WHAT IS ART: INTRODUCTION AND ASSUMPTIONS –
LESSON 1 Product of Art
“Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an
artist once we grow up.” -Pablo Picasso
What is Art? (Collingwood, 1938)
 comes from the ancient Latin which means craft or
a specialized form of skill
 ''ARS'' in Medieval Latin means something different
or any special form
 18th century art evolves and had distinguish
between fine arts and useful arts
What is Art during the Pre-historic Man?
 THE GALLOPING WILD BOAR FOUND IN THE
CAVE OF AMERICA
BV ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE Art is not meant to
be looked at only for what it is.
 It is meant to stimulate thought;
 It allows viewers to draw their own emotions and
pull from their personal experiences when Liewed;
 It is very powerful in this way and it naturally
develops critical and innovative thinking skill
ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE WHY EXPERIENCE IS
INVOLVED IN ARTS?
In order to know what an artwork is, we have to:
 Sense it;
 Hear it;
 Feel it
 See it;
 Taste it;
Assumptions of Arts
1. Art is universal
2. Art is not nature
3. Art involves experience
Arts Appreciation as a Way of Life
Jean-Paul Sartre -famous French philosopher of the 20th
century and describe the role of art as a creative work that
depicts the world in a completely different light and
perspective, and the source is due to human freedom.
Cultivating an Appreciation of Art
 One should exercise and develop his taste for
things are fine and beautiful.
 Learning to appreciate art, no matter what vocation
or profession you have, will lead to a fuller and
more meaningful life. (Collins & Rilley, 1931
The Role of Creativity in Art Making
CREATIVITY -is what sets apart one artwork from
another
Arts Appreciation: Creativity, Imagination
Expression “
“It’s More Fun in the Philippines” was widely used by
the Department of Tourism boomed popularity in 2011
and allegedly plagiarized from Switzerland tourism “It’s
More Fun in Switzerland” back in 1951
Art as a Product of imagination: Imagination as a
“Imagination is more important than knowledge is
limited to all we now know and understand, while
imagination embraces the entire world, and all there
ever will be to know and understand.” -Albert Einstein
 Imagination is not constrained by the walls of the
norm, but goes beyond that.
 An artwork does not need to be a real thing, but can
be something that is imaginary (Collingwood,
1938)
Art as Expression
Robin George Collingwood
- An English philosopher who is best known for his
work in aesthetics.
- Expressing emotions is something different from
describing emotions.
 Visual Arts Is the kind of art form that the
population is most likely more exposed to, but its
variations are so diverse.
 Film Refers to the art of putting together
successions of still images in order to create an
illusion of movement.
 Performance Art A live art and the artist's medium
is mainly the human body which he or she uses to
perform, but also employs other kind of art such as
visual art, props, or sound
 Poetry Performance An art form where the artist
expresses his emotions not by using paint,
charcoal, or camera, but expresses them through
words.
 Architecture Making of beautiful buildings.
 Dance A series of movements that follows the
rhythm of the music accompaniment.
 Literary Art goes beyond the usual professional,
academic, journalistic and other technical forms of
writing
 Theater Uses live performance to present accounts
or imaginary events before a live audience.
 Applied Arts Applied arts is incorporating elements
of style and design to everyday items with the aim
of increasing their aesthetical value.
“Our lives upon the canvas of reality. Mix the colors your
own way and apply emotion liberally. Don't be afraid to
let your brush strokes show, and above all else, make
sure your art has soul." - Christen Rodgers
and
FUNCTIONS AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
ART – LESSON 3
ARISTOTLE
 TELOS in Greek, which means “PURPOSE”.
 Every substance defined as formed matter, moves
according to a fixed path towards its aim.
 This TELOS, according to Aristotle is intricately
linked with function.
 For a thing to reach its purpose, it has to fulfill its
function.
 Man in Aristotle’s view of reality is bound to achieve
a life fulfillment and happiness, or in Greek,
EUDAIMONIA.
 All men move toward its final wave of life.
ARTS
 It is practically talking about the use of the object
whose function is in questions.
 Different art forms come with distinctive functions.
 There’s no one-to-one correspondence between an
art and its function.
Examples of some art forms move functional than others:
 Architecture
 Taj Mahal
 Jewelry Making
All art have function for man, the maker, creates thing
because he has a particular need for them.
Art are classified into:
 Motivated (Functional)
Ex. Architecture, weaving, furniture making, etc.
 Non-Motivated (Non-functional)
Ex. Painting, sculptures, literature, music and theaters art.
PERSONAL FUNCTION OF ART
 A vehicles for the artist expression of their feelings
and ideas.
 The serve as means of expression for us
 Social functions one cannot conceive of a society
without art for art is closely related to every aspects
of life.
 Art is used to help residents process their emotion
or while away their time.
SOCIAL FUNCTION OF ART
 Arts that go beyond personal intrinsic value to art’s
social benefits.
 Individuals and their society are dynamically
related.
 Art communicates.
 Constructed with intention of sharing responses to
and opinions about life of other.
PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS OF ART
 Are the easiest to spot and understand.
 Art can be found in artwork that are crafted in order
to serve some physical purpose.
OTHER FUNCTIONS:
- Music as an art is also interesting to talk about in
relation to function.
- Music was used for dance and religion.
- Sculpture were also made in order to commemorate
important figures in history. Examples:
- Guillermo E. Tolentino
- JOSE RIZAL’S MONUMENT
- POPE FRANCIS AND THE JESUIT, HORACIO DE
LA COSTA
 It is also in architecture where onecan find the
intimate connection of function and form.
 Planning architectural structure,one has to seriously
consider the natural conditions like topography and
climate of the place of erection and the social
condition such as the purpose of the building self.
Examples:
- Christian Church
DOES ART ALWAYS HAVE FUNCTIONAL?
 While it has been shown that most art are
functional, still there are some which are not.
 The plays of Aeschylus and the poetry of Robert
Frost and Edgar Allan Poe are still counted as
example of great works of art despite their not
having a known function.
PLATO
 Plato, in his masterpiece, the republic particularly
paints a picture of artist as imitators and art as mere
imitation.
ART AS REPRESENTATION
 Aristotle and Plato agreed his teacher that art is a
form of imitation.
 Aristotle considered art as an aid to philosophy in
revealing the truth.
 The kind of imitation that art does not antithetical to
the reaching of fundamental truths in the world.
 Talking about tragedies, for example , Aristotle in
the
 Poetics claimed that poetry is a literary
representation in general
 For Aristotle all kinds of art including poetry, music,
dance, painting and sculpture do not aim to
represent reality as it.
ART AS DISINTERESTED JUDGMENT
 “Critique of Judgment considered the judgment of
beauty, the cornerstone of art, as something that
can universal despite its subjectivity.
 Aesthetic judgment for Kant is a cognitive activity.
 Immanuel Kant recognized that judgment of beauty
is subjective.
ART AS A COMMUNICTON OF EMOTION
 The author of War and Peace and Anna Karenina,
Leo Tolstoy, provided another perspective on what
art is.
  For him, art plays a huge role in communication to
its audience’s emotions that the artist previously
experienced.
 Art serves as a language, a communication devices
that articulates feelings and emotions that are
otherwise unavailable to the audience.
 Language communicates information to the other
SOURCES OF SUBJECT
people, art communicates emotions.
SUBJECT AND CONTENT – LESSON 4
- In viewing art, there are clues that mediate between
the artwork and the viewer, allowing the viewer to
more easily comprehend what he is seeing.
- These clues are the three basic components of a KINDS OF SUBJECT
work of art:
Subject- the visual focus or the image that may be extracted
from examining the artwork; the “what”
Content- the meaning that is communicated by the artist or
the artwork; the “why”
Form- the development and configuration of the art work-
how the elements and the medium or material are put
together; the “how”
TYPES OF SUBJECT
REPRESENTATIONAL ART
 These types of art have subjects that refer to
objects or events occurring in the real world.
 Also termed figurative art because the figures
depicted are easy to make out and decipher.
 Despite not knowing who Mona Lisa is, it is clear
that the painting is of a woman that is realistically-
proportioned;
- Mona Lisa Leonardo da Vinci (1503)
 only the upper torso is shown; CONTENT IN ART
 a beguiling and mysterious smile is flashed;
 the background is landscape
NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART
 Arts forms that do not make a reference to the real
world, whether it is a person, place, thing, or even a
particular event.
 It is stripped down to visual elements, such as
shapes, lines, and colors that are employed to
translate a particular feeling, emotion, and even
concept.
- Number 1A Jackson Pollock (1948)
NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART AND ABSTRACT ART
 Is non-representational art are the same with
abstract art?
 There is no clear-cut divide, rather, the exist in a
spectrum.
 Looking at the combinations of lines, shapes, and
colors of the sculpture will point to a head of a
woman. SUBJECTIVE MEANING
 Even with the abstraction of the image, this work is
arguably representational art.
SOURCES AND KIND OF SUBJECT
 For non-representational art, a higher, level of
perceptiveness and insight might be required to
fully grasped the feeling, emotion, or concept
behind the work.
 For representational art, it is easier to infer the
subject matter because from the figures depicted in
the artwork, there is already a suggestion as to its
implication.
- NATURE
- GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY
- JUDEO-CHRISTIAN TRADITION
- SCARED ORIENTAL TEXTS
- HISTORY
- STILL LIFE
- ANIMALS
- FIGURES
- NATURE
- OTHER WORKS OF ARTS
- LANDSCAPE
- SEASCAPE
- CITY SCAPE
- MYTHOLOGY
- DREAMS
- FANTASIES
 Die Ebene von Auvers (Wheat Fields Near Auvers)
Vincent van Gogh (1890)
 A Cockchafer, Beetle, Woodlice and Other Insect,
with a Sprig of Auricula Jan van Kessel (early
1960s)
 Discobolus Myron (Roman, 2nd Century AD)
 Sistine Chapel Micheangelo (1508-1512)
 Interior of Westminster
 Shah Jahan Receiving Dara Shikoh
 El Tres de Mayo Fransico de Goya (1814)
- The meaning or message that is expressed or
communicated by the artwork.
- In understanding the content of art, it is important to
note there are various levels of meaning:
FACTUAL MEANING
 The most rudimentary level of meaning for it may
be extracted from the identifiable or recognizable
forms in the artwork and understanding how these
elements relate to one another.\
CONVENTIONAL MEANING
 Pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the
artwork using motifs, signs, and symbols and other
cyphers as bases of its meaning.
 These conventions are established through time,
strengthened by recurrent use and wide acceptance
by its viewers or audience and scholars who study
them.
 When subjectivities are consulted, a variety of
meanings may arise when a
 particular work of art is read.
 These meanings stem from the viewer’s or
audience’s circumstances that come into play when
 engaging with art (what we know, what we learned,
what we experienced; what values we stand for)
 Meaning may not be singular, rather, multiple and
varied

Creation of Adam (from the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel)

Micheangelo (1814)

ANALYSIS

Subject: Biblical art

Factual meaning: Creation Story (creation of man)

Conventional meaning; Man was created in the image and

likeness of God

Subjective meaning: Endowment of intellect to man from

God

PAINTING IS SELF-DISCOVERY. EVERY GOOD ARTIST

PAINTS WHAT HE IS. -Jackson Pollock

Artists And Artisans (PPT4)

Robert Henri

“Art when really understood is the province of every human

being.”

Peter Drucker

- The real controlling resource and the absolutely

decisive factor of production is neither capital not
land nor labor. It is KNOWLEDGE.
- One type of knowledge that fuels the twenty-first
century is CREATIVITY.
 ARTIST AND ARTISANS – LESSON 5
 New ways of seeing,” The New York Times’ T
Brand Studio and jewelry giant Tiffany & Co., art
critic Jerry Saltz (2016) underscored the
significance of not only the discovery of the cave
paintings, but also the paintings themselves.
 France, Spain, Namibia, Australia and Argentina
 Bronze Age down to the middle ages utilize his
surroundings to create varying expressions of his
ideas and feelings.
 Art was nurtured by the varying cultures in which it
existed.
 Ornamentations
 Artist even created places and spaces where
communities may gather, there are numerous
monuments and memorials plotted over the world.
 Pyramids of Giza
 Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC.
The Artisan and the Guilds
- MUSEUMS packed with numerous artifact.
Another contributory factor is the emergence of
technology.
 Craftsmen and builders in the past did not have
sophisticated terminologies and principles that
architects and engineers abide by today.
 Experimentation and luck must not also forgotten.
 Started the project in 1248 but was only completed
roughly 600 years later.
 Gothic Architecture
 Artisan a worker in a skilled trade
 Guilds-Groups of artisans and craftsmen:
shoemakers, textile and glass workers, carpenters,
carvers, masons, armorers, and weapon makers,
among others.
 The practice of artists was not grounded on the idea
of individual capacities or success; rather, in the
commitment to work together as a collective.
 Guilds were a type of social fellowship, an
association structured with rules, customs, rights
and responsibilities.
Visual arts
Albrecht Durer
- born in 1471. he’s father was a goldsmith
- Travel, fame , fortune
- published a quite number of books and treatises
including those that talked about practical skills as
an artist.
Kisame is a collective endeavor amongst enthusiasts and
advocates who aimed to promote this art from through
documentation, engagement, and appreciation of surviving
ceiling paintings in more than 60 churches in the Philippines.
- Church of the Most Holy Trinity in Loay, Bohol.
(1822) locally referred to as Santatisima Trinidad
Parish
The Artist and His Studio
 Artist and his studio it’s the place where the artist
and it’s creation take place, to improve there
capacity and to force their limits. Like a school that
a teacherteaches his/her students, “the Apprentices
studied under masters”.
 There are two stations in the studio were they can
work properly: the Studiolo and the Bottega
 Bottega- a studio or workshop of an artist were
they can participate with there major projects and
there commission of the major artists.
Other Player in the World of Art
- Art world is a wider term that art market,
through that is a large part of it.
- Howard S. Backer describe it as “the network of
people whose cooperative activity, organized via
their joint knowledge of conventional means of
doing things.”
- Sarah Thornton describe it as “a loose network
overlapping subcultures held together by a belief in
art.
- Howard S. Bracker the art works are not the
creation of isolated individuals but result from
cooperation between different artists, suppliers of
materials, art distributors, critics, and audiences
who together make up the art world.
it’s a global network which all creation of arts have been
displayed in one place to another and it have comprised
individual group, like…
- institution or school
- Museums
- Galleries
- Art space
- Auction houses or other market platform
Production Process
What is Pre-Production?
Pre-Production
- is the work done on a product, especially a film or
broadcast program before full-scale production
begins.
- Elements of video production such as the script,
casting, location scouting, equipment and crew, and
the shot list all happen during pre-production.
Pre-pro production
- is the planning stage. It’s where we get all of the
ducks in a row so the rest of the production process
is as smooth as gravy.
- If you’re adding elements such as motion graphics,
animation or voice-overs in your video, the material
will be produced in the production stage.
What is Post-Production?
- The work that is done on a film or recording has
taken place.
- Post-Production which is often referred to as ‘post’,
is organizing, cutting, coloring and editing the
footage captured in production.
- Post is where all the footage is constructed and the
final touches, the elements that really make the
video pop, are added to the final product.
Medium and Technique

- Medium is one of the aspects of art that directly

correlates with its composition and presumed
finality of the artwork. It is the mode of expression in
which concept idea or message is conveyed.
- Technique is the show of level of familiarity with the
medium being manipulated.

Engagement with Art

- Roles and nature of exhibition have bad an

interesting evolution changing along side the
demands of the society that purport to partake in its
displays in. Anna Cline’s “ The Evolving Role of
the Exhibition and Impact of Art Culture(2002).

Awards and Citations

- After an artist spent considerable time in honoring

his skill establishing the relevance of the body of
work. Even gaining respect from his colleagues in
the art world, his may be considered or nominated
from awards and citations. Emblem of the Order of
National Artists of the Philippines 66 awardees of
this prestigious honor across different art forms.

Two Major awards given to the artist in the

Philippines

1. Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng

Sining( Orden of National Artist)

2. Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan ( National Living

Treasures Award).
- It is created on 1992 under RA No.7355.
- The order jointly administered by the National
Commission for Culture and Arts(NCCA)
- The Cultural Center of the Philippines(CCP) and
confirmed by the Philippines President.
- The first recipient of this award was Fernando
Amorsolo who was touted “ Grand Old Man of the
Philippines.”

The National artist awardee receives are the following

1. The rank of title, as proclaimed by the President of

the Philippines
2. A medallion or insignia and a citation that will be
read during conferment.
3. . Cash award and a host benefits( monthly life,
pension, medical, hospitalization benefits, life
insurance coverage.
4. A state funeral and burial at the libingan ng Bayani
(Heroes’ Ceremony)
5. A place of honor or designated area during national
state function, along with recognition or
acknowledge at cultural events

Incentives accorded to the awardee are:

 A specially designed gold medallion

 An initial grant of 100,000 and a 10,000 monthly
stipend for life (this was increase to 14,000)
 Benefits such as a maximum cumulative amount of
750,000 medical and hospitalization benefits
 Funeral assistance or tribute fit for national living
treasure

“Art is not a handicraft, it is the transmission of

feeling the artist has experienced.” -Leo Tolstoy
 ELEMENSTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART – LESSON 6
Elements of Art
VISUAL ART
 LINE
 SHAPE AND FORM
 SPACE
 COLOR
 TEXTURE
AUDITORY ART
 RHYTHM
 DYNAMICS
 MELODY
 HARMONY
 TIMBRE
 TEXTURE
VISUAL ART – ART FORMS THAT CREATE WORKSTHAT
ARE PRIMARILY VISUAL IN NATURE
1. Line– refers to a point moving at an identifiable
path. It is one-dimensional, it has length, width and
direction.
Horizontal lines are normally associated with rest or calm.
Vertical lines connote elevation or height.
Diagonal lines convey movement and instability
Crooked is reminiscent of violence, conflict or struggle.
Curved lines that bend or coil. They allude to softness,
grace, flexibility & sensuality.
2-3. Shape & form – they are related to each other
because they define the space occupied by each other.
ORGANIC - Are those readily occurring in nature, often
irregular and assymetrical.
GEOMETRIC - Shapes find origin in mathematical
propositions. It includes shapes such as squares, triangles
and etc.
4. Space – related to shape & form, usually inferred from
a sense of depth, whether it is real or simulated. Real space
is three-dimensional
Positive & Negative Space – white space is identified the
negative space while positive space is the space where
shadow is heavily used
Three-dimensional Space – can be simulated through a
variety of techniques such as shading.
5. Color – enhances the appeal of an artwork. It is a
property of light as it is reflected off the object.
HUE – this dimension of color gives its name
Primary Colors – red, yellow & blue
Secondary Colors – green, orange & violet
Tertiary Colors – six in total (achieved when primary and
secondary colors are mixed)\
VALUE – brightness or darkness of color
Light Colors – taken as the source of light in the composition
Dark Colors – the lack or even absence of light
Range of Values (primary color)
Tint – lighter color than the normal value (ex. pink for red)
Shade – darker color than the normal value (ex. maroon for
red)
INTENSITY – color’s brightness or dullness
Bright or warm colors – positive energy
Dull or cool colors – sedate/soothing, seriousness or calm
Color harmonies
Monochromatic Harmonies – use the variations of a hue
Complementary Harmonies – involve two colors opposite
each other in the color wheel
Analogous Harmonies – make use of two colors beside
each other in the color wheel
6. Texture – it can be either real or implied. It is
experienced through the sense of touch (and sight)
Textures in the two dimensional plane – can be implied using
one technique or a combination of other elements of art
Surface texture – refers to the texture of the three-
dimensional art object
PLANES AND PERSPECTIVE
One-point perspective – used in depicting roads, tracks,
hallways or rows of trees. It shows parallel lines that seem to
converge at a specific and lone vanishing point, along the
horizon line.
Two-point perspective – used in depicting structures such as
houses or buildings in the landscape that are viewed from a
specific corner. It makes use of two vanishing points which
can be placed anywhere along the horizon line.
Three-point perspective – the viewer is looking at a scene
from above or below. It makes use of three vanishing points,
each corresponding to each axis of the scene.
Auditory Art – music as an art is classified as auditory art.
Much like the visual arts, it has its own elements.
1. Rhythm – associated to the terms beat, meter &
tempo. It situates it in time
Variations of Tempo (classical terms)
 Largo – slowly and broadly
 Andante – walking pace
 Moderato – at moderate speed
 Allegro – fast
  Vivace – lively
 Accelerando – gradually speeding up
 Rallentado – gradually slowing down
 Allargando – getting slower, broadening
 Rubato – literally “robbed time” rhythm is
played freely for expressive effect
2. Dynamics – refers to the loudness orquietness of
music
 Different Levels
 Pianissimo [pp] – very quiet
 Piano [p] – quiet
 Mezzo-piano [mp] – moderately quiet
 Mezzo-forte [mf] – moderately loud
 Forte [f] – loud
 Fortissimo [ff] – very loud
3. Melody – refers to the linear presentation
(horizontal) of pitch. In musical notation, it is read
insuccession from left to right. Pitch is the highness
or lowness of musical sound
4. HARMONY – it is vertical, arises when pitches are
combined to form chords. Dissonance is the harsh-
sounding combination while consonance is the
smooth-sounding combination
5. Timbre – often likened to the color of music. It is a
quality that distinguishes voice or an instrument
from another
6. Texture – number of melodies, Type of layers and
their relatedness in a Composition
 Monophonic – single melodic line
 Polyphonic – two or more melodic lines
 Homophonic – main melody accompanied
 By chords
Principles of art
(1) Balance – refers to the distribution of the visual
elements in view of their placement to each other
3 Forms of Balance
Symmetrical – the elements used on one side are
reflected to the other. This offers the most stable visual
sense to any artwork
Asymmetrical – the elements are not the same (or of the
same weight) on each side, putting the heaviness on one
side
Radial – there is a central point in the composition,
around which elements and objects are distributed
(2) Scale and proportion – scale pertains to the size in
relation to what is normal for the figure or object in
question while proportion is the size of the components
or of objects in relation to one another when taken as a
composition or unit
Proportion can be:
Natural – relates to the realistic size of the visual
elements in the artwork
Exaggerated – refers to the unusual size relations of
visual elements. An element that is smaller than
expected is called diminutive and when something
appears to be larger than what is presumed it is called
monumental.
Idealized – most common to those that follow canons of
perfection, the size-relations of elements or objects
which achieve the most ideal size-relations
(3-4) Emphasis and Contrast
Emphasis allows the attention of the viewer to a focal
point(s), accentuating or drawing attention to these
elements or objects.
Contrast is the disparity between the elements that
figure into the composition. One object may be made
stronger compared to other objects.
(5-6) UNITY AND VARIETY
Unity unless intended to be otherwise, compositions are
intended to imbue a sense of accord or completeness
from the artwork.
Variety is the principle that aims to retain the interest by
allowing patches or areas that both excite and allow the
eye to rest.
(7) Harmony – unity and variety is related to the principle
of harmony, in which the elements or objects achieve a
sense of flow and interconnectedness
(8) Movement - refers to the direction of the viewing eye
as it goes through the artwork, often guided by areas or
elements that are emphasized. These focal points can be
lines, edges, shape and color within the work of art
among others
(9) Rhythm – created when an element is repeated,
creating implied movement.
(10-11) Repetition and Pattern – lines, shapes and colors
and other elements may appear in an artwork in a
recurring manner. This is called repetition. In addition,
the image created out of repetition is called pattern
Hybrid Arts – is a contemporary art movement in which
artist work with frontier areas of science and emerging
technologies
Gfp Bunny (2000) is an artwork by american artist
eduardo kac. alba, the bunny, is an albino bunny,
genetically engineered by kac’s collaborators, the
zoosystemician louis bec and scientists louis-marie
houdebine and patrick prunet. alba is white under
regular lighting, but when luminated with blue light up to
488nm, she glows luminous green.