2nd Year Auto & Diesel Short Question

Subject: AD-213, Suspension, Steering & Brakes

Chapter 01 short questions

1- Define the suspension system.

Ans. The suspension system joins the wheels to the body or the frame in order to support the vehicle
physically. It has usually done two works-controlling the vehicle’s handling and breaking for safety and
keeping the passengers comfortable from bumps and vibrations.

2- Write the three purpose of suspension system.

Ans. Purpose of Suspension system.

 Improves the ride by dampening the impact that the tires receive from the road surface.
 Ensures driving stability.
 It supports the weight of vehicle (including the frame, engine, and body), the passengers and the
load.
 Maintain traction between the tires and the road.
 Hold the wheel in alignment.
3- Write the parts of suspension system.
Ans. Main Components of Suspension System.

1.Control arm 2.Steering knuckle. 3.Ball Joint. 4.Springs (coil and leaf etc.)

5.Pivot shaft. 6.Shock Absorber. 7.Control arm bushing. 8.Stabilizer Bar or Sway bar

4- Define the Independent, non-independent suspension system.

1. Independent suspension system
Independent suspension that is each wheel is supported by an independent arm, which is mounted to
the vehicle body. Therefore, the left and right wheels move independently.
2. Non-Independent suspension system
Non-independent suspension is both wheels are supported by an single axle housing or axle beam.
Therefore, the left and right wheels move together.
5- Write the types name of Independent, non-independent suspension system.
Ans. Types of Independent suspension system.
1.MacPherson strut type 2. Double wishbone type
Types Non-Independent suspension system
1.Trailing arm type with torsion beam 2.Parallel leaf spring type
3. Leading/trailing arm type with lateral rod 4. 4-link type
6- Write the types name of springs use in suspension system.
Ans. THE TYPES NAME OF SPRINGS USED IN SUSPENSION SYSTEM
a. Leaf Springs. b. Coil Springs c. Torsion bar.
d. Air Spring. e. Rubber Springs

7- Define the sprung and un-sprung weight.

Ans. Sprung weight;
The weight of the body, etc., which is supported by springs is called the sprung weight.
Unsprung weight;
The wheels and axles, and other parts of the automobile which are not supported by springs, make up
the unsprung weight.
8- Define pitching, rolling, bouncing and yawing.
Ans. Pitching
Pitching is the up-and-down oscillation, in relation to the vehicle's center of gravity, of the front and
back of the vehicle.
Rolling
When turning or when driving on a bumpy road, the springs on one side of the vehicle expand, while
those on the other side contract. This results in body rolling in the lateral (side-to-side) direction.
Bouncing
Bouncing is the up-and-down movement of the auto body as a whole. When a vehicle is running at high
speeds on an undulating surface, bouncing is likely to occur. Also, it occurs easily when the springs are
soft.
Yawing
Yawing is the movement of the vehicle's longitudinal centerline to the right and left, in relation to the
vehicle's center of gravity. On roads where pitching occurs, yawing is also likely to occur.
9- Define hoping, tramping and wind-up.
Ans. Hopping
Hopping is the up-and-down bouncing of the wheels which usually occurs on corrugated roads while
driving at medium and high speeds.
Tramping
Tramping is the up-and-down oscillation in opposite directions of the left and right wheels, causing the
wheels to skip over the road surface. This occurs most easily in vehicles with rigid axle suspension.
Wind-up
Wind-up is the phenomenon in which acceleration or braking torque acting on the leaf springs attempts
to wind the leaf springs around the axle. Wind-up vibration has an adverse influence on riding comfort.
10- Write the parts of shock absorber.
Ans.

1. sturt rod 2. sturt mount 3. piston 4. piston valve 5. base valve

6. working chamber 7. reserve chamber 8. oil seal 9. dust boot

11- Describe the defects of shock absorber.

Ans. Shock absorbers can develop various defects, including:

1. Leaking Fluid 2. Reduced Damping 3. Bouncing 4. Uneven Tire Wear

5. Increased Braking Distance 6. Noisy Operation: 7. Reduced Handling

12- Write the list types of shock absorber.

Ans. Shock absorbers are classified as follows:
Classification by operation Classification by construction
1. Single-action type 1. Mono-tube type
2. Multiple-action type 2. Twin-tube type
Classification by working medium
1. Hydraulic type
2. Gas-filled type
13- Define the spool valve.
Ans. A spool valve is a device used to control the flow of fluid in a hydraulic system. It consists of a
moving cylinder (spool) inside a ported housing. By adjusting the position of the spool, you can control
the direction and rate of fluid flow in the system, useful in various machines and vehicles.
14- Define the curb weight and curb height.
Ans. Curb height
Curb Height is The Distance from a point of a vehicle to the ground.
Curb weight
Curb Weight is the weight of the vehicle with a full tank of fuel and no passengers or luggage.
15- What is the purpose of suspension leveling system and write its types name.
Ans. The purpose suspension leveling systems is maintain or adjust the ride height of a vehicle's
suspension system. especially when carrying heavy loads or towing trailers. These systems are
commonly used in vehicles like trucks, SUVs, and luxury cars to improve ride quality, handling, and
stability.
Types name;
1. Auto Suspension Leveling Systems:
2. Manual Suspension Leveling Systems:
16- Write the purpose of electronically control suspension (ECS) system.
Ans. The purpose of an electronically controlled suspension (ECS) system is to adjust and optimize a
vehicle's ride comfort and handling by electronically adapting the suspension settings in real-time based
on driving conditions and driver preferences.
17- Define the Steering knuckle.
Ans. A steering knuckle is that part which contains the wheel hub or spindle, and attaches to the
suspension and steering components. The terms spindle and hub are sometimes used interchangeably
with steering knuckle. The wheel and tire assembly attach to the hub or spindle of the knuckle where
the tire/wheel.
18- Define the Pivot shaft.
Ans. The pivot shaft is a important component of the body suspension, supporting all working efforts and movement
constraints. Its main purpose is to ensure the link between the frame and torsion bar on both sides of the vehicle.
19- Define the Shock Absorber.
Ans. The shock absorbers restrain the movement of springs by the resistance of the oil that flows through a path in the
piston. They also absorb the vibrations of the vehicle body, and give a good ride.
20- What is the purpose of Stabilizer Bar or Sway bar.
Ans. The purpose of Stabilizer Bar or Sway bar is When the vehicle turns a corner, it leans to the outside
because of the centrifugal force. The stabilizer bar controls it with the power of the spring that twists,
and keeps the tires close to the ground.
21- Define the leaf spring.
Ans. Leaf springs are made of a number of curved bands of spring steel, called "leaves", stacked
together in order from shortest to longest with a center bolt to keep the leaves from slipping out of
place, they are held at several places with clips. Both ends of the longest (main) leaf are bent to form
spring eyes, used to attach the spring to the frame or to a structural member such as a side member.
22- Define the Torsion bar.
Ans. A torsion bar spring is a spring-steel rod that uses its torsional elasticity to resist twisting. One end
of the torsion- bar is anchored to the frame or other structural member of the body, and the other end
to a component. Torsion bar springs are also used to make stabilizer bars.
23- What is the purpose of shock absorber.
Ans. The purpose of shock absorber it helps absorb the bumps and vibrations from the road, making
your ride smoother and more comfortable. It keeps your car's tires in better contact with the road,
which improves control and safety while driving.
24- Define the mono tube type shock absorber.
Ans. A mono-tube shock absorber is a type of suspension component used in vehicles to dampen
vibrations and control the motion of the suspension. It consists of a single cylindrical tube that contains
with gas on top side and fluid below side. Controls damping for better performance.
25- Define auto and manual suspension leveling system.
1. Auto Suspension Leveling Systems:
Auto suspension leveling systems are designed to automatically adjust the vehicle's ride height based on
various factors such as load, speed, and road conditions. There are two primary types of auto
suspension leveling systems:
2. Manual Suspension Leveling Systems:
Manual suspension leveling systems require driver intervention to adjust the ride height of the vehicle.
These systems are typically found in trucks and SUVs that are frequently used for towing or carrying
heavy loads. Manual suspension leveling systems include:
26- Define the Fatigue
Ans. Fatigue is the fault in springs is when they become weakened or damaged due to repetitive stress
or overuse.
 Chapter 02 short questions
1.Define the steering system.

Ans. The function of a vehicle's steering system is to enable the driver to control the direction of the
vehicle by turning either the front wheels.
2.Write the three purpose of steering system.

1. The steering system controls the direction of the vehicle.

2. The steering system, in conjunction with the suspension system, provides control and stability of
the vehicle.
3. The driver's force which acting on the steering wheel is transferred to the front wheels.

3.Write the parts name of steering system.

1. Steering wheel
2. Steering column
3. Steering Shaft
4. Universal joint
5. Steering Gearbox
6. Steering Linkage/ Tie Rod Rack-end
7. Pitman Arm
8. Steering Link Boots

4.Describe linkage steering system.

Ans. The steering linkage consists of various rods that transmit the motion from the steering gearbox or
rack and pinion to the front wheels. They ensure that the wheels turn in response to the steering input.

5.Define the pitman arm.

Ans. This component is used in the ball re-circulating type steering system. It connects with the end of
steering gear box and It helps to convert the rotational motion of the steering gearbox to the linear
motion and transfer the motion to the tie rods.

6.Enlist the types name of steering system.

1. Manual steering system 2. Power steering system

Rack-and-pinion type Hydraulic power steering

Ball-Recirculating type EHPS (Electric Hydraulic Power Steering) Worm
Worm and sector type Electric power steering (EPS)
7.Describe the three properties of power steering fluid.

1. Viscosity: Power steering fluid has a specific level of viscosity, which means it has the right
thickness or flow ability.
2. Heat Resistance: Power steering systems can generate heat during operation. The fluid needs
to be heat-resistant to withstand these elevated temperatures without breaking down.
 3. Lubrication Properties: Power steering fluid has lubricating properties, which are essential for
the moving parts within the power steering system.

8.Describe three faults and their remedies of power steering system.

1. Low Power Steering Fluid:

Fault: In hydraulic power steering systems, a common issue is a low power steering fluid level due to
leaks or evaporation.

Remedy: Check the fluid level and top it up with the recommended power steering fluid. Inspect the
system for leaks and repair any damaged hoses or components.

2. Power Steering Fluid Contamination:

Fault: Contaminated power steering fluid can lead to issues with system performance and damage to
components.

Remedy: Flush the power steering system and replace the fluid with clean, manufacturer-recommended
fluid. Inspect the reservoir and hoses for signs of contamination or foreign material.

3. Noisy Power Steering:

Fault: A whining or groaning noise when turning the steering wheel is a common symptom of power
steering problems.

9.Describe the following steering problems (Tramp, shimmy).

Tramp:

Tramp, also known as wheel hop, typically occurs when the tires lose traction intermittently. It can be
caused by uneven tire wear, misalignment, or suspension issues.

Shimmy:

Steering wheel shimmy or vibration is often caused by imbalanced or misaligned wheels, worn-out tires,
or damaged suspension components.

10.Write the purpose of power steering system.

Ans. Power steering is a vehicle technology that helps drivers turn the steering wheel more easily by
using hydraulic pressure or electric assistance, making it simpler to control and maneuver the vehicle,
especially at low speeds.
11.Enlist the types name of power steering pump.

1. Gear type
2. Vane type
3. Roller type
4. Slipper type
12.Define the steering gear box ratio.

Ans. The steering ratio is the ratio of the number of degrees of turn of the steering wheel to the number
of degrees the wheel(s) turn as a result.
In motorcycles, the steering ratio is always 1:1, because the steering wheel is fixed to the front wheel.
In most passenger cars, the ratio is between 12:1 and 20:1.
13.Define the Steering lock mechanism.

Ans. The steering lock mechanism in a vehicle is primarily to enhance security and prevent unauthorized
use or theft of the vehicle. The steering lock, often integrated into the vehicle's steering column, serves
several key functions:
14.Describe the purpose of energy-absorbing steering column.

Ans. An energy-absorbing steering column is a safety feature commonly used in automobiles. It is

designed to reduce the risk of injury to the driver during a collision by absorbing and dissipating some of
the energy generated during an impact.
15.Define collapsible steering column.

Ans. These steering columns are designed to collapse entirely during a collision, diverting energy away
from the driver. This design is often used in off-road vehicles and certain specialty vehicles.

16.Define the “PASCAL’S LAW”.

Ans. Pascal's law says that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid will be transmitted without a change in
magnitude to every point of the fluid and to the walls of the container. The pressure at any point in the
fluid is equal in all directions.

17.Define wheel alignment.

Ans. Wheel alignment is the adjustment of a vehicle's wheels to make sure they move in the right
direction. Wheel alignment prevents tire wear, improves fuel efficiency, and enhances the vehicle's
handling and safety.

18.Write the purpose of steering geometry.

Ans. The purpose of steering geometry in a vehicle is to ensure safe, stable, and predictable handling by
precisely controlling the angles and alignment of the wheels.

19.Define scrub radius.

Ans. The distance between the center line of the tire and the steering axle is called the scrub radius.
20.Define the following steering angle (caster, camber, king pin inclination, toe)

Caster

Caster is the forward or backward tilt of the steering axis. Caster is measured in degrees from the
steering axis to vertical as viewed from the side. Backward tilt from the vertical line is called "positive
caster", while forward tilt is called "negative caster".

Camber

The front wheels of the car are installed with their tops tilted outward or inward.
This is called "camber" and is measured in degrees of tilt from the vertical. When the top of a wheel is
tilted outward, it is called "positive camber". Conversely, inward inclination is called "negative camber".

King pin Inclination

The axis around which the wheel rotates as it turns to the right or left is called the "steering axis". This
axis is found by drawing an imaginary line between the top of the shock absorber's upper support
bearing and the lower suspension arm ball joint.
This line is tilted inward as viewed from the front of the car and is called "steering axis inclination” (S.A.I)
or "king pin inclination (K.P.I) ".
Toe-in and Toe-out
When the vehicle is viewed from the top, both front and rear wheels generally point inward. This
condition is called "toe-in", and it helps the vehicle track straight. It is called "toe-out", when the front
wheels point outward.

21.Write the three basic function of caster.

Chapter 03 short questions

1.Define the brake system.

Ans. The brakes decelerate or stop a vehicle in motion, or prevent a parked vehicle from moving.

2.Write the three purpose of brake system.

1. Vehicle Deceleration: The most obvious purpose of a brake system is to slow down the vehicle when
the driver applies the brakes.

2. Stopping the Vehicle: The brake system's primary function is to bring the vehicle to a complete stop
when needed.

3. Parking: Brake systems often include a parking brake (also known as a handbrake or emergency
brake) that is used to keep the vehicle stationary when parked.

3.Write the parts name of brake system.

Brake pedal Brake booster Master cylinder Disc brake caliper

 Disc brake pad Disc brake rotor Brake drum Brake lining

Brake shoe Proportioning Valve (P Valve)

4. Enlist the types name of brake system.

Ans. There are many types of brake system.

1.Mechanical brake 2.Hydraulic brake 3. Vacuum brake 4.Pneumatic brake

5.Exhaust brake 6.Electric brake 7.Electric parking brake

5. what is the function of brake booster.

Ans. A brake booster, also known as a brake servo, is a component in a vehicle's braking system that
enhances the force applied to the brake pedal by the driver. Its primary purpose is to make it easier for
the driver to apply the brakes, especially in vehicles with power brakes.

6. what is the function of brake master cylinder.

Ans. The master cylinder converts the driver's pedal effort into the hydraulic pressure. It consists of a
reservoir that stores the brake fluid and a cylinder that generates hydraulic pressure. the hydraulic
pressure is then applied to the disc brake calipers of the front and rear brakes, and to the wheel
cylinders of the drum brakes.

7. why is duel master cylinder used.

Ans. A dual brake master cylinder also known as tandem master cylinder is a type of master cylinder
with two separate chambers. Each chamber is connected to a different brake circuit in the vehicle. This
design is a safety feature. In the event of a failure in one brake circuit (due to a leak or other issue), the
other circuit remains functional.
8. define the mechanical brake system.

Ans. Mechanical brakes are systems that use physical force to slow or stop a vehicle's motion, often
applied by pedals or levers. Mechanical brakes are used in motor cycle and small vehicle

9. describe the parking brake.

Ans. A parking brake is a backup system in a vehicle that the driver manually engages to keep the vehicle
stationary when parked. It acts on the rear wheels and is used to prevent the vehicle from rolling, especially
on inclines.

10. define the disk brake.

Ans. Disc brakes are a type of brake in vehicles that use flat, rotating discs’ plate. When press the brake
pedal, discs pads grip the disc’s plate, creating friction to slow down or stop the vehicle.

11. define the drum brake.

Ans. Drum brakes are a type of vehicle brakes where brake shoes press against the inside of a brake
drum attached to the wheel, creating friction to slow down or stop the vehicle.
12. enlist the types of brake caliper.

Ans. There are two types of brake caliper.

Fixed caliper type Floating caliper type

13. list the parts of drum brake assembly.

Ans. The components of drum brake.

1.Backup plate 2.brake shoe or brake liner 3.wheel cylinder 4.shoe returning spring

5.Tensioner spring 6.self-adjuster 7.parking brake lever 8.brake cable 9.brake drum

14. what is the meaning of primary and secondary shoe?

Ans. Each drum brake contains two shoes. The primary shoe is closer to the front of the vehicle, while
the secondary shoe is closer to the rear. Depending on the type and brand, the brake shoes may be
interchangeable. it made up of organic or metallic compounds.

15. define the friction.

Ans. The friction between the brake shoe or brake pad and the brake disc or drum is fundamental to the
braking process. A higher coefficient of friction results in greater braking force.

16. write the three properties of brake fluid.

1. High Boiling Point: One of the most critical properties of brake fluid is its high boiling point.

2. Low Freezing Point: Brake fluid should also have a low freezing point to ensure it remains in a liquid
state even in cold temperatures.

3. Viscosity: The viscosity of brake fluid affects its ability to flow through the brake system. It should
have an appropriate viscosity to ensure smooth and efficient operation of the hydraulic components.

17. Describe the braking ratio.

Ans. The difference between pressing the brake pedal and stopping the vehicle completely is called
brake ratio.

For example, if a car traveling at 60 miles per hour (mph) comes to a complete stop in 4 seconds, its
braking ratio can be calculated as follows:

Braking Ratio = Initial Speed / Final Speed

18. what is the meant by brake warning light.

Ans. The brake warning light is a signal on the dashboard that tells you if there's a problem with brakes.
It might mean low brake fluid, worn brake pads, or a malfunction in the braking system.
19.write causes of play in brake pedal.

1.Worn brake pads. 2.Air in the brake lines. 3.Brake fluid leak.

4.Worn brake components. 5.Damaged brake lines or hoses.

20.what is the road feel.

Ans. Road feel is the feedback you get through the steering wheel about the road conditions and how
your car is responding. It tells you how the car is handling, helping you stay in control and drive safely.

21.why brake bleeding is necessary.

Ans. Brakes bleeding is the process of pushing fluid through a hydraulic brake system to ensure all air
bubbles are removed. If brakes aren't bled and air bubbles are trapped within the brake fluid, hydraulic
pressure is greatly reduced, making the brakes less efficient.

22. what is the wheel balancing also write its types name?

Ans. Wheel balancing is making sure the weight of the tire and wheel is even. It helps prevent vibrations
and ensures a smooth ride by adding small weights to balance out any unevenness.

1.Dynamic wheel balancing. 2.Static wheel balancing

23. Define the electric brake.

Ans. An electric brake is a braking system powered by electricity. It uses electric signals to apply braking
force, commonly found in trailers, offering precise control and adjustable braking power.

24.write the advantages of ABS brakes.

Ans. ABS (Antilock Braking System) offers shorter stopping distances, longer tire life, better performance
in different weather, improved steering control, and automatic brake pressure adjustment.

25. write down the uses of hydraulic oil.

Ans. Hydraulic oil is used to transfer power, lubricate moving parts, dissipate heat, prevent corrosion,
maintain seals, remove contaminants, and control pressure in hydraulic systems.

26.describe road crown.

Ans. Road crown is the slight upward slope in the center of a road that helps water drain off to the sides.
It prevents water from pooling on the road surface, reducing the risk of accidents and road damage.

27.define the pneumatic brake.

Ans. Pneumatic Brake System or air brake, is a type of brake for vehicles in which compressed air
pressing on a piston is used to apply the pressure to the brake pad or brake shoe needed to stop the
vehicle. This type of braking system commonly used in heavy vehicles such as trucks, buses, and trains.
28.define traction control system.

Ans. Traction control system (TCS) with helps of ABS prevent skidding and loss of control by adjusting
power to the wheels when it detects slipping.

29.define exhaust brake system.

Ans. The exhaust brake system that slows down a vehicle by restricting the flow of exhaust gases,
creating resistance within the engine. It's like using the engine itself to help slow down the vehicle,
especially useful when going downhill or carrying heavy loads.

30.define spongy.

Ans. If air gets into the brake lines, it can prevent brake fluid from flowing properly, causing the brake
pedal to feel soft, this is called spongy.