1

REVIEWING VICTIM’S PERSPECTIVE ON A SEXUAL ASSAULT CASES: A CASE

STUDY

A Research Presented to

The Faculty of School Of Criminology and Criminal Justice

PHINMA - Cagayan de Oro College

Carmen, Cagayan de Oro College

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Subject of

Criminology Research

By

Ala-an, Anna Fe R.

Jaspe, Romer N.

Mellivo, Katrina A.

Olango, Geundolyn D.

Pantanosas, Bob-Els A.

January 2024
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APPROVAL SHEET

The research paper entitled “Reviewing Victim’s Perspective on a Assault Cases: A Case

Study” is prepared and submitted by Ala-an, Anna Fe R., Jaspe, Romer N., Olango,

Geundolyn D., Mellivo, Katrina A., Pantanosas, Bob-Els A., in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, is hereby

recommended for approval and acceptance.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher wishes to express genuine gratitude and appreciation to the persons and

organizations who have contributed significantly to the successful completion of this study.

First and foremost, thanks are made to the Almighty God for providing the strength,

protection, and fortitude required to successfully complete this research. Special thanks

go to the respondents from Barangay Macabalan, the Barangay Officials, and the Assault

Survivors for their cooperation, honesty, and essential contributions throughout the

research process. Their involvement and insights were critical to the study's success. We

would like to express our gratitude to our friends for their continuous moral support over

the course of this stud, their generosity has been tremendously appreciated. Furthermore,

we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our parents for their invaluable financial

assistance, moral support, and guidance throughout this journey. Their contributions were

critical to the success of this research.

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DEDICATION

This research study is dedicated to the Almighty God, who has provided strength and

guidance during the voyage. To our dear educator, thank you for your invaluable

instruction and leadership. To our friends and loved ones, we thank you for your constant

support and encouragement. To our loving parents for their financial aid, affection, and

advice. Your contributions to this study are much welcomed. Thank you to everyone who

encouraged and loved along the journey. The completion of this project would not have

been possible without the involvement and support of a large number of persons, the

names of whom may not all be listed here. Their donations, assistance, and

encouragement are much valued and gladly thanked.

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Sexual assault is a prevalent crime against women globally with known negative

effects on health. Recent media reports in Canada indicate that many sexual assault

reports are not believed by police. Negative reporting experiences of sexual assault have

been associated with secondary victimization and trauma among survivors. However, little

is known about the impact that being sexually assaulted and not believed by police has on

a survivor’s health and well-being. The purpose of this study was to explore women’s

experiences of not being believed by police after sexual assault and their perceived

impact on health. Globally, sexual assault is a frequent form of violence against women

(UN Women, 2020).

It has numerous types, such as marital rape, incest, sodomy, forced object

penetration, and rape. Unwelcome sexual assault is also understood to include touching

or compelled sexual contact. Sexual assault might be connected compared to other

sexual offenses including sexual harassment, internet solicitation of minors, or having

child pornography on one's person (Marshall, 2021). In the aftermath of a sexual assault

or rape, survivors can face extremely difficult and painful emotions and experiences.

Every survivor responds to traumatic events in their own way. The effects of the trauma

can be short-term or last long after the sexual assault. Even those who are romantically

involved occasionally experience sexual assault. Additionally, it can occur between close

friends, relatives, acquaintances, and total strangers.

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Sexual assault can occasionally include multiple perpetrators. Sexual assault can

happen to anyone. For their physical, psychological, and social welfare, everyone who

has survived sexual assault requires assistance and support. According to a Justice

Department analysis of violent crime in 2016. The reality is, it’s very common for sexual

assault survivors most frequently, women to decline to report the offense to police. In the

same manner, false accusations of rape or sexual assault are rare. And that should inform

how we weigh Dr. Ford’s allegations, as well as those of other survivors.

Sexual assault are serious offenses. Survivors cite several reasons. According to

the DOJ report, worry about retaliation, not just from the perpetrator, but from society at

large. Sexual assault survivors struggle with a wide range of emotions that make coming

forward difficult: fear of re victimization, distortion of allegations, and generally not being

believed. As psychotherapist Beverly Engel puts it, “victims are often too ashamed to

come forward. Sexual assault is a very humiliating and dehumanizing act against

someone.” Why do victims often blame themselves? Engel continues: “Attached to that

shame is a lot of self-blame because in our culture, we tend to blame victims in general.”

Sexual assault is a major health and welfare issue in Australia and worldwide. For many

victims, the effects can be wide-ranging and lifelong. They can experience physical

injuries, long-term mental health effects, and disruption to everyday activities such as

eating and sleeping habits (ABS 2017; Hailes 2019).

The survivors' health suffers when they report a sexual assault and are not

believed by the authorities. To lessen the damaging effects on one's health and those of

the community and to foster healing, the disclosure experience must be improved. This is

significant for those working in law enforcement, health care, and social services who
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receive disclosures of sexual assault and may have a positive impact on how those

reports are handled and how those disclosures affect people's general health.

The purpose of this study is focused on reviewing victim’s perspective on a

sexual assault cases would be to gain a comprehensive understanding of the underlying

reasons why a significant number of assault incidents go unreported to authorities or law

enforcement. This type of study aims to uncover the various factors and barriers that deter

survivors or witnesses from reporting assaults, despite the potential benefits of seeking

justice, support, and prevention. The purpose of this study was to explore women’s

experiences of not being believed by police after sexual assault and their perceived

impact on health.

Overall, the purpose of reviewing victim’s perspective on a sexual assault is to

shed light on the complexities surrounding this issue and to offer actionable insights to

improve reporting rates, support systems, and the overall handling of assault cases within

society.

Research Question

The research questions focuses on the following primary questions which aims to

delve into the complexities surrounding unreported sexual assault, exploring the factors

that contribute to victims' decisions to withhold information, the barriers they encounter in

accessing assistance, and the potential implications for both individuals and society at

large. By employing a qualitative approach, this research seeks to provide a nuanced

understanding of the motivations, experiences, and perceptions that shape victims'

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choices in concealing instances of sexual assault, ultimately shedding light on the broader

sociocultural, psychological, and systemic influences that perpetuate this alarming trend.

Through this exploration, valuable insights can be gleaned to inform more effective

strategies for prevention, support, and intervention, striving towards a safer and more just

social environment for all individuals.

1. What are the key factors that deter individuals from reporting assault cases;

2. What are the circumstances that leads to become victim of sexual assault;

3. What are the reasons of not filing the case;

4. What are the insights of victims of unreported assault cases;

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Theoretical Lens

The theoretical lens of study titles “”Reviewing Victim’s Perspective on a Sexual

Assault Cases: A Case Study” can be addressed from a variety of theoretical

perspectives. However, the most appropriate idea that is closely related to the study is the

theory concerning The Dark or Hidden Figure of Crime. The term “dark figure of crime”

was first used by the Belgian mathematician and sociologist Adolphe Quetelet in 1832. In

criminology and sociology, the dark figure of crime, or hidden figure of crime, is the

amount of unreported or undiscovered crime. The dark or hidden figure of crime is a term

used to describe the gap between the true extent of crime and crimes known to the police

(Mosher et al.,2006). Tierney (2006) refers to it as ‘hidden’ crimes that are not recorded by

the police and are therefore absent from official statistics, while Walsh and Hemmens

(2011) refer to it as that portion of total crimes committed each year that never comes to

light. Thus, the dark figure of crime (or hidden crime) can be explained as those crimes

that are not reported to the police or law enforcement agencies that may or may not have

occurred in a specific period of time, whether only known to one person (victim) or more

(witnesses) persons who may decide not to report such crimes. Non-reporting is a serious

problem in criminal justice for a number of reasons, for the victim as well as the system. It

is a key determinant in shaping the statistics recorded by the police and also in providing

a broader under-standing of how crime impacts on different individuals, communities and

neighbourhoods (Tarling & Morris 2010). It is perhaps for this reason that Hindelang and

Gottfredson (1976) labelled the victim “the gatekeeper of the criminal justice system” for if

they do not report, the deterrent capability of the criminal justice system is severely

limited, as certain classes of perpetrators, including those who abuse relatives and family

members who are reluctant to involve the police are safeguarded from official view

(Skogan, 1977). According to existing research, substantial majority of serious crimes go

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unnoticed by authorities. Therefore, the decision by those who suffers to report crime to

the security agency is fraught with implications for not just themselves but even for the

community and the security service at large.

Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to discover the unreported sexual assault cases in Barangay

Macabalan, Cagayan de Oro City. This research will be limited only to the community

members of Barangay Macabalan, Cagayan de Oro City. The participants in this study are

limited only to the victims of sexual assault of the said location which is Macabalan,

Cagayan de Oro City. Moreover, the study will only focus on sexual assault.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to investigate the underlying factors contributing to the high rate of

unreported sexual assault cases, shedding light on the complexity of this issue. By

understanding these factors, law enforcement agencies, policymakers, and advocacy

groups can develop targeted strategies to encourage victims to come forward, ensure

justice, and provide adequate support. This study will be conducted to understand the

Victim’s Perspective on a Sexual Assault Cases in Barangay Macabalan. The result of the

study will be beneficial to the following entities:

Barangay Officials, the local officials of Barangay Macabalan can use research findings

to develop tailored outreach and support programs for survivors and their families.
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Educators and Schools, since the insights into the reasons behind under reporting can

help schools and educators create safer environments and implement preventive

measures to protect students from assault.

Survivors of Assault, understanding the reasons behind under reporting can lead to

better support systems, counseling, and resources for survivors, helping them cope with

the physical and emotional trauma.

Future researchers, can delve into the reasons behind the under reporting of sexual

assault cases, shedding light on the complex factors that deter victims from seeking help

or reporting incidents.

Definition of Terms

Assault. A deliberate act causing physical harm, verbal threat, or unwanted sexual

contact against an individual without their consent.

Authorities. Individuals or groups with the legal power to make decisions and enforce

laws, such as law enforcement officers, legal professionals, and policymakers.

Factors. Elements or conditions that contribute to a particular situation or outcome.

Law Enforcement. Government agencies and personnel responsible for maintaining

public order and safety,investigating crimes,and enforcing laws.

Perpetrator. The person responsible for committing the assault.

Reporting. Refers to the act of formally informing law enforcement, institutions, or

appropriate authorities about an incident of assault.

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Sexual assault. is a broad term that refers to any non-consensual sexual activity or

contact imposed on an individual against their will.

Stigma. Negative social perceptions, attitudes, or beliefs associated with victims of

assault, which can discourage reporting due to fear of judgment or backlash.

Trauma. Emotional and psychological distress experienced by victims as a result of an

assault, which can have lasting effects on mental well-being.

Unreported Assault Cases. Refers to incidents of physical, verbal, or sexual assault that

have occurred but have not been officially reported to law enforcement agencies,

institutions, or relevant authorities.

Victim. An individual who has experienced physical, verbal, or sexual assault.

Victims of Assault. The primary beneficiaries are the victims themselves. The study's

findings can validate their experiences and feelings, highlighting that their struggles in

reporting are not unique. This validation can encourage victims to come forward, knowing

they are not alone in facing these challenges.

Organization of the study

This study was divided into three chapters. Chapter I provided the rationale to the

study, along with purpose of the study, research questions, theoretical lens, significance

of the study, definitions of terms, scope and limitations, and the discovery and

understanding the factors behind unreported assault cases. Chapter II presents the

methodology used in the study, research design, the role of the researchers, including the

population and sample as well as the criteria for selection of the individuals for the study,

participants and materials of the study, data collection which is the steps that are taken to
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obtain access to barangay officials, and the detailed analysis of the data on how the

analysis is done. Chapter III presents the discussion and results of the findings, draws

conclusion based on the analysis, presents implications for actions, and concluding

remarks.

Review of Related Literature

This chapter delves into the existing body of knowledge that underpins the present

study. The thorough investigation carried out by the researchers has resulted in a

compilation of relevant literature, presented here to illuminate the research issue and offer

valuable perspectives that guide the ongoing inquiry. The assessed literature has been

divided into two primary segments: research conducted internationally and research

conducted within the Philippines.

Foreign Literature and Studies

According to Michigan Law of “Criminal Sexual Conduct”, sexual assault is when a

person forces or pressures another person into unwanted sexual contact. This can be

unwanted sexual penetration of the body or unwanted touching of private parts of the

body. Some, but not all perpetrators force unwanted sexual contact when a victim is

asleep, unconscious, under the influence of alcohol or drugs or physically helpless.

Sexual assault is under reported, and more than one half of assaults are committed by

someone known to the survivor. Although both men and women can be sexually

assaulted, women are at greatest risk. Some groups are more vulnerable, including

adolescents; survivors of childhood sexual; persons who are disabled, persons with

substance abuse problems, sex workers, persons who are poor or homeless, and persons
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living in prisons, institutions, or areas of military conflict. Family physicians care for sexual

assault survivors immediately and years after the assault. Immediate care includes the

treatment of injuries, prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections, administration of

emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy, and the sensitive management of

psychological issues.

Sexual assault continues to be a pervasive problem in the United States. To assist

the U.S. Air Force in its continued efforts to prevent sexual assault by its service

members, it was reviewed in the existing literature on the characteristics and behaviors of

adults who commit sexual assault ranging from coercion to aggression to behaviors,

against other adults including that by strangers, acquaintances, and groups of

perpetrators. Sexual assault is a widespread and serious problem in our society. Yet

instead of delivering justice the criminal justice system is too often a source of further

distress for victims of sexual assault.

Sexual assault is a prevalent and consequential issue affecting millions of people

globally. The effects of experiencing a sexual assault are profound because the effects

can last for an extended period of time, contribute to lower mental health, can result in

lower psycho social functioning (Dworkin, 2020; Dworkin et al., 2017; Rothman et al.,

2019), and is one of the strongest contributors to developing post-traumatic stress

disorder (PTSD; Dworkin, 2020). Moreover, PTSD is associated with decreased

neurocognitive functioning in areas such as verbal learning, information processing,

working memory, and verbal memory. Therefore, the experience of sexual assault is likely

to negatively impact an individual’s ability to learn and succeed educationally. Indeed, a

systematic review (Fry 2018) shows that the experience of sexual assault significantly

negatively affects children’s academic achievement. Although we now have a better

understanding of the consequences of sexual assault on children’s academic

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achievement, there has yet to be a systematic review of the literature focusing on sexual

assault and its relation to academic achievement in university. Sexual assault is a

worldwide epidemic, affecting individuals from all backgrounds in all cultures. Although

common, it often remains hidden due to a combination of power, denial, fear, and

confusion (Whiting 2020). Over the last few decades, awareness of sexual assault and

other forms of violence has increased as discussions about gender, power, and

harassment have become more common. For example, many have come forward to

share stories of assault from well-known political, media, and celebrity figures like Harvey

Weinstein, Bill Cosby, Matt Lauer, Kevin Spacey, Danny Masterson, and Bill O’Reilly, to

name a few. As people have shared these stories, the outrage against these abuses has

grown.

The term sexual assault, including child sexual abuse, refers to a form of sexual

violence that ranges from unwanted touching to rape. Prevalence rates for male sexual

assault indicate that such violations occur to a significant extent (Larsen and Hilden 2016).

This means that, in Sweden, approximately 171,000 men are living with the experience of

severe forms of sexual assault. An annual national survey shows that the number of male

rapes reported to the Swedish police is gradually increasing, and in 2017, the total

number of reported cases reached 559 (Brå 2018).

According to a Justice Department analysis of violent crime in 2016, sexual

assaults go unreported. The reality is, it’s very common for sexual assault survivors, most

frequently, women, to decline to report the offense to police. At the same time, false

accusations of rape or sexual assault are rare. And that should inform how we weigh Dr.

Ford’s allegations, as well as those of other survivors. Sexual assault survivors struggle

with a wide range of emotions that make coming forward difficult: fear of re victimization,
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distortion of allegations, and generally not being believed. As psychotherapist Beverly

Engel puts it, “victims are often too ashamed to come forward. Sexual assault is a very

humiliating and dehumanizing act against someone.” Why do victims often blame

themselves? Engel continues: “Attached to that shame is a lot of self-blame because in

our culture, we tend to blame victims in general.

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, one in five Australian women and

one in 20 men have experienced sexual assault since the age of 15. Most assaults occur

in private spaces, and most are against women by a man known to them.Many are

worried their experience won’t be taken seriously. They also worry they will face

repercussions, whether personally, professionally or from the perpetrator themselves, if

they report the assault.

To curb the problem of under reporting, numerous lawmaking bodies have

attempted to remove barriers to reporting sexual assault on college campuses. President

Obama signed the Violence Against Women Re authorization Act, which expanded the

definitions of domestic violence, dating violence, and stalking and included them in Clery

Act reporting requirements. In 2016, the state of Wisconsin passed legislation, Assembly

Bill 808, prohibiting victims of sexual assault from being fined for underage drinking, in

hopes that college students would be more willing to come forward and report a crime on

campus. Educational researchers have advocated for improving physical and mental

health services to boost disclosure of sexual assault, inter sectionality counseling to

promote sexual assault prevention and reporting (Coulter 2017), and institutional use of

longitudinal prevention and research models to inform new sexual assault reporting

policies and procedures.

According to Black’s Law Dictionary, assault is “any willful attempt or threat to inflict injury

upon the person of another, when coupled with an apparent present ability to do so, and
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any intentional display of force such as would give the victim reason to fear or expect

immediate bodily harm”.

Local Literature and Studies

Assaults may be ordinary or direct. Crimes against persons is said to be

ordinary assault while crime against public order is considered a direct assault. Ordinary

assault is also coined as physical assault as listed in the Department of Justice’s Crime

against persons. It is described as the act of physically assaulting another without inflicting

any physical injuries and if such act shall result in physical injury, the extent of injury

caused shall be the basis in the determination of the imposable penalty. Sexual assault is

a harrowing experience for anyone, regardless of where it occurs. In the Philippines,

survivors of sexual violence may feel overwhelmed by the legal system and unsure how to

access support or justice. Reports of Filipino seafarers facing sexual assault further

highlight the need for improved protection and support for victims of sexual assault.

Raising awareness about sexual assault and its impacts is essential to creating an

environment free of gender-based violence.

The Philippine government has increased public awareness by implementing

programs which educates citizens about the law, provides counselling services for

survivors, and works to build understanding among community members Moreover,

primary government agencies such as DSWD (Department of Social Welfare and

Development) work with local communities to create safe environments free of gender-

based violence by providing education, final assistance, support services, and alternative

dispute resolution mechanisms. With these measures in place, we can work together to

create a society free from sexual assault and gender-based violence. By increasing

awareness about the laws and resources available to victims of sexual assault, as well as
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providing access to legal remedies and support services, we can create a safe

environment in the Philippines where all people are protected from gender-based

violence.

These numbers reflected severe under reporting of sexual assault cases in the

Philippines, highlighting the complex nature of the problem. In fact, the Child Protection

Network (CPU-Net), a network of hospitals in the Philippines with dedicated facilities for

the examination and treatment of abused children, reported 4,888 cases of child sexual

abuse in 2016 alone.

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CHAPTER 2

Methodology

This chapter gives an outline of research methods that were followed in the study.

It provides information on the participants, that is, the criteria for inclusion in the study,

who the participants are and how they will be sampled. The researcher describes the

research design that was chosen for the purpose of this study and the reasons for this

choice. The instrument that will be used for data collection is also described and the

procedures that will be followed in carrying out this study are included. The researcher

also discusses the methods that will be used to analyze the data that will be gathered.

Research Design

This study will be carried out using qualitative research methods. The

researchers will seek to find an answer to the aforementioned dilemma as well as justify

and meet the study's aims. Similarly, it would try to find unreported assault cases in

Barangay Macabalan.

According to Berkovich, 2018, qualitative research lies in the field of social

sciences involving an observer and the world in which that observer experiences and

interprets that world. Qualitative research implies a vagueness of which “quality” is relative

and changes based upon the observer and their definition of “quality” (Aspers & Corte,

2019). One cannot then imply that in all instances the same qualitative research provides

the correct and or expected results that the researcher would then hold with relevance

and of quality.
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According to the preceding remark, qualitative methodologies were utilized to

assist the writer in describing the facts. The analysis results will provide a description of

the inquiry that was carried out through observations of the individual or group. The

qualitative methods, particularly describing, are the finest way to assist the writer in data

analysis.

Research Setting

This study will be conducted in Macabalan Piaping Itum, Cagayan de Oro City,

Misamis Oriental,Philippines. The participants will be interviewed in their houses or any

comfortable place that the participants choose to. The researchers also gathered

participants residing in Barangay Macabalan Piaping Itum.This participants will be

interviewed face to face.

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Figure 1.Map of Barangay Macabalan,Cagayan de Oro City

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Research Participants

The participants of this study are the victims of Barangay Macabalan, Cagayan de Oro

City. At present, Barangay Macabalan has victims of sexual assault. The researchers will

use face-to-face conversation with the victims of the said barangay in order to explain to

them and answer the survey questionnaires.

Role of Researcher

The primary collectors in qualitative analysis are the researchers. The researcher’s

will collect information from the selected barangay officials in Barangay Macabalan,

Cagayan de Oro City. As expounded by (Korstjens & Moser, 2017) qualitative research is

also based on a naturalistic approach to data generation. This means that people,

situations, and events are studied where they happen, in their “natural settings,” and thus

all qualitative data are contextual, connected to the people, places, times, events, and the

everyday social interactions – or “social and cultural contexts” – in which the data are

generated. Context is also essential for understanding social behaviors and for making

sense of or analyzing data produced. As a researcher, we want to have a full depth

understanding of the factors and reasons behind that stops the victim in reporting the

assault that they have experienced.

A researcher's involvement in assisting victims of assault is diverse and crucial.

For starters, researchers are critical in developing empirical facts and insights into assault,

its occurrence, and its impact on victims. This study lays the groundwork for

comprehending the intricacies of such occurrences, therefore raising awareness and

informing policymakers in Barangay Macabalan,Cagayan de Oro City. In addition, by

investigating the psychological, social, and legal components of assault, researchers

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contribute to the development of effective intervention tactics and victim support networks.

Researchers seek to understand the short-term and long-term impact of assault on

victims. This includes examining the physical, emotional, and social consequences, as

well as any potential for resilience and coping.

Researchers also evaluate the effectiveness of current preventative and

assistance initiatives to ensure that resources are used wisely. Furthermore, researchers

work with advocacy organizations and service providers to transform their results into

practical solutions, supporting victims of assault cases is broad and essential in

addressing the many concerns underlying such traumatic events. Researchers act as

knowledge pillars, working tirelessly to reveal the hidden aspects of assault, its

prevalence, and the terrible damage it inflicts on survivors. The researchers provide vital

insights into the patterns, risk factors, and long-term impacts of assault through rigorous

empirical investigations and data collecting. This information serves as the foundation

upon which society may expand its understanding of these concerns and, as a result,

adopt informed policies and initiatives.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will submit a permission letter to the Police Office in Barangay

Macabalan, Cagayan de Oro City, asking permission to conduct an interview with the

Police Officers who handle occurrences of violence in the aforementioned Barangay. The

researchers will next pick one officer to interview, and they will clearly describe how the

study will be done, its aims, and its value to the community. Following the collection of

data from the Police Officer, the researcher will conduct an interview with 10 participants

who have been victims of physical assault in Barangay Macabalan, Cagayan de Oro City.

Inquiries from participants will also be examined. The information gathered during the
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interview will be used to help and encourage people who are victims of physical assault to

report their experience despite the fear they went through.

A researcher's involvement in assisting victims of abuse is diverse and crucial. For

starters, researchers are critical in developing empirical facts and insights into assault, its

occurrence, and its impact on victims. This study lays the groundwork for comprehending

the intricacies of such occurrences, therefore raising awareness and informing

policymakers in Barangay Macabalan,Cagayan de Oro City. In addition, by investigating

the psychological, social, and legal components of assault, researchers contribute to the

development of effective intervention tactics and victim support networks. Researchers

seek to understand the short-term and long-term impact of assault on victims. This

includes examining the physical, emotional, and social consequences, as well as any

potential for resilience and coping. Researchers also evaluate the effectiveness of current

preventative and assistance initiatives to ensure that resources are used wisely.

Furthermore, researchers work with advocacy organizations and service providers

to transform their results into practical solutions, supporting victims of assault cases is

broad and essential in addressing the many concerns underlying such traumatic events.

Researchers act as knowledge pillars, working tirelessly to reveal the hidden aspects of

assault, its prevalence, and the terrible damage it inflicts on survivors. The researchers

provide vital insights into the patterns, risk factors, and long-term impacts of assault

through rigorous empirical investigations and data collecting. This information serves as

the foundation upon which society may expand its understanding of these concerns and,

as a result, adopt informed policies and initiatives.

 25

Ethical Considerations

To ensure that our research is conducted ethically and responsibly, we will

carefully plan our study and adhere to all relevant ethical standards. We will protect the

privacy and confidentiality of our participants, and we will treat them with respect at all

times. Before participating in the study, participants will be given a thorough explanation of

the research and any support resources that are available to them. We will also take

special care to protect the safety of vulnerable participants .We will keep all participant

data secure and confidential. We will select participants randomly and ensure that the

risks and benefits of the study are evenly distributed. Participants will be fully informed of

the research methods and procedures that will be used. We will strictly prohibit plagiarism

in the presentation of the research findings. To avoid any potential misconduct or

problems, only the researchers, the research advisor, and designated personnel will have

access to the study's progress.

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References

ABS 2017; Cashmore & Shackel 2013; Hailes et al. 2019) Sexual Assault in Australia

https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/domestic-violence/sexual-assault-in-australia/contents/

summary?fbclid=IwAR39OWjmpaIW1ECoAp0xZ4VYauXVxU1GC6YrK-

9quYVUqDxgmjenhsUrfU8

AIHW. (2020, August). Sexual assault in Australia. Retrieved from www.aihw.gov.au:

https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/0375553f-0395-46cc-9574-d54c74fa601a/aihw-

fdv5.pdf.aspx?inline=true

Asuncion, P. C. N., Tan, M. P., & Abat-Senen, K. A. (2022). The Demographics of Minor

Perpetrators of Sexually Assaulted Pediatric Patients from the Philippine General

Hospital-Child Protection Unit (PGH-CPU) from January 2013 to December 2018. Acta

Medica Philippina, 56(15).

https://actamedicaphilippina.upm.edu.ph/index.php/acta/article/view/1951

Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2012). Nearly 3.4 million violent crimes per year.

https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/press/vnrp0610pr.cfm

Cameron Kimble Sexual Assault Remains Dramatically Underreported

https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/sexual-assault-remains-

dramatically-underreported?

fbclid=IwAR3MUdxkFpGpDLtE4tM_7IBhy6atUYsChyMXQR2Th0jAP5P3unHpGjTjcdE
 27

Charlotte C. Petersson & Lars Plantin ”Breaking with Norms of Masculinity: Men Making

Sense of their Experience of Sexual Assault”

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10615-019-00699-y?

platform=hootsuite&fbclid=IwAR03Rl7ysJx37z_9f6zWEykqwXJdf_GlHA538zEANlWRknRI

Dey0fWZhPBw

Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods

approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc De Ungria, M. C. A., &

Jose, J. M. (2018). Forensic science in challenging environments: the Philippine

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Philippine-Experience.pdf

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sexual assault. Annual Review of Criminology, 3, 139-163.

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024456#_i2
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health impacts of not being believed by police. BMC Women's Health 21, 217 (2021).

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CURRICULUM VITAE
 29

PROFILE

NAME: Anna Fe R. Ala-an

AGE: 22 Years Old

SEX: Female

CIVIL STATUS: Single

DATE OF BIRTH: October 02, 2001

NATIONALITY: Filipino

RELIGION: Roman Catholic

ADDRESS: Zone 6, Gumamela Ext. Carmen CDOC

MOBILE NUMBER: 09056122437

EMAIL: anra.alaan.coc@phinmaed.com

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY

Bachelor of Science in Criminology, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro
College, Max Suniel Street, Cagayan De Oro City.

SECONDARY

SHS- Hinigdaan Senior High School

JHS-Cagayan de Oro National High School

ELEMENTARY

Hinigdaan Elementary School

CURRICULUM VITAE
 30

PROFILE

NAME: Romer N. Jaspe

AGE: 22 Years Old SEX: Male

CIVIL STATUS: Single

DATE OF BIRTH: August 5, 2001

NATIONALITY: Filipino

RELIGION: Roman Catholic

ADDRESS: 0256, Piaping Itum Macabalan CDOC

MOBILE NUMBER: 09266660499

EMAIL: rona.jaspe.coc@phinmaed.com

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY

Bachelor of Science in Criminology, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro
College, Max Suniel Street, Cagayan De Oro City

SECONDARY

SHS- PHINMA Cagayan de Oro College

JHS- Macabalan National High School

ELEMENTARY

City Central School

CURRICULUM VITAE
 31

PROFILE

NAME: Katrina A. Mellivo

AGE: 22 years Old

SEX: Female

CIVIL STATUS: Single

DATE OF BIRTH: May 05, 2001

NATIONALITY: Filipino

RELIGION: Roman Catholic

ADDRESS: Carinugan, Balulang Cagayan De Oro City

MOBILE NUMBER: 09515550225

EMAIL: kaab.mellivo.coc@phinmaed.com

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY

Bachelor of Science in Criminology, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro
College, Max Suniel Street, Cagayan De Oro City

SECONDARY

SHS- PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro College

JHS- Carmen National High School

ELEMENTARY

Prenza Elementary School

CURRICULUM VITAE
 32

PROFILE

NAME: Olango, Geundolyn D.

AGE: 23 Years old

SEX: Female

CIVIL STATUS: Single

DATE OF BIRTH: August 8, 2000

NATIONALITY: Filipino

RELIGION: SGI Buddhism

ADDRESS: 8703, Dalirig, Manolo Fortich, bukidnon

MOBILE NUMBER: 09277518979

EMAIL: geda.olango.coc@phinmaed.com

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY

Bachelor of Science in Criminology, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro
College, Max Suniel Street, Cagayan De Oro City

SECONDARY

SHS- Dalirig National High School

JHS- Dalirig National High School

ELEMENTARY

Dalirig Elementary School

CURRICULUM VITAE
 33

PROFILE

NAME: Bob-Els A. Pantanosas

AGE: 22 Years Old
SEX: Female
CIVIL STATUS: Single
DATE OF BIRTH: November 30, 2001
NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
ADDRESS: #28 Adelfa St. Ilaya Carmen, Cagayan De Oro City
MOBILE NUMBER: 09054712965
EMAIL: boag.pantanosas.coc@phinmaed.com

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY
Bachelor of Science in Criminology, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro
College, Max Suniel Street, Cagayan De Oro City

SECONDARY
SHS- PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro College
JHS- Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School

ELEMENTARY
City Central School

DOCUMENTATION
34