PR1 CHAPTER 1 5 Group 2 3

Dr.
Ramon De Santos National High School
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This research chapter includes background information to assist
readers understand the study's context.
Introduction
Botanical insecticides have gained popularity as a desirable
alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides. One of the main reasons
is that plants are a rich source of bioactive chemical compounds that
can be used to manage pests. Plants have developed defense
mechanisms against insects over millions of years of evolution. These
defense mechanisms come in the form of secondary metabolites, which
are chemical compounds produced by plants. Many of these secondary
metabolites have pesticidal qualities that can be harnessed to target
specific insect species. Many studies have shown that the chemical
pesticidal qualities of plants can be adapted to target particular species
(Pavela, 2016).
Hence, Mentha species, commonly known as mint, belong to the
Lamiaceae family and are widely cultivated for their aromatic leaves and
essential oils. Mentha species, such as peppermint and spearmint, are
Senior High School Department

Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
known for their aromatic essential oils and have been found to possess
natural insecticidal qualities. These qualities are attributed to the
chemical composition of their essential oils or plant extracts. Mentha
species have been assessed for their insect and pest management
abilities using larvicidal, adulticidal, and growth/reproduction inhibitory
bioassays. Peppermint oil is known to have antimicrobial properties,
which could potentially contribute to its effectiveness against termites.
Additionally, the presence of p-menthane monoterpenes in peppermint
oil has been associated with its bioactivity. These monoterpenes are
characteristic compounds found in peppermint oil and may play a role
in its termiticidal properties (Kumar et. al., 2019).
Termites are a small order of insects that consist of approximately
2,650 species, and they are well-known as destructive insect pests.
Termites thrive in the Philippines because of its tropical climate and high
humidity levels. Termites require moisture to survive, and the
Philippines provides the ideal atmosphere for them to feast on cellulose-
based objects including wood, drywall, books, boxes, and furniture
(Sare, 2020). Subterranean termites, in particular, are known for their
destructive behavior. They build underground colonies and create mud
tubes to access above-ground food sources, such as wooden structures.

Their feeding habits can result in significant economic damage as they
consume and destroy cellulose-based products (Khalid, 2023).
Termites pose significant problems for homeowners and property
owners due to their ability to feed on cellulose, which is an organic fiber
found in wood and other plant materials. This can lead to major damage
to structures, including homes and buildings. One of the challenging
aspects of termite infestations is that they often go unnoticed for a long
time. Termites are capable of silently feasting on wooden structures
without any immediate signs of damage. By the time their presence is
detected, significant damage may have already occurred (Gupta et. al.,
2014).
There has been limited research on the use of botanicals against
termites, with most studies focusing on extracting plant chemicals using
water and methanol and testing their killing potential against termites.
However, these botanical bioassays often lack completeness as they
only utilize specific plant parts like leaves, fruits, seeds, stems, or roots
in isolation. Additionally, some studies have not assessed the
termiticidal properties of plant crude extracts. Recognizing these gaps,
researchers have reviewed the properties of peppermint plant parts and
their potential role in termite management, emphasizing the need for
more comprehensive information in this field.

3

On the other hand, termites can cause significant problems
beyond being a nuisance in the house. Their ability to devour wood and
weaken the framework of a building can led to structural damage and
pose safety risks. While synthetic insecticides have been commonly used
to control termite infestations, their widespread usage can have
unfavorable impacts on non-target organisms and contribute to
environmental pollution. These synthetic chemicals can persist in the
environment, potentially harming beneficial insects, animals, and even
humans (Abere & Enoghama, 2015).
This study aims to explore alternative methods of termite
management that are more environmentally friendly and sustainable.
This is where the potential of botanical insecticides comes into play. By
harnessing the natural pesticidal qualities of plants, we can reduce our
reliance on synthetic chemicals and minimize their negative impacts on
the environment. This study can help provide valuable insights for
embracing a safer option for termite control. By utilizing peppermint
extract as a natural alternative, individuals can protect themselves and
their environment from the harmful chemicals often found in commercial
termiticides.

Statement of the Problem
The overall purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-termite
property of peppermint crude extract. Moreover, to produce an effective
and eco-friendly alternative that can replace commercially available
termiticides that are chemical and less safe.
1. Does M. piperita crude extract has an anti-termite’s property?
2. Is there a significant difference between the level of
effectiveness of M. piperita against termites at different concentrations?
3. Is there a significant difference between the M. piperita extract
and the commercial product for controlling termites?
Hypotheses
1. M. piperita crude extract has no anti-termite’s property.
2. M. piperita crude extract has no significant difference at
different concentrations.
3. There is no significant difference between the termite control
properties of M. piperita and the commercial termiticide.
Scope and Delimitation
This study focuses in evaluating the termiticidal activity of Mentha
piperita crude extract. It also seeks to ascertain the significant
difference in the level of effectiveness of crude extract of Peppermint

5

(Mentha piperita) at 0different concentrations. The peppermint (Mentha
piperita) will be collected in Brgy. Cabileo, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija and the
commercial product Solignum will be bought in Cuyapo Public Market.
The data to be gathered will be presented and analyzed in one-
way classification using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means will be
compared using Turkey’s Honesty Significance at 0.05 level of
significance. This study will be conducted at Dr. Ramon De Santos
National High School at San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija — Schools
Division of Nieva Ecija. The expected duration of the study is February-
May 2024.
Significance of the Study
The researchers believe that this study will provide a cost-
effective, eco-friendly, and alternative insecticides. Besides, this study
could be of significance for the following:
To Students. The students will be able to learn new information and
get new perspectives about plant extract as an alternative insecticide.
To Future Researchers. The findings of this study will provide the
foundation for those who are interested to conduct a further
investigation related to the problem.

To Households. The households will have an idea to use an alternative
insecticide instead of buying commercial one that will cost them a lot
preventing termites.
To Community. This study will inspire the community to use the extract
of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) as an alternative termiticide. The
citizens will become safe from harmful chemicals that commercial
insecticide contains.
Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. Does M. piperita Collection of

crude extract has an Plant Materials
anti-termite’s Preparation of
property? Crude Extraction
2. Is there a Collection of Termite
Worker Termites
significant difference Control
between the level of Preparation of
Different Properties of
effectiveness of M.
piperita against Concentrations Peppermint
termites at different
Experimental (Mentha
Treatment &
concentrations?
Design
piperita)
3. Is there a Data Collection Crude Extract
significant difference Statistical
between the M. Analysis
piperita extract and Waste Disposal
the commercial Risk & Safety
product for Assessment
controlling termites?
Figure 1. Research Paradigm

The input of the study consists of the collection of peppermint
(Mentha piperita). The process comprised experimental design, data
collection, and statistical analysis. The output will discuss the Termite
Control Properties of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Crude Extract.
Definition of Terms
To clarify the purpose of this study, the following terms were
defined based on their conceptual and operational meaning.
Alternative. A choice limited to one of more than two options.
Botanical Pesticides. Bioactive plant extracts used as pesticides and
repellents.
Crude Extract. The initial product produced by the extraction
procedure. It incorporates all of the plant's solutes.
Effectiveness. The ability of a plant extract to kill an insect as desired
in an experiment.
Mentha piperita. Herbal plants are known for producing aromatic
essential oils that have natural insecticidal properties.
Rhinotermitidae. Pest that causes significant damage to buildings and
wooden structures.
Solignum. It is used to treat soil beneath and around buildings to
prevent subterranean termite attacks on building timbers.

8

Termiticidal. Capable of eradicating or controlling the growth of
termites.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This specific chapter of the study provides a thorough analysis of
both local and international literature and studies, in addition to
contextualize, personalized, or customized studies which are relevant to
this one. The researches also conducted reading significant to the study
that provided relevant facts/data and was modified them as related
information to the present investigation or research work, in order to
demonstrate its performance and reliability.
Termites Problem in the Community
Termites are eusocial insects that are members of insect
infraorder Isoptera, they are differentiated by their colonial behavior.
Termites consist 12 families which the family of Termitidae is the most
extensive, accounting about 75% of all termites. Termites become the
most successful insects because of their unusual digestive mechanism
and capacity to break down lignocelluloses, the planet's most plentiful
resource. Termites constructed the largest and most intricate nesting
structures that are ever known among insects (Chellappan and Ranjith
MT, 2021). The majority of termite colonies are made up of blind
individuals that rely mostly on chemical signs to look for food, identify
10

dangers, avoid predators, and participate in intricate social interactions
(Qian Sun, 2020).
Termites have antennae also known as feelers, these are made up
of small parts that are positioned on either side of their heads. These
antennae have the appearance of beads, like a thread of tiny balls that
are joined together. They play an important role to the termites in
spotting possible sources of food and dealing with their environment.
Termites are able to locate cellulose-based food sources like wood and
communicate with one another with the help of this antennae however
this are highly sensitive to vibration and chemical signals. Antennae are
essential elements of termite colonies' social structure. Antenation, or
touching another termite with one's antennae, is usual way for termites
to interact and communicate in particular species. They carry out this
activity in order to recognize one another, share information, and even
identify the caste of other termites within the colony. (Callahan’s
Termite & Pest, 2023).
As stated by Su and Scheffrahn, (2015), there are more than
2,300 species of termites in the world, 183 are known to harm the
buildings and infrastructure, while 83 species seriously harm and cause
significant damage. Subterrenean termites are responsible for 80% of
the economically significant species. Although the main source of food

11

of termites is wood, they are also capable of harming books, paper,
insulation, swimming pool liners, and filtration systems. While termites
can harm living trees and shrubs, they also frequently invade woody
plants that are already experiencing a decline. The experience of
thousands of winged termites appearing within one's home can be
emotionally taxing, not to mention the idea of termites silently
consuming one's most valuable asset (Potter, 2018).
One of the most damaging pests that Filipino homeowners have
to handle with is termites. Considering the country's warm and humid
climate, it makes ideal for these pests to survive and thrive (Lei, 2023).
There are more than 200 termite species here in the Philippines however
the 90% damage is cause by Coptotermes spp. species, it is a type of a
subterranean termite that establish its colony in the underground in
order to survive (Sare, 2020). By their behaviors, they alter ecosystems,
but they also pose a threat when it comes to agriculture and timber
buildings that were built by humans (Chellappan and Ranjith MT, 2021).
The Use of Alternative Plants Against Insects
Numerous bioactive substances found in plants are important to
the interaction between plants and their surroundings. Several reports
exist on ethnobotanical plants that contain recognized substances that

12

cause diseases and pests. Approximately 2500 species from 235 plant
groups are efficient at controlling pests worldwide (Ngegba, et al.,
2022). Most losses incurred by agricultural crops, whether in storage or
the field, are caused by pests and diseases. Excessive use of synthetic
pesticides has contributed to a number of problems, including pest
resistance and degradation of vital world resources like soil, water, and
air. Hence, plant-derived pesticides may be more environmentally-
friendly than synthetic ones in terms of increasing the agricultural
production efficiency, addressing the food crisis in a sustainable manner,
and protecting consumer health. Their low cost, biodegradability,
environmental friendliness, and several modes of action indicate that
they pose less of a risk to people and the environment (Souto et al.,
2021).
According to Nazeer Ahmed et al., (2021) botanical pesticides are
gaining appeal because of their low cost and environmental impact,
rather than their negative effects on human health. Only the insects
they are intended to kill are destroyed by botanical insecticides, leaving
no residues on food or in the environment. Botanicals have been used
to fight pests for a long time. The compounds have many environmental
advantages. As a result, it shows that botanical pesticides could be
helpful as substitute instruments for integrated pest management

13

because of their favorable effects on environmental preservation,
minimal toxicity to mammals, and low likelihood of target pests gaining
resistance (Ngegba et al., 2022).
Insecticidal Activity of Mentha piperita
The peppermint plant is a combination of the water and spearmint
mint species. It is an aromatic perennial herb that belongs to the
Lamiaceae family. Although it grows throughout the world, peppermint
is native to Europe, North America, and North Africa (Brittany Lubeck,
2023). The primary chemical components of peppermint oil are
menthone, menthofuran, and menthol. Furthermore, encouraging
research indicates that peppermint oil might contain anti-spasmotic,
anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial qualities that could be beneficial.
Mentha piperita essential oil is also reported for its insecticidal and
antifeedant activities against various kinds of pests (Rajkumar et al.,
2019).
According to Asadollahi, et al. (2019), three research explored into
the impact of peppermint on Anopheles. In the first investigation the
researchers found that 1 ml of pure peppermint oil repels Anopheles
annularis, An. culicifacies, and Anopheles subpictus for 11, 9.6, and 7.3
h and the corresponding equivalent percentage repellency were 100%,

14

92.3%, and 83.1%. In another investigation, peppermint oil solutions
with 20% revealed that it has 57% repellency and provided full
protection against An. stephensi for 6.5 hours and in the last
investigation, they similarly discovered that 0.1 milliliters of peppermint
essential oil offered protection against An. dirus for a duration of 1.08
hours.
According to the findings of Mackled et al. (2019), as Mentha
piperita increases, the mortality rate rose when the piperita dose was
increased from 0.02 to 0.4 mg/cm2, particularly for the rice weevil,
Sitophilus oryzae. Significant variations were noted between the tested
M. piperita dosages against the insects that were kept in storage, this
natural substance could be utilized to control insects that damage crops.
This shows that M. piperita's essential oil, within the three product
insects that were preserved, it had the highest level of toxicity.
Therefore, it may be an adequate replacement for the manufacturing of
commercial insecticidal treatments.
Local Studies
Moreno et al. (2019), found that the Red Imported Fire Ant, or
Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) (Buren), is a prevalent
pest in the United States. This insect, which is well-known for its
15

excruciating sting, has the ability to inflict serious harm to humans and
animals, and can seriously disrupt agriculture, this insect is becoming
more and more deadly pest. Since commercial insecticides aren't
always accessible or secure, the purpose of this experiment was to see
if any common household goods may function as suitable substitutes.
To do this, five milliliters of different concentrations of peppermint
essential oil were sprayed over the ants. The outcomes demonstrated
that the peppermint oil was the most successful in getting rid of S.
invicta for every tested concentration.
According to the report of the World Health Organization (WHO),
there are up to 220,000 fatalities and 3 million cases of pesticide
poisoning annually, most of which take place in developing nations. In
addition to being pricey, commercial repellents and pesticides include
chemicals that could endanger human health if consumed. The goal of
the study is to identify to which plant preparations—garlic, peppermint,
eucalyptus, and bay leaf—at 25%, 50%, and 75% each have the ability
to form chalk and deter Periplaneta americana. The P. americana was
repulsed by all plant preparations. The results of three trials illustrate
that the 75% Peppermint preparation had the highest mean repulsion
distance at 80.67 cm. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, it

16

is strongly advised that 75% and 50% Mentha piperita and 75%
Eucalyptus globulus should be manufactured for commercial production
(Nagal, 2019).
Foreign Studies
According to Claire Williamson et al. (2023), termite behavior has
been shown to be affected by peppermint, as peppermint contains
compounds that can affect them. While the efficacy and practicality of
peppermint as a termite control agent are well-known, they are not
always easy to evaluate in the same way that natural remedies.
Peppermint oil is an effective and natural way to get rid of termites and
keep them from coming back. Studies have shown that peppermint oil
is a highly effective natural pesticide and can be used to repel and kill
termites. While it can be a useful alternative to chemical treatments, it’s
important to understand how it works and how to use it safely and
effectively. Essential oils can be used to repel termites and kill them.
There are thousands of termites to choose from, but not all of them are
termites. Subterranean termites are the most intriguing pest (Matt,
2023).
Using fumigant and contact bioassays, the acaricidal properties of
peppermint oil and menthol isomers against mites in preserved food

17

were assessed and compared with the synthetic acaricidal property of
benzyl benzoate. Based on the fumigant bioassay's 50% lethal dose
(LD50) amounts against Tyrophagus putrescentiae, menthol (0.96
μg/cm2) was found to be approximately 12.18 times more effective than
benzyl benzoate (11.70 μg/cm2) followed by (+)-neomenthol (1.33
μg/cm2), (−)-menthol (1.60 μg/cm2), and (+)-menthol (1.90 μg/cm2).
Menthol (0.55 μg/cm2) shown approximately 15.18 times greater
activity in the filter paper bioassay compared to benzyl benzoate (8.35
μg/cm2). This was followed by (−)-menthol (0.84 μg/cm2), (+)-
menthol (0.92 μg/cm2), and (+)-neomenthol (1.72 μg/cm2). On the
other hand, (+)-isomenthol showed no acaricidal effects on T.
putrescentiae in the bioassays utilizing filter paper and fumigant. These
findings suggest that menthol isomers and peppermint oil may work well
as natural acaricides to control mites in food that has been preserve
(Jun Hwan Park et al., 2014).
A plant extract from Mentha piperita has been studied for its
antifeedant properties against Callosobruchus maculatus, a cowpea
seed beetle. A Clevenger-style equipment was used to hydrodistill dry
ground plant. The main components in the obtained oil were pulegone
(6.9%), menthol (28.5%), and menthone (28.9%). LC50 for M. piperita
essential oil had a concentration of 25.70 μL/L of air, and as the essential
18

oil dose rose, so did mortality. The LT50 values at 100, 200, and 500
μL/L of air were 3.29, 2.74, and 1.89 hours, respectively. The essential
oil of M. piperita had a persistence test duration of 5.44 days on adult
C. maculatus, according to the results. M. piperita essential oil
demonstrates high repellency at air concentration level of 90, 180, and
360 μL/L, as asserted by the repellency index. The findings
demonstrated that, concentration-dependent, Mentha piperita essential
oil had a substantial impact on the relative growth rate, relative
consumption rate, and feeding deterrence index of adult C. maculatus.
While the concentrations are not statistically different from the control
group at the 5% level, the reliability of ingested food conversion has
decreased. It appears that low-risk insecticides can be made from
essential oils (Saedi et al., 2017)
Synthesis of Related Literature and Studies
The researchers' review of related literature and studies has
focused on the insecticidal and repellent properties of peppermint oil.
The use of botanical insecticides as a preferential replacement of
synthetic chemical insecticides has grown in popularity. Plants are a rich
source of bioactive chemical compounds that can be used to control

19

insects, which is one of the main reasons. Over millions of years of
evolution, plants have developed defense mechanisms against insects.
Plants produce chemical compounds known as secondary metabolites,
which are used by these defense mechanisms. It is possible to target
particular insect species with the pesticidal properties of many of these
secondary metabolites. Numerous studies have demonstrated that
plants' chemical pesticidal properties can be tailored to target specific
species. Using larvicidal, adulticidal, and growth/reproduction inhibitory
bioassays, Mentha species' capacity to control insects and pests has
been evaluated. The antimicrobial qualities of peppermint oil are well
known, which could conceivably contribute to its efficacy against
termites.
In a study by Moreno et al. (2019), it was found that peppermint
essential oil was effective in eliminating the red imported fire ant
(Solenopsis invicta). Different concentrations of peppermint oil were
sprayed on the ants, and the results showed that peppermint oil was
the most successful in getting rid of the ants. Furthermore, considering
the potential risks associated with commercial repellents and pesticides,
a study by Nagal (2019) investigated the repellent properties of plant
preparations, including peppermint, garlic, eucalyptus, and bay leaf,
against Periplaneta americana (an American cockroach). The research

20

found that all plant preparations repelled the cockroaches, with the 75%
peppermint preparation showing the highest mean repulsion distance.
Based on the findings, the study recommended the commercial
production of 75% and 50% Mentha piperita (peppermint) and 75%
Eucalyptus globulus preparations.
As a result, previous studies conducted by foreign researchers
suggest that peppermint oil and preparations containing peppermint
have repellent effects on various insects, including mosquitoes, ants,
and cockroaches. The findings suggest that peppermint oil can serve as
a natural alternative to commercial insecticides, providing effective pest
control in certain situations.
According to the research by Claire Williamson et al. (2023),
peppermint has been shown to affect termite behavior due to the
compounds it contains. Peppermint oil is considered an effective and
natural way to control termites and prevent their recurrence. Studies
have demonstrated that peppermint oil is a highly effective natural
pesticide that can repel and kill termites. While it can be a useful
alternative to chemical treatments, it's important to understand how to
safely and effectively use peppermint oil for termite control.
Furthermore, a study by Jun Hwan Park et al. (2014) investigated the
acaricidal properties of peppermint oil and menthol isomers against

21

mites in preserved food. The research found that menthol was more
effective than the synthetic acaricide benzyl benzoate in fumigant and
contact bioassays. The study suggests that menthol isomers and
peppermint oil can serve as natural acaricides to control mites in
preserved food.
In addition, Saedi et al. (2017) conducted a study on the
antifeedant properties of Mentha piperita (peppermint) essential oil
against Callosobruchus maculatus, a cowpea seed beetle. The research
found that the essential oil of M. Piperita exhibited high repellency and
had a substantial impact on the feeding behavior of adult C. maculatus.
The study suggests that essential oils, such as peppermint oil, can be
used to develop low-risk insecticides.
These local studies indicate that peppermint and its essential oil
have insecticidal properties that can affect termites, mites, and other
insects. Peppermint oil can be used as a natural repellent and pesticide
to control termites and other pests.
22

Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Collection of Plant Materials
The fresh leaves of Mentha piperita were gathered in Cuyapo,
Nueva Ecija. They were then placed in a plastic container and prepared
for crude extraction.
Preparation of Crude Extraction
The fresh leaves of M. piperita were cut using a knife and pounded
using a mortar and pestle. The crude extract was obtained by squeezing
the ground leaves. The extract was then diluted into distilled water to
create four concentrations. The treatments followed were: T1= 100%
extract, T2= 75% extract, T3= 50% extract, T4= 25% extract T5=
Solignum (positive), and T6= Water (negative). The leaf crude extracts
were placed individually in a spray container and kept chilled in the
refrigerator until they were ready for the experimentation.
Collection of Worker Termites
180 worker termites were collected at Brgy. Cabatuan, Cuyapo,
Nueva Ecija, and then placed inside the plastic box. The plastic box was
covered with muslin fabric to keep the termites within but allow air to
23

circulate, preventing termites from dying. A wet cotton ball was placed
inside the plastic box, providing the necessary moisture content (more
than 60%) for termites to live (Addisu et al., 2014).
Preparation of Different Concentrations
Ten termites per petri dish were assigned. The designated
treatment concentration was sprayed on each petri dish. The period of
survival was recorded for each termite, and the percentage mortality
was recorded 5 minutes after treatment exposure.
Experimental Treatment & Design
The researchers used the Complete Randomized Block Design.
Termites were tested with six treatments with different concentrations
in three replications. Treatment 5 (positive) was the commercial
termiticide Solignum, while Treatment 6 (negative) was pure water. Ten
termites were placed on each petri dish, and the mixtures holding 1ml
each were sprayed with a spray bottle.
Table 1. Preparation of Varying Concentrations of Plants Extract
Treatment Percentage Plant Extracts
T1 (1ml) 100% M. piperita

24

T2 (.75ml, 0.25ml) 75% M. piperita

25% Water
T3 (0.5ml, 0.5ml) 50% M. piperita
50% Water
T4 (0.25ml, 0.75ml) 25% M. piperita
75% Water
T5 (1ml) 100% Solignum
T6 (1ml) 100% Water
Data Collection
The data collected in this study were: (1) The number of surviving
termites to determine the effectiveness of M. piperita extract, (2) The
significant difference in the level of effectiveness of M. piperita in
different concentrations, and (3) The significant difference between the
effectiveness of M. piperita and commercial termiticide. The percentage
termite mortality was calculated using:
Mortality (%) = N𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 de𝑎𝑑 t𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑠

X 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 #𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑠
Statistical Analysis
The data were analyzed with One Way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA), and means were compared using Tukey’s Method at the 0.05
level of significance.
25

Waste Disposal
In accordance with Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School's
Laboratory Health protocol, the termites used in this study were mixed
with sodium borate. Chemicals and solvents were disposed of separately
in organic and inorganic waste containers. Solid garbage was collected
and disposed of in a waste container.
Risk and Safety Assessment
Before experimenting with laboratory equipment, the researchers
evaluated and followed the safety measures stated in Material Safety
Data Sheets (MSDS). To prevent skin reactions and eye irritation,
students wore disposable nitrile gloves and safety eyewear while
handling each variable. Sharp and hazardous objects were stored in a
designated area and discarded after the experiment. The area, including
the apparatus and equipment, was cleansed and disinfected prior to and
during the experiment, and all waste was properly disposed of. Hand
washing, sterilizing laboratory equipment, and handling sharp and
dangerous objects with caution were done to ensure safety during the
study.
26

i
32
Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Termite infestation is a big concern in the community, particularly
in wooden properties. Once termites have infested any area of a house,
it will become weak and may collapse. Termites must be controlled
immediately to avoid the damage they will do.
The researchers are looking for natural sources that could
potentially be utilized for eliminating termite colonies or wood. The
current study assessed Mentha piperita extract for the plant's
properties.
Table 1.
Mean mortality rate of different treatments against Termites
Treatments Mortality % - Mean of Three Replications
2 minutes 30 seconds 5 minutes
T1 3 4
(100% Peppermint)
T2 2 2
(75% Peppermint, 25% Water)
T3 2 5
T4 4 8
T5 5 7
(Solignum)
T6 0 0
(Water)
27

The results of the mortality rates of Rhinotermitidae under
different treatments are presented in Table 1. Two different durations,
2 minutes and 30 seconds and 60 seconds, were used for the
treatments. Among the treatments exposed for 2 minutes and 30
seconds, T5 (Solignum) had the highest mortality rate with an average
of 5, followed by T4 (25% Peppermint, 75% Water) with an average of
4. The next treatment is T1 (100% Peppermint) with a mean of 3. After
that, T3 (50% Peppermint, 50% Water) obtained a mean of 2, while T2
(75% Peppermint, 25% Water) acquired a mean of 20. Finally, with a
mean of 0, T6 (Water) had the lowest mortality.
In the 5-minute exposure of Rhinotermitidae to different
treatments, T4 (25% Peppermint, 75% Water) recorded the highest
mortality rate with a mean of 8. It was followed by T5 (Solignum) with
a mean of 7. T3 (50% Peppermint, 50% Water) had a mean of 5, T1
(100% Peppermint) had a mean of 4, and T2 (75% Peppermint, 25%
Water) had a mean of 2. The treatment with the lowest mortality rate
was T6 (Water), with a mean of 0.
The findings indicate that treatments containing peppermint and
Solignum showed higher mortality rates compared to water alone. This
indicates that peppermint and Solignum may have insecticidal

28

properties that are effective in decreasing the survival of
Rhinotermitidae.
In a study conducted by Kumar et al. (2019), it was found that
peppermint is known for its strong scent and has natural insecticidal
properties. These properties are attributed to the chemical composition
of the essential oils or plant extracts derived from peppermint. The
presence of p-menthane monoterpenes in peppermint has been
associated with its bioactivity. These monoterpenes are specific
compounds found in peppermint and can disrupt the nervous system of
insects, including termites, leading to paralysis and ultimately death.
Table 2.
The level of effectiveness between the different concentrations of

Mentha piperita against Termites
Treatments Mean of Three Replications
T1 33.3333 43.3333
(100% Peppermint)
T2 20 23.3333
T3 23.3333 46.6667
T4 43.3333 80
T5 46.6667 73.3333
29

35
(Solignum)
T6 3.3333 3.3333
(Water)
Table 2 illustrates the significant differences in the effectiveness
of different concentrations in killing Rhinotermitidae, with exposure
times of 2 minutes, 30 seconds, and 5 minutes. Based on the results of
the 2 minutes and 30 seconds of exposure, T4 (25% Peppermint, 75%
Water) and T5 (Solignum) showed the highest mean values of 43.3333
and 46.6667, respectively. These treatments were identified as the most
effective in killing Rhinotermitidae. They exhibited significantly higher
effectiveness compared to the other treatments. T1 (100% Peppermint)
and T3 (50% Peppermint, 50% Water) had lower mean values of
33.3333 and 23.3333, respectively. These treatments were less
effective compared to T4 and T5 but still showed some effectiveness. T2
(75% Peppermint, 25% Water) had a mean value of 20, indicating lower
effectiveness compared to the other treatments. The least effective
treatment was T6 (Water), which had a mean value of 3.3333. This
treatment showed no effectiveness in killing Rhinotermitidae and was
significantly different from all other treatments.
Among the treatments in the 5-minute exposure, T4 (25%
Peppermint, 75% Water) had a mean value of 80, and T5 (Solignum)

30

had a mean value of 73.3333. These treatments exhibited the highest
mortality rates and were identified as the most effective in terms of
termite mortality. They were significantly more effective than the other
treatments. On the other hand, T6 (Water) had the lowest mean value
of 3.3333, indicating lower effectiveness in killing Rhinotermitidae. This
treatment showed the least impact. T1 (100% Peppermint) and T3 (50%
Peppermint, 50% Water) had higher mean values of 43.3333 and
46.6667, respectively, indicating intermediate effectiveness. These
treatments showed higher termite mortality compared to T2 (75%
Peppermint, 25% Water), which had a mean value of 23.3333.
This indicates that different treatments had varying levels of
effectiveness in reducing the mortality rates of Rhinotermitidae. T4
(25% Peppermint, 75% Water) and T5 (Solignum) were the most
effective treatments, while T6 (Water) was the least effective. The
intermediate effectiveness of T1 and T3 varies with T2 showing lower
effectiveness.
According to the study conducted by Aditi Gupta (2019), the
biopesticidal values of selected essential oils, including peppermint oil,
lemongrass oil, and clove oil, were evaluated against pathogenic fungus,
termites, and nematodes. The study found that peppermint oil showed
31

superior results in killing termite workers compared to the other oils
tested. The fast-acting and effective pest control ability of peppermint
oil against termites can be attributed to the presence of the active
component menthol in peppermint oil. The study concluded that the use
of essential oils, such as peppermint oil, lemongrass oil, and clove oil,
can be a good alternative to harmful chemical pesticides. These oils have
shown promising bio-pesticidal activity against termites, fungi, and
nematodes. Peppermint oil, in particular, demonstrated better results in
controlling termites.
Table 3.
The level of effectiveness of different treatments and commercial

termiticide against Termites
Treatments Mean of Three Replications
T1 33.3333 43.3333
(100% Peppermint)
T2 20 23.3333
T3 23.3333 46.6667
T4 43.3333 80
T5 46.6667 73.3333
(Solignum)
T6 3.3333 3.3333
(Water)
32

38
The significant differences in termiticide efficacy between
commercial formulations and various concentrations are displayed in
Table 3. The exposure times were 2 minutes and 30 seconds and 5
minutes. Based on the findings, the commercial termiticide which is the
T5 had a mean mortality rate of 46.66667 after 2 minutes and 30
seconds of exposure. The intermediate mortality rates of T4 (25%
Peppermint 75% Water) and T1 (100% Peppermint) were not
substantially different from the commercial termiticides, with means of
43.33333 and 33.33333. With mean values of 20, 23, and 3.33333, T2
(75% Peppermint 25% Water), T3 (50% Peppermint 50% Water), and
T6 (100% Water) had the lowest average death rates. These values
were significantly lower than the mean of the commercial termiticide.
Based on the results of the 5 minutes exposure, T5
(Commercial Termiticides) appeared to have a significantly higher
percent termite mortality compared to T2 (75% Peppermint 25% Water)
and T6 (100% Water), with mean values of 23.33333 and 3.33333. On
the other hand, compared to the commercial termiticides.
On the other hand, compared to the commercial termiticide,
the T1 mixture (100% peppermint) and T3 mixture (50% Peppermint
and 50% Water) had significantly lower percentage of termite mortality

33

with the mean value of 43.33333 and 46.66667, while T4 (25%
peppermint, 75% water) has 80 percentage of termite mortality and T5
(Commercial Termiticides) has 73.33333. It shows that T4 had a higher
mean value than T5 but not differ significantly. The results suggest that
certain natural compounds, such as peppermint extracts, may be useful
substitutes for commercial termiticides in managing termite
populations. With mean mortality rates that are comparable to or higher
than those of the commercial termiticide, peppermint extract
concentration T4 had the strongest efficacy among the different
concentrations in the durations of 2 minutes and 30 seconds, and 5
minutes. Conversely, peppermint extracts yielded inconsistent
outcomes. T1 and T3 displayed mortality rates that were in the middle,
while T2 had mortality rates that were noticeably lower than those of
commercial termiticides.
According to the report of the World Health Organization
(WHO), there are up to 220,000 fatalities and 3 million cases of pesticide
poisoning annually, most of which take place in developing nations. In
addition to being pricey, commercial repellents and pesticides include
chemicals that could endanger human health if consumed.
34

According to the findings of Mackled et al. (2019), significant
variations were noted between the tested M. piperita dosages against
the insects that were kept in storage, this natural substance could be
utilized to control insects that damage crops. This shows that M.
piperita's essential oil, within the three product insects that were
preserved, it had the highest level of toxicity. Therefore, it may be an
adequate replacement for the manufacturing of commercial insecticidal
treatments.
35

41
Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The major goal of the study was to probe into the efficacy of
Peppermint (Mentha piperita) as an alternative termiticide. The plant
was harvested, extracted, and processed in varying concentrations. The
extract was then applied simultaneously in the replications, and data
was obtained based on the results of 2 minutes 30 seconds, and 5
minutes of exposure. The results of the study indicated the following:
1. The study showed that the crude extract produced by Mentha
piperita can be used as an efficient alternative termiticide. This
was verified by the findings, which revealed that the mean rate of
mortality was highest at 9 when exposed for 2 minutes, 30
seconds, and 5 minutes.
2. The T4 concentration (0.25ml Peppermint, 0.75ml Water) was
proven to be more effective than all other treatments. This
research shows that the efficiency of Mentha piperita crude extract
varies significantly depending on the concentration.
3. T4 had the highest fatality rates, followed by T5 (commercial
termiticide), then T3, and T1. T2 had a slightly lower death rate,
while T6 had the lowest. These results demonstrated a substantial

36

difference in the efficacy of Mentha piperita extracts over the
commercial termiticide Solignum. The major goal of the study was
to look at the efficacy of Mentha piperita as an alternative
termiticide. The plants were collected, extracted, and processed
in varying quantities. The extract was then sprayed
simultaneously in the replications, and data was obtained based
on the results of 2 minutes, 3 seconds, and 5 minutes of exposure.
37

42
CONCLUSION
Based on the collected and analyzed data of the study, the following
conclusions have been developed:
1. According to the findings, Mentha piperita proves effective at
controlling termite infestations. The mortality rate of termites
varied depending on the treatment, with Treatment 4 having the
greatest mortality rates, followed by Treatments 5 and 6.
Treatment 2 containing 75% Peppermint and water had the lowest
mortality rates. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected.
2. According to the findings of the study, Mentha piperita is effective
at killing termites. T4 (0.25ml Peppermint, 0.75ml Water) was the
most effective for controlling termites, followed by T3 (0.5ml
Peppermint, 0.5ml Water) and T1 (1ml Peppermint). Among the
various concentrations examined, the treatments with higher
quantities of water mixed with Mentha piperita were the most
successful. This indicates that the treatments were significantly
different. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.
3. The results show that the varying concentrations of Mentha
piperita differ significantly from commercial termiticide. T4
(0.25ml Peppermint, 0.75ml Water) was the most effective of all
treatments tested in both 2 minutes 30 seconds and 5 minutes

38

exposures, with mean fatality rates higher than the commercial
termiticide, while the other treatments had lower mean fatality
rates. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected.
39

43
RECOMMENDATION
In the light of the findings and conclusion of the study, the following
recommendations are given:
1. The researchers recommend using alternative termiticides, such as
crude extracts of Mentha piperita, which are more environmentally
friendly, convenient, and safer than commercial termiticides.
2. For future researchers, it can serve as a foundation for further
investigation into the termiticidal effectiveness of diverse plant
extracts.
3. The researchers also propose using further insect pests, such as
black bugs, cockroaches, and other insects, to assess Mentha
piperita's efficacy as an insecticide.
4. Future researchers investigating termites should consider
employing In Vivo approaches to better understand termite
behavior and interactions with their environment.
40

44
REFERENCES
Abere & Enoghama (2015), "Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of
Plant Used in Nigeria", African Journal of Traditional,
Complementary and Alternative Medicine,8(4):387–39,
Ahmed, N., Alam, M. S., Saeed, M., Ullah, H., Iqbal, T., Al-Mutairi, K.
A., . . . Salman, M. (2022). Botanical insecticides are a Non-Toxic
alternative to conventional pesticides in the control of insects and
pests. In IntechOpen eBooks.
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100416
Asadollahi, A., Khoobdel, M., Zahraei-Ramazani, A., Azarmi, S., &
Mosawi, S. H. (2019). Effectiveness of plant-based repellents
against different Anopheles species: a systematic review. Malaria
Journal, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8
Chellappan, M., & Ranjith, M. (2021). Termites. In Springer eBooks (pp.
51–104). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8075-8_2
Chemical composition and insecticidal activity Mentha piperita L.
essential oil against the cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus
maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) | Journal of
Entomological and Acarological Research. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.pagepressjournals.org/index.php/jear/article/view/
6769/6995
41

Investigating chemical communication in termites for better pest
management. (2020, June. Retrieved from
https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/lbenedict/articles/page15
90078747581
Lei, & Lei. (2023, June 10). A guide to understanding termites and
termite destruction in the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://environet.com.ph/blog/guide-to-understanding-termites-
and-termite-destruction-in-the-philippines/
Mackled, M. I., El-Hefny, M., Bin-Jumah, M., Wahba, T. F., & Allam, A.
A. (2019). Assessment of the Toxicity of Natural Oils from Mentha
piperita, Pinus roxburghii, and Rosa spp. Against Three Stored
Product Insects. Processes, 7(11), 861.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110861
Nagal, R. K. I. (2019). Development of Chalk from Selected Herbs as
Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) Repellents. Retrieved from
https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=14252
Ngegba, P. M., Cui, G., Khalid, M. Z., & Zhong, G. (2022b). Use of
botanical pesticides in agriculture as an alternative to synthetic
pesticides. Agriculture, 12(5), 600.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050600
42

Oludairo, O., Aiyedun, J., Adeyi, A. J., & Aungbias, A. A. (2019).
CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BIODETERIORATION CAUSED BY
TERMITES (ISOPTERA). ResearchGate. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331970358_CONTROL
_AND_PREVENTION_OF_BIODETERIORATION_CAUSED_BY_TER
MITES_ISOPTERA
Park, J., Yang, J., & Lee, H. (2014). Acaricidal Activity of Constituents
Derived from Peppermint Oil against Tyrophagus putrescentiae.
Journal of Food Protection, 77(10), 1819–1823.
https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-107
Pavela (2016), “Endogenous plant metabolites against insects”,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10658-018-1540-6
Pest, C. T. &. (2023, November 13). Do termites have antennae?
Termite Characteristics guide. Retrieved from
https://bugsycal.com/do-termites-have-antennae-termite-
characteristics-guide/
Potter (2018), "Termite Control: Answers for Homeowners |
Entomology". (n.d.).
https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef604?fbclid=IwAR2-G_C1M6-
i49LmBxrF8ucNQ-VvLTWMTQeeJwTvhc1i8QHjI6OgLbMYyNA
43

Rdn, B. L. M. (2023, June 28). What to know about the benefits of
peppermint leaf. Retrieved from
https://www.verywellhealth.com/peppermint-uses-dosage-and-
more-7511339
Saeidi and Hassanpour (2014), "Chemical composition and insecticidal
activity Mentha piperita L. essential oil against the cowpea seed
beetle Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)" |
Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research. (n.d.).
https://www.pagepressjournals.org/index.php/jear/article/view/
6769/6995?fbclid=IwAR0JMSwYLcMojQEd6lRmGa4AXD5nOOsYA
M_OP4fK9yz7SbLX7QDUvfZTbaQ
Saıfı, R., Saıfı, H., Akça, Z., Benabadelkader, M., Aşkın, A., & Belghoul,
M. (2023), "Insecticidal and repellent effects of Mentha longifolia
L. essential oil against Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera:
Aphididae)". Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-023-00395-7
Sare, R. (2021, April 18). The economic cost of termite infestation -
Pharmcle Ph. Retrieved from https://pharmcle.ph/the-economic-
cost-of-termite-infestation
Souto, A. L., Sylvestre, M., Tölke, E. D., Tavares, J. F., Barbosa-Filho,
J. M., & Cebrián-Torrejón, G. (2021). Plant-Derived Pesticides as

44

an Alternative to Pest Management and Sustainable Agricultural
Production: Prospects, Applications and Challenges. Molecules,
26(16), 4835. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164835
Studocu. (n.d.). Tdladmin,+Moreno+2019 - Efficacy of lemon juice and
peppermint oil in eliminating Solenopsis invicta - Studocu.
Retrieved from https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/central-
philippine-university/stem-nursing-medtech-pharmacy-and-
lifestyle/tdladminmoreno2019/35701255 \
Su, N., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (2000), "Termites as Pests of Buildings."
Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3223-
9_20
Termite control: Answers for homeowners | Entomology. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef604
45

51
Appendix A
Research Design
Collection of Extraction
Mentha piperita Process
Collection of Preparation of
Worker Equipments
Termites
Preparation of Varying Experimental

Concentrations of Plant
Extract
Set-Up
Actual Statistical
Experimentation Analysis
46

52
Appendix B
Photo Documentation
Fig. 1: Collection of Mentha Fig. 2: Extraction Process

piperita
Fig. 4: Preparation of Equipments

Fig. 3: Collection of Worker
Termites
Fig. 5: Preparation of Varying Fig. 6: Experimental Set-Up

Concentrations of Plant Extract
47

53
Fig. 7: Actual Experimentation Fig. 8: Statistical Analysis
48

54
Appendix C
Raw Data
DATA COLLECTED
(Mortality Rate)
Treatment 1
100% Peppermint (1ml Peppermint)
Replication 1: 3 Replication 1: 4
Treatment 2
75% Peppermint and 25% Water (0.75ml Peppermint & 0.25 ml
Water)
Treatment 3
50% Peppermint and 50% Water (0.50 ml Peppermint & 0.50 ml
Water)
Treatment 4
25% Peppermint and 75% Water (0.25ml Peppermint & 0.75ml
Water)

49

Treatment 5
Solignum (1ml Solignum)
Treatment 6
Water (1ml Water)
50

Percentage Mortality Rate
Treatme Concentrat Mortality Rate (%)

nts ion
R1 R R Mean R R2 R Mean
2 3 1 3
T1 100% 30 4 3 33.333 4 50 4 43.333
Peppermint 0 0 33 0 0 33
T2 75% 20 1 3 20 2 20 3 23.333
Peppermint, 0 0 0 0 33
25% Water
T3 50% 30 2 2 23.333 6 50 3 46.666
Peppermint, 0 0 33 0 0 67
50% Water
T4 25% 50 4 4 43.333 8 90 7 80
Peppermint, 0 0 33 0 0
75% Water
T5 Solignum 50 7 2 46.666 7 10 5 73.333
0 0 67 0 0 0 33
T6 Water 10 0 0 3.3333 1 0 0 3.3333
3 0 3
51

58
Appendix D
Statistical Analysis
52

APPENDIX E
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data
Name: Vivien Leigh D. Delos Reyes
Address: Brgy. Cabatuan, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Female
Age: 17
Date of Birth: March 22, 2007
Place of Birth: Makati City
Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo
Educational Background
Elementary: Cuyapo West Central School

Secondary: Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
Mother: Analyn D. Delos Reyes
Age: 43
Occupation: Business Woman
Father: Marlon D. Delos Reyes
Age: 43
Occupation: Machinist/Farmer
Ambition: Dentist
“Follow your passion, be prepared to work hard and sacrifice, and above
all, don’t let anyone limit your dreams”
53

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data
Name: Xavier Alleson M. Miguel
Address: District 2, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Male
Age: 16
Date of Birth: October 31, 2007
Place of Birth: Tarlac, TarlacReligion: Iglesia ni Cristo

Mother: Jasmin M. Miguel
Age: 44
Occupation: Teacher
Father: Joel M. Miguel
Age: 44
Occupation: Principal
Ambition: Doctor
“Study to save lives.”
54

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data
Name: Prince Jaylou M. Caberto
Address: Brgy. Burgos, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Male
Age: 17
Date of Birth: December 30, 2006
Place of Birth: Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Religion: Roman Catholic
Elementary: Cabileo Elementary School

Mother: Lourdes M. Caberto
Age: 51
Occupation: Housewife
Father: Jerry C. Caberto
Age: 52
Occupation: Farmer
Ambition: Civil Engineer
“My buildings will be my legacy. They will speak for me long after I’m
gone”
55

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data
Name: Edleene Joy M. Espadilla
Address: District 7, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Female
Age: 16
Date of Birth: August 5, 2007
Place of Birth: Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Religion: Roman Catholic

Mother: Jocelyn M. Espadilla
Age: 53
Father: Edgardo E. Espadilla
Age: 53
Occupation: Driver
Ambition: Doctor
“Fall 7 times, stand-up 8”
56

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data
Name: Isaiah James R. Manuel
Address: Brgy. Recuerdo, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Male
Age: 16
Date of Birth: June 13, 2007
Place of Birth: Pacac Hospital
Religion: Christian
Elementary: Recuerdo Elementary School

Mother: Marilou R. Manuel
Age: 55
Father: Darwin P. Manuel
Age: 44
Occupation: Farmer
Ambition: Doctor
“Accept yourself, love yourself, and keep moving forward. If you want
to fly, you have to give up what weighs you down.”
57

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data
Name: Jishrel S. Cacalda
Address: Brgy. Cabileo, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Female
Age: 16
Date of Birth: August 21, 2007
Place of Birth: Pacac Hospital
Religion: United Methodist
Elementary: Cabileo Elementary School

Mother: Elsie S. Cacalda
Age: 42
Father: Dominador C. Cacalda Jr.
Age: 43
Occupation: Farmer
Ambition: Nurse
“Be happy for what you have while working for what you want.”
58

PR1 CHAPTER 1 5 Group 2 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PR1 CHAPTER 1 5 Group 2 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dr.

Ramon De Santos National High School

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This research chapter includes background information to assist

readers understand the study's context.

Botanical insecticides have gained popularity as a desirable

alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides. One of the main reasons

is that plants are a rich source of bioactive chemical compounds that

can be used to manage pests. Plants have developed defense

mechanisms against insects over millions of years of evolution. These

defense mechanisms come in the form of secondary metabolites, which

are chemical compounds produced by plants. Many of these secondary

metabolites have pesticidal qualities that can be harnessed to target

pesticidal qualities of plants can be adapted to target particular species

Hence, Mentha species, commonly known as mint, belong to the

essential oils. Mentha species, such as peppermint and spearmint, are

Senior High School Department

natural insecticidal qualities. These qualities are attributed to the

chemical composition of their essential oils or plant extracts. Mentha

abilities using larvicidal, adulticidal, and growth/reproduction inhibitory

bioassays. Peppermint oil is known to have antimicrobial properties,

which could potentially contribute to its effectiveness against termites.

Additionally, the presence of p-menthane monoterpenes in peppermint

characteristic compounds found in peppermint oil and may play a role

in its termiticidal properties (Kumar et. al., 2019).

Termites are a small order of insects that consist of approximately

2,650 species, and they are well-known as destructive insect pests.

humidity levels. Termites require moisture to survive, and the

Philippines provides the ideal atmosphere for them to feast on cellulose-

based objects including wood, drywall, books, boxes, and furniture

(Sare, 2020). Subterranean termites, in particular, are known for their

destructive behavior. They build underground colonies and create mud

tubes to access above-ground food sources, such as wooden structures.

Senior High School Department

Their feeding habits can result in significant economic damage as they

consume and destroy cellulose-based products (Khalid, 2023).

Termites pose significant problems for homeowners and property

owners due to their ability to feed on cellulose, which is an organic fiber

to structures, including homes and buildings. One of the challenging

aspects of termite infestations is that they often go unnoticed for a long

time. Termites are capable of silently feasting on wooden structures

without any immediate signs of damage. By the time their presence is

There has been limited research on the use of botanicals against

termites, with most studies focusing on extracting plant chemicals using

However, these botanical bioassays often lack completeness as they

in isolation. Additionally, some studies have not assessed the

termiticidal properties of plant crude extracts. Recognizing these gaps,

researchers have reviewed the properties of peppermint plant parts and

their potential role in termite management, emphasizing the need for

more comprehensive information in this field.

Senior High School Department

On the other hand, termites can cause significant problems

weaken the framework of a building can led to structural damage and

to control termite infestations, their widespread usage can have

unfavorable impacts on non-target organisms and contribute to

environmental pollution. These synthetic chemicals can persist in the

environment, potentially harming beneficial insects, animals, and even

humans (Abere & Enoghama, 2015).

This study aims to explore alternative methods of termite

management that are more environmentally friendly and sustainable.

This is where the potential of botanical insecticides comes into play. By

harnessing the natural pesticidal qualities of plants, we can reduce our

reliance on synthetic chemicals and minimize their negative impacts on