separating Church and
State, leading to reorganization of schools and hospitals. This
shift allowed for greater freedom of thought and accountability
in government.
 THE SOBERANIA
MONACAL-MONASTIC
SUPREMACY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 THE SOBERANIA MONACAL-MONASTIC
SUPREMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES
In the 19th century Philippines, the Church held significant
power, contrary to the secularization trends in Europe. The
legacy of the patronato real gave the Church political
influence over Filipinos, with friars assuming control.
Initially arriving as missionaries, friars from orders like the
Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans began to exploit
and abuse the local populace over time. They discouraged
education and enforced superstitions to maintain control.
 THE SOBERANIA MONACAL-MONASTIC
SUPREMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Church controlled higher education, with enrollment
requiring proof of Catholicism. Queen Isabella strengthened
the Church's power, appointing the Rector of the University of
Santo Tomas as supervisor of higher education.
The Church's economic influence was vast, owning extensive
land and participating in trade. Friars often lived lavish,
immoral lifestyles at the expense of the local populace.
Despite calls for secularization, attempts were thwarted,
preserving Church dominance. Economic interests and
political connections reinforced the Church's grip on power.
Thank You
uwu