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WOOD ADHESIVES
CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY
Volume 2

edited by

A, Pizzi
Division of Processing and
Chemical Manufacturing Technology
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Pretoria, South Africa

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis C ro up
Boca Raton London N ew York

CRC Press is an im p rin t o f th e

Taylor & Francis G ro u p , a n in fo rm a business
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

(Revised for vol. 2)

Wood adhesives.

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

1. Adhesives. 2, Wood-Bonding. I. Pizzi,
A, (Antonio)
TP968.W66 1983 568*3 83-20870
ISBN 0-8247-1579-9 ( v . l )
ISBN 0-8247-8052-3 (v .2 )

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

C o p y righ t © 1989 by MARCEL DEKKER All Rights Reserved

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in

any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo­
copying , microfilming, and recordin g, or by any information storage
and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the pu blish er.

M A R C E L D E K K E R ,IN C .
270 Madison A ven u e, New Y o r k , New York 10016

Current printing (last digit) :

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Preface

Wood Adhesives: Chemistry and Technology, Volume 1 was written

as a basic textbook for adhesives chemists and wood technologists
training in a fascinating, important, and sometimes obscure—but
never dull—field. Volume 2 is a natural follow -up. It contains a
host of interesting and important concepts and information that
could not be included or expanded upon in the previous volume.
It is by no means exhaustive, since some breakthroughs and con­
cepts, such as in carbohydrates-based adhesives for wood, are
still in such rapid flux that a report on them now would be incomplete
and perhaps misleading.
The material presented, however, is of such interest that no
self-respecting wood technologist or chemist in this field can afford
to be unaware of it. The various chapter authors are considered
specialists in their particular fields or have participated in and
been greatly involved in the history of the reported developments.
The book could be divided broadly into two sections, concepts and
adhesives, but by necessity, the borders of such a division are
fictitious; the two are often intertwined and meld into each other.
In the preface to the first volume, protein adhesives were
described as a dying line. They are included in this volume because
they are still used extensively in some countries and have resisted
the onslaught of synthetic resins in the last half a century, indicating
an unusually resilient product. Possibilities definitely exist for
their modification, upgrading, and use in countries where synthetic
adhesives are not produced. Hence, in this field, the accumulated
knowledge of perhaps centuries must not be allowed to be forgotten.
They are masterfully described in the chapter by Alan L. Lambuth.
In another chapter, William E . Johns describes the exciting develop -
ment and intriguing concept of ”gluing without g lu e ," of which he
was so much at the forefront during its recent development. Lawrence
Gollob^s chapter on structure/property relationships in phenol-
formaldehyde adhesives is a clear indication of things to come,
of the direction in which adhesive technologists must go and are
bound to go in the future. Kenneth R. Geddes fills the vacuum
on the chemistry of polyvinyl-acetate that was so obvious in the
first volume. He also describes the development of the continuous
IV Preface

recycle reactor, in the commercialization of which he played such

a major role—a few are already in operation in several countries.
Rainer Marutzky’s chapter on formaldehyde emission makes the point
once again with his usual sharpness and incisiveness on this very
important topic of recent times.
My own contribution consists of chapters covering three topics
that have, or are likely to have, some impact on wood adhesives.
The firs t, "honeymoon” fast-set adhesives for glulam and finger­
jointing, is a concept born in North America less than two decades
ago that matured to extensive modifications and commercialization
in Africa. It is a true success story, both technically and commer­
cially. The second, the approach to phenolformaldehyde cellulose
adhesion forces by conformational analysis, a theoretical technique
borrowed from the research on the spatial structure of macromolecules,
is of interest because so many other similar problems in wood adhe­
sives could possibly be approached fruitfully by the same technique.
The third, the "blue glu e," is a success story in the making. A
vast step forward in phenol/resorcinol/formaldehyde resins, it already
indicates what the impact of true resin engineering on the adhesives
world is likely to be.
The other South African writers are less well known in the
wood adhesives world, but judging from the topics addressed, it
is quite likely that some of their developments will be known better
in a few years. Of particular mention is the work of Gerrit H.
van der Klashorst on bagasse lignin-formaldehyde reactions. I have
also participated extensively enough in this area of adhesives poly­
merization, formulation, and application to judge its importance
in this, as well as in other fields. The lignin-based cold-set reported
is a world fir s t , and both the thermosets and the cold-sets are now
on the verge of commercial exploitation.
My sincere thanks go to the authors who have contributed these
very provocative and stimulating chapters.

A. Pizzi
Contributors

F. A. Cameron** Division of Processin g and Chemical Manufacturing

Technology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria,
South Africa

Gerard Elbez Centre Technique du Bois et de L ’Ameublement,

P aris, France

Kenneth R. Geddest Research Department, Crown Decorative

Products L t d ., Darwen, Lancashire, England

Lawrence Gollob Chemical Division, Georgia-Pacific Resins, I n c .,

Decatur, Georgia

William E. Johns Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering,

Washington State University, Pullman Washington

Alan L. Lambuth Timber and Wood Products G roup, Boise Cascade

Corporation, Boise, Idaho

Rainer M a ru tz k y Fraunhofer-Institute for Wood Research, Braun­

schweig, Federal Republic of Germany

A, Pizzi Division of Processing and Chemical Manufacturing Tech­

nology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria,
South Africa

Neville E. Q u ix le y i Expandite (P T Y ) L t d ., Isando, South Africa

Present affiliations:
* Industrial Laminates (P T Y ) L t d ., Alrode, South Africa
tCrown Berger Licensing G roup, Crown B erger Europe Limited,
Darwen, Lancashire, England
i T . A .C . National (P T Y ) L t d ., Benoni South, South Africa
VI C ontrib utors

R. Smit* Division of P rocessin g and Chemical Manufacturing Tech­

nology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria,
South Africa

G e r rit H. van der Klashorst Division of Processing and Chemical

Manufacturing Technology, Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research, Pretoria, South Africa

^Present affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Rand Afrikanse

Universiteit, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Contents

PREFACE 111
C O N T R IB U T O R S V

1. PROTEIN A DHESIVES FOR WOOD

Alan L. Lambuth

lo Introduction 1
IL Soybean Adhesives 2
III. Blood Glues 13
IV. Casein Glues 22
V. Other Proteins 26
References 27

THE CHE M ISTR Y OF PVA 31

Kenneth R. Geddes

I. Introduction 31
IL Process Outline 31
III. Vinyl Acetate Monomer 33
IV. Internal Plasticization and Copolymerization 33
V. Water 36
VL Initiators 36
VII, Surface-Active A gen ts 38
VIII. Colloids : Polyvinyl Alcohol 41
IX. Other Colloids 42
X. Buffers and pH Adjusters 43
XL External Plasticizers, Coalescents, Tackifiers
and Crosslinking Agents 43
X IL Fillers and Pigments 44
X III. Fungicides and Preservatives 44
X IV . Polymerization Reactions and Kinetics 45
XV. Copolymerization Kinetics 49
X VI. Glass Transition Temperature of Copolymers 51
XVII. Emulsion Polymerization by the Batch Process
in the Presence of Surfactant 51
vili Contents

XVIII. Emulsion Polymerization o f Vinyl Acetate

Stabilized by Polyvinyl Alcohol Alone 54
XIX. Continuous Emulsion Polymerization 55
XX. High Pressure Polymerization 60
XXI. Practical Aspects of Production of PVA
Adhesives 62
XXII. Film Formation and Film Properties 65
References 66
3. THE CHEMICAL BONDING OF WOOD 75
William E. Johns

I. Introduction 75
II. Varieties of Chemical Bonding 77
III. Discussion 87
IV. Summary 92
References 92

4. PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE S T R U C T U R E S IN
R ELA TION TO T H E IR ADHESION TO WOOD CELLULOSE 97
A. Pizzi and R. Smit

I. Introduction 97
II. The Structure of Some Phenol-Formaldehyde
Condensates for Wood Adhesives 98
III. Adhesion to Wood Cellulose 112
IV. Conclusions 118
References 119

5. THE C O R RE LATIO N BETWEEN PREPARATION

AND PROPERTIES IN PHENOLIC RESINS 121
Lawrence Gollob

I. Introduction 121
II. Concepts of Synthesis/Structure/Property
Relationships 123
III. Outlook 150
References 150

LIG NIN FORMALDEHYDE WOOD ADHESIVES 155

Gerrit H, van der Klashorst

I. Introduction 155
II. Polymerization Reactions for Alkali Lignin 157
Contents ix

III. The Utilization of Alkali Lignin in Phenol-

Formaldehyde Wood Adhesives 160
IV. Industrial Soda Bagasse Lignin-Based Cold-
Setting Wood Adhesives 164
V. Lignin-Based ”Honeymoon" Adhesives 166
VI. Soda Bagasse Thermosetting Wood Adhesives 166
VII. Meta-Modified Lignin-Based Wood Adhesives 173
v i li . Reaction of Industrial Lignin with Formalde­
hyde at the Meta Positions 181
IX. Preparation of Cold-Setting Wood Adhesive
Based on the Metamodification of Industrial
Pine Kraft Lignin 184
X. Conclusion 186
Reference 187

7. LOW-■RESORCINOL PRF C O L D -S E T A D H E S IV E S -
THE BRA NC HING P RINCIP LE 191
A. Pizzi

I. Introduction 191
II. Chemistry of PRF Resins and Branching 193
III. Different Branching Molecules 195
IV . Branched PRF Characteristics 201
V. Base- and Acid-Catalyzed Formulations;
Pot-Life and Shelf-Life 205
VL Formulation 208
VII. Conclusion 209
References 210

8. HOTMELTS FOR WOOD PRODUCTS 211

Neville E. Quixley

I. Introduction 211
II. Background 211
III. How Do Hotmelts Work? 212
IV . Application Areas 212
V. Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Hotmelts for Edging 215
V I. Polyamide Hotmelts for Edging 219
VII. Edge-Bonding Techniques 220
v ili. Health and Safety 227
 Contents

9. F A S T -S E T T IN G A DHESIVES FOR F IN G E R ­
J O IN T IN G AND GLULAM 229
A . Pizzi and F. A . Cameron

L Introduction 229
IL Components A and B 230
III. Adhesive Resins Preparation 234
IV. Finger-Join ting 236
V. Testing 240
VL Statistical Analysis 240
V IL Initial Industrial Application 244
VOL Variations in Paraformaldehyde Content
and pH 257
IX, Factory Trials 262
X, Variation in the Proportion of A and B Components 263
XI, Minimum Curing Temperatures 273
XII, Laminated Beams (Glulam) Application:
Laboratory Requirements 284
XIII, Industrial Plant Applications 287
XIV, Conclusion 302
References 304

10. RELEASE OF FORMALDEHYDE BY WOOD PRODUCTS 307

Rainer Marutzky

I, Introduction 307
II, Formaldehyde: An Interesting Compound 309
III, Formaldehyde: Limits, Regulations, and
Guidelines 314
IV. Reasons for the Release of Formaldehyde
by Wood Products 317
V, Analysis of Adhesives with Respect to
Formaldehyde 323
VI. Analytical Methods for Detecting and
Quantifying Formaldehyde 327
VII. Factors Influencing the Release of Formalde­
hyde in Wood Products 334
V III. Methods for Determination of Formaldehyde
Release in Wood Products 339
IX. Differences in Emission Behavior Among
Wood Products 357
X, Reduction of Formaldehyde Release in
Wood Products 362
XL Future Developments 372
References 373
Contents XI

n. EXPANDIN G RESORCINOL C O L D -SE T S FOR

G A P -F IL L IN G ADHESIVES FOR WOOD 389
Gerard Elbez

I. Introduction 389
II. Development of LowTemperature Formulations 390
III. Industrial Application Tests 393
IV. Economic Aspects 403
V. Conclusions 406
References 407

IN DEX 409
Contents of Volume 1

PREFACE iii

C O N T R IB U T O R S v

1. PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF WOOD ADHESIVES 1

John M. Di nwoodi e
I. Introduction 2
IIo Properties of Wood Adhesives 4
III. Performance of Wood Adhesives 12
IV . Perform ance of Bonded Wood Products 16
V. Selected Relevant Standards 51
R eferen ces 53

2. AMINORESIN WOOD ADHESIVES 59

A . Pizzi

I. Introduction 59
II. Chemistry of Aminoresins 60
III. Chemistry and Techn ology of Application of
Aminoresin Adhesives for Wood 80
References 102

3. PHENOLIC RESIN WOOD ADHESIVES 105

A . Pi zzi

I. Introduction 106
II, Chemistry of Phenol-Formaldehyde Condensations 107

Xlll
X IV Contents

III. Chemistry and Technology of Application of Phenolic

Resin Adhesives for Wood 144
References 173

4. T A N N IN -B A S E D WOOD ADHESIVES 177

A . Pizzi
I. Introduction 178
II. Chemistry of Condensed Tannins 179
III. Reactivity of Tannins as Macromolecules 192
IV. Chemistry and Technology of Industrial Tannin
Adhesive Formulations 213
V. Conclusions 242
References 242

5. L IG N IN -B A S E D WOOD ADHESIVES 247

Horst H. Nimz
I. Introduction 248
II. Chemical Backgrounds of the Curing Reaction of
Lignin 249
III. Application of Lignin as an Adhesive for Particle­
board, Plywood, and Fiberboard 254
IV. Lignin in Combination with Phenol-Formaldehyde
Adhesives 270
Vo Lignin in Combination with Urea-Formaldehyde
Resins 279
V I. Outlook 285
References 287

6. D IIS O C Y A N A T E S AS WOOD ADHESIVES 289

K. C . Frisch, L. P. Rumao, and A. Pizzi

I, Introduction 289
II. Chemistry of Diisocyanates 290
II I . Technology of Diisocyanate Adhesives for Wood 306
References 316

7. P O L Y V IN Y L A C E T A T E WOOD ADHESIVES 319

Terence Martin Goulding

I. Introduction 320
II. Background 320
III. Chemistry of Polyvinyl Acetates 321
IV . Formulating a PV A -B ased Adhesive 325
V. Aspects of Application 340
Contents XV

V I. Performance of PVA Adhesives 344

VII. Conclusion 349
References 350

A U T H O R INDEX 351
SUBJECT INDEX 359
Protein Adhesives for Wood

ALAN L. LAMBUTH / Boise Cascade Corporation

Boise, Idaho

L INTRODU CTIO N

Natural adhesives made from starch, collagen, and blood represent

ancient technology, dating back at least to the Egyptians, for bond­
ing wood [1 ]. During later but still historical times, the proteins
from milk curd, fish skins, and legumes were added to the roster
of adhesive substances used for gluing wood and paper. These
included both decorative and utilitarian products. The bonds obtained
were strong and durable for centuries when kept dry. Moisture
produced rapid weakening and deterioration. Thus, exterior and
marine service requirements could be met only with natural thermo­
plastics such as bitumen and tree pitch. Unfortunately, neither
of these produced rigid bonds [2 ].
For structural gluing, animal and vegetable proteins were the
only real options from ancient times down through the Industrial
Revolution and nearly to the present. They could be made to per­
form briefly under exterior conditions only with careful surface
protection. During recent decades, mainly since World War II, several
different adhesive polymers based on synthetic organic chemicals
were developed and quickly preempted entire segments of the wood
products industry from protein adhesives. For example, vinyl and
acrylic emulsion polymers largely displaced collagen glues from the
furn iture, cabinet and millwork industries. Phenol-formaldehyde
and urea-formaldehyde resin adhesives took over the structural
and decorative plywood industries from blood, soybean and starch
glues. Room temperature curing resorcinol-formaldehyde resin ad­
hesives preempted lumber laminating and other construction special­
ties from casein glu es.
 Lamhuth

In spite of this intense competition from the new synthetics,

protein adhesives maintained a strong position in bonding wood
products for interior applications until about 1960. They were able
to do this on the basis of unique curing properties and low cost.
After 1960, however, the very low commodity prices for most petro­
chemicals enabled the synthetic resin adhesives to take over virtually
all remaining major markets still served by protein glu es.
As a result, any useful current discussion of animal and vege­
table protein glues must necessarily center on the technology and
refinements developed during the peak years of protein adhesive
consumption, mainly from 1940 to 1960. In addition, it is appropriate
to review those continuing adhesive applications involving unique
properties of proteinaceous materials. It is also important to remember
that despite their displacement by synthetic resin adhesives over
the past 20 years or so, protein glues represent very practical
and immediately useful adhesive technology for the wood products
industry to fall back upon if the supply of synthetic resin raw
materials is jeopardized by world events affecting crude oil.
This chapter will address three of the most widely used families
of protein-based adhesives for wood; namely, soybean, blood, and
casein. The technology of soybean glues will be discussed first
because soybean flour is frequently combined with blood or casein
to yield adhesives of intermediate properties.

II. SOYBEAN ADHESIVES

A. Raw Material Source and Preparation

Soybeans are legumes, the seeds of a low-growing field vine. These

vines are ancient in culture; the written record of their domestica­
tion in China dates back almost 3000 years [3 ]. From that time
until now, soybeans have remained a very important agricultural
crop for almost every civilization because of their unusually high
contents of oil and edible protein.
To process soybeans into these useful products, the beans
are dehulled and the oil is removed by crushing at very high pres­
sure or by solvent extraction. If the resulting dry soybean meal
is intended for food, it is heated to 70°C or higher to coagulate
the proteins and caramelize the carbohydrates, thus improving their
nutritional qualities. If the soybean meal is intended for adhesive
uses instead, it is carefully processed at temperatures below 70°C
to preserve the alkaline solubility of the proteins [4 ].
The protein content of oil-free soybean meal ranges from about
35 to 55% on a worldwide basis. However, the industrial grades
Protein Adhesives f o r Wood

are gen era lly blended to yield a uniform protein content of 44-55%,
depending on source. The other principal constituents of soybean
meal are carbohydrates, totaling about 30%, and ash at 5 or 6%.
The moisture content after processing is quite low, usually less
than 10%.
Long experience has shown that adhesive grade "u ntoasted”
soybean meal must be ground to an extremely fine flour in order
to perform well as a protein glue [5 ]. Typically, the dry extracted
meal is ground or milled until at least 40% and preferably 60-80%
will pass through a 46 ym (325-mesh) screen. For easier quality
control with flours of this fineness an alternative "Specific surface"
test method is available that determines average particle size in
terms of surface area per gram [6 ]. For the range of mesh sizes
recommended above, the corresponding specific surface values are
about 3000-6000 cm^/g.

Bo Formulation
Soybean flour will wet and swell in water but will not "disperse"
to yield useful adhesive properties. For this purpose, treatment
with a soluble alkaline material is necessary. Almost any organic
or inorganic alkali will disperse wetted soybean flour to some degree.
However, soybean wood glues of maximum bonding efficiency require
dispersion with several percent of a strong alkali such as sodium
hydroxide or trisodium phosphate [7 ]. The effect of this strongly
alkaline treatment is to break the internal hydrogen bonds of the
coiled protein molecules, literally unfolding them and making all
their complex polar structure available for adhesion to wood. This
alkaline dispersion process, while essential for adhesion, causes
the gradual destruction of the protein molecules themselves by
hydrolysis. Thus, an alkaline soybean glue has a definite useful
life, slowly losing viscosity and adhesive functionality over a storage
period of 6-12 hours.
Although these strongly alkaline soybean glues are nearly
colorless in an applied film, they cause a reddish-brown stain
on wood surfaces as they cure due to "alkali burn" of the cellulose
[2 ]. If a colorless glue line on wood is desired, the wetted soybean
flour must be dispersed with a less strongly alkaline material such
as hydrated lime or ammonia [8 ]. However, the adhesive bond
strength of these low color, mildly dispersed soybean glues is
considerably less than that obtained with fully dispersed, highly
alkaline formulations. Typical high alkali and low alkali soybean
glue formulations are listed below.
 Lambuth

High Alkali Formulation

Amount
Ingredient (k g )

Water at 16"21°C 87.5

"A d h esive-grade” soybean flour 48.5*
Pine oil or diesel oil defoamer:
mix 3 minutes or until smooth 1.5*
Water at 16-21° C: mix 2 minutes
or until smooth 72.5
Fresh hydrated lime (as a slurry in) 6.0
Water at 16-21° C: mix 1 minute 12.0
50% sodium hydroxide solution : mix 1 minute 7.0
Sodium silicate solution : mix 1 minute 12.5t
Orthophenyl phenol : mix 10 minutes 2.5

Normally dry-blended for easier handling and dust control.

t8.90% Na^O, 28.70% SiO^. 41° Baume

The additions of hydrated lime and sodium silicate solution in

this high alkali mix accomplish two purposes: (a ) they help maintain
a level glue viscosity for a longer adhesive working life, and (b )
they improve the water resistance of the cured glue film by forming
some insoluble proteinates [9 ].
The starchy constituents of soybean flour also disperse in
the presence of strong alkali to become useful adhesive molecules
contributing to dry bond strength. However, this starchy fraction
also retains its well-known sensitivity to water and is considered
mainly responsible for limiting the performance of soybean glues
with respect to water resistance [1 0].
The final addition of preservative shown in this formulation
is essential in virtually all protein glues to provide mold resistance
in high humidity service. Without this protection, even heat-cured
soybean adhesives will mold as the moisture content of the bonded
wood approaches 20% [1 1 ]. Copper-8-quinolinolate, copper naphthe-
nate, and orthophenyl phenol are among the few remaining preserva­
tives permitted to be used in the United States at this time for
wood products. Where the use of chlorinated phenols is still p e r­
mitted, they are also v ery effective preservatives for protein glues
at the addition level shown. In each case, the sodium hydroxide
P ro te in Adhesives for Wood

content of the glue formulation converts the water-insoluble fungicide

to its soluble sodium salt.
Large quantities of this high alkali soybean glue formulation
were used to bond interior grades of softwood plywood between
about 1940 and 1960. It was also used to some extent for assembling
prefabricated wooden building components [1 2]. Its primary advan­
tages were very low cost and the capability to bond almost any
dry wood surface. It also offered real versatility in pressing;
that is, it could be hot pressed or cold pressed to promote cure.
Appropriate pressing schedules for each curing mode will be shown
later in the chapter.

Low Alkali Formulation

Amount
Ingredient (k g )

Water at 16-21°C 112.5

’’Adhesive-grade” soybean flour 48.5*
Pine oil or diesel oil defoamer:
mix 3 minutes or until smooth 1.5*
Water at 16-21°C: mix 2 minutes
or until smooth 75.0
Fresh hydrated lime (as a slurry in) 15.0
Water at 16-21°C; mix 5 minutes 25.0

* Norm ally dry-blended for easier handling and dust control.

This glue has been widely used as a briquetting binder for

wood and charcoal particles. It is particularly suitable for paper
and softboard laminating where a colorless glue line and minimum
swelling of the glue film on high humidity exposure are desired
[1 3]. It is not recommended for structural uses such as sheathing
plywood because of its lower degree of protein dispersion and .
thus lower bonding strength. Substituting borax or monosodium
phosphate for the hydrated lime dispersing agent will yield similar
non staining glues.
Over the years a number of ’’dénaturants” or ’’crosslinkers”
have been added to soybean glues to improve their water resistance,
working life, and consistency. These may be roughly categorized
as formaldehyde donors, sulfur compounds, and inorganic complexing
salts. Each of these groups of compounds appears to react with
 Lambuth

the starchy constituents of whole soybean flour as well as the

dispersed protein molecules. Formaldehyde itself acts too rapidly
and thus is difficult to control. Instead, such compounds as dialde­
hyde starch, dimethylol urea, sodium formaldehyde bisulfite, and
hexamethylenetetramine have been successfully used to toughen
the cured glue film and improve its water resistance [1 4 ]. Similarly,
carbon disulfide, thiourea, and ethylene trithiocarbonate, among
the sulfur compounds, and the soluble salts of cobalt, chromium,
and copper have been used to improve soybean glue working proper­
ties and adhesive performance [1 5]. These modifiers are generally
added last when preparing the glue. The range of addition of
all such dénaturants is 0.1-1.0% based on the weight of soybean
flour. Also, 5-20% of an aliphatic epoxy resin has been added to
soybean glues, yielding significantly improved durability, but
the cost is high [16].

C. M ixin g, Application, and Pressing

Soybean glues are v ery easy to mix, provided they are wetted
with plain water as a first step. ( I f any form of alkali is present
in the first mixing water, the dry soybean flour will form permanent
lumps. ) As with all protein glu es, the first mix is kept thick in
order to physically break down any lumps of dry powder that
may be present. The division of water additions in both formulations
given earlier demonstrates this mixing procedure. Once the soybean
flour particles have been uniformly wetted, further dilution and
dispersion steps can follow without difficulty. Water additions are
adjusted to yield a mixed glue viscosity in the broad range of
500-25,000 cP at 25°C, depending on purpose. Briquetting and
paper laminating glues would typically be 500-1000 cP, while cold
press plywood glues should be 10,000-20,000 cP for best performance
[1 7 ]. Hot press formulations would be midrange. Particularly because
of the heavy first mixing stage and the high final viscosities, an
appropriate soybean glue mixer should have relatively large and
slow-turning blades plus a provision for scraping glue buildup
off the mixer walls continuously.
Low-viscosity soybean briquetting adhesives are generally applied
by spray. Similarly, paper and softboard laminating glues are
usually applied by curtain coater, knife, or indirect roller. High
viscosity plywood and lumber assembly formulations are fairly well
limited to application by spreader roll or extrusion. For very small
assembly jobs, soybean glue can easily be applied by brush.
One of the real advantages of protein glues generally is their
ability to be cured (under pressu re) hot or cold. Following are
typical commercial schedules for each mode of cure.
Protein Adhesives for Wood

Soybean Glue : Hot-Pressing Schedule for Interior-Type Douglas '

Fir Plywood*

Pressing
Rough time
panel Number Panels Platen (min “dt
thickness of per press temperature full
(mm) plies opening (° C ) pressu re)

4.8 3 2 110 3
6.4 3 2 116 3
7.9 3 2 121 3-1/2
7.9 3 3 127 5
9.5 3 2 127 4
11.1 3 1 116 3
11.1 3 2 132 4-3/4
12.7 5 1 110 3-1/2
12.7 5 2 121 6
14.3 5 1 110 3-3/4
14.3 5 2 121 6
15.9 5 1 116 4
17.5 5 1 121 4
19.0 5 1 127 4-1/4
20.6 5 1 132 4-1/2
20.6 7 1 127 5
23.8 7 and 9 1 132 5-1/2
27.0 7 and 9 1 132 6
30.2 7 and 9 1 132 7
33.4 9 1 132 7-1/2
36.5 9 1 132 8
39.7 9 and 11 1 132 9

* Total time assembly not to exceed 15 minutes; hydraulic pressure

not less than 14 kg/cm^o

Glue Spread

Mixed glue per single

Core thickness (mm) glue line (g/m ^)

1.59 195
l . M , 2.82 208
3.18 220
3.63, 4.23, 4.76, 6.35 232
>20.6 mm 245
8 Lamhuth

Soybean Glue: Cold-Pressing Schedule ("N o - Clamp” Process) for

Interior-Type Douglas Fir Plywood

Mixed glue per single

Core thickness (mm) glue line (g/m ^)*

2.54 305-318
2.82 313-323
3.18 318-330
3.63 325-337
4.23 330-342
4.76 330-342
All 5 ply, 20.6 mm constructions 367
For rough core, add an extra 20 g over these spreads.

*Use these wet glue spreads according to core thickness.

Special Pressing Instructions

Hold load 5 minutes before applying pressure.

Load must be under pressure within 25 minutes after the first

panel is laid.

Pressing time to be measured after pressure gauge reaches full

pressure.

Use 12-14 kg/cm^ hydraulic pressure.

Pressure to be retained for 15 minutes.

Do not use veneer over 43° C.

This cold pressing schedule is the result of an interesting

laboratory observation and subsequent industry-wide patent [1 7].
Alkaline protein glu es, particularly soybean glu es, lose water quite
rapidly into adjacent dry wood surfaces. As a result, they gain
sufficient ”gel strength” in 15 or 20 minutes to permit removal
of a glued wood assembly from its clamping device without loss
of contact between the glued surfaces. Cure is then completed
over the n ext 6-12 hours simply by placing the bonded products
in storage at ambient temperatures with minimum handling. This
method of cold pressing, called the no-clamp process, was used
Protein Adhesives for Wood

throughout the softwood plywood industry for many years. Prior

to its introduction, all protein-bonded cold press plywood was
clamped for 6-8 hours with bulky steel beams and turnbuckles.
Because protein glues develop bond strength primarily by
water loss o v e r time, roll pressing has proved unsuccessful as
a clamping method for wood products. The short, intense period
of pressure simply squeezes the still-fluid mix off the glue line
without affording sufficient time for water loss and gelation. An
exception is the soft roll lamination of paper to paper or paper
to wood [1 8]. This can be accomplished at moderate speeds because
of the extreme rapidity with which dry paper removes water from
protein glues.

D. Blended Formulations

As mentioned earlier, the single largest commercial use of soybean

flour in wood glues during the recent past has been as a blend
with other adhesive proteins, mainly blood and casein, for bonding
interior grade plywood, doors, and millwork. These blended formula­
tions exploit several unique properties of the soybean glues them­
selves and incorporate useful characteristics of the other protein
materials.

1. Soyhean-Blood Glues

For example, a blend of soybean flour with spray-dried soluble

animal blood, a fairly expensive but efficient adhesive protein,
yields a glue with the best properties of each material [1 9 ]. Namely,
the cost becomes moderate and the consistency is ideal for assembly
time tolerance (slightly granular) because of the soybean flour.
The hot press curing time is very short and the cured glue bonds
are considerably more water resistant because of the blood content.
Fortunately, both proteins require the same neutral wetting procedure
and strongly alkaline dispersion steps. They are otherwise compatible
in all proportions, yielding a series of cost/performance-related
adhesives. Soybean-blood blend glues were by far the most widely
used protein hot press adhesives for interior structural plywood
from the early 1940s until about 1960 [2 0]. Also, when the oil
embargo of 1973 quickly placed phenolic resin adhesives on allocation
through petrochemical restrictions, the plywood industry immediately
returned to the use of soybean-blood blend glues for interior struc­
tural grades. Following are typical examples of low and high blood
content soybean blend glues.
10 Lambuth

Soybean Blend Glues

Amount
Low blood content glue (k g )

Water at 16-21°C 100.0

” A d h e s iv e -g ra d e ” soybean flou r 36.0*
D ried soluble animal blood 7.5*
74” ym wood flour t 5.0*
Pine oil or diesel oil defoam er: mix 3 minutes
or until smooth 1.5*
Water at 16-21® C; mix 2 minutes or until smooth 110.0
Fresh hydrated lime (as a slurry in) 4.0
Water at 16-21®C: mix 1 minute 8.0
Sodium silicate solution: mix 1 minute 20.Oi
50% sodium hydroxide solution: mix 5 minutes 5.0
Orthophenyl phenol: mix 5 minutes 2.5

Amount
High blood content glue (k g )

Water at 16-21®C 80.0

Dried soluble animal blood 35.0*

"A d h e s iv e -g ra d e ” soybean flour 8.5*
7 4 -ym wood flou rt 5.0*
Pine oil or diesel oil defoamer: mix 3 minutes
or until smooth 1.5*

Water at 16-21®C: mix 2 minutes or until smooth 19.50

Fresh hydrated lime (as a slurry in) 4.0
Water at 16-21® C: mix 1 minute 8.0
Sodium silicate solution : mix 1 minute 22.
50% sodium hydroxide solution : mix 5 minutes 8.0
Powdered hexamethylenetetramine : mix 3 minutes 1.0

* Normally dry-blended for easier handling and dust control.

to.074 mm (200-mesh) and finer.
i s . 90% Na O, 28.70% SiO , 41° Baume.
P ro te in Adhesives f o r Wood 11

Both glues are ready to use when mixed and have a working
life of 6-8 hours at inside temperatures. Several points of difference
between these glues should be noted:

The water content of the high blood glue formulation is much

larger, which offsets most of the material cost increase.
This is possible because the "water requirement" of alkaline-
dispersed blood is much higher than that of soybean flour.
The order of addition of alkaline dispersing agents in the high
blood mix is partially reversed. This helps impart a more
granular consistency to the dispersed blood, which is
otherwise very slick and smooth.
The final addition of hexamethylenetetramine illustrates the
use of a formaldehyde donor to partially denature the
dispersed proteins. This adds some further granular charac­
ter to the mixed glue and also improves the water and mold
resistance of the cured adhesive film.
As with straight soybean glues, the low blood content formula­
tion requires a mold-inhibiting ingredient to meet plywood
performance standards while the high blood content glue
does not [11].

2. Soybean-Casein Glues

Blends of soybean flour with ground and screened casein also

yield a very useful series of protein adhesives; in this case, mostly
cured cold [2 1]. While alkaline-dispersed casein yields strong and
water-resistant cold-cured bonds in wood, its sticky dispersed
consistency does not permit the rapid water loss needed for quick­
clamping procedures. By combining it with soybean flour, the
no-clamp process becomes possible. Formulations of this type have
proved so successful for bonding plywood faces onto wooden flush
door frames in a short cold pressing cycle that the entire industry
has employed these protein adhesives from about 1950 to the present
[2 2]. As a special performance property, the bonds of soybean-
casein door glues maintain strong adhesion in a fire until the glue
lines are literally charred away. Thus, glues of this type are widely
used in the assembly of flush design fire doors. They are also
excellent adhesives for millwork in general [2 3]. Some current
formulations also contain minor amounts of blood [2 4].
The formulation of the typical soybean-casein blend glue listed
below is quite different from any protein adhesive described thus
far in that all ingredients, dispersing agents included, are d ry -
blended into a single packaged composition which requires only
the addition of water to prepare. The oiling of all ingredients
during the blending step slows down the solution of the alkaline
12 Lambuth

in gred ien ts long enough fo r the soybean flour and casein to wet
out under reasonably neutral conditions. Then the alkaline agents
dissolve. Highly alkaline dispersing conditions are provided by
reaction of the sodium salts with lime to yield sodium hydroxide
"in situ" plus insoluble calcium salts [8 ]. The sodium hydroxide
needed for strongly alkaline dispersion could not be included in
this one-package composition, of course, because of its hygroscopic
behavior. These solution and dispersion reactions require some
time for completion which is the reason for the 15-minute pause
in glue preparation.

Dry Glue Composition

Amount
Ingredient (k g )

" A dhesive-grade" soybean flour 29.0

250-ym lactic acid casein+ 9.5

Fresh hydrated lime 3.5

74- ym wood flour* 2.5

Granular sodium carbonate 2.5

Granular sodium fluoride 1.0

Granular trisodium phosphate 0.5

Pine oil or diesel oil defoamer 1.5

*0.074 mm (200-mesh) and fin e r.

+0.250 mm (60-m esh).

The dry ingredients are intensively blended in an appropriate

mixer while the defoamer is sprayed in to provide uniform distribu­
tion. Mixing directions are as follows.

Amount
Ingredient (k g )

Water at 16-21° C 100

Dry glue: mix until smooth; let stand 15 minutes
or until thinning has occurred; mix until smooth 50

Water at 16-21°C: mix 2 minutes or until smooth 25

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Frankie's
dog Tony
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
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you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Frankie's dog Tony

Author: Madeline Leslie

Release date: November 4, 2023 [eBook #72019]

Language: English

Original publication: Chicago: Henry A. Sumner and Company, 1867

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRANKIE'S

DOG TONY ***
Transcriber's note: Unusual and inconsistent spelling is as
printed.

AUNT HATTIE'S LIBRARY

FRANKIE'S DOG TONY.

 BY

AUNT HATTIE

[MADELINE LESLIE]

AUTHOR OF THE "BROOKSIDE SERIES," ETC., ETC.

"GO TO THE ANT, THOU SLUGGARD; CONSIDER HER

WAYS AND BE WISE."—Solomon.

CHICAGO:
HENRY A. SUMNER & COMPANY.
1880.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by

REV. A. R. BAKER,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of
Massachusetts.
 AUNT HATTIE'S LIBRARY
for Boys.

SERIES II.

VOL. I. THE APPLE BOYS.

VOL. II. THE CHEST OF TOOLS.

VOL. III. THE FACTORY BOY.

VOL. IV. FRANKIE'S DOG TONY.

VOL. V. THE GOLDEN RULE.

VOL. VI. LYING JIM.

AUNT HATTIE'S LIBRARY

for her Little Friends.

SERIES I.

VOL. I. THE SHEEP AND LAMBS.

VOL. II. LILY'S BIRTHDAY.

VOL. III. THE CHEST OF TOOLS.

VOL. IV. MAGGIE AND THE MICE.

VOL. V. THE LOST KITTY.

VOL. VI. IDA'S NEW SHOES.

To

NELLIE, ROLAND COTTON, ANNIE, AND FULLER

APPLETON,

CHILDREN OF MY BELOVED NEPHEW,

THE REV. JOHN COTTON SMITH, D.D.,

THESE SMALL VOLUMES ARE AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED,

WITH THE EARNEST PRAYER

THAT THEIR LIVES MAY PROVE THEM TO BE LAMBS IN THE FOLD

OF THE GREAT AND GOOD

Shepherd of Israel.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I. THE SOLDIER'S DOG

CHAPTER II. FRANK AND TONY

CHAPTER III. FRANKIE'S MUSIC LESSON

CHAPTER IV. FRANKIE'S NEW LESSON

CHAPTER V. THE STOLEN DOG

CHAPTER VI. TONY'S LOVE FOR HER MASTER

CHAPTER VII. CONCLUSION

FRANKIE'S DOG TONY.

CHAPTER I.
THE SOLDIER'S DOG.

DID you ever see a dog with a coat on? I am going to tell
you about one who was a great traveller. I think you will say
it was a remarkable dog, and will not be surprised that
Frank was very proud of her.

But first I must tell you who Frank was, and where he lived.

In the beautiful village of W—, a few miles from the city of

Boston, there was a lovely cottage almost covered with
woodbine, which had been trained over the walls. In this
cottage lived Mr. and Mrs. Colvin, with their two sons,
Edward and Frank.

Mr. Colvin had been a sea-captain, and in one of his

voyages, he brought home an English officer, who had been
wounded in the battle before Sebastopol. This gentleman,
whose name was Jameson, had a little dog Tony, who was
greatly attached to him. They ate together and slept
together, and wherever Colonel Jameson was, whether
walking the deck or sitting near the helmsman, or standing
in the door of the captain's office, there you would see Tony,
also.

One day the captain said,—

"Colonel Jameson, you seem very fond of your dog."

"Yes, sir," the gentleman answered, "and if you have time, I

will tell you where I found her."

"I should like to hear it," Captain Colvin answered.

"Well, sir. It was one day, just after a terrible battle; I was
making my way over the bloody field to see whether I could
find any of my comrades, when I heard a low moan, coming
from a tent. I went in and found a poor fellow with his arm
shot off. Some injury he had received on his head had made
him quite delirious. I tried to bathe the wound, but a little
puppy lying close to his side would not let me touch him."

"To make a long story short, the brave boy died a few days
later; but not until he had sent messages by me to his
widowed mother and sister at home, and had given me his
only treasure, his faithful friend Tony."

"I took her to my tent, and she has been true to me ever
since. In all the battles in which I afterwards engaged, Tony
was in my pocket. When I was wounded, she moaned until
she grew sick."

"We understand each other very well, don't we, Tony?" he

asked, turning to the dog.

"Bow! Wow!" barked Tony, in a joyful tone.

"She knows I have been talking about her. See how intently
she watches my every movement. Here, Tony, stand up and
shake hands with me."

The creature instantly raised herself on her hind feet, and

held out her right paw.

"Is that the hand you offer to a gentleman? Give me the

other," said the colonel.

But Tony knew she was right; and she continued holding out
her paw, till he said, laughing,—

"You think it's my mistake, then; excuse me, Tony."

Then the dog jumped on her master, and wagged her tail as
if she were very much pleased.

Before the voyage was over, Captain Colvin and Colonel

Jameson had become such good friends that the captain
insisted the other should go home with him.

At first, Frank was afraid of Tony, but in a day or two, he

grew to like her so much, that he was not content unless he
could have her to play with him.

It was surprising how quickly the dog learned to like her

new home. Her master could not now, as when he was on
shipboard, feed her from his plate at dinner; but after one
or two meals, she submitted very quietly and allowed
Frankie to feed her from a plate in the kitchen.

When company came in, Tony had to be dressed up as well

as anybody. I forgot to tell you that every morning her
master gave her a bath; and then she lay in the sun, and
licked herself dry.

Colonel Jameson was not an officer now; but he had saved

a piece of his uniform, which was bright-red broadcloth, and
a lady friend of his had made it into a coat for Tony, and
trimmed it with the gold cord of which the epaulets were
made.

Frankie laughed merrily when he first saw Tony sitting in a

chair with her coat on. She looked so prim and funny, as if
she thought herself very fine indeed.

The next day, he begged his mother to give him a collar,

which made the dog look funnier than ever.

I don't think Tony liked the linen collar, which was starched
very stiff; for she kept turning her head from one side to
another, and uttering a low kind of a growl. I think she
wanted to say,—

"Please, Frank, take off my collar. I'm a soldier's dog, and

not used to such things, you know."

But Frank thought the collar a great improvement, and told

Tony she must get used to it, if she expected to live in
genteel society.

By and by, Mrs. Colvin basted into the neck of the coat a
white frill, which had no starch in it. Tony was so much
pleased at this, that she began at once to lick the lady's
hand, and ever after considered her a good friend.
 CHAPTER II.
FRANK AND TONY.

AFTER Colonel Jameson had stayed a month or so at the

cottage, and told his new friends all about the great battles
in which he had fought, he went to the city to find
employment. Tony, of course, went with him; and then poor
Frankie was so lonesome that he had two or three hearty
cries for his pet.

Mrs. Colvin told her husband she would try and find a dog
for Frank, he took so much comfort with Tony.

One day they went to the city, when, on calling at a friend's

house, there sat Colonel Jameson with his favorite in his
lap.

Every one could see that the love was not all on Frankie's
side, for Tony seemed almost out of her wits with joy. She
jumped up and down, giving short, joyful barks, and then
stopping a moment to lick his hands and kiss his face.

Frankie was delighted, and mother had to remind him twice

that he had not spoken to the lady of the house, before he
noticed that any one else was present.

Colonel Jameson laughed heartily when he saw what a

pleasant meeting it was. By and by he asked,—
"How would you like to take Tony home and keep her for
me?"

"O sir! I should like it very much, indeed. I would take nice
care of her, and let her go to school with me every day."

"I rather think the teacher would object to such a scholar,"

answered the gentleman, laughing.

He then told Mrs. Colvin that he had found some business,

and had a very good boarding-place; but they would not
consent to keep Tony. He felt very sad to part from the dog,
but as he found there were few boarding-houses, where a
dog was not considered a nuisance, he was willing Frankie
should take her, if his mother would consent.

It was some time before Tony could be made to understand

that she was to be separated from her master. When
Frankie called, she ran to him, but would instantly run back,
and catch hold of the Colonel's coat for him to come, too.

You may be sure that Mrs. Colvin did not like the officer any
the less because she saw a tear in his eye when he was
caressing the dog. She knew that he was thinking of all the
dangers they had encountered together, and also, how
desolate he should feel on going to his room at night, to
have no little friend there to welcome him.

At last, the lady where they were visiting proposed that the
Colonel should take advantage of the time when Frankie
was playing with the dog, and slip into another room, when
she would go with the boy more readily.

This he did; but Tony barked and ran to the door, scratching
with all her might to get it open. But when she found she
could not, she allowed her next loved friend to take her in
his arms and carry her away.
When they reached the cottage, she was delighted. She
would jump up into a chair by Frankie, or down again, just
as he bid her; but whenever the door opened, or she heard
a step on the walk, her ears would be cocked up, and she
would listen with all her might for her old master.

Frankie was very proud of his power over the dog, and was
continually showing his father, mother, and Edward how
quickly she understood and obeyed him.

At last it came time for the boy to go to bed.

He brought a shawl to wrap his baby in, and said he should

take her to bed with him as Colonel Jameson did. But Eddy
objected at once.

"I know just how it will be," he said; "Tony will bark and
wake us, and Frankie is such a sleepy head that he will not
get up to attend to her, and I shall have all the trouble with
her."

"No, no!" exclaimed Frankie; "I'll promise to keep her my

side, and take all the care of her."

Mrs. Colvin, however, thought it best to have a bed made

for Tony in the corner of the room, where she lay, wrapped
in the shawl, very quietly till morning.

The next day, when Frankie was getting ready for school, he
told his mother he was going to take Tony into the seat with
him.

"I am afraid your teacher will object, my dear," she said,

"and the dog will take your mind from your studies."

But the boy pleaded very earnestly that he might take her
once. "I want to show Willie Miles and George Holmes how
she obeys me," he exclaimed.

He came home at noon, just as his mother expected, very

indignant because the boys had tried to stone his pet.

"The teacher wouldn't let her stay in the school-room," he

exclaimed, his face growing very red, "though I told her
Tony would be perfectly quiet; and so I had to put her in the
entry, and when the boys went out at recess they teased
her dreadfully."

His mother comforted her boy by reminding him how

pleasant it would be for him to come home and have Tony
bark out her welcome. So that was the last of Tony's school
education.

Every day, though, she learned something new at home.

Even Captain Colvin took pains to teach her new and
cunning tricks. Whenever she wanted anything to eat, she
always stood up on her hind feet and asked for it, and then
she would bark out her thank you in the funniest manner
imaginable.

CHAPTER III.
FRANKIE'S MUSIC LESSON.

FRANKIE was generally a good boy; but sometimes, he did

not like to obey his mother, and tried to argue with her. This
is very naughty; for God has commanded children to obey
their parents promptly and cheerfully.

One morning, Frankie ran into the sitting-room, where his

mother was writing a letter, and said,—

"Ma, the boys are going to the woods for nuts,—may I go?"

"What time do they start, my dear?" she asked.

"Oh, we're going to get an early dinner! Ann can give me a

piece of pie, and I'll be off by one o'clock. Say, ma, may I
go?"

"But, Frankie, don't you remember you promised to carry

some yarn to poor Nancy? That must be done first."

"But, ma, I didn't know then that the boys were going to
the woods. I'll carry the yarn some other day."

"Poor Nancy is dependent on her knitting for her daily

bread, my son."

"Can't Edward carry it to her, then?"

"Edward has his drawing lesson."

Frankie began to look red and angry; but presently

brightened with the words,—"I'll run to Nancy's right away,
if you'll let me. Tony may go with me."

"Have you practised your music, my dear?"

The boy's face grew dark.

"No, ma, I haven't. I hate music, and I wish I never need

take another lesson, Mr. Lenox is so cross."
The lady looked grieved. "I can remember," she said, "when
a little boy begged his father to allow him to take lessons on
the piano; and, when his mother objected on account of the
time it would be necessary for him to practise, he
exclaimed,—"

"'Oh, you never need fear for me! I had rather learn music
than to play. I will promise to practise the lessons as much
as you wish me to.'"

"I didn't know then how hateful music was. I wish now I
need never see a piano again."

Mrs. Colvin was displeased to hear her son talk in this way,
and to see him look so angry. She raised her heart in prayer
to God that she might rightly train this darling child.

Presently she said, in a firm voice,—

"Frankie, go to the parlor and practise one hour by the

clock. Then, if you can run to Nancy's before dinner with the
yarn, I am willing you should join your companions in the
woods. But remember all depends on your prompt attention
to your music."

"It's lonesome in the parlor, ma."

"Your aunt is there sewing, and she will help you count the
time."

Frank went through the hall slowly, as if to an unpleasant

task; for every day he grew more neglectful of his practice,
and gave greater offence to his teacher. The piano was
already open; so, after spending four or five minutes in
finding the place in his book and pushing the music-stool
back and forth, he took his seat.
"How long are you going to practise," inquired his aunt, in a
cheerful voice.

"An hour," answered Frank, gloomily.

"Well, it's exactly ten now."

"But I've been here five minutes. I looked when I came in."

"Come, now, Frankie," urged the lady, "be a good boy, and
I'll help you. If you give your whole attention to it, you will
learn the lesson well in an hour."

Frankie's lingers Cell upon the keys; but his eyes had a
vacant look, and Aunt Sarah knew then, just as well as she
did at the end of the hour, that the time would be wasted.
She took up her book again, and the boy began to play over
and over one of his first lessons, which he could do without
any effort.

Five minutes more passed in this manner, when Tony poked

her nose through the crack of the door, which stood ajar,
and then made her way into the room, barking joyfully that
she had found her young master. This was a very good
excuse, the boy thought, for taking a recess; so down he
got from the stool, and had a fine romp with the dog on the
floor.

"Do you call that practising your lesson?" asked his aunt,
laughing.

"My fingers ache so," he began; but she interrupted him.

"I'll keep the time for you. Five minutes lost already."

Frankie suddenly recollected the nutting, and, seating

himself quickly, began to thumb over the same lesson
again.

"Now, Frankie, that's too bad!" she said, reprovingly. "Begin

on the new lesson. You have diddled that over and over till
I'm tired of it."

A merry laugh from behind the door made them both turn
in a hurry.

"Yes, Frankie, that's just it. You do nothing but diddle over
that one strain. I should think you would be ashamed of
yourself when pa's paying so much money for your
lessons."

"Now, Frank, I'm going to lay by my book, and attend to

you," said Aunt Sarah; "you must give your mind to it."

She drew a chair close to his side, and, pointing out the
notes, said, firmly, "Begin there!"

He did so, and for a short time picked out the notes quite
correctly, his aunt counting the time for him; but a slight
movement of Tony from the floor to the sofa, which she
thought would be an easier resting-place, upset him again.

"My head aches terribly," he exclaimed.

"You always say so," muttered Edward. "I wouldn't be such

a baby."

After this, it was quite in vain that Aunt Sarah tried to fix
his attention. He did indeed touch a few chords; but nothing
was accomplished. He complained continually that his head
ached.

It wanted fifteen minutes of eleven when his mother came

in.