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Trends in Quorum Sensing
and Quorum Quenching
Trends in Quorum Sensing
and Quorum Quenching
New Perspectives and Applications
Edited by
V. Ravishankar Rai
Jamuna A Bai
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
52 Vanderbilt Avenue,
New York, NY 10017
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Preface................................................................................................................................................................................................... vii
Editors......................................................................................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors.............................................................................................................................................................................................xi
3. Toward a Systematic Genomic Survey of Bacterial Quorum Sensing Genes: Cross Cutting Regulatory
and Genomic Concepts................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Juhász János, Sándor Pongor, and Balázs Ligeti
4. Old Acquaintances in a New Role: Regulation of Bacterial Communication Systems by Fatty Acids................................47
Humberto Cortes-López, Martha Juárez-Rodríguez, Rodolfo García-Contreras, Marcos Soto-Hernández,
and Israel Castillo-Juárez
6. Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: From Gene and Metabolic Networks to Bacterial Pathogenesis..............79
Stephen K. Dolan, Cauã Antunes Westmann, Greicy Kelly Bonifacio Pereira, Stephen Trigg,
Rafael Silva-Rocha, and Martin Welch
10. Quorum Sensing and the Environment: Open Questions in Plant-Associated Bacteria..................................................... 131
Ana Carolina del V. Leguina, Elisa V. Bertini, Mariano J. Lacosegliaz, Lucía I. Castellanos de Figueroa,
and Carlos G. Nieto-Peñalver
11. In Silico Mining of Quorum Sensing Genes in Genomes and Metagenomes for Ecological
and Evolutionary Studies........................................................................................................................................................... 149
Iñigo de la Fuente and Jorge Barriuso
12. Bacterial Quorum Sensing in Multispecies Communities: The Presence, Functions and Applications............................ 157
Chuan Hao Tan, Sujatha Subramoni, and Hyun-Suk Oh
13. Breaking Bad: Understanding How Bacterial Communication Regulates Biofilm-Related Oral Diseases...................... 175
Andrea Muras and Ana Otero
14. Quorum Sensing in Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal Systems for Wastewater Treatment.................................................. 187
Guangxue Wu, Zhaolu Feng, Yuepeng Sun, and Tianle Li
v
vi Contents
16. Role of Small Volatile Signaling Molecules in the Regulation of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance
and Quorum Sensing Systems.................................................................................................................................................... 215
José E. Belizário, Marcos Sulca-Lopez, Marcelo Sircili, and Joel Faintuch
17. Recent Advances in Science of Quorum Sensing: An Overview of Natural Product Inhibitors........................................225
Ana Ćirić, Petrović Jovana, Ivanov Marija, Kostić Marina, and Soković Marina
19. Phytochemical Compounds Targeting the Quorum Sensing System as a Tool to Reduce
the Virulence Factors of Food Pathogenic Bacteria.................................................................................................................257
Jesus M. Luna-Solorza, Francisco J. Vazquez-Armenta, A. Thalia Bernal-Mercado, M. Melissa Gutierrez-Pacheco,
Filomena Nazzaro, and J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala
21. Quorum Quenching Monoclonal Antibodies for the Detection and Treatment of Gram-Negative
Bacterial Infections.....................................................................................................................................................................285
Soumya Palliyil
24. Quorum Quenching as an Anti-biofouling Strategy for Wastewater Reuse and Biofouling Affected Industries............ 321
Ioannis D. Kampouris, Dimitra C. Banti, and Petros Samaras
26. Quorum Sensing and Quorum Quenching Based Antifouling Mechanism: A Paradigm Shift for Biofouling
Mitigation in a Membrane Bioreactor (MBR).........................................................................................................................343
Shabila Parveen, Sher Jamal Khan, and Imran Hashmi
Index.....................................................................................................................................................................................................387
Preface
Trends in Quorum Sensing and Quorum Quenching: New and role of QS in biofilm formation and development; and QS
Perspectives and Applications focuses on the evolution and our in regulating morphology and metabolic pathways in eukaryotic
current understanding of quorum sensing mechanisms in bac- microbes (fungi).
teria and the potential application of quorum sensing inhibitors The second section focuses on trends in the development and
in clinical and industrial settings. Discovered in the 1960s and application of quorum sensing inhibitors. The emphasis is on
1970s, quorum sensing has garnered an increasing interest in the the mechanism and types of QS inhibitors; evolution of quorum
research community. Elucidating the quorum sensing mecha- quenching in bacteria; application of metagenomics tools for the
nism in bacteria has revealed previously unknown coordinated identification of novel quorum quenching genes and enzymes;
group behavior in bacteria. Studies on cell-cell signaling or bioprospecting of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and endo-
intercellular communication started with the understanding of phytes from rhizospheres and marine ecosystems for novel QS
bioluminescence in marine vibrios, fruiting body development inhibitors; design of QS inhibitors based on nanotechnology; etc.
in myxobacteria, and competence in pneumococci. Research on The potential application of QS inhibitors as—anti-infectives
quorum sensing further advanced when it was realized that it and therapeutics (quorum quenching monoclonal antibodies and
had a central and crucial role in regulation of bacterial pathoge- AHL acylase nanoparticles), novel intervention techniques in the
nicity. The discovery of quorum sensing inhibitory compound food industry (sanitizers for food contact surfaces and as preser-
furanones from red seaweed Delisea pulchra and the character- vatives), anti-biofouling agents with commercial and industrial
ization of quorum quenching enzyme, the AiiA lactonase from applications, infection control strategies in aquaculture, and as
Bacillus, indicated the novel strategy that could be used to com- biocontrol agents for plant pathogens is discussed.
bat and control bacterial infections. The book is comprehensive and detailed in nature, covering
This book has two major sections with key topics. Section one all the important aspects and highly relevant topics in quorum
deals with advances and perspectives on molecular mechanism sensing and quorum quenching in bacteria. Special focus is given
of QS in bacteria. The topics covered include influence of quo- on exploring quorum sensing inhibitors from microbes and flora
rum sensing on bacterial central metabolism; novel quorum inhabiting biodiversity rich regions including tropical rain forests,
sensing signaling molecules and detection techniques; molecular various tropical soils, and oceans. Graduate students, research-
insights in the role of QS in clinical pathogens, foodborne bac- ers and academicians from the field of Medical Microbiology,
teria, agriculturally important bacteria, industrial relevant bac- Pharmaceutical Biology, Genetics and Food Biotechnology will
teria and its application in metabolic engineering; the evolution find the book an invaluable tool.
vii
Editors
Prof. V. Ravishankar Rai received his MSc (1980) and PhD Fellowship (2017) from Cardiff University, UK, and an invitation
(1989) from the University of Mysore, India. Currently, he from Mauritius Research Council, Mauritius (2018) to conduct
is working at the Department of Studies in Microbiology, collaborative research with renowned scientists from interna-
University of Mysore, Mysore. His current research and publica- tional universities. He has been awarded the Bilateral Exchange
tions in food microbiology, microbial quorum sensing, micro- Fellowship by the Indian National Academy of Sciences to
bial influenced corrosion, and nanotechnology has been well visit Germany (2020) and Cambridge-Hamied Visiting Lecture
received by the international scientific committee. His series Scheme (2020) to visit University of Cambridge, UK.
of edited books with reputed publishers such as CRC Press and
Wiley Publications—Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications Dr. Jamuna A Bai has completed her MSc and PhD in Micro
(2009), Microbial Food Safety and Preservation Techniques biology from the University of Mysore, India. She is working
(2014), Beneficial Microbes in Fermented and Functional Foods as an Assistant Professor in JSS Academy of Higher Education
(2014), Advances in Food Biotechnology (2015), Food Safety and Research, Mysore. She has previously worked as a
and Protection (2016), and Nanotechnology Applications in the Researcher in UGC sponsored University with the Potential
Food Industry (2018)—are comprehensive in nature and have Excellence Project, University of Mysore, India and as ICMR
contributions from international experts in the field. Prof. Rai has Senior Research Fellow. She has carried research work on
received awards from UNESCO Biotechnology Action Council food safety, role of quorum sensing, and biofilms in food-
Programme (Visiting Fellow, 1996), UGC Indo-Israel Culture related bacteria and developing quorum-sensing inhibitors.
Exchange Programme (1998), DBT Overseas Fellowship (2008), Her research interests also include antimicrobial application of
Indo-Hungarian Educational Exchange Programme fellowship functionalized nanomaterials and peptides against pathogenic
(2011), INSA—bilateral exchange fellowship (2015), Incoming bacteria.
ix
Contributors
xi
xii Contributors
CONTENTS
1.1 The Two-Component Systems........................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Discovery of RetS and LadS...........................................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Opposing Roles of RetS and LadS..................................................................................................................................................2
1.4 Function of LadS/RetS Is Dependent on Small RNAs...................................................................................................................3
1.5 Other Hybrid Sensor Kinases in Gac/Rsm Pathway.......................................................................................................................3
1.6 Other sRNAs as Regulators............................................................................................................................................................4
1.6.1 P27 sRNA...........................................................................................................................................................................4
1.6.2 PhrS sRNA.........................................................................................................................................................................4
1.6.3 RsmV and RsmW sRNAs...................................................................................................................................................4
1.7 Is RetS a Calcium Sensitive Histidine Kinase?..............................................................................................................................4
1.8 Can RetS and LadS Interact with CRISPR-Cas Systems?.............................................................................................................4
1.9 Drug Targets....................................................................................................................................................................................5
1.10 Concluding Remarks.......................................................................................................................................................................5
References.................................................................................................................................................................................................6
1
2 Trends in Quorum Sensing and Quorum Quenching
FIGURE 1.2 Pel and TTSS expression levels in ▵ladS and ▵retS and WT P. aeruginosa. (From Goodman, A. L. et al., Dev. Cell., 7, 745–754, 2004; Ventre,
I. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 171–176, 2006.)
detailed mechanisms of LadS/RetS. Several questions remain to Chen, R., X. Wei, Z. Li, Y. Weng, Y. Xia, W. Ren, X. Wang, Y. Jin,
be discovered: Is RetS responsible for detecting exogenous envi- F. Bai, Z. Cheng, S. Jin, and W. Wu. 2019. “Identification of
ronmental signals? What is the structure mechanism of LadS/RetS a small RNA that directly controls the translation of the quo-
in detecting calcium and signal transduction? Are there any other rum sensing signal synthase gene rhlI in Pseudomonas aeru-
new co-factors that interact with LadS/RetS signal transduction? ginosa.” Environ Microbiol. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14686.
Are LadS/RetS capable of being served as novel drug targets for Chen, R., Y. Weng, F. Zhu, Y. Jin, C. Liu, X. Pan, B. Xia, Z. Cheng,
infection modulation? Are LadS/RetS taking part in modulation of S. Jin, and W. Wu. 2016. “Polynucleotide phosphorylase reg-
CRSIPR system? If so, how do LadS/RetS and CRSIPR systems ulates multiple Virulence factors and the stabilities of small
interact with each other? Are there other new exogenous signals RNAs RsmY/Z in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.” Front Microbiol
involved in modulating CRSIPR system? Discovery of homolo- no. 7:247. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00247.
gous calcium sensors in other bacteria as well as answering and Coggan, K. A., and M. C. Wolfgang. 2012. “Global regulatory path-
dissecting those possible interconnections would enhance our ways and cross-talk control pseudomonas aeruginosa envi-
ronmental lifestyle and virulence phenotype.” Curr Issues
understanding of the functioning mechanisms of this unique immu-
Mol Biol no. 14 (2):47–70.
nity system and bacterial virulence, meanwhile providing better
Deltcheva, E., K. Chylinski, C. M. Sharma, K. Gonzales, Y. Chao, Z.
tools to enable accurate gene-editing or transcription regulation.
A. Pirzada, M. R. Eckert, J. Vogel, and E. Charpentier. 2011.
“CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and
host factor RNase III.” Nature no. 471 (7340):602–607.
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2
Autoinducer-1 Quorum Sensing Communication
Mechanism in Gram-Negative Bacteria
Maria Cristina Dantas Vanetti, Deisy Guimarães Carneiro, Felipe Alves de Almeida,
Erika Lorena Giraldo Vargas, Emília Maria França Lima, and Uelinton Manoel Pinto
CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.2 Bacteria with Complete Auto-Inducer-1 Quorum Sensing Mechanism....................................................................................... 14
2.2.1 QS in Aliivibrio and Vibrio.............................................................................................................................................. 14
2.2.2 QS in Pseudomonas......................................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.3 QS in Chromobacterium violaceum................................................................................................................................ 16
2.2.4 QS in Aeromonas hydrophila........................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.5 QS in Serratia................................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.6 QS in Burkholderia.......................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.7 QS in Gram-Negative Phytopathogens............................................................................................................................ 17
2.3 Bacteria with Incomplete Auto-Inducer-1 Quorum Sensing Mechanisms................................................................................... 18
2.3.1 QS in E. coli..................................................................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.2 QS in Salmonella..............................................................................................................................................................19
2.4 Quorum Quenching of Autoinducer-1..........................................................................................................................................20
2.5 Concluding Remarks.....................................................................................................................................................................20
References...............................................................................................................................................................................................20
9
10 Trends in Quorum Sensing and Quorum Quenching
involved in the signaling molecule production. The higher the 2011; Yajima 2014). Short side-chain AHLs are directly released
concentration of signaling molecules, the greater the signaling out of the cell upon synthesis while long side-chain AHLs are
protein synthesis, which leads to positive feedback loop. This is actively secreted to the environment (Liu et al. 2018). This diver-
the reason for the term autoinducers; the signaling molecule ini- sity in the AHLs is recognized by different and compatible LuxR
tiates the synthesis of the protein responsible for its own produc- proteins promoting specificity to intraspecies-specific cell-cell
tion (Geethanjali et al. 2019). communication in bacteria (Husain et al. 2019).
Over the years, since its introduction as a cell density dependent Although all known QS mechanisms differ in the regulatory
mechanism, the use of the term quorum sensing has evolved to components and molecular mechanisms, they are dependent on
become the general description of the signaling production pro- three basic principles: first, secretion of signaling molecules
cess and response at the level of gene expression. However, many (AIs); second, detection of AIs by the receptors existing in the
biotic and abiotic environmental factors can influence the chemi- cytoplasm or in the membrane; and third, activation of gene
cal gradients of these signaling molecules. These factors include expression necessary for cooperative behaviors (Figure 2.1).
the spatial distribution of signaling molecule-producing cells, the Several bacterial phenotypes have been described as being
rate at which the signaling molecule is produced and diffused, and controlled by the QS, among them bioluminescence, compe-
the stability of the signaling molecule. This has led to the propo- tence, biofilm, metabolism, cell differentiation, sporulation, sur-
sition of new terms, including diffusion sensing, confinement- face motility, toxin production, expression of virulence genes,
induced QS, and efficiency sensing, to describe these genetic and and others (Table 2.1). Therefore, the mechanism of communica-
biochemical processes (Platt and Fuqua 2010). These new names tion by QS plays a critical role for survival and colonization both
emphasize different adaptive functions of regulation by the QS in symbiotic and pathogenic host-bacterial interactions. The use
mechanism, related to a specific subset of factors that influence the of QS to regulate processes associated with virulence increases
concentration of signal molecules in the environment. However, the pathogen’s prospects for survival, because the coordinated
the use of a different term for each adaptive function may com- attack against the host will only be done when the bacterial pop-
plicate the understanding of the QS process rather than clarify it. ulation reaches high population density, increasing the probabil-
Thus, it is important to remember that the ecological context of ity of successfully overcoming host defenses.
QS regulation, as the process itself, is complex and influenced by While it is advantageous that the regulation of some pheno-
multiple aspects of natural environments (Platt and Fuqua 2010). types is quorum-dependent, the communication incurs a cost in
The QS signaling molecules, also known as AIs, are chemi- terms of signal production; therefore, the communication has only
cally diverse, and many bacteria synthesize and utilize multi- been maintained throughout the evolution because this transfer of
ple signaling molecules from the same or different classes that information gives benefits to both parties, signaling and receiving
constitute a regulatory hierarchy. Most signaling molecules are bacteria (Diggle et al. 2007; Keller and Surette 2006). The QS
small organic molecules (<1000 Da) or small peptides with five regulators LuxI and LuxR arose early in the evolution of the
to 20 amino acids in length (Williams 2007). Multiple QS sig- Proteobacteria and subsequently diverged within each group of
nals have been identified in bacteria, and the most common ones organisms (Gray and Garey 2001). The construction of phyloge-
are N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs, AI-1) in Gram-negative netic trees indicates that duplication and horizontal gene transfer
bacteria, oligopeptides (AIPs) in Gram-positive bacteria, and have played an important role in the distribution of the system
furanosyl borate diester (AI-2) in both Gram-negative and Gram- across bacterial species (Lerat and Moran 2004). The inducer/
positive bacteria. Other signals, such as auto-inducer-3 (AI-3), receptor elements in the LuxI/R systems evolved together and
2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone (Pseudomonas quinolone maintained their paired functional relationship, but loss and
signal [PQS]) and its precursor 2-heptyl-4(1H)-hydroxyquino- exchange of elements occurred in several γ-Proteobacteria lin-
line (HHQ), cis-11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid (diffusible signal eages (Lerat and Moran 2004). In a systematic survey for LuxR
factor [DSF]) (LaSarre and Federle 2013), 3-hydroxypalmitic QS-domains in sequenced bacterial genomes included in the
acid methyl ester (3-OH PAME), indole (Lee et al. 2015), InterPro database, it was identified that 40%–70% have a com-
diketopiperazines (DKP), and others have been detected in a plete QS system depending on taxa, while the remaining species
limited number of bacteria or suggested as a signal molecule for have only LuxR solos or orphans (Subramoni, Florez Salcedo,
bacterial communication. A number of other extracellular bac- and Suarez-Moreno 2015). It is believed that in some bacteria
terial metabolites, including compounds with antibiotic activ- belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, such as Escherichia
ity, have the potential to function as signal molecules. However, coli and Salmonella, a deletion event has removed the luxI homo-
it is important to differentiate between a true signal molecule log after their divergence from Pantoea and Erwinia genera, leav-
involved in cell-to-cell communication and other metabolites. ing only the LuxR homolog known as SdiA (Sabag-Daigle and
AHLs are the most studied QS signaling molecules, also Ahmer 2012).
known as AI-1, and are produced by Gram-negative bacteria. The mechanism of QS was first described in the regulation of
The AHLs are neutral lipid molecules normally produced by pro- bioluminescence in Vibrio fischeri (Nealson, Platt, and Hastings
teins homologous to LuxI from the lactone fraction of S-adenosyl 1970), now Aliivibrio fischeri, a marine bacterium found in a
methionine (SAM) and, in most cases, the acyl chain is obtained Hawaiian squid known for its striking bioluminescence. The
from intermediates of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway luciferase operon in A. fischeri is regulated by two proteins, LuxI,
(Papenfort and Bassler 2016). The length of the acyl chain can responsible for the production of the AHL, and LuxR protein,
range from four to 18 carbons and contains possibly a 3-oxo or which is activated by this auto-inducer to increase the transcrip-
3-hydroxy function (Churchill and Chen 2011; Galloway et al. tion of the luciferase operon (Engebrecht and Silverman 1984).
Autoinducer-1 Quorum Sensing Communication Mechanism in Gram-Negative Bacteria 11
FIGURE 2.1 LuxIR signaling circuit. The LuxIR QS circuit, represented in dark gray cells, is composed of an AHL synthase LuxI that synthesizes the AIs
which are exported to the exterior of the cell. When these AIs reach a threshold concentration, they are internalized, bind to the response regulatory protein
LuxR and bind to the DNA regulating the expression of target genes. Some bacteria (light gray) lack the LuxI protein and do not synthesize AHL. However,
they possess the LuxR homologue and are able to recognize and respond to molecules produced by other bacteria.
TABLE 2.1
Phenotypes Regulated by Auto-Inducer-1 Quorum Sensing Mechanisms
Bacteria Phenotype Regulationa References
Bacteria with complete auto-inducer-1 quorum sensing mechanisms
A. fischeri MAV Bioluminescence + Nealson et al. (1970)
A. fischeri B-61 Bioluminescence + Eberhard et al. (1981)
A. fischeri MJ-1 Bioluminescence + Engebrecht and Silverman (1984)
A. fischeri ES114 Bioluminescence + Lupp et al. (2003)
Persistence in squid +
Motility − Lupp and Ruby (2005)
A. salmonicida LFI1238 Biofilm formation in − Hansen et al. (2015)
polystyrene
V. cholerae O1 Resuscitation of cell in the + Bari et al. (2013)
viable but non-cultivable
state
V. harveyi BB120 Bioluminescence + Henke and Bassler (2004)
Type III secretion system +
Metalloprotease production +
P. aeruginosa PAO1 Elastase production + Jones et al. (1993)
Elastase production + Brint and Ohman (1995)
Pyocyanin production +
Protease production +
Rhamnolipid production +
Rhamnolipid production + Ochsner and Reiser (1995)
Lung infection + Wu et al. (2001)
P. fluorescens B52 Biofilm formation in glass + Allison et al. (1998)
P. fluorescens NCIMB 10586 Mupirocin biosynthesis + El-sayed, Hothersall, and Thomas (2001)
P. fluorescens 395 Protease production + Liu, Wang, and Griffiths (2007)
(Continued)
12 Trends in Quorum Sensing and Quorum Quenching
Le 15. — Mon Dieu, mon Dieu, quel jour ! le jour de son mariage.
A pareille heure, un an passé, nous étions à l’Abbaye-aux-Bois, lui,
vous, moi, moi à côté de lui. Je viens d’une église aussi, et d’auprès
de lui sur sa tombe.
Le 16. — Plus rien mis hier après ces lignes. Il est des
sentiments qui dépassent toute expression. Dieu sait dans quel
abîme j’étais plongée et accablée des souvenances de noces.
C’était lui et sa belle fiancée agenouillés devant l’autel, le Père
Buquet les bénissant et leur parlant d’avenir, la foule assistante, le
chant de l’orgue, cette quête pour les pauvres où j’avais quelque
embarras, la signature à la sacristie, tant de témoins de ce brillant
contrat avec la mort. — La rencontre dehors d’un char funèbre ; le
déjeuner à côté de vous où vous me disiez : « Que votre frère est
beau ! » où nous parlâmes tant de sa vie ; — la soirée, le bal où je
dansai pour la première et dernière fois. Je dois à Maurice des
choses uniques. Le plaisir de lui voir l’air content, d’être à sa fête, et
au fond de cette joie des serrements de cœur, et cette horrible vision
des cercueils autour du salon, — posés sur ces tabourets longs et
drapés à franges d’argent. Oh ! que je fus glacée au sortir de leur
chambre, en toilette avec des fleurs pour le bal, que cela me vînt !
J’en fermai les yeux. Journée, soirée si diversement mémorables,
date de tant de douleurs, je n’en puis ôter mon âme. Je m’enfonce
en toutes ces choses, et quand je songe à tout ce que j’avais mis de
bonheur dans un être qui n’est plus maintenant qu’en souvenir, j’en
éprouve une inénarrable tristesse, et j’en apprends à ne faire fond
sur aucune vie ni sur rien. Il y a un cercueil entre le monde et moi ;
c’est fini du peu qui m’y pouvait plaire. J’ai des liens de cœur, plus
aucun de bonheur, de fête. Maurice et moi nous nous tenions
intérieurement par des rubans roses. Tout m’était riant en lui, tout me
plaisait, jusqu’aux peines : mon Dieu ! mon Dieu ! avoir perdu cela !
que voulez-vous que j’aime à présent ?
Le 28. — C’est étonnant le beau ciel que nous avons cet hiver !
J’en jouis en me promenant, en respirant au soleil un air qui fait
ouvrir les fleurs. Les amandiers bourgeonnent, mon lilas de la
terrasse est tout couvert de boutons. Tant de printemps fait bien
plaisir en hiver ; mais tout en m’y plaisant, j’y trouve une tristesse, un
regret de n’avoir pas eu cette douceur de temps l’an dernier pour
notre pauvre malade. Peut-être il aurait vécu davantage, se serait
guéri dans cette douce chaleur, car l’air fait la vie. L’air de Paris l’a
tué, je le crois, je le savais et je ne pouvais pas le tirer de là. Ç’a été
une de mes plus profondes souffrances de ce passé dont j’ai tant
souffert. Pauvre frère, tout m’est pente pour tomber à lui, tout m’y
ramène. Voyez, je voulais parler du soleil, mais le voilà bien éclipsé
de noir. Ainsi tout tourne au deuil quoi que je touche, même votre
souvenir si fort lié à une tombe. C’est ce qui me le rend si différent
de tout ce qui me va au cœur ; il prend quelque chose des reliques.
Vous êtes à part en moi. Quand je considère notre liaison et ce qui
l’a amenée, tant d’événements, tant de choses pour me sortir du
désert, et notre rencontre en Babylone, dans ce Paris dont j’étais si
loin ; quand je m’y vois si étrangère et sitôt connue, sitôt comprise et
sœur de vous, homme du monde, de vous prenant sœur à vos
antipodes, trouvant amie de choix, lien de vie dans la vie la plus
opposée à la vôtre : oh ! je dis qu’il y a merveilleuse chose en cela,
mystère de providence dans cet attachement qui ne ressemble à
aucun. Je tiens à vous par quelque chose du ciel, par prédestination,
comme vous avez dit. Dieu sait pourquoi et dans quel dessein il
nous a unis d’amitié. Oh ! que je veux votre bonheur, à commencer
par celui du ciel. Je doute d’y pouvoir grand’chose, car je vous crois
difficile en bonheur. Et que peut être pour vous une pauvre femme
mi-sortie de ce monde, mi-morte, qui ne sent plus rien que par le
côté religieux ? Vous ne l’êtes pas, mon ami. Cette différence qui
m’afflige pourrait bien vous ennuyer, dans nos rapports, et alors les
voilà changés, délaissés. Peut-être je vous juge mal.
Trouvé dans le bois une fleur que j’ai prise et mise ici en souvenir
du printemps de décembre. C’est une marguerite des bois, qui
plaisait à ma mère et que j’aime pour cela. Nos affections naissent
l’une de l’autre.