3/29/2018

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

AAIN Eka Karyawati

Ilmu Komputer
FMIPA-UNUD

References and Citations

Two important things when developing the

project proposal:
1. How to identify appropriate literature.
2. How to use citations.

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Appropriate References

A reference is a description that identifies an

information source.
For example, the following reference
describes a journal article written by K.
Anderson:
Anderson, K. 2008. The Untold Story of Computer Science. International
Journal of Computer Science, 2(1), p. 23–35.

Appropriate References

Benefits:
 Show how your work extends the current state-of-the-art
knowledge in the area
 Show the originality of your work
 Give appreciation to the work of others (and thus avoid being
accused of plagiarism)

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Appropriate References

Benefits (cont’d):
 Support and validate arguments made in your report (any
claim made in the report must be supported either by your
own research or by citing results published by other people)
 Show that you are familiar with the work done in the area
 Make your work reproducible, Anyone who reads your report
should be able to reproduce your work, and therefore all
sources you have used must be clearly identified

Appropriate References

There are different types of documents that you can use

as references:
 Scientific research journals typically publish high quality
articles.
 Conference and workshop proceedings publish quality
papers relatively fast (compared with most journals).
 Textbooks are usually a good source for understanding the
fundamentals in a variety of subjects and areas.

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Appropriate References

There are different types of documents that you can use

as references (Cont’d):
 Web pages can contain useful information, but in general,
they should be avoided since their content is normally not
reviewed.
 Newspapers can provide interesting pieces of information,
which you can use as examples in your report.
 Other documents such as manuals, modelling documents,
and commercial information should also be treated with care.

Citations

A citation is the use of a reference in the text.

For example, the two following citations highlight that
the journal article by K. Anderson describes four areas
for future research.
Anderson (2008) describes four areas for future research … There are
four main areas for future research (Anderson, 2008).

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Citations

The main reason why citations to references should be

used in your report, is to distinguish clearly between
your own work and that of others.
It is a good idea to keep the following rule in mind while
writing:
Everything in your report that does not come with a citation will be
assumed to be your own work.

Citations

Citations in the text follow several rules. According to The

Chicago Manual of Style a text citation can be placed
 Before a punctuation mark: The human brain contains
approximately 50 billion neurons (Smith, 1994).
 At a logical place in a sentence: According to some
researchers (Smith, 1994) there are 50 billion neurons in the
human brain.
 At a grammatically correct place in a sentence: According to
Smith (1994), there are 50 billion neurons in the human
brain. In addition, we recommend that the citation be
placed

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Citations

 Before a list of items: There are five categories of users

(Anderson, 2008): (1) students, (2) teachers, (3) professors,
(4) technical staff, (5) administrative staff. When the
reference is placed just before the enumerated list, it
becomes very clear that the list is taken from something
Anderson published in 2008.
 Following quotations: “In the experiments it is shown that the
human brain has 50 billion neurons. Many of the types of
neurons have yet to be classified. We strongly encourage
other researchers to develop tools and techniques that will
assist the process of categorizing the neurons.” (Smith,
1994, p. 345)

Citations

A common mistake is to place the citation after the last sentence

of a paragraph. For example:
Recent work has reported that the importance of computers in
industry cannot be overestimated. Several useful services (such
as booking train tickets) rely on computers. However, the
importance of using computers in our everyday life has been
questioned. It has been argued that having too many computers
in our everyday life causes security problems, since people
cannot protect their computers from hackers and Internet
viruses. The researchers are still debating these hot topics.
(Jones, 1993)

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Citations

This style of placement of citations can be very

confusing for the reader.

The author has to carefully choose the placement of

the citation, in combination with a choice of wording,
in such a way that the reader will be likely to make the
correct assumptions.

Improve your Learning (and Grade)

Searching for appropriate references can be both

rewarding and frustrating.
However, what is probably unknown for many students
is that the underpinning views you have on information
seeking affect your learning.

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Improve your Learning (and Grade)

You can approach your information seeking activity with

one of the following views:
 That the main reason for information seeking is to
find facts that can be used in the thesis.
 That the main reason for information seeking is to
evaluate and analyze previous work.

Improve your Learning (and Grade)

To evaluate and analyze previous works:

Find information from a variety of sources that
provides you with different perspectives on the
topic