Electricity Dr/ Moustafa Salah

Part 1

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Electricity Dr/ Moustafa Salah

Chapter One

Electric Force and Electric Field

Charges properties:
1- There are two kinds of charges
o Negative charges (Electron)
o Positive charges (Proton)
2- Like charges repel each other, and
unlike charges attract each other.
‫الشحنات المتشابهه بتتنافر والمختلفه بتتجاذب‬
3- The unit of electric charge is
(Coulomb)
4- Charge is conserved. (‫محفوظه‬ ‫)الشحنات‬
o For example, charge is not created in the process
of rubbing two objects together
5- The charge is quantized (it is quanta)
‫وهنا معناها ان أصغر شحنه موجوده هي االلكترون ومفيش نص‬
‫الكترون او ربع الكترون ولذلك أي شحنه الزم تتكون من عدد صحيح من‬
‫االلكترونات‬
o The smallest charge is the electron.
o The charge of the electron or the proton e= 1.6 *
10-19 C

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Electricity Dr/ Moustafa Salah
o q = Ne
o :Where,
a. N = number of electrons
b. q = the total charge
Example 1
A charged sphere with charge -64 µC , calculate the
number of excess electrons on that sphere.

electron

Example 2
How many electrons are there in one coulomb of negative
charge .

Solution

electron

Example 3
A metal sphere holds a charge of -3.8 μC. What is the
approximate number of excess electrons on the sphere?

a)
b)
c)
d)
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2. Electric Charge in the Atom

- Atom is electrically neutral and consisted of

o Nucleus (positive charge)

o Electron cloud (negative charge)

Number of protons = number of electrons

3. Types of materials
a) Conductor (Metals): electrons flow freely

 Examples: copper, aluminum, and silver

 The charge distributes itself over the entire surface of

the material.

b) Insulator: electric charges do not move freely

 Examples : glass, rubber and wood

 The charge is unable to move to other regions of the

material.

4. Induced Charge (charging methods)

i. charging by conduction

 Metal objects can be charged by conduction.

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ii. charging by induction

 Metal objects can also be charged by induction.

NOTE

- Nonconductors (insulators) won’t become charged by

conduction or induction, but will experience charge separation
(polarization)

5. The Electroscope

- The electroscope can be used

for detecting charge.

- The electroscope can be

charged either by conduction
or by induction.

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Coulomb’s Law( inverse square law)

o An electric force has the following properties:
i. It is inversely proportional to the square of the
separation distance r, between them.
ii. It is proportional to the product of the
magnitudes of the charges, q1 and q2, of the
two particles.
iii. It is attractive if the charges are of opposite
sign and repulsive if the charges have the same
sign.
| | | |

o Where ,
a. is the charges.
b. is the distance between the charges.
c. K = coulomb constant and depends on the unit of “q”
and the medium
If q in coulomb
,

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Notes :
1. F is a vector; its direction is specified by the nature of
the interacting charges.
̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
2. F21 ≡ the force acting from q2 on q1,
3. F12 ≡ the force acting from q1 on q2.

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Superposition of forces: (If more than one force
acting on a charge)

1- At the same direction:

o The resultant force is in the same direction.
o The magnitude of the resultant force is equal the
summation of two forces.

2-In opposite direction:

o The resultant force in the direction of the big
force.
o The magnitude of the resultant force is equal the
summation of two forces.

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3-At wide angle:
o The magnitude of the resultant force (net force)
is between them

o The direction of the resultant

( )

Example 4
1- Three charges lie along the x -axis as in Figure The
positive charge q1 = 15 μC is at x =2.0m, and the positive
charge q2 = 6.0 μC is at the origin. Where a negative charge
q3 must be placed on the x-axis so that the resultant electric
force on it is zero?

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Test yourself.
1- To make an uncharged object have a negative charge we
must:
A. add some atoms.
B. remove some atoms.
C. add some electrons.
D. remove some electrons.
E. write down a negative sign.
2- To make an uncharged object have a positive charge:
A. remove some neutrons.
B. add some neutrons.
C. add some electrons.
D. remove some electrons.
E. heat it to cause a change of phase.

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3- If the distance between two-point charges is tripled, the
mutual force between them will be changed by what
factor?
a) 9 | || |
b) 3
| || | | || |
c) 0.33
d) 1/9
4- If the value of the charge is tripled for both of two point
charges maintained at a constant separation, the mutual
force between them will be changed by what factor?
a) 9 | || |
b) 3
| || | | || |
c) 0.33
d) 1/9
5- Two point charges are 4 cm apart They are moved to a
new separation of 2 cm by what factor does the resulting
mutual force between them change
a) 1/2 | || | | || |
b) 2
| || | | || |
c) 1/4
d) 4
6- A 5.0 C charge is 10m from a −2.0 C charge. The
electrostatic force on the positive charge is:
a) N toward the negative charge
b) N away from the negative charge
c) N toward the negative charge
d) N away from the negative charge

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7- Two-point charges, separated by 1.5 cm, have charge
values of 2.0 and 4.0 μ C respectively What is the
magnitude of the electric force between them? (ke
)
a) 320 N
| || |
b) N
c) N | || |
d) N

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