Tamil (Second Language) Guide Grade 10

jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;
juk; 10
Copyright © 2006 National Institute of Education - Sri Lanka. All rights reserved.
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
jkpo; n khopj; J iw
nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
2007
© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2007
gjpg;G :
gjpg;gfk; :
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp
Gj;jhapukhz;by; KjyhtJ fiyj;jpl;lr; rPu;jpUj;jk; ,d;iwa ghlrhiyf; fy;tp

KiwapYs; s rpy gpur; r pidfSf; F j; jP u ; T fhZk; Nehf; f py; eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy;fSk; r%f Mw;wy;fSk; jdpahs; Mw;wy;fSk;
eyptiltjhy; ,d;iwa ,isQu;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fz;Lk;>
mjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha;e;Jk;> mt;thwhd epiyikfis ntw;wp nfhs;sj;
Njitahd gpd;dzpfis cUthf;fpAk; ,f;fiyj; jpl;lr; rPu;jpUj;jk; jpl;lkplg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
Mrpa tya ehLfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ ,jw;F Kd;du; vkJ ehL fy;tpapy;

Kd;dzp tfpj;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W ,t; tyaj;jpd; mNef ehLfs; ,yq;ifia
tpl fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndw;wkile;Js;sd. njupe;j tp;laq;fis nkU$l;LtjpYk;>
Vw;fdNt KbT nra;jtw;iwf; fw;gjpYk; ,Uf;Fk; tplaq;fis kPz;Lk; mNj
mbg;gilapy; fl;bnaOg;GtjpYk; fy;tpapayhsu;fs; mz;ikf;fhykhf <Lgl;lik
,jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfspy; rpythFk;.
,t;tplaq;fis rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;j;J xU njspthd Nfhl;ghl;bd; fPo; Gjpa fiyj;

jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Kaw;rpj;Js;sJ. njupe;jtw;iw
khw;wpaikj;Jk;> Gjpatw;iwf; fz;lwpe;Jk;> vjpu;fhyj;Jf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw
cUthf;fpAk; ehisa ntw;wpf;fhf jahu; epiyapy; ,Uf;ff;$ba khztu; FOit
cUthf;FtJ ,jd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhFk;. ,d;iwa epiyia ntw;wp nfhs;s
Mrpupau; tfpghfj;jpy; xU ghupa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; Gjpajhff;
$wNtz;bajpy;iy. ,Jfhytiu vkJ tFg;giwfspy; epytp te;j mwpitf;
flj;jy; tfpghfk;> gupkhw;w tfpghfk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf khztu; ika>
Nju; r ; r pika> nraw; g hLfis mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; l epiykhw; W Mrpupau;
tfpghfj;jpd; epiyikfis ed;F tpsq;fp Gjpa Mrpupau; tfpghfj;jpy; gapw;rp
ngwNtz;ba epiy ,d;iwa Mrpupau; r%fj;Jf;F Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
Gjpa epiyikfSf;F ,irthf;fk; miltjw;fhd gy mwpTWj;jy;fSk; mlq;fpa

,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b tpisjpwd;kpf;f Mrpupauhf Gj;jhapuk; Mz;by;
tUtjw;F cjTk; vd ehk; ek;GfpNwhk;. ,e;j mwpTWj;jy;fisg; guprPypg;gjd;
%yk; md;whlf; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfisg; Nghd;Nw kjpg;gPl;Lr; nraw;ghLfisAk;
,yFthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk;. khztu;fSf;nfdj; jug;gl;Ls;s
NjlYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;> jucs;sPLfs;> Mrpupau; nraw;ghLfis ,yFthf;Fk;
vd;gJ jpz;zk;. mj;Jld; Neu xJf;fPl;bd;NghJk; tsg;gq;fPl;bd;NghJk;> cs;sf
Nkw;ghu;itapd;NghJk; gad;glf;$ba ngWkjpkpf;f gy jfty;fis mjpgu;fsplk;
nfhz;L nry;tjw;F ,t;topfhl;b cjTk;.
ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpyhd Nkw;gb tplaq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf fy;tp eltbf;if

fspy; <LgLk; Mrpupau; f s; > Mrpupa MNyhrfu; f Sf; F kl; L kpd; w p ntspaf
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G epfo;rr
; pj; jpl;lj;jpy; <LgLk; gy;NtW juj;jpyhd
mjpfhupfSf;Fk; gad;glf;$ba tifapy; ,t;topfhl;biaj; jahupg;gjpy; Neub
ahfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlj;jpd; cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
fyhepjp (jpUkjp) I. vy;. fpdpNf mtu;fs; cl;gl epWtd cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk;>
gy;NtW topfspy; Nrit nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wp cupj;jhfl;Lk;.
Nguhrpupau; N[. lgps; a +. tpf; f pukrpq; `

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
i
topfhl; l y; : Nguhrpupau; N[. lgps;a+. tpf;fpukrpq;`
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fyhepjp tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl

cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
MNyhrid : Nguhrpupau; v];. jpy;iyehjd; - jifrhu; Xa;Tepiyg; Nguhrpupau;

Nguhrpupau; V.rz;Kfjh]; - jifrhu; Xa;Tepiyg; Nguhrpupau;
jpU. up. ,uhN[e;jpuk; - jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp. v];. Nahfuh[h - fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp. tp. kNf];tud; - Nguhjidg; gy;fiiyf;fofk;
jpU.Nf. ,uFgud; - njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
jpU.vk;.V.vk;. ukP]; - njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
jpl;lkplYk; ,izg;Gk; :
jpU. c. etuj;jpdk; - gzpg;ghsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw
nry;tp. G. ehfypq;fk; - gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhhup
jpUkjp. Qh.rpj;uuQ;rd; - nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
jpUkjp. th.fhz;Bgd; - nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
[dhg;. vk;. vy;;.vk; ,u;\hj; - nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
nry;tp. R. rfpu;jkyu; - cjtp nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
vOj; j hsu; FO :
nry;tp. v];. fzgjpg;gps;is
- Xa;Tngw;w cjtp fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> fz;b.
jpUkjp v];. rj;jpaNjtd;
- Mrpupau;> tpNtfhde;jhf;fy;Y}up> nfhOk;G.
jpUkjp gp. ghyr;re;jpud;
- Mrpupau;> ghujp jkpo; tpj;jpahyak;> gJis.
jpUkjp v];. &guhzp
- Mrpupau;> Gdpj md;dk;khs; m.j.k.tp.> nfhOk;G.
jpU. vk;.v];.vk;. `p\hk;
- Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> fhyp.
jpUkjp. v];. Nkhfd;
- Mrpupau;> jkpo; kfh tpj;jpahyak;> gz;lhutis.
fzpdp tbtikg;G :
nry;tp. vg;. ep];kpah mkPu;
i
cs;slf;fk;
gf; f k ;
Kd;Diu
gFjp I tpupthd ghlj; j pl; l k;
1. mwpKfk; i
2. ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; ii
3. ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lKk; iii
tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk; 1 - 6
gFjp II fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;

1. mwpKfk; i
2. ju cs;sPLfs; v
3. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;
Kjyhk; jtiz 1 - 99
,uz;lhk; jtiz 100 -290
%d;whk; jtiz 291 -356
gFjp III fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;
1. mwpKfk; i
2. fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs; 1 - 17
iii
Kd; D iu
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhy; cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

%d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. mitahtd:
tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk;
nraw;ghl;Lj; njhlufk;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;il NkYk; tpupTgLj;jYf;fhd fUtpfs;
,g;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ> tplaj; jiyg;Gfs;> cgjiyg;Gfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf

Mrpupau; gq;fspg;Gf;Fs; vLf;ff;$ba gy;NtW jPuk
; hdq;fis Mrpupau;fSf;F tpsf;Fk;
gaDila xU MtzkhFk;.
ghlr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;Fupa fhuzpfisAk; ghl Nehf;fq;fisAk; mwpKfQ; nra;J

Muk;gpf;Fk; ,t;Ntl;by; ghlk; njhlu;ghd Nju;rr

; pfSk;> Nju;rr
; p myFfSk; cs;slf;fg;
gl;Ls;sd. khztu;fspdhy; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Nju;r;rp myFfs;
njhlu;ghd ghl cs;slf;fk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUj;jy; ,t;Ntl;bd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
,g;ghl cs;slf;fj;ij khztu;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s fw;wy;
- fw;gpj;jy; El;gq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L mjw;F vLf;Fk; Neuj;ijj; jPuk
; hdpj;jpUg;gJ
,g;gFjpapd; ,d;DnkhU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
,t;tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; juj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk;

Nehf;fpNy Kd;itf;fg;gl Ntz;ba jucs;sPLfs; njhlu;ghf njspthd tpsf;f
nkhd;iw Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;F Kide;Js;sJ. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nraw;ghl;Lf;F cjTk; nghUl;fis Vw;fdNt Nfl;L cupa Neuj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
,jd; %yk; tha;g;Gf; fpilf;fpd;wJ. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;
tpisTfis cWjp nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fupa ngWkjpkpf;f MNyhridfs; gy fzpg;gL P k;
kjpg;gPLk; vd;w gFjpapNy cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ~~ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk;
Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;|| vd;w gFjpia ghlrhiyf; fy;tpNahL rhu;e;j midtUk;
Kiwahf thrpj;J tpsq;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. Mrpupau;fSf;Ff; fw;wy;-
fw; g pj; j y; nraw; g hLfis xg; g ilf; F k; N ghJ> ghltpjhdr; nraw; g hLfisr;
nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ> Mrpupau; gzpfis Nkw;ghu;it nra;Ak; NghJ> cupathW Neuj;ij
xJf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; <LgLgtu;fSf;F ,J Njitahd
tpsf;fq;fisaspf;fpd;wJ.
iv
Mrpupau; gq;fspg;gpNy njspthd khw;wk; xd;iw Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf rPu;jpUj;jg;gl;l
ghlj;jpl;lj;ijr; nrt;tNd epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; MrpupaUf;F
Njitahd cjtpfis $bastpy; toq;Ftjw;F cupa eltbf;iffis vLj;Js;sJ
vd;gij mwptpg;gjpy; ngUkfpo;rr ; p milfpd;Nwhk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapd;
,uz;lhk; gFjpapy; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mKyhf;Ftjw;F cupa nraw;ghl;Lj; njhlufj;ij
mwpKfQ; nra;jpUg;gJ ,jd; ,d;DnkhU rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. ,r;nraw;ghLfis mt;thNw
Mrpupau;fs; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gltpy;iy. jdJ Mf;fg+u;tkhd>
Mw;wy;fSf;Fk; Ma;Tr; rpe;jidahw;wy;fSf;Fk; Vw;g nraw;ghLfis Vw;wtpjkhf
xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ MrpupauplkpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf
%d;W FOf;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd $wpapUg;gpDk; tFg;giwapYs;s khztu;fspd;
vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g mij khw;wQ; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F MrpupaUf;F KbAk;. rpwpa
tFg;Gfspy; FOr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gj;ij mspf;Fk; tpjkhf cupa
jPu;khdq;fis vLf;Fk;NghJ Mrpupau;fs; rhJupakhf ele;J nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
cupa Nju;r;rp kl;lk; epiwT ngWk; tpjkhf nraw;ghLfSf;F cupa Neuk;

Ntwhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 40 epkpl ghlNtisf;F mg;ghy; nry;tjw;F MrpupaUf;F
Neuplyhk;;. xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ijAk; epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; NghjpasT
Neuk; me;je;jr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL Neu#rpapy;
cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s jdpg;ghlNtis> ,U ghlNtisfSf;F Vw;wthW ,r;
nraw;ghLfisg; gFjpfshfr; nra;J epiwT nra;J nfhs;sNtz;baJ Mrpupau;
fsplkpUe;J vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLfpwJ. Kd;ida ehs; Muk;gpj;j nraw;ghnlhd;iw NkYk;
njhlu;e;J mLj;j ehSk; nra;Ak;NghJ Kjy; ehs; epiwT nra;jtw;iw NkYk;
mwpKfQ; nra;J njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ cq;fsplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tFg;giwapy; epyTk; epr;rakw;w re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ 40 epkpl> 80 epkpl Neuj;jpw;F
cq;fshy; ftdkhf jpl;lkplg;gl;l jpl;lq;fSk; $l epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tJ mupjhdJ
vd;gJ ,ufrpaky;y.
ahNjDnkhU Nju;rr ; p kl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F ntt;Ntwhd nraw;ghLfis

mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ePqf ; s; mwptPuf
; s;. mjd;gb cj;Njr nraw;ghlhdJ
mt; t hNw eilKiwg; g Lj; j g; g l Ntz; L k; vd cq; f splk; xUNghJk;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;glkhl;lhJ. kpfTk; rpwe;j gpuNtrj;Jld; $ba> Ma;Tfisf; nfhz;l
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il tpupTgLj;jf;$ba ntt;NtW cgfuzq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp rpwe;j fw;gpj;jy; xd;iwNa ehk; cq;fsplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
v
GJtplaq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;NghJ ePqf ; s; nraypog;gij jtpu;gg ; jw;fhf cq;fSf;F
Ntz;ba ifNal;il toq;Ftij kl;Lk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; nra;Js;sJ. Mrpupau;
gq;fspg;gpNy rpwe;jnjhU khw;wj;ij ehLg+uhTk; Mrpupau;fsplk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F ,t;NtL
ngUe;Jiz GupAk; vd;gJ vkJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.
mt;thNw ,r;nraw;ghLfSf;F mg;ghy; nrd;W Gj;jhf;fq;fspy; <LgLk; Mrpupau;

fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; guprspg;G Kiw xd;iwAk; mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;Fk; ehk; vjpu;
ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;. mg;gupirg; ngWtjw;F ePq;fs; nra;a Ntz;baJ cq;fshy; jpl;l
kplg;gLk; nraw;ghLfis cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; (ghlj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jp) Njrpa
fy;tp epWtfk;> kfufk vDk; Kftupf;F mDg;gp itg;gjhFk;. mt;tg; ghlf;
FOf;fspD}lhf mr;nraw;ghLfs; guprPyid nra;ag;;gl;L gupRf;Fupatu;fs; njupT
nra;ag;gLthu;fs;.
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; %d;whk; gFjpapy; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis

NkYk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F cjTk; cgfuzj; njhFjpfs; mlq;Ffpd;wd.
nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp xd;iw ikakhff; nfhz;L toq;fg;gLk; ,t;Tgfuzq;fs;
tFg;giwf;F ntspNaAk; njhlu;r;rpahf khztu;fs; fw;gjw;Fj; JizGupAk;.
mt;Tgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp khztu;fspd; fw;wiy guprPyid nra;J cupa
kPstypAWj;jy;fisr; nra;tJ cq;fs; gzpahFk;. ,k;ks P typAWj;jy;fs; tpUg;gKs;s
fw;wy; mDgtq;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;F Jiz GupAk;. fw;wy;-
fw; g pj; j y; nraw; g hl; b d; ntw; w pf; F kjpg; g P l ; L Kiwfspy; ghupa khw; w q; f s;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd. nghJg; guPl;irfspy; fy;tp kl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g Kd;khjpup
tpdhf;fspd; jd;ikia mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;F Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Kaw;rpg;gJ
mjdhyhFk;. ,jd; guPl;ir tpdhf;fspd; jd;ik njhlu;ghf vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; khw;wj;ij
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; ePqf ; s; toikahd KiwapypUe;J tpLgl;L khztu;fspd; rpe;jpf;Fk;
Mw;wy;> r%fj;jpwd;fs;> jdpahs; jpwd;fs; vd;gtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapy;
gaDs;s fw;gpj;jypy; <LgLtPu;fs; vd;gJ vkJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.
fyhepjp I.vy;. fpdpNf

cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
vi
juk;
gFjp
I
10
01. mwpKfk;
vt;tplaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapYk; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;w khw;wq;fs; jtpu;f;fKbahjdNt.

mt;tifapy; nkhopAk; nkhop%ykhd Mf;fq;fSk; nkhop fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSk;
khw;wk; ngWtJ jtpu;f;f ,ayhjJ.
,t;Tz;ikia kdq;nfhz;Nl fiyj;jpl;lq;fs; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; kWrPuikf;fg;

gLfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; jw;fhyj;Jf;Nfw;wjhf khztuplj;jpy; mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F>
gapw;rp vd;gtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfis ikakhff; nfhz;L
Njrpa nghJf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Fk; nghJj; jifikfSf;Fk; mikthf ,f;fiyj;jpl;lk;
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
10Mk; juj;Jf;Fupa jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;Jf;fhd ,g;Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ 2007Mk;

Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwf;F tUfpd;wJ. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Nfl;lYk; Ngr;Rk;> thrpg;G>
vOj;J Mfpa nkhopj; jpwd;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khztu;fspd; taJf;Fupa
fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gad;ghl;L ,yf;fzKk; nkhoptsKk; jdpj;jdpj; NjHr;rpfshf toq;fg;gl;b Ug;gpDk;>

mbg;gil nkhopj; jpwd;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L fw;Fk; NghNj , t w ; i w A k ;
njhlHGgLj;jpf; fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ ,yf;fzj;ijj;
jdpj; J f; fw; g pf; f hJ ghlj; j pd; (Text) Clhff; fw; g pj; j y; Ntz; L k; vd; W
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rpfs;> khztu;fs; nkhopiar; nrk;ikahf> Mf;fG+u;tkhf ifahs;tjw;Fk;

jkJ cs;shu;ej
; Mw;wy;fis mwpe;J> mtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jp r%fj;jpy; ew;gpui[fshf
tho;tjw;fhd jFjpiag; ngWtjw;Fkhd mbg;gilia toq;f ty;ydthFk;.
mj;Nju;rr
; pfis ikag;gLj;jp tbtikf;fg;gl;l ,f;fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;fhd nraw;ghLfs;
ahtw;iwAk; gpujpgypg;gjhfg; ghlg;Gj;jfk; mikAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fKbahJ. vdNt
Mrpupau;fs; ghlg;Gj;jfj;jpy; khj;jpuk; ftdk; nrYj;jhJ fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
tplaq;fspy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;jp mjd; %yk; ngw;w njspNthL> Vw;w fw;if
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
i
02. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
• jkpo;nkhopiaj; njhlu;ghlw;fUtpahf fhyj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;

tpidj;jpwDld; ifahSjy;.
• ,yf;fpaq;fspD}lhf r%f> fyhrhu> tpOkpaq;fis mwpe;J mtw;iwg;

NgZjy;.
• fiyfs;> mwptpay;> njhopy;El;gj;Jiwfs; vd;gtw;wpd; tsu;r;rpf;Nfw;g

nkhopiar; nrk;ikahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiyg; ngWjy;.
• nkhopA+lhf khztu; jk; MSikia tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;.

• Njrpa xUikg;ghl;Lzu;it tsu;f;f nkhopiar; rhjfkhff; nfhs;sy;.
i
03. ghlrhiyf;nfhs;ifAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lKk;
jkpo;nkhopf; fw;wyhdJ ghlj;jpl;lj;Jld; khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l xd;wd;W. ghlrhiy
Kfhikf; FOtpdu; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; va;jg;glNtz;ba Nju;rr ; pfis ed;F
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJld;> mtw;wpdbg;gilapy; ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifia cUthf;fTk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jTk; Kidjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ghlrhiyapy; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mKyhf;Fk; NghJ khztu;fspd; jdpahs; NtWghl;il

kdjpw; nfhz;L khztu;fspd; Njitia <Lnra;Ak; tifapy; cs;shu;ej ; Mw;wy;fis
tsu;ff
; Tk; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; nfhs;if cUthf;fKk; epfo;rr
; pj;jpl;lKk; mika
Ntz;Lk;.
mtw;wpw;fhd rpy MNyhridfs; ,q;F jug;gLfpd;wd.

1. ghlrhiyapYs;s jkpo;nkhop %yk; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; ahtUk; nkhopahrpupau;
vd;w Nehf;fpy; nraw;gl top nra;jy;.
2. ghlrhiyiar; #oTs;s gpuNjrj;jpd; jkpo;nkhoprhu; tsq;fis khztu;fspd;

nkhoptpUj;jpf;fhf cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
3. ,yf;fpa kd;wq;fs; Nghd;w khztu; kd;wq;fis tFg;G uPjpahf mikj;J

khztu;fspd; cs;shu;e;j jpwd;fis tsu;f;f cjTjy;.
4. ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; tpthjk;> ftpauq;F> gl;bkd;wk;> ,yf;fpag; Nghl;b>

nghJ mwpTg;Nghl;b Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfis elhj;Jjy;.
5. ngupahu;fis mioj;J ,yf;fpar; nrhw;nghopTfis elhj;Jjy;.
6. E}y; epiyaq;fspy; nkhop ,yf;fpak; rhu;e;j E}y;fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;.

thrpj;j ,yf;fpa E}y;fspy; ,Ue;J ngw;w tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahLtjw;F
Vw;ghL nra;jy;.
7. Mf;fj;jpwid tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapNy rpWfij> ehlfk;> ftpij Nghd;w

tw;iw vOJtjw;Fk; Rtnuhl;bfs;> tpsk;guq;fs; vd;gd vOJtjw;Fkhd
Nghl;bfis elhj;Jjy;.
8. ghlrhiy mike;Js;s gpuNjrj;jpw;Fupa $j;Jfs;> ehlfq;fs; Nghd;w rpwg;ghd

fiyak;rq;fisawpe;J mtw;iwg; ghlrhiy kd;wq;fspD}lhf NkilNaw;Wtjd;
%yk; gpuNjrf; fiyg;ghuk;gupaq;fis tsu;f;f topnra;jy;.
9. fiytpohf;fis xOq;Fnra;jy;. gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

mspj;jy;.
10. rQ;rpif ntspaply;. Mf;fq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;F Cf;fkspj;jy;.
iii
juk;
gFjp II
10
jkpo; n khopAk; ,yf; f paKk;
ghlj;jpl;lk; : juk; - 10
NjHr;rp> NjHr;rp myFfs;> cs;slf;fk;
Nfl;lYk; Ngr;Rk; : ghl
Ntis
1.0 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;jHg;gq;fSf;FNkw;g tpidj;jpwDld; Nfl;Lf;
fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
1.1 Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;jtw;iwtw;iwj; jpul;bf; $Wthu;. 05

- Nkilg; Ngr;R
- fUj;juq;F
1.2 fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; mwpe;J XJthu;;. 02

- nra;As;fs;> ghly;fs;
1.3 nrtpkLj;Jf; fpufpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;. 06

- nra;Aspd; nghUisf; $Wjy;
- ciueilapd; ikaf;fUj;ijAk;> Jizf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; njhFj;Jf;
$Wjy;.
- fpufpj;j tplaj;Jf;Fr; rhu;ghf/vjpuhf jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy;.
- eae;jtw;iw tpsf;fpf; $wy;.
1.4 nraw;wpwDk; tpisjpwDk; cs;s fl;LUthf;fr; nrad;Kiw rhHe;j

Nfl;Nghdhfr; nraw;gLthu;. 06
- Nfl;lypy; tpUg;gj;Jld; <LgLjy;.
- Nfl;ltw;wpd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia mwpjy;.
- Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;Jf; Fwpg;ngLj;jy;.
- Nfl;L tpsq;fp xU KbTf;F tUjy;.
- Ngr;rhsH Ngrpf;nfhz;bUf;ifapy; mtH njhlHe;J Ngrg;Nghtdtw;iw
Kd;$l;bNa Cfpj;jy;.
- Nfl;ly; %yk; gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhd juTfisr; Nrfupj;jy;.
- Nfl;ltw;wpy; jfty;fs; vit> mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; vit vd
NtWgLj;Jjy;.
2.0 re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; Nfl;NghUf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; gz;ghf

ciuahLthu; .
2.1 jkJ czHTfSk;> fUj;Jf;fSk;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk; njspthfg; Gyg;gLk;
tifapy; ciuahLthu;. 06
- tplaj; njspT.
- fUj;Jf;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;.
- Kiwaply;.
- jfty; njuptpj;jy;.
- tptuq;fis tptupj;jy;.
- gpwH Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; jkJ fUj;ij typAWj;jpf; $Wjy;.
- jdpahs; epiyapYk;> FO epiyapYk;; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk; nra;jy;.
- fye;Jiuahlypy; gq;Fgw;wp Vw;wtifapy; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itj;jy;.
- vLj;Jf;nfhz;l tplaq;fisj; jkJ nrhe;j mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
tptupj;jy;.
- 01 -
ghl
Ntis
- jkJ tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fisg; gz;ghf ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
- Fwpj;j tplak; rhHe;j mwpTs;NshUld; crhtp mwpe;j tplaq;fis
tFg;giwapy; njhFj;Jf; $Wjy;.
2.2 ehlf ghj;jpuq;fSf;Nfw;g> ebj;Jg; NgRthu;. 04

- ghj;jpuj;jpd; czHTfis ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy;> cr;rupg;Gj;
njspTlDk; n ghUj; j khd njhdp> Kfghtk;> nka;g;ghL> mq;f
mirTfSld;; ciuahLjy;.
3.0 vz;zf; fUj;Jf;fisAk;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; Gyg;gLj;jpg; NgRthu;.

3.1 jiyg;Gf;F Vw;wtifapy; NgRthu;. 04
- jiyg;G xd;wpidj; njupT nra;jy;.
- fUj;ij Kd;itj;jYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rl;lfj;ij mikj;jy;.
- ,yf;fpid mikj;Jg; NgRjy;.
- Nehf;fj;Jf;Fk; rigf;Fk; Vw;wthW NgRjy;.
(Nkilg;Ngr;R> tpthjk;> gl;bkd;wk;)
- Nfl;Nghu; GupAk; tifapy; NgRjy;.
- nghUj;jkhd njhdpapy; NgRjy;.

- FWfpa Neu Maj;jj;Jld; NgRjy;.
- nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fs;> njhlHfs;> gonkhopfs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs;
Kjyhdtw;iwf; ifahz;L NgRjy;.
3.2 ghtid nra;J NgRthu;. 02

- thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rpr; nra;jp thrpj;jy;.
- epfo;r;rpiaj; njhFj;J toq;Fjy;.
- NeHKf tu;zid nra;jy;.
thrpg; G
4.0 capHj;Jbg;Gs;s> fl;LUthf;fr; nray;jpwDila thrfuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

4.1 tpsf;fj;NjhLk; nghUSf;Nfw;w czHr;rpNahLk; thrpg;ghu;. 03
- nra;As;fisAk;> ftpijfisAk;> gy;NtW trdg; gFjpfisAk;
nghUj;jkhd ghzpiaAk;> El;gj;ijAk; ifahz;L czHT g+Htkhf
thrpj;jy;.
4.2 thrpg;gjd; %yk; ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ig

mwpthu; . 03
- jd;idAk;> jdJ FLk;gj;ijAk;> jhd; rhu;e;j r%fj;ijAk;> jhd;
thOk; cyfpidAk; ,yf;fpa thrpg;gpD}lhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
5.0 fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; czHe;jik Gyg;gl thrpg;ghu;.

5.1 fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; mwpe;J thrpg;ghu;. 03
- fUj;ijf; fz;Lnfhs;tjw;fhd cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp thrpj;jy;
- Njitf;Nfw;g NkNyhl;lkhfTk;> fUj;J}d;wpAk; thrpj;jy;
- KOf;ftdj;ijAk; nrYj;jp thrpj;jy;.
- Kd;ida mwpT> mDgtk;> tpsf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
thrpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;Fjy;.
- 02 -
ghl
Ntis
5.2 Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf thrpg;ghu;. 05
- ikaf; fUj;ijAk; Jizf; fUj;ijAk; fz;Lnfhs;Sjy;.
- nra;Ais re;jpgpupj;Jk; nfhz;L $l;bAk; thrpj;jy;.
- nra;Aspd; nghUisf; $Wjy;.
- thrpj;jtw;iwr; nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; $Wjy;.
- thrpj;j gFjpiar; RUf;fpAk; tpupj;Jk; $Wjy;.
- thrpj;jtw;wpy; tplaq;fs; Fwpj;j cld;ghl;ilAk;
cld;ghbd;ikiaAk; mtw;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; Kd;itj;jy;.
- ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fztpay;ig tptupj;jy;.
- ghj;jpuq;fspd; thapyhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; gilg;ghspapd;
vz;zq;fisf; fpufpj;Jf; $Wjy;.
- gilg;Gf;F ce;Jrf;jpahf tpsq;fpa fhuzpfisf; $Wjy;
(gilg;ghspapd; mDgtk;> fiy> fyhrhu r%fg; gpd;dzp)
6.0 eilKiwj; NjitfSf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.

6.1 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf thrpg;ghu;. 03
(kfpo;r;rp> kdg;ghq;F tpUj;jp> rpe;jid tpupT> njspT> jfty; Nrfupj;jy;/

mwpjy;> kjpg;gPL)
- Rtnuhl;bfs;
- Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;
- gj;jpupif
- rQ;rpiffs;
- E}y;fs;
- ,izak;
- fiyf;fsQ;rpak;
- mfuhjp
- Rw;wwpf;iffs;
- tHj;jkhdp
7.0 Mf;fj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.

7.1 gy;NtW gilg;Gfis EZfp thrpj;J> mtw;wpy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s
cj;jpfs;> fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gdtw;iw tpkHrpg;ghu;. 04
- ftpij> nra;As;
- ciueil
- ehty;
- rpWfij
- ehlfk;
7.2 nkhopj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;. 03

- Mf;fq;fspYs;s gpuNjr tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;
- nkhopeil NtWghLfs;.
- mzpfs;
(ctik> cUtfk;> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;> caHT etpw;rp> rpNyil)
- njhlu; n khopfs;
- 03 -
ghl
Ntis
7.3 jug;gl;l ghlg;gug;Gfspy; tUfpd;w gad;ghl;L ,yf;fzj;ij ,dq;fz;L
gad;gLj;Jthu;. 10
- tpidahyizAk; ngaH
- Ntw;Wik cUG
- nrhy; Y UG
- ,ilr;nrhy;> cupr;nrhy;
- thf;fpa tiffs; (fyg;G> $l;L thf;fpaq;fs;)
- njhif> njhfh epiyj; njhlHfs;
- nrhw;GzHr;rp (capHKd; capH> capHKd; nka;> nka;Kd; nka;>
nka;Kd; capu;)
8.0 MHtj;Jld; thrpg;ghu;.

8.1 tpUg;gj;jpw;fhfTk; RitAzHtpw;fhfTk; thrpg;ghu;. 03
- fijfs;> rpWfijfs;> ftpijfs;> nra;As;fs;
- ehl;lhu; ghly;fSk;;> fijfSk;
- ehty;fs;
- ehlfq;fs;
- fl;Liufs;
8.2 Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jg; ngw;w mDgtq;fis Vidatu;fSld; gfpu;e;J

nfhs; t hu; . 03
- cs;slf;fk;
- ghj;jpu ,ay;G
- nkhopahl; r p
- tu; z id
- Xir eak;
- fw;gid
- mzpfs; (ctik> cUtfk;> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;> caHT etpw;rp> rpNyil)
- eae;j gFjpfs;
vOj; J
9.0 mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J> vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfisAk; vOj;jhf;f

El;gq;fisAk; mDrupj;J ,yf;fz tOtpd;wpj; njspthf vOJthu;.
9.1 fpufpj;J vOJthu;. 05
- Fwpg;ngLj;jtw;iw nrhe;j eilapy; tpupj;njOJjy;
(tFg;giwf; Fwpg;Gfs;> E}yfj;jpy; thrpj;Jf; Fwpg;ngLj;j tplaq;fs;>
Nkilg;Ngr;Rf;fspy; vLj;j Fwpg;Gf;fs;)
9.2 ghlg;gug;Gfspy; ,dq;fz;L tpsq;fpf; nfhz;l gad;ghl;L ,yf;fzj;ijg;

nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;. 10
- tpidahyizAk; ngaH
- Ntw;Wik cUG
- nrhy; Y UG
- ,ilr;nrhy;> cupr;nrhy;
- thf;fpa tiffs; (fyg;G> $l;L thf;fpaq;fs;)
- njhif> njhfh epiyj; njhlHfs;
- nrhw;GzHr;rp (capHKd; capH> capHKd; nka;> nka;Kd; nka;>
nka;Kd; capu;)
- 04 -
ghl
Ntis
9.3 Fwpg;ngLj;jy; 03
- guPl;irf;fhf
- tFg;giwr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf
- Nghl;bfSf;fhf
- Ra Mf;fq;fSf;fhf
- gpw NjitfSf;fhf
9.4 fpufpj;j tplaq;fisr; RUf;fp vOJjy; 05

- ge;jpfisr; RUf;fp vOJjy;
- Mf;fq;fisf; fpufpj;Jg; gpujhd fUj;Jf;fisr; RUf;fp vOJjy;
(rpWfij> ehlfk;> fl;Liu)
9.5 thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;jtw;iwj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; njspthf vOJthu;. 08

- ikaf; fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jfs;
- nra;Aspd; nghUs;
- tpdhf;fSf;F tpil
- ghlypy; eae;jit
- fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzg;gz;Gfs;
- gbg;gpidfs;> tpOkpaq;fs;
- mzpfs;
9.6 vOj;jhf;fj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. 04

- fUj;Jf;fis xOq;fikj;jy;.
- mDgtq;fs;> mtjhdpg;Gfs;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
vOj;jhf;fj;Jf;F %yq;fshfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
- nghUSf;Fk;> thrfHfSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd vOj;jhf;fr; rl;lfj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
- fUj;Jg; Gyg;gl vOJjy;> kPs Nehf;Fjy;> NkYk; Njitahdtw;iwr;
NrHj;jy;> Njitaw;wtw;iw ePf;fy;> epiwthfj; jpUj;jkhf vOJjy;.
9.7 fpufpj;j tplaq;fis tpkHrpj;J vOJthu;. 05

- ghHj;j> Nfl;l ehlfq;fs;
- rpWfij
- ehty;
- ftpij
- jpiug;glk;
10.0 gy;NtW re;jHg;gq;fSf;Fk; Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; Vw;wthW vOJthu;.

10.1 ehshe;jj; NjitfSf;fhf vOJthu;. 07
- fbjk; (gj;jpupif MrpupaUf;F)
- mwpTWj;jy;
- miog;gpjo; (tpisahl;Lg;Nghl;b> fiytpoh> E}y; ntspaPL)
- gbtk; epug;Gjy; (tq;fp> jghyfk;> Nghl;bg; gbtq;fs;)
- Ra tptuf;Nfhit jahupj;jy;
-05-
ghl
Ntis
10.2 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf vOJthu;. 08
- vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;jy;
- mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Kd;itj;jy;
- tptupj;jy;
- Kiwaply;
- jfty; njuptpj;jy;
- tHzpj;jy;
- Kd;tiuG (Draft)
- tupirg;gLj;jy;
11.0 gilg;Gfis thrpj;j mDgtq;fspD}lhf Ra Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.

11.1 ge;jp vOJthu;. 03
- jiyg;G
- jiyik thf;fpaq;fs;
- Jizthf;fpaq;fs;
- KbT
11.2 Fwpg;ngLj;j tplaq;fisj; Njitf;Fk; thrfUf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd

tbtj;jpy; ntspf;nfhzHthu;. 06
- fl; L iu
- Ngr;R
- ftpij/nra;As;
113 Ra mDgtq;fs;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> mtjhdpg;G> fUj;Jfis

ntspg;gLj;jp vOJthu;. 06
- fl;Liu (tptuzk;)
- nra;As;/ghly;/ftpij
- rpWfij
- ehlfk;
-06-
juk;
gFjp
10
II
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;

mwpKfk;
,g;ghlj; jpl;;lj;jpw;F Vw;g fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfisj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ

Ma;Tfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf khztu;fsplj;jpy; Nju;r;rpfis cU
thf;Ftjw;F Vw;w tifapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkpLtJ
njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nju;r;rp kl;lf; fy;tpf;F Maj;jk;
MFk;NghJ Mrpupau; gq;fpy; njspthd khw;wk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
vkJ tFg;giwfspy; fle;j fhyq;fspy; gutyhfr; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L te;j ~CL

flj;Jk; gq;fspg;G| (Transmission Role), gpd;du; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ~gupkhwy; gq;fspg;G|
(Transaction Role) vd;gd tFg;giwapy; ,g;NghJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghlrhiyia
tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yk; gps;isfsplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpe;jidj; jpwd;fs;> jdpahs;
jpwd;fs;> r%fj; jpwd;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYs;s FiwghLfis fUj;jpw; nfhs;tjd;
%yk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfspy; nra;a Ntz;ba mbg;gil khw;wq;fisAk;>

mit vt;thW nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;gijAk; ,dq; fhz;gJ fbdkd;W.
CLflj;Jk; gq;fspg;gpy;> fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; ahtw;iwAk; Mrpupau;

jhd; njupe;Js;sjhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> khztu;fs; ,t;tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf
xd;WNk mwpe;jpuhjtu; vdf; fUjpf; nfhz;L tpla mwpit khztu;fSf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; xUtuhfNt Mrpupau; khwpAs;shu;. ,k;Kiwapy; Mrpupau; tpupTiuahsu;
Nghyj; njhopw;gl;likahy;> khztu;fspd; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Ltjw;Nfh> khztu;
fspd; jdpahs; jpwd;fis> r%fj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Nfh nra;Ak;
gq;fspg;G NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy; khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLtJ> gupkhwy; gq;fspg;gpd;

Muk;gf; fl;lkhf mikfpwJ. ,jd;NghJ MrpupauplkpUe;J khztu;fSf;Fk;>
khztu;fsplkpUe;J MrpupaUf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs; gupkhwg;gLtNjhL> mijj; njhlu;e;J
khztu;- khztu; ,ilj;njhlu;Gk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L mtu;fSf;fpilapYk; fUj;Jg;
gupkhwy; eilngWtNjhL> mJ ju; f ; f uP j pahd fye; J iuahlyhf khWk; .
njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fk;> vspajpypUe;J rpf;fyhdjw;Fk;> J}y tplaj;jpypUe;J
fUj;Jepiy tplaj;jpw;Fk; khztu;fisf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; tifapy; Mrpupau;
njhlu;e;J tpdhf;fisj; njhLg;gjpy; <Lgly; Ntz;Lk;.
i
Nju;r;rp kl;lf; fy;tpapy; khztu; nraw;ghLfs; tYthd ,lj;ijg; ngWtNjhL>
tFg;gpYs;s xt;nthU gps;isAk; me;je;jj; Nju;rr; p kl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghff; Fiwe;jJ
mz;kpa Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fisahtJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w tifapy; Mrpupau;
xU tsthsuhf (Resource Person) khWfpwhu;. fw;wYf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fSk;
kw;Wk; trjpfSk; nfhz;l fw;ww; #onyhd;iwj; jpl;lkpLjy;> khztu;fs; fw;Fk;
tpjj;ij mUfpypUe;J mtjhdpj;jy;> khztu;fspd; ,aYik> ,ayhik vd;gtw;iw
,dq;fhZjy;> Njitahd Kd;D}l;;ly;> gpd;D}l;ly; vd;gtw;iw toq;fy; %yk;
fw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;tNjhL tFg;giwf;F ntspapYk; khztu;fs; fw;gjw;Fk;>
fw;gijj; J}z;Ltjw;Fk; cupathW fw;wy; cgfuzq;fisj; jpl;lkpLtJk; Mrpupaupd;
mbg;gilf; flikfshFk;. ,t;thwhd Mrpupau; tfpgq;F ~cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;G|
(Transformation Role) vdg;gLk;.
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapd; Kjw;gFjpahf ,q;F mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s

ghlj; jpl;lKk;> mjid mKy;gLj;Jk;NghJ gad;gLj;jf;$ba nraw;ghLfspd;

njhlufk; ,uz;lhk; gFjpahfTk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,r;nraw;ghLfs; xt;nthd;Wk;
Fiwe;jJ %d;W gbfisf; nfhz;ljhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. nraw;ghl;bd;
Kjw;gbapy; khztu;fisf; fw;wYf;Fj; jahu; nra;tjpy; <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW khztu;fisj; jahu; nra;jy; ~<LgLj;Jk; gb|
(Engagement Step) vdg;gLk;. ,g;gbapy; Muk;gj;jpy; Mrpupau; gupkhwy; gq;fspg;gpd;
%yk; khztu; f Sld; fye; J iuahliy Muk; g pg; g hu; . gpd; d u; khztu; f s;
tplaq;fis ed;F Muha;e;J nraw;gLtjw;Fj; Njitahd Kd;dwpit kPl;Fk;
tifapYk;> nraw;ghl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd rhilfisf; nfhLf;Fk; tifapYk;
fye;Jiuahliy tpupTgLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;. ,f;fye;Jiuahlypy; fUj;Jg; gupkhwYf;
Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba El;gq;fs; Mrpupauplk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tpdhf;fis
Kd;itj;jy; / glq;fs;> gj;jpupif tpsk;guq;fs;> mwptpj;jy;fs;> fhl;rp ml;ilfs;
(Flash Cards) Nghd;w Mu;tk; Cl;Ltdtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jy; / gpurpdq;fs;> Gjpu;fs;>
tpla Ma;Tfs; / fye;Jiuahly;> ebj;jy;> ftpijfs;> ghly;fs;> nra;Jfhl;ly;fs;
(Demonstrations), fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fs; Nghd;wd gad;gLj;JtJk; ,q;F
mlq;Fk;. Kjyhk; gb gpd;tUk; %d;W Nehf;fq;fisAk; epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;.
• tFg;G khztu;fspd; ftdj;ij <u;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
• Njitahd Kd;dwpit kPl;bf; nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Fjy;.
• nraw;ghl;bd; ,uz;lhk; gbapy; khztu;fsplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Ma;T
Kiwahd fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;Fj; Njitahd Muk;g tplaq;fis
toq;Fjy;.
i
nraw;ghl;bd; ,uz;lhk; gbapy; khztu;fSf;F Ma;T uPjpahd jPu;Tfisf; fz;L
gpbg;gjw;Fr; (Exploration) re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. khztu;fs; jPu;Tfisf; fz;L
gpbg;gJ> mjw;nfd tpNrlkhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;;l mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;jpid mbg;
gilahff; nfhz;lhFk;. gpurpdj;NjhL njhlu;ghd gy;NtW tplaq;fisAk;
$l;lhfr; nraw;gl;L Muha;e;J FOthff; fw;gjw;F Vw;w tifapy; Mrpupau;
nraw;ghl;ilj; jpl;lkply; Ntz;Lk;. toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cgfuzq;fisAk;> kw;Wk;
tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpj; njspthd tpsf;fj;Jld;> ju;f;f uPjpahd fye;Jiuahl
Yld; Muha;e;J jPu;Tfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ Nghd;wd ,g;gbKiwapy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;
gLk; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; rpythFk;. ,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fs; njhlu;e;J
<LgLtjhy; Rafl;Lg;ghL> xOf;fk;> VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fSf;Fr; nrtpkLj;jy;>
VidNahUld; $l;lhfr; nraw;gly;> VidNahUf;F cjTjy;> Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;>
cau; juj;Jldhd KbTg; nghUisg; ngwy;> Neu;ik Nghd;w md;whl tho;f;iff;Fj;
Njitahd Kf;fpa gz;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy; Nghd;wd khztu;fsplj;jpy;
tsu;f;fg;gLk;.
khztu;fs; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fspy; <LgLk;NghJ FOj;jiytu;fisj; njupT nra;tij

Mrpupau; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tNjhL jiytu; FOtpypUe;J cUthtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
mspf;ff;$ba gpd;dzpia kl;Lk; Mrpupau; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; thapyhf
kiwe; j pUf; F k; Mw; w y; f is ntspg; g Lj; J tjw; F khztu; f Sf; F r; re; j u; g ; g k;
fpilf;fpd;wJ.
nraw;ghl;bd; %d;whk; gbapy; FOf;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisAk; NgWfisAk; Vida

khztu;fSk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F xt;nthU
FOtpw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU FOTk; NgWfisr; rku;g;gpf;Fk;
NghJ mf;FOtpd; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; mjpy; gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy;
mtu;fSf;F Ntiyg; gfpu;T ,Ug;gJ gaDilajhFk;. fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSf;fhd
tpsf;fkspj;jy; (Explanation) ,g;gbapd; Kf;fpa vjpu;ghu;g;G MFk;. tFg;giwapy;
tof;fkhf xypf;Fk; Mrpupau; FuYf;F Nkyjpfkhf khztu;fspd; Fuy;fSk;
fUj;Js;sthW xypf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. ,J ,g;gbapy; cs;s Kf;fpa tplakhFk;.
nraw;ghl;bd; %d;whk; gbapy; FOf;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisAk; jPu;TfisAk; NkYk;

tpUj;jp nra;J Mokhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F (Elaboration) khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;gg
; k;
toq;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU FOTk; jPu;Tfisr; rku;g;gpj;j gpd; mtw;iw NkYk;
mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapyhd fUj;Jf;fis toq;Ftjw;F Kjypy; mf;Fwpg;gpl;l
FOtpd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> gpd;du; Vida FOf;fspd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk; re;ju;gg ; k;
toq;Fjy; %yk;> ,J epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ.
iii
vt; t hwh apDk; > ,Wjpapy; jP u ; T fisj; njhFg; g J Mrpupaupd; nghWg; g hFk; .
,jd;NghJ khztu;fs; Muha;e;j tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Kf;fpa
tplaq;fs;> vz;zf;fUf;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> tpjpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw khztu;fspilNa
cWjpg; gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;if vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l tpjj;jpy; ntw;wpfukhf

eilngWfpwjhntdj; njhlu;e;J Njbg; ghu;g;gJ ,k;Kiwapd; fPo; MrpupauJ
gpujhd flikahFk;. ,jw;fhff; fzpg;gPl;L Kiwiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;baNjhL>
,J fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;ifapDs; ,lk;ngWtjw;F> jpl;lkpl;l nraw;ghLfisj;
jahupg;gjw;Fupa re;ju;g;gj;ij MrpupaUf;F toq;FfpwJ. nraw;ghl;bd; ,uz;lhk;
gbapy; khztu; f s; tplaq; f is MuhAk; N ghJ fzpg; g P l ; i lAk; (Assessment),
nraw;ghl;bd; %d;whk; gbapy; khztu;fs; mtu;fsJ NgWfis tpsf;Fk;NghJ
fzpg;gPl;NlhL rhu;e;j kjpg;gPl;ilAk; (Evaluation) epfo;j;Jtjw;F MrpupaUf;F tha;g;G
Vw;gLfpwJ. fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fk; Ntwhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
,Jtiu tptupf;fg;gl;l fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;igr;

nra; t jw; F Mrpupaiu cl; g Lj; J fpd; w J. ,q; F FO Ma; T f; F Kjyplk;
mspf;fg;gLtNjhL gupkhwy;> ju;f;f uPjpahd fye;Jiuahly; vd;gtw;NwhL rpwpjsthf
Mrpupaupd; tpupTiuf;Fk; ,lKz;L. ghlg; gpuNtrj;jpd;NghJ nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;>
fye;Jiuahly; Kiw vd;gd eilngWtNjhL> ,Wjpg; gbapy;> njhFg;gpd; fPo;
rpwpa tpupTiuf;Fk;> mj;NjhL vz;zf;fU cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; ,lk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;bd; KjyhtJ ghlj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo; jahupf;fg;gl;l

,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;NjhL njhlu;ghd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfis mgptpUj;jp
nra;Ak; NghJ cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;Gf;F Nkyjpfkhf CLflj;Jk; gq;fspg;gpYk;>
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; gq;fspg;gpYk; fhzg;glf;$ba Kf;fpa ,ay;GfSk; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sik ,k;Kiwapd; tpNrl jd;ikahFk;.
iv
ju cs; s P L fs;
• ghly;fs;> ftpijfs;> nra;Al;fs;

• fijfs;
• ehlfq;fs;
• ciuahly;fs;
• ciur;rpj;jpuq;fs;
• mfuhjp
• fiyf;fsQ;rpak;
• ,izak;
• rQ;rpiffs;
• gj;jpupiffs;
• fl;Liufs;
• nrhy;yl;ilfs;
• glq;fs;
• Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;
• mwptpj;jy;
• tpsk;guq;fs;
• Rtnuhl;bfs;
• rpj;jpuq;fs;
• gjhiffs;
• JZf;Ffs;
• thndhyp
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
• xypg;gjpT ehlh
• njhiyf;fhl;rp
• Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)
• fzpdp
• ,Wtl;L
• Ngid> ngd;rpy;> Nghd;w nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nghUl;fs;
v
juk; - 10
Kjyhk; jtiz
Nju; r ; r p 1.0 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g
tpidj;jpwDld; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 1.2 : fpufpj;Jg; nghUswpe;J XJthu;.

1.3 nrtpkLj;Jf; fpufpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
nraw; g hL : nghUSzu;e;J Xjpf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;Nghk;.
Neuk; : 80 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPL : ~gz;Gfspd; gs;spf;$lk;| - ftpij

- gpd;dpizg;G 1
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - gpd;dpizg;G 2
xypg;gjpTf; fUtp
ftpij vOjg;gl;l ml;il
vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghL:
gb 1.2.1
• cq;fSf;Fj; njupe;j xU ftpijia ,uridAld; ghb my;yJ thrpj;Jf;
fhl;Lq;fs;.
my;yJ
• gpd;tUk; ftpijia xypg;gjpT nra;J Nfl;f itAq;fs;. my;yJ ngupa

vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;@ ghbf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
X... vd; tz;bf;fhuh!

X vd; mUik tz;bf;fhuh>
Xl;L tz;bia Xl;L!
NghNthk; Gjpa efuk; Nehf;fpg;
nghOJ NghKd; Xl;L!
fhtpy;> G+tpy;> fodpfnsq;Fk;

fhjy; NjhAk; ghl;L!
ehKk; ekJ gaze; njhiyaf;
fye;J nfhs;Nthk; $l;L! - Xl;L
gdpapy; tpopePu; Jauj; jpiuapy;

ghij kiwAk; Kd;Nd
gpzpapy; NjAk; gpiwapd; epoy; ek;
gpd;dhy; njhlUk; Kd;Nd ... Xl;L
1
• ftpijia thrpf;Fk;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztUf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
• ftpijapd; nghUswpjy;
• nghUs; tpsq;Fk; tz;zk; njspthf cr;rupj;jy;
• czu;Tg+u;tkhd Kiwapy; XJjy;
• nghUj;jkhd njhdp NtWghLfis mDrupj;J XJjy;
• ,urid czu;Tld; XJjy;
• fpufpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy;
10 epkplq; f s;
gb 1.2.2
• ~gz;Gfspd; gs;spf;$lk;| vd;w ftpijia khztu; xt;nthUtUk;
jdpj;jdpahf thrpf;f tif nra;Aq;fs;.
• khztu;fs; ftpijapd; nghUis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;Lj; jpUk;gj;

jpUk;g nksdkhf thrpf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• xt;nthU khztDf;Fk; nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; I ,id toq;Fq;fs;.

(gpd;dpizg;G 2)
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij epug;Gtjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• ,lUWk; khztu;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; topfhl;Lq;fs;.

30 epkplk;
gb 1.2.3
• epug;gpa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij khztu; vOkhw;whf Kd;itg;gjw;F
top nra;Aq;fs;.
• VidNahu;> tplaj;ijf; Nfl;Lf; fUj;ijf;$w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

(KOg; ghliyAk; khztu; Xj Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;iy. ghlypd; xU
gFjpia XJtpf;fyhk;.)
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
• ghliy XJk;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mtjhdpj;jy;

- nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; nghUs; tpsq;Fk;
tz;zk; XJjy;.
- nghUs; mwpe;J XJjy;
- ,urid czu;T> njhdp NtWghl;Lld; XJjy;
• gpujhd fUj;J
- mz;zy; egpapd; ngUik
2
• mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUs;
- nrtpEfu; - fhjhy; Nfl;Fk;
- etpd;wdu; - $wpdu;.
- ciwtplk; - ,Ug;gplk;
• ghlypy; ifahsg;gl;l cj;jp
gz;Gfspd; ciwtplkhf egpfisr; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghl tpioe;j
ftpQu;> xt;nthU gz;igAk; tpdhj;njhLf;Fk; ghzpapD}lhf
ntspf;nfhzu;e;Js;shu;.
• tpOkpag;gz;Gfs;
- ,dpa nrhy;
- Neu;ik
- cz;ik NgRjy;
• mzpfs;
- Njd;nkhop - ctik mzp
- Njd;Nghd;w nkhop
- Ngnuhsp - cUtfk;
Ngnuhspahf egpfis cUtfpj;Js;shu;.
40 epkplq; f s;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;
• ghliy XJk;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mDrupj;J XJk; jpwidg;

ngWthu;.
cr;rupg;Gj; njspT
nghUs; mwpe;J XJjy;
,urid> czu;T> njhdp
• ghlypd; gpujhd fUj;ij ,dq;fhz;ghu;
• mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUis mwpthu;.
• ifahsg;gl;l cj;jp> mzp vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• tpOkpaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fhz;gJld; ey;y kdg;ghq;ifAk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;thu;.
3
gpd;dpizg;G 1
gz;Gfspd; gs;spf;$lk;
fz;zpd; kzpNa!
vq;fs;
fdTfspd; NgnuhspNa!
rpd;d tajpNyNa
cq;fisr;
nrJf;fp itj;jJ ahu;?
fz;fisg; gwpf;Fk;
ftu;r;rpj; Njhw;wKk;
fhz;gtu; kjpf;Fk;
fk;gPug; ghu;itAk;
nrtpEfu; fdpfsha;
Njd;nkhopg; Ngr;Rk;
epidtpy; nraypy;
Neu;ikapd; tPr;Rk;...
rpd;d tajpNyNa
cq;fsplk;
Foe;ijfs; vy;yhk;
tpisahlg; Nghdhu;fs;...
ePq;fs; Nghftpy;iy...
Vd;?
kfj;jhd nray;fSf;fhfg;
gilf;fg;gl;ltd;
kdpjd;! - mtd;
tpisahl;lha; tho;f;ifia
tPzhf;ff; $lhnjd;wh?
4
efu tPjpfspy;
ele;J ePu; nrd;why;
mNjh Nghfpwhu;
~my; mkPd;| vd;wdu;.
re;jpj;jtu; ck;ik
~rhjpf;| vd;wdu;.
~ek;gpf;iff;Fupatu;|
vd;W etpd;wdu;
~cz;ikapd; ciwtplk;|
vd;W Gfd;wdu;.!
,e;j
Fzq;fis vy;yhk;
cq;fsplk;
$l;b itj;jJ ahu;?
♦
kf;fkh efuj;J
kf;fs; midtUk;
milf;fykha; ck;kplk;jhd;
tpiy cau;e;j nghUl;fis
tpl;Lr; nry;thu;fshk;.
ePq;fSk; mtw;iw
ftdkha; itj;Jf;
fhg;ghw;wpj; jUtPuhk;...
~ek;gw;Fupa| nud;W
kf;fs;
ehnsy;yhk; Gfo;thuhk;...
,j;jifa ,ay;Gfs;
cq;fSf;F
vg;gb te;jd?
5
cyf cUz;ilNa
cq;fs;
cs;sq;fhy;fspid
Kj;jkpl vz;zp
Kbahkw; Rw;wp tUk;...
ePNuh
Vio vspatu; jk;
,y;yq;fisr; Rw;wp te;jPu;!
,e;j ,dpa Fzeyidr;

rpd;d tajpdpNyNa
cq;fsplk;
K. Nkj;jh
6
gpd;dpizg;G 2
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk; I
• ghliyg; nghUs; Gyg;gl XJf.
• ghlypy; $wg;gl;l gpujhd fUj;J vd;d?
• mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUisj; jUf.
• ghlypy; ifahsg;gl;l cj;jp vd;d?
• ,q;F ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpOkpag; gz;Gfs; ahit?
• mzpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
7
Nju; r ; r p 4.0 : capu;jJ
; bg;Gs;s fl;LUthf;fr; nray;jpwDila
thrfuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 4.1 : tpsf;fj;NjhLk; nghUSf;Nfw;w czu;rr ; pNahLk; thrpg;ghu;.

4.2 : thrpg;gjd; %yk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd
njhlu;ig mwpthu;.
nraw; g hL : capu;j;Jbg;Gk; nray;jpwDKila thrfuhfr; nraw;gl;L

mjd; %yk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;ig mwpNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : kdpjk; kjiyfsplk; kl;Lk; (rpWfij) gpd;dpizg;G 1

nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk; - gpd;dpizg;G 2
vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp
gb 4.2.1
• xU fhyj;jpy; vOk; ,yf;fpak; mf;fhyr; r%fj;ijg; gpujpgypj;Jf;
fhl;Ltjhf mikfpd;wJ. ,jdhNyNa fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb
vd ,yf;fpaj;ijf; $Wthu;fs; vd;gJ njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld;
fye;Jiuahbg; ghlj;ijj; njhlq;Fq;fs;.
• cjhuzk;; : 1. r%fkhdJ tWikr; #oypy; ,Uf;Fkhapd; mq;F

vOk; ,yf;fpak; tWikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf mikAk;.
2. Nghu;r;#oyhf mike;jhy; mq;F vOk; ,yf;fpak;
Nghiug; gpujpgypg;gjhf mikAk;.
• ,t;thW rpy ,yf;fpaq;fis (fhy mbg;gilapy;) vLj;J tpsf;fp>

khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztUf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;
• tpsf;fj;NjhLk; nghUSf;Nfw;w czu;r;rpNahLk; thrpj;jy;

• ikaf;fUj;ijAk; Jizf;fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpsf;Fjy;
• thrpg;gpD}lhfj; jd;idAk; jdJ FLk;gj;ijAk; jhd; rhu;e;j
r%fj;ijAk; jhd; thOk; cyfpidAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;
• ,jD}lhf ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;ig mwpjy;
10 epkplq; f s;
8
gb 4.2.2
• khztiu ehd;FNgu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J FO mbg;gilapy;
miutl;lkhf mkur; nra;Aq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; rpWfijia (gpd;dpizg;G 1) kdpjk; kjiyfsplk;

kl;Lk;) toq;Fq;fs;.
• vOkhw;whf> khztu;fis tpsf;fj;NjhLk; nghUSf;Nfw;w

czu;r;rpNahLk; thrpf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; thrpg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• gpd;dpizg;G 2 ,Ys;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Fq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTk; fye;Jiuahl NeukspAq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;Jf;fhd tpilfisj; jdpj;jdpNa vOJkhW $Wq;fs;.

30 epkplq; f s;
gb 4.2.3
• khztu; xt;nthUtuhfj; jhk; tpilaspj;j nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuq;fisr;
rku;g;gpg;gjw;F tha;g;gspAq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

• kdjpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; fjhghj;jpuk; vJ? Vd;?
fpotd;
ed;whf tho;ej ; kdpjd;. ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; gLj;jgLf;ifahdNghJ mtiu
ahUk; rupahfg; ghu;f;ftpy;iy. gps;isfSk; jq;fsJ flikfisj;
jl;bf; fopj;Jtpl;lhu;fs;. tPl;bid vOjp thq;fpaTld; rpWtdpd;
ngw;NwhUk; fpotidf; ftdpf;ftpy;iy. filrp Neuj; jz;zuP ; fpilg;gJ
$l mUikahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
~~fl;bYf;F NkNy njupAk; #dpa ntspapy; fz;fs; epiy Fj;jp
epw;fpd;wd. me;jf; fz;fspy; nkJthf ePu; frpfpwJ.||vd;w tupfs;
fpotdpd; kd czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. kpfTk;
gupjhgfukhd fpotdpd; epiy vdJ kdij kpfTk; jhf;fpaJ.
(,t;thW khztd; jdJ kdijj; jhf;fpa ghj;jpuk; vJthapDk;
fhuzj;Jld; vOjyhk;)
• kdpj Neak; mw;Wg;; Nghfpd;wJ.
- jkJ je;ijiag; gps;is Gwf;fzpj;jy;
- nrhj;Jf;fis vOjpthq;fpa gpd; rptehafk; FLk;gk; mtiu
guhkupf;fhjJ.
9
- cwtpdu;fs; nrhj;Jf;fs; jutpy;iy vd J}uNt epd;W
nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
- vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf jpUkjp. rptehafk; ,WjpNeu
NjePu; nfhLf;fhjJk; CUf;F jk;kl;lk; mbg;gJk;
kdpjNeak; nrj;J tpl;lijNa fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
• rpWtdpd; ngw;Nwhu;
- cz;ikahd md;G (kdpjNeak;) ,y;yhjtu;fs;
- nrhj;Jf;F Mirg;gl;ltu;fs;
- Cu;g;gfl;L> Mlk;gur; nra;if Mfpadtw;wpy;
jq;fis ngupa kdpjuhff; fhl;l Kaw;rpg;gtu;fs;.
• ngw;Nwhu; ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kiw

- jhq;fs; nghWg;Ngw;w fpotid ey;y Kiwapy;
ghu;j;J mtu; capUld; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mtiu
kfpo;r;rpahf itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- fpuhkj;jpy; jdpNa %d;W ehl;fs; tpl;Lr; nrd;W
,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
- capUld; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ NjePu; nfhLf;fhj rpWtdpd;
ngw;Nwhu; fpotd; ,we;jgpd;@
» ~Ngg;gUf;Ff; nfhLf;f NtZk;|
» ~NubNahTf;Ff; nfhLf;f NtZk;|
» ~me;jpNul;b Nksk; gpbf;f NtZk;| vd;W Mlk;gug;
gLj;jpapUf;fj; Njitapy;iy.
• r%fj;ij gpujpgypj;jy;
- ,d;iwa r%fj;jpy; taJNghd ngw;Nwhu;fs;> gps;isfs;
ntspehLfspy; trpf;f> ,q;F jdpj;Nj ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
jq;fsJ js;shj taijj; jdpj;Jk; KjpNahu;
,y;yj;jpYk; fopf;fpwhu;fs;. jq;fsJ ,Wjpf;
fhupaq;fSf;Fk; mtu;fs; tUthu;fsh vd;w
Vf;fq;fSlNdNa tho;fpwhu;fs;.
- ,q;F ,Uf;Fk; cwtpdu;fs; ntspehl;by; ,Uf;Fk;
gps;isfs; ,q;F vg;NghJ tug;Nghfpwhu;fs;?
tukhl;lhu;fs;. MfNt ,tu;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fisj;
jq;fSf;Fj; je;jhnyd;d vd;w vjpu;ghu;g;gpNyNa
,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. MfNt ,r;rpWfij ,jidNa
ikakhff;nfhz;L miktjhy; r%fj;ijg;
gpujpgypj;J epw;fpd;wJ.
• tpOkpak;
- Kjpatu;fspd; kdk; NehfhjthW mtu;fis kfpo;r;rp
fukhf itj;jpUj;jy;.
40 epkplq;fs;
10
gb 4.2.4
• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf mkur;nra;Aq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;ij toq;Fq;fs;.

FO 1 - mKjd; (rpWtd;)
FO 2 - fpotd;
FO 3 - jha; (mKjdpd; jha;)
FO 4 - je;ij (mKjdpd; je;ij)
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2 I toq;fp FOthff;

fye;Jiuahbr; nraw;gl topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• FO epiyapy; jahupf;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; tpku;rdg;ghq;fpy;

miktjw;fhd MNyhridfis toq;fp newpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
20 epkplq;fs;
gb 4.2.5
• xU FOtpypUe;J xU khztidj; njupTnra;J mKjdhff; fw;gid
nra;J tFg;gpd; Kd;dhy; ,Uj;Jq;fs;.
• mNj FOtpdu; mKjdplk; tpku;rd uPjpapy; jahupj;j Nfs;tpfis

tpdtr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• mKjdhf mku;e;jpUg;gtiu tpilaspf;FkhW $Wq;fs;.
• Vida FOtpdUk; mKjdplk; tpdhf;fis tpdTtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

mspAq;fs;.
• ,t;thwhf Vida FOf;fSk; jhk; njupTnra;j ghj;jpuq;fis Kd;epWj;jp

tpilaspf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• tpdhf;fs; fhj;jpukhditahf> khztupd; rpe;jidahw;wiy ntspg;gLj;J

tdthf mike;Js;sdth vd;gijf; ftdpAq;fs;;.
khjpup tpdhf;fs; rpy@
mKjd; : • NjePu; nfhLf;f kWf;Fk; mk;kh gw;wp ePqf

; s; vd;d epidf;fpwPuf
; s;?
• jhj;jhTf;F Nkhy;Nlhth nfhLf;Fk; NghJ ePq;fs; vd;d
epidj;jPuf; s;?
fpotd; : • gps;isfSs; xUtuhtJ Vd; cq;fSld; thotpy;iy?

• rptehafKk; mtu; kidtpAk; Vd; ,t;thW ele;J nfhz;ldu;?
11
jha; : • ,WjpNeuj;jpYk; jhj;jh kPJ Vd; md;Gfhl;l kWj;jPu;fs;?
• kfidj; jhj;jhtplk; nry;ytplhJ Vd; jLj;jPu;fs;?
je;ij : • ngupatupd; nrhj;Jf;fs; kPJ Mirg;gl;Bu;fsh? Vd;?

• Nghypg;ngUikapy; cq;fSf;F mt;tsT ek;gpf;ifah?
20 epkplq;fs;
• nghUj;jkhd ghzpiaAk; El;gj;ijAk; ifahz;L rpWfijia czu;T

G+u;tkhf thrpg;ghu;.
• rpWfijapD}lhfj; jd;idAk; jdJ FLk;gj;ijAk; jhd; rhu;e;j

r%fj;ijAk; jhd; thOk; cyfpidAk; mwpthu;.
• ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ig mwpthu;.
• ,yf;fpak; $Wk; tpOkpag; gz;ig czu;e;J mjidj; jk; tho;tpy;

gpd;gw;w Kaw;rpg;ghu;.
12
gpd;dpizg;G - 1
kdpjk; kjiyfsplk; kl;Lk;
kuzj;jpd; epwkha;f; fdf;Fk; ,Uspy; nrhl;lr; nrhl;l eide;jthW gLj;Jf;

fple;jJ me;jf; fl;il.
jd;kPJ jdf;Nf Vw;gl;bUf;Fk; RantWg;igr; RaNkhfkha; khw;w vt;tsNth

Kad;Wk; Kbahkw; Nghd Njhy;tp kuzf; fisaha; Kfj;jpy; mg;gpf; fple;jJ.
vt;tsNth f\;lg;gl;Lg; gbg;gpj;J ey;y epiyf;F Mshf;fpa gps;isfs;

xUtUk; mUfpy; ,y;yhjjhy; jfpf;Fk; jdpik> jdpikahy; Vw;gl;l %d;W tUlfhy
ntWik> ntWikapy; ntJk;gp te;j RantWg;G!
fhw;W> ntapy;> kio> Fspu; vJTk; ghuhky; tho;ehs; KOtJk; cioj;J

cioj;Jr; Nru;j;j tYthd cly; ,g;gb MytpUl;rk; tpOe;jJ Nghy; jpBnudg;
gLf;ifapy; tpOk; vd ahu;jhd; vjpu;ghu;j;jhu;fs;.?
%d;W tUl fhyk; xU jdpg; gpukr;rhup Nghy; tho;e;j ngupa tPl;bd; Nkw;Fg;Gw
miwapy; tlf;Fg; gf;fkha; xU fl;by;!
fl;bypd; ikag;gFjp ntl;lg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. rpWePUk;> kyKk; mjD}lhff;

fPNo itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; kz;$ilapy; tpOtjw;F trjpaha;!
Jg;gy; Ngzp xd;W jiyf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; fpotd; jiyia

epkpu;j;jpj; Jg;gf;$ba epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy.
tha; nkJthfj; jpwe;jpUf;fpwJ!
xU Nfhg;ig #lhd NjePUf;Nfh my;yJ xU tha; ghYf;Nfh me;j ,Uspd;

Moj;jpy; mJ fhj;jpUg;gjha;j; njupfpwJ.
Ks;is Ks;Ns vLg;gJ Nghy fpotd; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; NjePupd; #L fpotdpd;

cs;sr; #l;ilf; Fiwf;FNkh xUNtis?
jpwe;j thapD}Nl ,iyahd;fs; Ngha; tUtJ ghu;f;f mUtUg;ig a+l;LfpwJ.

rupahf xU khjj;jpw;F Kd;G tiu ghu;f;f mjpf kfpo;T jUk; gl;lhilAk;>
nts;spg;g+z; gpuk;Gk;> fz;zhbAk;> kNya thridj; jputpaKkha;j; jpupe;j cly;!
khiyapypUe;J if> fhy; Ml;lk; $l ,y;iy. fl;bYf;F NkNy njupAk;

#dpa ntspapy; fz;fs; epiyf;Fj;jp epw;fpd;wd. me;jf; fz;fspy; nkJthf ePu;
frpfpwJ.
13
capu; gpupAk;tiu kd czu;TfSk; nghRq;Ftjpy;iyNah? kdjpy; vd;ndd;d
epidTfNsh?
gy tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dNk ,we;J Nghd kidtpia epidj;jpUf;fyhk;.

mts; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ,g;NghJ jiykhl;by; cl;fhu;eJ
; mOJ nfhz;bUf;fkhl;lhsh?
ntspehl;by; kpf trjpaha; thOfpw gps;isfis epidj;jpUf;fyhk;. fdlhtpy;>

N[u;kdpapy;> rt+jpapy;> yz;ldpy; ...!
rP ...! mJ kdjhu vupj;Jr; rhk;gyhf;fpa epidTfshf ,Uf;Fk;. ,tu; gLf;ifapy;

tpOe;j Kjy; ehs;> ‘ghju; rpf; ...’ vd;W vy;yhUf;Fk; ‘Nfgps;; ...’ nfhLj;j NghJk;>
‘rpwPyq;fhtpd;iu ,z;ila #o;epiyapy; ehq;fs; tu VyhJ. gpsP]; ^> j ePl;Gy; ...
vq;fSf;fhf vjw;Fk; fhtypUf;f Ntz;lhk;. ...’ vd;W jhd; mtu;fs; vy;yhUk;
rptehafj;jpw;Fg; gjpy; mDg;gpapUe;jhu;fs;. me;jg; gjpy; te;jJ fpotDf;Fj;
njupAk;!
,q;Nf xd;W ele;Jtpl;lhy; $l mtu;fs; ahUk; tug; Nghtjpy;iy. mg;gbahdhy;

,e;j kuzr; rlq;Ffis ahu; elj;JtJ?
,e;jf; flTs; ,Uf;fpwhNu mtu; ‘upayp fpNww;’ vg;gbNah vy;yhg; gpur;rpid

fSf;Fk; xU top fz;Lgpbj;Jj; jPu;j;J tpLthu;!
Mk;! kp];lu; rptehafk; FLk;gk;jhd; kuzr; rlq;if elj;jg; NghfpwJ!
M ... ,g;NghJjhd; epidT tUfpwJ.
fle;j thuk; tiuapy; Xb Xbf; ftdpj;Jtpl;L tPl;il rptehafj;Jf;F vOjpg;

Nghl;lhu; vz;lhg; gpwF ... me;jg; gf;fNk vl;bg; ghu;f;fhJ Nghd cwtpdu; gyiuAk;
$lf; fpotu; epidj;jpUf;fyhk;.
mtupd; ‘y’ fuq;fSf;fhfNt Xbte;j cwtpdu;fs; kp];lu; rptehafk;

FLk;gj;ijAk; Nru;j;Jj; jhd;!
Vd;? tPL vOJk; tiu tpy;yq;fkha; te;J Nru;eJ

; Ntiyfs; vy;yhk; nra;Jtpl;L>
tPli
; l vOjp thq;fpf; nfhz;l gpwF> ‘,J nfjpaha; mq;fhiy Nghl;lhy; vq;fSf;Ff;
fiur;ry; ,y;iy ...’ vd;W tpNtfkha; tpyfp> epw;fpd;w rptehafk; FLk;gj;ijf;$l
,e;j ,Wjp Neuj;jpy; epidj;jpUf;fyhk;.
fle;j ,uz;L %d;W jpdq;fsha; NjePNuh> ghz;Jz;Nlh nfhz;L tUfpw

rptehafk; tPl;L Ntiyf;fhur; rpWtd; KDrhkp> njUtpsf;fpd; kq;fpa xspapy;
vq;fhtJ njd;gLfpwhdh vd;W ghu;j;Jg; ghu;j;Jg; g+j;Jg; Nghd fz;fspy; me;j
vjpu;ghu;g;gpd; xU ntspaPlha; ePu; te;Jk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
Nghuhspfisj; NjLk; Nghu;itapy; rPUilfs; me;jf; fpuhkj;Js; Eioe;j

NghJ ... cwtpdu;fs;> maytu;fs; midtUk; fpuhkj;ij tpl;L ntspNawptpl;ldu;.
14
,e;jf; fpotid> gLf;ifapy; ghuprthjkha; tpOe;Jtpl;l fpotid> mioj;Jg;
Nghf Ntz;Lnkd;W ahUk; epidj;Jg; ghu;f;ftpy;iy.
me;j %d;W ehSk; jiykhl;by; ,Ue;j Nrhlhit vLj;Jr; nrhl;Lr; nrhl;lha;f;

Fbj;J ... cs;Ns Eioe;j rPUilfspd; gy;NtWgl;l Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpy; $w
Kbahky; jpzwp ... mtkhdj;jhy; rpde;J ... rpWj;J ...!
me;j %d;W ehspd; gpd; jhd; epiy Nkhrkhapw;W! ,aw;if kuzj;jpd; Kd;
‘mjpub kuzk;’ Vw;gl;L tpLNkh vd;w gaKk; ,e;j epiy tu xU fhuzk;.
rptehafk; tPl;L Ntiyf;fhudpd; epoy; njupe;jkhjpup ,Ue;jJ. Mk; ... mJ

mtd; jhd;!
mtd; fpl;l te;J ghu;jj

; hd;. fpotdpd; tha; VNjh KZKZj;jJ. mtDf;Fj;
njspthfg; Gupatp;yi
; y. fz;fspy; ,Ue;J tbe;jpUe;j ePu; fpotdpd; thapy; cg;ghff;
fre;J fiue;jJ.
tPl;by; nghOJ Nghftpy;iy vd;W KDrhkpf;Fg; gpd;dhNyNa te;jpUe;j

kp];lu; rptehafj;jpd; filf;Fl;b kfd; mKjidf; ifjl;b mioj;jhd; KDrhkp.
“mKJ ,q;fpl;L thq;f ... te;J ghUq;f ... fpotd;iu Xlk;G FspUJ. VNjh
nrhy;YJ ... xz;Zk; Gupaiy. rhtg;NghTJ” MW taJ mKJ mUfpy; te;jhd;..
fle;j rpy jpdq;fshf ,e;j tPl;bw;F tUtjw;Nfh> jhj;jhitg; ghu;g;gjw;Nfh>

mk;kh mKjid mDkjpg;gjpy;iy.
,d;W mk;khtpw;Fj; njupahkNy KDrhkpAld; te;J tpl;lhd; mKjd;.
mKjDld; md;ghf ele;J nfhs;fpw jhj;jh> ,ilapilNa ‘nrhf;fNyl;Lk;’

‘gp];fl;Lk;’ khk;goq;fSk; $lj; jUfpw jhj;jh!
“nfl;bf;fhudhg; gbr;R> nlhf;luh te;J ... nwhgpd; rpj;jg;gh Nghiy fdlhtpy;

Ntiy ghu;f;fNtZk; ...”
vd;W nrhy;yp mtd; fd;dj;jpy; fps;Sfpw jhj;jh!
mKjd; mUfpy; te;J cd;dpg;ghff; ftdpj;jhd;.
“Nj ... j; ... j ... z; ...”
mtDf;Fg; Gupe;J tpl;lJ.
khepw Nkdpapy; gl glj;j mKjdpd; fdTf; fz;fspy; gaKk;> gupjhgKk;>

mtruKk; njupe;jd.
Ntfkha; tPl;Lf;F tpiue;jhd;.

15
“mk;kh ... jhj;jh rhfg; Nghwhu;. mk;kh ... ghtk; ... Njj;jz;zp Nfl;lhu; ...”
“cd;id Mu; mq;if Nghfr; nrhd;dJ? rhfpw Mf;fisf; Foe;ijg;gps;isas;

ghf;fg;gplhJ ... Nla; KDrhkp ... tpruh ... mKJit Vdlh mq;if $l;bf;
nfhz;L Nghddp”
mk;khTf;F Vd; ,g;gbf; Nfhgk; tUfpwnjd;W mKjDf;Fg; Gupatpy;iy.

mtdJ Mu;tk; nghRf;nfd mize;J tpl;lJ.
mk;kh mg;ghtplk; nrd;whs;.
“nka;Naq;Nfh ... fpotd; vy;Ny rhfg; Nghjhk;”
kp];lu; rptehafk; ‘XNfh’ vd;W rpupj;jhu;!
“rhfpwtiug; gpbf;fg; NghwPNuh ... nfjpahg; Nghk; ... ehDk; thwd; ...” mg;gh
Vd; rpupf;fpwhu; vd;gJk; mKjDf;Fg; Gupatpy;iy.
kp]p]; rptehafk; “ejpah rhwp” xd;W vLj;J cLj;Jf;nfhz;L Gwg;gl;lhs;.

ifapy; RLePu;g; Nghj;jYk;> gLf;if tpupg;GfSk;> jiyaizfSk;!
“,uitf;F mq;ifjhd; gLf;fNtZk; ... vd;dg;gh ...”
kp];lu; rptehafj;jplk; $wptpl;L mKjidAk;> KDrhkpiaAk; $l;bf;nfhz;L

Gwg;gl;lhs;.
“mk;kh ... nfjpahg; Nghtk; ... mtu; Njj;jz;zp Nfl;Lf; fd Neukhr;R ...”
mKJ xl;lkha; Xbdhd;.
Xbr; nrd;W Kfj;ijg; ghu;j;jhd;. kPz;Lk; mNj mirT.
“Nj ... j; ...j...”
“mk;kh ... thj;Jf; FLq;fsd; ...”
Foe;ijj; jdKk;> fw;gidAk; kpjf;Fk; fz;fspy; mtruk;!
“mJ ... Nkhy;Nuhth vq;fSf;nfy;Nyh nfhze;jdhd;. mtUf;F capu;Ngha;

nfhz;bUf;F ... ,g;g xz;Lk; FLf;fg;gplhJ ... njhz;ilf;F mq;fhiy NghfhJ ...
eP Foe;ijg;gps;is. cdf;F tpsq;fhJ ... ,Q;rhiy th ...”
mk;kh fjitr; rhj;jptpl;L ntspNa te;jhs;. mKjdpd; Mu;tKk;> vjpu;ghu;gG

; k;
kPz;Lk; Fz;^rpahy; Fj;jg;gl;l gY}d; Nghy; RUq;fp tpl;ld.
16
mq;F te;J Nru;e;j kp];lu; rptehafk; me;j tPl;bd; ‘`hiy’ msntLg;gJ
Nghy; FWf;Fk;> kWf;Fk; ele;jhu;.
‘nrj;j tPl;il vg;gpbr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;ayhnkz;L Nahrpf;fpwd; ...’ vd;whu;.
tPl;bd; Kd;Gwj;ijj; Jg;gutha;f; $l;LkhW KDrhkpf;F cj;jutpl;l kp]p];

rptehafk;> tPl;bd; cl;Gwj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jtjpy; <Lgl;lhs;.
,tu;fs; ,e;j Neuj;jpy; te;J mku;f;fsg;gLtij mtjhdpj;J vl;bg;ghu;j;j

Kd; tPl;L Kj;ijahtplk;>
“me;jf; fhyj;jpiy me;jhs; vd;d khjpup clk;G! Rk;kh Rz;bdhy; uj;jk;

thw epwk;” vd;whu; rptehafk;.
“,Uk;Gg; ngl;bf;if g+l;bdJ khjpupj;jhd; kdKk;. ey;y kDrd; ghtk; ...

gps;isaisf; fhz KbNay;iy. Mdhy; ehq;fjhd; gps;isf;Fg; gps;isaha; xU
FiwAkpy;yhky; ghf;fpwk; ...”
,J kp]p]; rptehafk;!
jhd; ,ilapil NjePu; nfhLj;Jk; fpotd; jdf;F xU rjKk; jutpy;iy

vd;gJ epidT tu Kj;ijah nky;y eOtp tpl;lhu;.
jhj;jh Nfl;l ‘Njj;jz;zp’ vd;w nrhy; mKjdpd; kdij Mapuk; Mzpfsha;

mOj;JfpwJ.
“nrj;j tPl;il tY jpwkh elj;j NtZk;. vd;dq;Nfh?”
“ey;y fhyk;. ehq;fs; CUf;F te;jhg; gpwF fLikg;gLj;jpdJ. ,y;yhl;b Mu;

nrj;j tPL elj;jwJ vd;dg;gh?”
“xU ehD}W fjpiuf;F xlu; FLq;Nfhtd;...”
,e;j Neuj;jpy; cs;Ns te;j gf;fj;J tPl;Lg; ghf;fpaf;fhtplk;>
“ehq;fs;jhd; jd;id ey;yhg; ghg;gk; vz;l ek;gpf;ifapiy Nghd nts;sp

me;jpf; fUf;fy; Neuj;jpiyjhd; tPl;il vq;fSf;nfOjp tpl;ltu;”
mk;kh nrhy;tJ Nfl;fpwJ.
“ce;jhSf;F capu; nfjpaha; NghfhJ. ehd; cjpiy ,Ue;J vj;jpid ehs;

rhg;ghL FLj;jdhd;. vdf;F xU gug;Gf;fhzp vz;lhYk; vONjy;iy. ce;jsT
fhzpAk; Ms ,dpg; gps;isas; tug;NghapdNk? vf;fzk; MUk; nfhz;L Nghw
nrhj;Jj;jhNd ... M ...”
17
tha; epiwe;j ntw;wpiyf; fhtpia vl;bf; FNuhjj;Jld; Nru;j;Jj; Jg;gpdhs;
ghf;fpaf;fh.
GOjpaha; ,Ue;j Kw;wj;ijf; Fspu;ikg;gLj;j tha;f;fhypy; Xb te;j ePu;

,e;jj; Jg;gypdhy; xU tpehb rpte;J gutpg; gpd; rhia njupahky; fye;J
kiwe;jJ.
mKjd; kPz;Lk; jhj;jhTf;F mUfpy; Ngha;g; ghu;f;fpwhd;. mNj mirT ... ‘Nj
... j; ...’
Mapuk; Crpfs; xNu fzj;jpy; mtd; ,jaj;ijj; JisapLfpd;wd. gf;fj;J

miwf;Fr; nrd;whd;. RLePu; Nghj;jy; ‘Nkhy;Nuhth’ Tld; mg;gbNa ,Uf;fpwJ.
ntsp Kw;wj;Jf;F tUfpwhd;.
epyT ntz;ikaha; g+f;fj; njhlq;fptpl;lhYk; ,Us; Nkfq;fs; epyit kiwj;

jpUf;fpd;wd.
“Nl ... KDrhkp ... jhj;jh kUe;J Nfl;fpwhulh”

“mk;kh ... mk;Nkha; ... jhj;jhTf;F kUe;J thj;Jf; FLf;fl;LDq;fsh?”
mk;kh KDrhkpapd; fhjpy; FWf;fpa gbNa mbf;Fuypy; $Wfpwhs;> “kilah

... ,dp kUe;J FLf;fg; glhJ. FLj;jh capu; eL topapy; epz;bLk; ...”
njUtpy; rPUilfspd; elkhl;lj;ij mtjhdpj;j eha; xd;W ngupjhff;

Fiuf;fpwJ.
“ehAk; Fiyf;FJ. capu; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUf;F ...”
NtW Ntiy nra;AkhW mk;kh cj;jutpLtjw;fpilapy; KDrhkp ntspNa

Xb tpl;lhd;.
“vl;Lr; nryTf;F mtu; tpUk;gpr; rhg;gpl;lnjy;yhk; gilf;f NtZk; ...”
“me;jpul;b Nksk; gpbf;f NtZk; ...”
“mtw;iw glk; Nghl;Lg; Gj;jfk; mbr;R ntspapiy ,Uf;fpw vy;yhUf;Fk;

mDg;g NtZk; ...”
“fz;zPu; mQ;ryp mbf;f NtZk;. ehd; xUf;fh eluh[h kh];lu; tPl;il Ngha;
mQ;rypf; ftpij xz;L vOJtpr;Rf; nfhz;L thwd; ...”
mg;gh irf;fpis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ntspNa Nghf Maj;jkhfpwhu;.
“Ngg;gUf;Ff; FLf;f NtZk;. NwbNahf;Fk; FLf;f NtZk;.”

18
“mJfisAk; ghUq;Nfh ... Nge;J Neuk; NghLk; ...”
mk;kh mtrukha;f; $Wfpwhs;.
mKjd; jhj;jhtpd; fl;bYf;F mUfpy; ... mtu; Kfj;jpy; fz; gjpj;J> mtu;
nrhw;fspy; kdk; nrYj;jp ...
njspe;j ePNuhil Nghd;w mtd; Kfj;jpy; rpe;jid Nuifffs;!
rpe;jid ghlrhiyf;F ...!
,uz;L thukha; ghlrhiy %bf; fple;jJ. ,d;Dk; gyu; te;J Nrutpy;iy.

mjdhy; New;W MrpupiaAk; jkpOk; fzf;Fkha; mjpfk; fw;gpf;fhky; ,tu;fNshL
fijj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mKjDf;F mJ re;Njh\k;.
“ePq;fs; gps;isas; vg;gTk; cjtp Njitg;gLfpw ,lj;jpiy mijr; nra;a

NtZk;. ehq;fs; nra;apwij vy;yhk; flTs; ghj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;.”
Mrpupiaapd; trdq;fs; vz;zq;fsha; mtd; kdjpy; RoypLfpd;wd.
“uPr;ru; nrhy;wJ xU ehSk; gpioaha; ,Uf;fpNwy;iy” euk;gpy;yhj ehf;fpd;

Row;rpahy; ntspg;gLk; fUj;jw;w rj;jq;fs; gytw;iwg; Nghl;Lg; Nghl;L fisj;Jg;
Nghd Cu;g; ngz;fs; tpwhe;ijapy; Mq;fhq;Nf cwq;fptpl;ldu;.
“mKjh ... Vd; .. eP ,d;Dk; gLf;Nfy;iy? cs;Sf;F te;J fl;by;iy gL ...

nkj;ij fplf;F ...”
“ehd; ,jpiy gLf;fpwd; mk;kh ...”
fpotd; gLj;jpUe;j miwf;F Kd;dhy; xU ghia ,Oj;Jg; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;lhd;

mtd;.
“Nkhy;Nlhth Fbr;rpl;L gL” mk;kh Nfhg;igapy; nfhz;L te;jhu;. mij

thq;fp itj;Jf; nfhz;L mk;kh me;j ,lj;ij tpl;L mfYk; tiu fhj;jpUe;jhd;
mKjd;.
mk;kh Nghd gpd;du; Nfhg;igAld; jhj;jhtpd; miwAs; Eioe;jhd;. ntspNa

ahNuh tUtJ Nghy; ,Ue;jJ. nfhz;L Nghd Nfhg;igiaj; jhj;jhtpd; jiykhl;by;
,Ue;j mYkhupapy; kiwj;J tpl;L te;J gLj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;.
“mKjh Nkhy;Nuhth Fbr;rpl;bah ...”
“Xk; ... mk;kh”
mg;ghTk; mk;khTk; ‘Nkhy;Nlhth’ Fbg;gJ njupe;jJ. mKJ jd;id kwe;J

19
fz;zau;e;j Ntisapy; g+kp ghskha; ntbj;Jj; jd;id tpOq;FtJ Nghy xU
fdT.
jpBnud;W tpopj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. nkJthf vOe;J jhj;jhTf;F mUfpy; te;jhd;.

cjLfs; ,d;Dk; mire;jd. ‘Nj ...’ vd;d nrhy; vd;gJ Gupahjtu;fSf;Fg;
GupahJ.
mYkhupapy; itj;j Nkhy;Nuhthit vLj;jhd; mKJ. fuz;bAk; vLj;Jf;

nfhz;lhd;. Mrpupiaapd; nrhw;fs; kPz;Lk; mOj;jkha; kdjpy; ...!
xU fuz;b ghiyf; fpotdpd; thapy; tpl;lhd;. fpotd; tpOq;fpf; nfhz;lhu;.

,d;Dk; xU fuz;b ... kPz;Lk; xU fuz;b.
jhj;jh rpupg;gJ Nghy mKJTf;Fs; xU fw;gid.

“jhj;jh ePq;fs; Nfl;lij ehd; je;jpl;ld; jhj;jh ...”
Nkhy;Nuhth Nfhg;igiaf; fPNo itj;J tpl;L> kUe;Jg; Nghj;jiy vLj;jhd;.
fl;bNyhL rha;jpUe;j mKjdpd; cliyj; jhj;jhtpd; iffs; nkJthfj;

jlTtJ Nghy; Xu; czT.
cz;ikahfj; jltpdhuh? my;yJ fw;gidjhdh? jdf;F ,dpg; NghJk; vd;W

kfpo;Tld; nrhy;fpwhuh?
thDf;F cr;rp vy;yhk; g+g;g+j;j kfpo;T mKjDf;Fs; ...! epiwTk; g+upg;GNk

jhdhf mt;tplj;ij tpl;lfd;wtd; kPz;Lk; nrd;W gLj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;.
kWehs; fhiy me;j tPL gugug;Gld; tpbe;jJ. nts;is Ntl;bfs;> jpUePw;Wg;

g+r;Rfs;> Cj;ij glhj cUg;gbfs; rfpjk; te;j gyu; fl;biyr; Rj;jp mku;e;J
Njthuk; ghLfpd;wdu;.
kp];lu; rptehafKk; kidtpAk; gk;gukha;r; Rod;W gy Ntiyfspy;

<LgLfpd;wdu;.
,yq;if thndhyp jdJ fhiy mwptpj;jypy;>
Kd;dhs; gpugy tof;fwpQu; ekrpthak; fhykhdhu;. md;dhu; fhyk;nrd;w

Qhdkzpapd; md;Gf; fztUk;> nwhgpd; (fdlh)> Nyh[p (N[u;kdp) ghkh (yz;ld;)>
epf;\d; (rt+jp) MfpNahupd; md;Gj; je;ijAk; rptehafk; (ePu;g;ghrdj; jpizf;fsk;)
mtu;fspd; rpwpa jfg;gdhUk; jpUkjp fyhty;yp rptehafk; mtu;fspd; Ngud;Gf;Fupa
khkdhUk; Mthu;. md;dhupd; jfdf; fpupiafs; ,d;W gpw;gfy; ehY kzpastpy;
mtu;fspd; FLk;g kahdj;jpy; eilngWk;. ,j;jftiy cw;whu;> cwtpdu;> ez;gu;fs;
midtUk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;gb jpU. rptehafk; FLk;gj;jpdu; md;Gld; Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;fpd;wdu; ... vd;W mwptpj;jJ.
mKjd; ,d;Dk; mikjpaha; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mtd; fdtpy;> ‘mKjh...

mz;zhe;J eP rpupj;jhy; epyTf;Ff; Nfl;Fklh...’ vd;W jhj;jh nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;.
- Nfhfpyh kNfe;jpud; -
tho;T xU tiyg;ge;jhl;lk;
20
gpd;dpizg;G 2
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk; 1
1) ,f;fijapy; ckJ kdjpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa ghj;jpuk; vJ? Vd;?
2) kdpjNeak; mw;Wg; Nghtij ,r;rpWfij czu;j;Jfpd;wjh? Vd; mt;thW

$Wfpd;wPu?;
3) rpWtdpd; ngw;Nwhu; gw;wpa cq;fs; mgpg;gpuhak; vd;d? mtu;fs; vt;thW

ele;J nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W epidf;fpwPu;fs;?
4) r%fj;ijg; gpujpgypg;gjhf ,r;rpWfij mikfpd;wjh? ckJ tpilf;fhd

fhuzj;ijf; $Wf.
5) ,f;fij %yk; ePq;fs; czu;e;J nfhz;l tpOkpak; vd;d?
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2
• cq;fs; FOTf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghj;jpuk; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahb

mg;ghj;jpukhf cq;fisf; fw;gid nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• cq;fis Nehf;fp vj;jifa tpdhf;fs; njhLf;fg;gLk; vd;gijg; gw;wpf;;

fye;Jiuahbj; jahu; nra;Aq;fs;.
• mtw;Wf;fhd tpilfs; njhlu;ghfTk; FOtpdUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• Vida ghj;jpuq;fs; njhlu;ghf vj;jifa tpdhf;fs; njhLf;fyhk; vd;W

fye;Jiuahb tpdhf;fisj; jahupAq;fs;.
ghj;jpuq;fs; : FO 1 - mKjd;
FO 2 - fpotd;
FO 3 - jha;
FO 4 - je;ij
21
Nju; r ; r p 11.0 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;j mDgtq;fspD}lhf
Mf; f q; f is vOJthu; .
Nju;r;rp myF 11.1 : ge;jp vOJthu;.
nraw;ghL : ge;jp vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuq;fs; - gpd;dpizg;G 1

vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
gb 11.1.1
• fUj;njhOq;fw;w thf;fpaq;fs; rpytw;iwf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp/

fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mtw;iwf; fUj;J xOq;Fs;s ge;jpahf vOjr; nra;Aq;fs;.
thf;fpaq;fs;
• Vnddpy; me;j ,ae;jpuj;ij Mf;fpatd; mtNd.
• vdpDk; ghfq;fis khw;wpitf;Fk; fiyiaf; fw;Wg; gy capu;fisf;

fhg;ghw;Wfpwhd;.
• kpjptz;bf;Fj; Njitahd cjpupg;ghfq;fis kdpjd; nra;J nfhs;fpwhd;.
• me;j msTf;F mwptpay; ,d;Dk; tsutpy;iy
• Mdhy; kdpjdpd; cjpupg;ghfq;fshd vy;yh clw;ghfq;fisAk; mtNd

Mf;fkhl;lhd;.
• ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ikag;gLj;jpf;

fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jq;fs;.
• xUnghUs; Fwpj;J gy trdq;fshy; miktJ xU ge;jp vd;gij

mwpjy;
• xU ge;jp Fwpg;gpl;l xU ikaf; fUj;jpidf; nfhz;L
mike;jpUf;Fk; vd;gij mwpjy;
• ge;jpapd; ikaf;fUj;ijf; $Wk; thf;fpak; jiyik thf;fpakhFk;
vd;gij mwpjy;
22
• ikaf; fUj;Jf;F tYT+l;Ltdthfj; Jiz thf;fpaq;fs; mikAk;
vd;gij mwpjy;
• thf;fpaq;fs; fUj;Jj; njhlu;Giladtha;> xOq;F Kiwapy;
mikAk; NghNj ge;jp njspthf mikAk;
20 epkplq; f s;
gb 11.1.2
• khztiu Iite;J Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jdpj;jdpaha;j; jahupf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lg;

gj;jpuj;ij (gpd;dpizg;G 1 I) toq;fp cupa tifapy; ,aq;f topg;
gLj;Jq;fs;.
• FOtpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; FYf;fy; Kiwapy; jkf;Fupa tplaj;ijj;

njupe;J nfhs;s topnra;Aq;fs;.
• njupTnra;j jiyg;GfSf;F Vw;gg; ge;jpfis vOj topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• FOTf;Fs; fye;Jiuahb ge;jpfis xOq;fikf;f top nra;Aq;fs;.
• FOtpd; KbTiu vOJgtu; VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis mwpe;J ikaf;

fUj;jpidj; njupe;J> cfe;j Kiwapy; KbTiuapid vOj topg;
gLj;Jq;fs;.
• xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ge;jpfisf; nfhz;L KOikahd epiwthd

fl;Liuia cUthf;f topnra;Aq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 11.1.3
• xt;nthU FOTk; fl;Liuiar; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F topnra;Aq;fs;.
• Vidatu;fs; mJgw;wp tpku;rd uPjpahd fUj;Jf;fisf; $w

,lkspAq;fs;.
• fUj;Jf;fspy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghu;jJ

; f; nfhs;Sq;f
; s;
• jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd KfTiu

• ge;jpfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l cgjiyg;GfSld; xt;nthU ge;jpAk;
,iaGWk; tpjk;
• cgjiyg;gpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s tplak; ge;jpapd; ikaf; fUj;jhFk;.
• ikaf; fUj;ij typAWj;Jk; Jizf; fUj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l
thf;fpaq;fshf mikj;jy;;
23
• nghUj;jkhd Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> cjhuzq;fs; tuj;jf;f tifapy;
mikj;jy;
• Kf;fpaj;Jt mbg;gilapy; fUj;Jf;fis xOq;FgLj;jp
fl;Lf; Nfhg;ghd Kiwapy; fl;Liu mikj;jy;
40 epkplq; f s;
• ge;jpapd; jiyg;G> KbT gw;wp mwpthu;.
• ge;jp xU ikaf;fUj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;gij mwpthu;.
• ikaf;fUj;Jf;Nfw;w jiyik thf;fpaq;fs;> Jizthf;fpaq;fs;

vd;gtw;iw vOJk; jpwikiag; ngWthu;.
• xNu tplak; gw;wpf; fUj;Jj; njhlu;Gld; mike;j ge;jpfs; fl;LiuahFk;

vd;gijj; njspthu;.
24
gpd;dpizg;G 1
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
FO 1
jiyg;G : vkJ ehL
FOtpd; KjyhtJ egu; KfTiu : ehL njhlu;ghd nghJ tpsf;fk;

mjd; ,aw;ifnaopy;> tsq;fs;> vkf;Fk;
ehl;Lf;FKs;s gpizg;G
2 MtJ egu; : ehl;L kf;fs;> mtu;fs; tho;fi

; fKiw> NgRk; nkhopfs;> gpd;gw;Wk;
rkaq;fs;> gd;Kfg;gz;ghL
3 MtJ egu; : ehl;bd; ,aw;if moF> tpUe;Njhk;gy;> fhyepiy fhuzkhf

cy;yhrg; gazpfspd; nrhu;f;f Gup;ahf tpsq;Fk; jd;ik
4 MtJ egu; : tptrhak;> ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;if
5 MtJ egu; : Nkw;$wpa ge;jpfis thrpj;J mtw;wpd; njhFg;ghf tUk; tifapy;

njhFj;J mikj;jy;.
mj;Jld; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpapy; ew;gpui[apd; gq;fspg;G njhlu;ghd

tpsf;fj;Jld; Kbf;fyhk;.
FO 2
jiyg;G : cyfpy; rkhjhdj;jpd; Njit
FOtpd; KjyhtJ egu; KfTiu : rkhjhdj;jpd; mtrpak;> mJ ,y;yhikahy;
Vw;gLk; ghjf tpisTfs;> NguopTfs; gw;wpa
nghJ tpsf;fk;.
2 MtJ egu; : rkhjhdkpd;ik vt;thW r%f tho;tpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fspd; ,og;G> mjdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;.
3 MtJ egu; : rkhjhdkpd;ik vt;thW nghUshjhuj;jpy; ghjpg;ig

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ehl;bd; Nritfs;> trjpfs; vt;thW
ghjpg;GWfpd;wd. mjdhy; tpisAk; tWik.
4 MtJ egu; : gz;ghl;bYk;> kf;fspd;> tho;fi

; ff; Nfhyj;jpYk; rkhjhdkpd;ik
Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fKk; rPuopTfSk;.
5 MtJ egu; : Nkw;$wg;gl;l ge;jpfis thrpj;J mtw;wpd; njhFg;ghf

mikj;jYk; gbg;Nghu; cs;sj;jpy; ikaf;fUj;ijg;
gjpaitj;jYk;.
25
FO 3
jiyg;G : kdpjDk; #oYk;
FOtpd; KjyhtJ egu; KfTiu : #oy; kdpjid vt;thW tho itf;fpwJ.

kdpj tho;tpy; #oy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fk;>
,uz;Lk; xd;wpy; xd;W jq;fpapUf;Fk; jd;ik
njhlu;ghd nghJ tpsf;fk;.
2 MtJ egu; : #oiy khrila itg;gjpYk; Nrjkhf;FtjpYk; kdpjdpd;

Neubahd gq;fspg;G> njupe;Jk; njupahkYk; Vw;gLj;Jk; ghjpg;Gfs;.
3 MtJ egu; : ifj;njhopy;kakhjy;> efukakhjy;> G+Nfhskakhjy;

Nghd;wdtw;wpd; gpd;tpisTfs;> #oypy; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w jhf;fq;fs;.
4 MtJ egu; : #oy; khriltjhy; kdpj tho;tpy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fSk;

vjpu;fhy tpisTfSk;.
5 MtJ egu; : mtw;wpd; njhFg;ghf miktNjhL xt;nthU jdpkdpjDk; #oiyg;

Nghw;wpg; Ngz cjTtjd; %yk; vjpu;fhy re;jjpapd; ey;tho;tpid
cWjp nra;ayhk; vd;gij typAWj;jy;.
FO 4
jiyg;G : ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;
FOtpd; KjyhtJ egu; KfTiu : ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vdg;gLgit ahit

vd;gijAk; mit kdpj czu;tpd; ntspg;
ghLfshf gz;ilf;fhyk; njhl;L> kf;fspd;
tho;tpy; gy;NtW JiwfspYk; tfpj;j
,lj;jpidAk; vLj;Jf; $wy;.
2 MtJ egu; : gpwg;G> tpisahl;L> fhjy;> njhopy;> rlq;F> rpwg;G Kjyhd

tho;fi; f epiyfspy; vt;thW ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpak; kdpj tho;Tld;
gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sJ.
3 MtJ egu; : kdpjdpd; njhopy;> mjd; RikAk;> gSTk; njupahjpUg;gjpy;

ehl;lhu; ghlypd; gq;F. (tfpghfk;)
4 MtJ egu;: xUtu; kuzpf;Fk;NghJ mtiu ,oe;j cw;whu; cwtpdupd;

czu;r;rpfs; ehl;lhu; ghly;fspy; ntspaplg;gLtJz;L. xg;ghupg;
ghly;fSk; mtw;why; mwpag;gLk; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fSk;.
5 MtJ egu; : njhFg;ghf mikj;jYk; ehl;lhu; ghly;fis kiwe;J tplhJ

Ngzp vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;Ff; ifaspf;fNtz;bajd;
mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jiuj;jYk;.
26
FO 5
jiyg;G : ntFrdj; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs;
FOtpd; KjyhtJ egu; KfTiu : kdpj r%f tho;Tf;Fj; njhlu;ghlypd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;. goq;fhyk; njhl;L> ,d;Wtiu
njhlu;Gnfhs;s> jfty; gupkhw
cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l Clf KiwikfSk;>
mtw;wpd; jw;fhy tsu;rr; pg; Nghf;Fk; gw;wpa
nghJ tpsf;fk;.
2 MtJ egu; : gj;jpupif vt;thW mNefUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gbahd njhlu;Grhjdkha;g;

gz;Lnjhl;L tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;. mtw;wpd;
tsu;r;rp gw;wp vLj;Jiuj;jy;.
3 MtJ egu; : thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;gd vt;thW [duQ;rfkhd njhlu;G

rhjdq;fshf khwpAs;sd vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;. mtw;wpd; Clhd

nghOJNghf;F trjpfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; mspj;jy;.
4 MtJ egu; : etPd njhiyj;njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; vt;thW Jupj fjpapyhd

njhlu;G Clfq;fshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
(fzpdp> ,izak; Nghd;wd)
5 MtJ egu; : ,tw;wpd; njhFg;ghf mikj;jy;. ,tw;wpd; rhjf> ghjftpisT

fis vLj;Jf; $wy;. rupahd ghtpg;gpd; %yk; gadilAk; top
Kiwfis vLj;Jf; fhl;ly;
27
Nju; r ; r p 4.0 : capu;j;Jbg;Gs;s fl;LUthf;fr; nray;jpwDila
thrfuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 4.1 : tpsf;fj;NjhLk; nghUSf;Nfw;w czu;r;rpNahLk;

thrpg;ghu;.
4.2 : thrpg;gjd; %yk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlu;ig mwpthu;.
nraw;ghL : k`hftpapd; ~~nry;yhf;fhR|| vd;w ftpijia thrpj;Jf;

fpufpg;Nghk;.
ju cs;sPL : nry;yhf;fhR (k`hftpapd; ftpij)

- gpd;dpizg;G 01
vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp
gb 4.2.1
• ~~xt;nthU G+f;fSNk...|| vd;w rpdpkhg; ghliy xypehlh %yk; xypf;fr;

nra;J khztu;fspd; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lq;fs;.
my;yJ
• mg;ghliyg; ghb khztu;fspd; Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;LtjD}lhf Muk;gpAq;fs;.
my;yJ
• ghliyf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> khztu; xUtiug; ghlitg;gjd; %yk;
Muk;gpAq;fs;.
• ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l r%f tpOkpag; gz;G vd;d? r%fj;jpw;F vd;d $w

tpiofpd;wJ? kdijj; njhl;l gFjp ahJ? vd;w tpdhf;fisf;Nfl;L>
fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis khztUf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
• nghUj;jkhd ghzpiaAk;> El;gj;ijAk; ifahz;L nra;As;fisAk;>

ftpijfisAk; czu;TG+u;tkhf thrpj;jy;.
• ghlypd; nghUisf; $Wjy;
• ghlypd; ikaf;fUj;ijAk; Jizf;fUj;Jf;fisAk; njhFj;Jf;
$Wjy;
28
• ghlypy; $wg;gl;l fUj;ijr; nrhe;j eilapy; RUf;fpAk;
tpupj;Jk; vOJjy;.
• jd;idAk;> jdJ FLk;gj;ijAk; jhd; rhu;e;j r%fj;ijAk; jhd;
thOk; cyfpidAk; ,yf;fpa thrpg;gpD}lhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
15 epkplq; f s;
gb 4.2.2
• khztu;fis el;gpd; mbg;gilapy; my;yJ xj;j jpwikapd; mbg;gilapy;

Nrhbfshf;Fq;fs;.
• gpd;dpizg;G - 02 ,y; cs;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ijr; NrhbfSf;F

toq;Fq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; njhlu;ghf ,UtUk; fye;JiuahLtjw;F top

nra;Aq;fs;.
• gpd;du; ,UtUk; gpupe;J gpwpnjhUtUld; Nrhbahf tpthjpf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• xt;nthU NrhbAk; jhk; tpthjpj;j Kf;fpa tplaq;fisg; Gjpa NrhbAld;

fye;JiuahLkhW $Wq;fs;.
• ,f;fye;Jiuahliy ehd;FNgu; nfhz;l FOKiwf;F tpupthf;Fq;fs;.
• ehd;F Ngiuf;nfhz;l FOit mNj nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;Jf;F mwpf;if

jahupf;f topfhl;Lq;fs;.
45 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 4.2.3
• xt;nthU FOTk; mwpf;ifiar; rku;g;gpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspAq;fs;.
• VidNahu; fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wtjw;Fk; cw;rhfkspAq;fs;.
• ftpijapd; ikaf;fUj;J
fpuhkq;fspy; ,d;Wk; kdpj Neak; tho;fpd;wJ.
• r%fj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; jd;ik
- ePz;lgazk; nry;fpd;wNghJ Vw;gLk; ,d;dy;
- fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; thOk; tWikg;gl;ltu;fsplj;Jf;
fhzg;gLk; kdpjNeak;
29
(khztu;fs; Rw;Wyhr; nry;Yk;NghJ mtru Njitfis epiwT nra;fpd;w
fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; kdpj Neaj;ijAk; Qhgfg;gLj;jyhk;.)
- cjtp ngw;wjw;Fg; gjpyhfg; gzj;ijf; nfhLj;jy;.
- cjtp nra;jtu;fs; mg;gzj;ij thq;f kWj;jy;.
• kdijj; njhLk; gFjp.
~ePq;fs; nra;j ed;wpf;F ed;wp| vd;W ehd; ePl;bNdd;.
gyu;f;Fk; ehk; ePl;Lk; jhs; xd;iw.
mg;nghOJ myu;e;j ,d; Kfj;jpd; nkd;kyu;
mg;gbf; Ftpe;jpUs; mile;jNjd;! Jau;
fg;gpaNjd; xsp tpopfs; kPjpNy!
fhirNah mtw;wpd; re;epjpKd; tPrpNdd;.
(gzj;ij ePl;Lk; NghJ mtu;fspd; Kfk; thbaJk; Jauk; nfhz;lJk;
mjidg; ghu;j;J gzk; nfhLj;jtu; fhirNah mtupd; re;epjp Kd;
tPrpNdd; vd foptpuf;fk; nfhs;tJk; vdJ kdijj; njhl;l gFjpfs;)
• tpOkpag; gz;G
- tWik epiyapYk; gpwUf;F cjtp nra;jy;
• ghlypd; fUj;ijr; nrhe;j eilapy; vOJjy;.

jdJ efu; tpl;L ePz;l J}uk; gazk; nrd;w xUtu; mq;Nf tz;b
nry;fpd;w topAk; njupahJ fisg;gile;J rypg;gilfpwhu;.
mt;Ntisapy; mtuJ fz;fspy; vopyhd ghij xd;W Gyg;gLfpwJ.
mg;ghijtop nrd;wtu; ,Us; ftpaj;njhlq;fpaJk; gfypy; vwpj;j
ntapy; fhuzkhf xU fy;ypy; mku;e;J ,isg;ghWfpwhu;. nghOJ
Ngha;tpl;lJ vd;W vz;ZfpwNghJ mt;T+u;f;filrp tz;bAk;
Ngha;tpl;lij mwpfpwhu;. gliy xd;iwj; jl;Lfpwhu;. mJ ~nghf;|
vdj; jpwe;jJ. mq;Nf ghAk; ghZk; md;Gld; fpilj;jJ. me;j
md;Gf;F ed;wpahf ,tu; gzj;ij ePl;l> tPl;lhu; Kfk; $k;g>
fhirNah mtu;fsJ re;epjpapy; tPrpNdd; vd foptpuf;fg;gLfpd;whu;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
• nra;As;fisAk; ftpijfisAk; czu;TG+u;tkhf thrpg;ghu;.
• ghlypd; nghUisf; $Wthu;.
• ftpijapd; ikaf;fUj;ijAk; Jizf;fUj;ijAk; njhFj;Jf; $Wthu;.
• ftpijapy; $wg;gl;l fUj;ijr; nrhe;j eilapy; RUf;fpAk; tpupj;Jk;

$Wthu;.
• rpwe;j kdg;ghq;ifg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• jd;idAk;> jdJ FLk;gj;ijAk; jhd; rhu;e;j r%fj;ijAk; jhd; thOk;

cyfpidAk; ,yf;fpa thrpg;gpD}lhf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;thu;.
30
gpd;dpizg;G 1
nry; y hf; f hR
tz;b nry;fpw nje;j topapNyh! gy

thukha;r; #l;bdpy; khLNghy;> nray;
kz;ba efupNy tisa te;jjhy;>
khdpl kdKNkh kuj;Jg;NghdJ!
nehz;ba mjid me;Nehapd; ePf;fpLk;
Nehf;f nkhd;why; rpyJ}uk; jhz;bNdd;
fz;lJ topapNy vopy;. ,wq;fpNdd;.
fhybg;ghijapw; fhy; ele;jd.
Gy;ypy; vd; ghjq;fs; gl cz;lhfpa

Nghijiar; nrhy;ypdpw; Nghl;Lf; fhl;Ljy;
my;y vd;dpidT> ntk;gfy; vupe;jNj
Mjyhy;> GifapUs; vdg;gbe;jJk;>
fy;ypdpy; mku;e;J miuf;fzk; kfpo;e;jpl;Nld;.
fhw;nwid mizj;jpd;gf; fisg; Gz;lhf;fpw;

~nry;YJ nghOJ!| vdj;jpUk;gpdhy;> mNjh>
nry;fpw jhk; ,t;T+u; filrp tz;bAk;.
NghnahU gliyapy; jl;bNdd;.

~nghf;| vdj; jpwe;jJ. nghOijj; J}q;f Xu;
gha; fpilj;jJ. fps;Sk; grpf;F tPl;ltu;
gr;ir md;nghL fha;e;j ghz; fpilj;jJ.
tha; ,Ue;jJ mq;Nf Esk;Gf;F! MapDk;
te;jJ kuzj;jpd; Jspiag; Nghy; Japy;.
fha;fpw fjpu;fspd; rTf;Fg; gl;lJk;
fz;tpopj;Njd;. ,sq;fhiyahdJ.
J}q;fpdPNuh ,Utpop epiwe;jpl?

Jd;GWj;jpaJz;Nlh gdpf; fLq; Fspu;?
Vq;fpL thud;Nwh Njb Ek;ktu;?
,g;nghOJz;nlhU tz;b gl;lzk;!
Mq;fpit nkhope;jpLk; me;j tPl;ltu;
md;GNkh mNj fzk; kwf;fw; ghyJ?
~ePq;fs; nra; ed;wpf;F ed;wp| vd;W ehd;
ePl;bNdd;> gyu;f;Fk; ehk; ePl;Lk; jhs; xd;iw
mg;nghO jyu;e;j ,d; Kfj;jpd; nkd; kyu;

mg;gbf; Ftpe;jpUs; mile;jNjd;! Jau;
fg;gpaNjd; xsptpopfs; kPjpNy!
fhirNah mtw;wpd; re;epjpKd; tPrpNdd;!
Fg;Gw tPo;e;jd epyj;jpy; vd; tpop
$Wjw;fpd;wp vd; cjL %bd.
vg;gbNah gpd;du; efu; jpUk;gpNdd;.
vdpDk; vd; csj;jpNy capu; jspu;j;jJ.
(kfhftp) J. cUj;jpu%u;j;jp
31
gpd;dpizg;G 2
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk
puk;; I
1) ftpijapd; ikaf;fUj;ijf; $Wf.
2) ,f;ftpij r%fj;ijg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wjh? Vd; mt;thW $Wfpd;wPu;?
3) ,f;ftpijapy; ckJ kdijj; njhl;l gFjpiaf; fhuzj;Jld; $Wf.
4) ,f;ftpijapy; $wg;gLk; tpOkpag; gz;G vJ?
5) ghlypy; $wg;gl;l fUj;ijr; nrhe;j eilapy; RUf;fp vOJf.

32
Nju; r ; r p 11.0 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;j mDgtq;fspD}lhfr;
Ra Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 11.3 : Ra mDgtq;fs;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> mtjhdpg;G>

fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jp vOJthu;.
nraw;ghL : ftpij vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : fhl;rpg;glq;fs; - gpd;dpizg;G 01

vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;

gb 11.3.1
(m) ghtpd; Ritf;fly; cz;nlOe;J> fk;gd;

ghupw; nghope;j jPk; ghw;fliy
ehtpd; ,dpf;fg; gUFtNk - E}ypd;
ed;dak; Kw;We; njspFtNk
(M) ~~kdk; ,iltplhJ

Mirfisg; gpurtpf;Fk;
mKjRugp>
czTfSf;Fg; gQ;rkpUf;fyhk;
MirfSf;Fg; gQ;rkpy;iy||
vd;w ,uz;L ftpijfisAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. khztu;fsplk; ,t;tpuz;L
ftpijfspYk; VjhtJ NtWghl;bid fhz;fpd;wPu;fsh? ,f;ftpijfspd;
rpwg;Gf;fs; vit? Kjypa tpdhf;fis tpdhtp fye;JiuahLq;fs;. fye;Jiu
ahlypy; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• ftpijfis kuGf; ftpij> GJf;ftpij vd tifg;gLj;jy;
• Gytdpd; mDgtj;ijr; nrhw;fshy; fhl;Lk; xU FwpaPL jhd; ftpij.
• ftpijfs; Gytdpd; fw;gidapy; moFf; fiyahfpd;wJ
• ftpijapd; ntw;wpf;F nkhopeil gpujhdkhdJ.
• mzpfshYk; re;jq;fshYk; Gytd; fUjpa nghUis thrfUf;Ff;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpwhd;.
• ftpijapy; ifahsg;gLk; cj;jpfs;.
• vLj;Jiug;G KiwAk; ftpijf;F ,d;wpaikahjJ.
10 epkplq; f s
s;
33
gb 11.3.2
• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; xt;nthU fhl;rpia toq;Fq;fs;
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• FOthff; fye;Jiuahba gpd; jdpj;jdpahf vOJtjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; khztu;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;Fq;fs;.
50 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 11.3.3
• xt;nthUtUk; ftpijapidr; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• midj;Jf; FOf;fSk; fye;JiuahLtjw;Fk; fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• fhl;rpf;F Vw;w fU
• fw;gid
• ftpij mikg;G (kuG> GJf;ftpij)
• cj;jpfs;
1. nkhop 2. mzpg;gpuNahfk; 3. vLj;Jiug;G Kiw
• ftpijapd; ftu;r;rp Mw;wy;
60 epkplq; f s;
• fhl;rpfis ,urpj;J mjid itj;J ftpijia vOJthu;.
• nghUj;jkhd mzpfisAk;> nkhopeilapidAk; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
• kuGf;ftpijahapd; tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp vOJthu;.
• ftpijfis thrpj;J ,urpf;Fk; kdg;ghq;ifg; ngWthu;.
34
gpd;dpizg;G 1
35
36
gpd;dpizg;G 2
• FO epiyapy; fye;Jiuahbr; nraw;gLq;fs;
1. toq;fg;gl;Ls;s fhl;rpapid kdq;nfhz;L gpujhd fUj;ij fw;gid

nra;f.
2. ckJ fUj;ijg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;gpl;L 80 - 100 tiuahd nrhw;fspy;

ftpij vOJf.
3. kuGf; ftpijahapd; tpjp Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp vOJf.

37
Nju; r ; r p 2.0 : re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; Nfl;NghUf;Fk; Vw;w
tifapy; gz;ghf ciuahLthu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 2.1 : jkJ czu;TfSk; fUj;Jf;fSk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk;

njspthfg; Gyg;gLk; tifapy; ciuahLthu;.
nraw; g hL : czu;TfSk; fUj;Jf;fSk;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk;

njspthfg; Gyg;gLk; tifapy; gz;ghf ciuahLNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : khjpup ciuahly; (fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;)

kjpg;gPl;Lg;gbtk; - gpd;dpizg;G 2
vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; Kiw
gb 2.1.1
• khztu; ,Utiu Kd;tur;nra;J gpd;tUk; ciuahliy epfo;j;Jtjw;F

topnra;Aq;fs;.
ghj;jpuq;fs; - mk;kh> kfs; (ckh)
,lk; - ckhtpd; tPL
mk;kh : ckh ,d;W nts;spf;fpoik NfhapYf;Fg; Nghftpy;iyah?

ckh : kwe;Jtpl;Nld; mk;kh rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; Gwg;gLNthk;.
mk;kh : flTis topgLtijf; $lth kwe;J tpl;lha;?
ckh : ,y;iy mk;kh ghlrhiyf;fiytpoh gw;wpa Ntiyfshy; kwe;J
tpl;Nld;.
mk;kh : vg;NghJ fiytpoh?
ckh : tUfpw khjk; 10Mk; jpfjp. vdf;F xU Gjpa Nriy thq;fpj;
jUtPu;fsh? mk;kh.
mk;kh : ngl;bapy; G+l;b itj;jpUf;Fk; Nriyfspy; xd;iw mzpayhk;
jhNd?
ckh : ,y;iy> vkJ tFg;G khztpfs; vy;NyhUk; xNu khjpupahf
mzpa Mirg;gLfpNwhk; mk;kh.
mk;kh : GjpJ Gjpjhf thq;fp mzpa Ntz;Lkh?
ckh : Vd; mk;kh? vq;fSila tajpy; Gjpjhf mzpa Mirg;gLtJ
jg;gh?
38
mk;kh : jg;G ,y;iy. Mdhy; FLk;gg;nghUshjhu epiyiaAk; ghu;f;f
Ntz;Lk;jhNd ckh
ckh : rup mk;kh! vd;id kd;dpj;JtpLq;fs;. FLk;g epiyikia
mwpahky; $wpaJ vd; jtWjhd;.
mk; k h : ey;yJ kfNs. FLk;g epiyikia midtUk; czu;e;J
elg;gJjhd; rpwe;jJ. rup th NfhapYf;Fg; NghNthk;.
• ciuahlypd;NghJ ciuahLNthUk; mjid mtjhdpg;NghUk; ftdj;jpy;

nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; ahit? vd khztuplk; Nfl;Lf;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztUf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
• ciuahLNthu; vd;w tifapy;>

- xt;nthU ghj;jpuKk; mt;tg;ghj;jpuk; Nghy; ghtid nra;J
ciuahLjy;.
- njhdp Vw;w ,wf;fq;fisAk; ,ay;ghd czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL

fisAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sy;.
- cr;rupg;Gj; njsptpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;
- nghUj;jkhd nkhopg;gpuNahfk;
• mtjhdpg;Nghu; vd;w tifapy;>

- ciuahlypy; tpUg;Gld; <LgLjy;
- Neu;j;jpahfr; nrtpkLj;jy;
- nrtpkLj;jtw;iw kPz;Lk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiyg; ngWjy;
- jfty;fisj; jpul;;bf;nfhs;sy;
20 epkplq; f s;
gb 2.1.2
• khztu;fis 5 Ngu;nfhz;l FOf;fshf mkur;nra;Aq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,y; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Fq;fs;.
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l jiyg;Gf;fspy; ciuahly;fisj;; jahupf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
40 epkplq; f s;
39
gb 2.1.3
• FOepiyapy; njhFj;j tplaj;ij Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspAq;fs;.
• VidNahu; mtw;iwf; Nfl;Lf;fUj;Jf; $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOtpYs;s khztu;fSk; jhk; jahupj;j ciuahliy

thrpf;Fk; NghJ Vida khztu;fs;> khjpup kjpg;gPl;Lg;gbtj;jpy; Gs;spapl
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• tplaj;njspT
• fUj;Jf;fisj; njspthf mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;
• tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd tptuq;fisj; njspthf toq;Fjy;
• gpwu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; fUj;ij typAWj;jpf; $Wjy;
nrhe;j mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tptupj;jy;
•
• rpwe;j nkhopg;gpuNahfj;ij cWjp nra;jy;
• ciuahLk; ghq;F
60 epkplq; f s;
fzpg; g P L k; kjpg; g P L k;
• xt;nthU ciuahlypYk; ,lk;ngWk; gpujhd fUj;Jf;fisf;

$Wthu; .
• ciuahLtjw;Nfw;w jpwidg;ngWthu;.
• gz;NghL ciuahLk; kdg;ghq;if tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;thu;.
• re;ju;g;g #o;epiyf;Nfw;g ciuahLk; jpwid tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;thu;.
• Nehf;fj;ij epiwT nra;Ak; tifapy; ciuahLk; jpwidg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs; t hu; .
40
gpd;dpizg;G 1
nraw; g hl; L g; g j; j puk; 1
gpd; t Uk; jiyg; G fspy; nfhLf; f g; g l; L s; s tplaq; f is ikakhff; nfhz; L

ciuahliyj; jahupAq; f s; .
FO I - mjpgiur; re;jpf;f tUk; ngw;Nwhu;> khztUld; ciuahly;

• tpOkpag;gz;Gfs;
• gy ,d kjf; fyhrhuk;
• ,ay;ghd czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL
• njhdp Vw;w ,wf;fk;
• khztu; kdijf; ftUk; nkhopg; gpuNahfk;
• ciuahLk; ghq;F
• kw;iwatu; fUj;ij kjpf;Fk; jd;ik
FO II - Nehahsp xUtUld; jhjp ciuahLjy;

• ghj;jpuk;Nghy; ghtid nra;jy;
• xUtiu xUtu; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; kdg;ghq;F
• Nehahspia Mjupf;Fk; nkhopg;gpuNahfk;
• md;dpNahd;dpa cwT
• Nehahspiaf; ftUk; czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL
• Nrit kdg;ghq;F
FO III - ghlrhiy itgtk; xd; w py; nrhw; n ghopthw; W tjw; f hf

kjg; n gupahiu khztu; miof; F k; re; j u; g ; g k;
• rkak; - tho;f;ifj; njhlu;G
• tpOkpag;gz;Gfs;
• MNyhrid - topfhl;ly;
• r%fk; - khztu; njhlu;G
• khztiuf; ftUk; nkhopg;gpuNahfk;
• ciuahLk; kdg;ghq;F
• njspthd cr;rupg;G
FO IV - tq;fp Kfhikahsu; xUtu; ghlrhiyf;F tUif je;J

Nrkpg; g pd; Kf; f paj; J tk; njhlu; g hf khztUld;
fye; J iuahly;
• khztiuf; ftUk; ciuahly; ghq;F
• tho;f;ifj; Njitfs; - tha;g;Gfs;
• Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; nkhopg;gpuNahfk;
• njhdp Vw;w ,wf;fk;
41
FO V - Gyikg; guprpy; ngw;w khztu;fs; ntspehl;Lj; J}juhya
mjpfhupAld; ciuahLjy;
• Gyikg;guprpy; ngw;w rpwg;G - ghuhl;Lk; ghq;fpy;
ciuahly;
• khztu;fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nkhopg;gpuNahfk;
• khztu; kdijf; ftUk; ghq;fpy; ciuahly;
• cr;rupg;Gj;njspT
gpd; d pizg; G 2
khztu; f s; gad; g Lj; J tjw; f hd khjpup kjpg; g P l ; L g; g btk;
khztu; ngau; ghtid njhdp cr;rupg;Gj; kdijf; czu;r;rp nkhj;jk;

nra;J NtWghL njspT ftUk; ntspg;ghL
ciuahly; jd;ik
42
Nju; r ; r p 5.0 : fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; czu;e;jik Gyg;gl thrpg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 5.1 : fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; mwpe;J thrpg;ghu;.
nraw; g hL : ePjpg; ghly;fis thrpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;Nghk;.
ju cs;sPL : ePjpg; ghly;fs; - ghlE}y;

vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp
gb 5.1.1
• gpd;tUk; jpUf;Fwisf; fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp fye;Jiuahliy

Muk;gpAq;fs;.
~cLf;if apoe;jtd; ifNgh yhq;Nf
apLf;fz; fistjhk; el;G|
• ,f;Fwis vg;gb thrpg;Nghk;?
• thrpf;Fk;NghJ mtjhdpf;fNtz;ba tplaq;fs; ahit?
• ,it Nghd;w tpdhf;fis tpdhtp fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

• nra;Aisg; nghUj;jkhd Vw;w ,wf;fq;fSld; thrpj;jy;
• nghUSf;Nfw;g re;jp gpupj;J thrpj;jy;
• nghUisf; $Wjy;
• ifahsg;gl;Ls;s ctik mzpia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sjy;
• ikag; nghUis mwpjy;
• tpOkpaf; fUj;ij mwpjy;
• ,d;iwa epiyapy; mwf;fUj;jpd; Vw;Gilikia mwpjy;
70 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 5.1.2
• gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij khztUf;F

toq;Fq;fs;
43
• xt;nthU khztUk; vy;yh ePjpg; ghly;fisAk; thrpj;Jf; fpufpf;f
topfhl;Lq;fs;
• FO epiyapy; mwpf;ifiaj; jahupf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
70 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 5.1.3:
• xt;nthU FOtpdUk; jk;Kila xg;gilia rku;g;gpf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• khztu;fs; fUj;Jf;fisf; $wr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fkspAq;fs;.
• nghUSf;F Vw;wgb re;jpgpupj;J thrpj;jy;

• nfhz;L $l;b thrpj;jy;
• nghUis tpsq;fpf; $Wjy;
mzpfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw tpsf;Fjy;
•
(1) ~~fz;zpw; rpwe;j ...||
cWg;Gf;fspy; fz;iz tplr; rpwe;j cWg;G vJTk; ,y;iy.
mJNghy xUj;jpf;Ff; fztidtpl neUq;fpa cwT vJTkpy;iy@
gps;isfis tplr; rpwe;j nry;tkpy;iy@ ngw;w jhNahL
xg;gplj;jf;f flTSk; ,y;iy.
ctkhdk; ctNkak;
cWg;Gfspw; rpwe;jjhd fz; ngz;Zf;Fr; rpwe;j
cwT fztd;
nry;tq;fSl;; rpwe;jJ
gps;isr; nry;tk;
flTspw; rpwe;jtshd jha;
(2) ~~fw;wwpe;jhu; ...||

epiwFlk; jSk;Gtjpy;iy@ FiwFlNk jSk;Gk;. mJNghy
fw;wwpe;jtu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; mlf;fj;ij mwpahjtu;fs;
jk;ikj;jhNk Gfo;tu;.
ctkhdk; ctNkak;
epiwFlk; epiw mwptpdu;
FiwFlk; Fiwawptpdu;
(3) ~~cWGyp Cdpiu...||

typikkpf;f GypahdJ jdf;Nfw;w ,iwr;rp - czT fpilf;fhj
Ntisapy; rpwpa jtisiaahapDk; gpbj;Jj; jpd;W grpahWk;.
mJNghy mwpTilNahu; rpwpa njhopy; vd;W vjidAk; ,opthff;
fUjhJ Kaw;rp fhuzkhf mr;rpW njhopiyNa cau;njhopyhf;fp
Nkyhd epiyapid miltu;.
44
ctkhdk; ctNkak;
Gyp Kaw;rpAilatu;fs;
(4) ~~ey;yha; tUk; gps;is...||

ey;ykhl;Lf;F Vw;gl;l Nehiag; Nghf;Ftjw;F xU #LNghJk;.
mJNghy ey;ygb tuf;$ba xU gps;is ey;thu;ji ; jnahd;wpdhNy
jpUe;Jk;. mg;gbay;yhj gps;is E}W ey;thu;j;ijfisf;
$wpdhYk; jpUe;jhJ.
ctkhdk; ctNkak;
ey;y khl;Lf;F xU #L ey;y gps;isf;F xU thu;j;ij
(5) ~~mw;wFsj;jpy;...||
tw;wpa Fsj;ijtpl;Lg; gwe;JNghFk; ePu;g;gwitfs; Nghy
xUtDf;F tWikAw;w tplj;J ePq;Fgtu;fs; cz;ikahd
cwTilatu;fsy;yu;.
Fsj;jpd; ePuw;w gpd;Gk; Jd;gj;ij mDgtpj;jgb Fsj;ijtpl;L

ePqf
; hJ fplf;fpd;w nfhl;b> my;yp> Mk;gy; Kjypa ePuj
; j
; htuq;fs;
Nghd;w cwTfNs cz;ikahd cwTfs;.
ctkhdk; ctNkak;
ePu;g; gwitfs; xUtd; tWikAw;wtplj;J
mtid tpl;L ePq;Fk; cwTfs;
ePu;j;jhtuq;fs; xUtd; tWikAw;wtplj;Jk;
mtid tpl;L ePq;fhj cwTfs;.
(6) ~~ntl;ldit...||
ahidiaj; jhf;fpj; Jisf;Fk; Nty; gQ;ir CLUtpr; nry;yhJ.
mJNghy td;ikahy; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ntd;WtplKbahJ.
mNjNtis neba ,Uk;Gg;ghiuahy; gpsf;fKbahj fUq;fw;
ghiwahdJ gr;irku NtUf;Fg; gpse;JNghFk;. mJNghy typik
ahdtw;why; nty;y Kbahjtw;iw nkd;ikahd rpytw;why;
ntd;Wtpl KbAk;. fLQ;nrhy;yhy; Kbahjtw;iw ,d;nrhy;yhy;
ntd;WtplKbAk;.
ctkhdk; ctNkak;
ahidiaj; Jisf;Fk; Ntyhy; typikahdtw;why; nkd;ik
gQ;irj;Jisf;fKbahJ. ahd vy;yhtw;iwAk; ntd;W
tpl KbahJ.
,Uk;Gg;ghiwahw; gpsf;fKbahj fLQ;nrhy;yhy; Mfhj
fUq;fw;ghiw kuNtUf;Fg; fhupaj;ij ,d;nrhy;
gpsf;Fk;. rhjpj;JtpLk;.
45
(7) rpwg;Gw;W thOk; xUtd; fPo;kf;fsplk; mfg;gl;Lf; nfhz;lhy; jtWfs;
nra;thd;. ahtUs;Sk; rpwe;j tPud; vd;W ngau; vLj;jtDk; jdJ
gyj;ij tpLj;J Mw;wpNy mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gLthdhapd; rpwpa ez;Lk;
(mw;gUk;) mjl;l Kw;gLk;. Nrw;wpNy Gije;j typikkpf;f ahidiaf;
fhfKk; Fl;Lk;
• ,t;tplaq;fs; eilKiwf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhf mike;jpUf;Fk;

tpjk;
1. - rpwe;jitfs; ehd;Fk; ,d;Wtiu rpwe;jditfshfNt
fUjg;gLfpd;wik.
- NtW rpwg;Gf; $w Kbahky; ,Ug;gJ
- mtw;iwg; Nghw;w Ntz;ba mtrpak;
2. - ,d;iwa cyfpYk; fy;tpawpT cilatu; mlf;fkhf ,Uj;jy;

- Njitaw;Wf; fijg;gtu;fs; mwptpw; Fiwe;jtuhf ,Ug;gijf;
fhzy;
- mtw;iwg; Nghw;wNtz;ba jd;ik
3. - mwpTilatu;fs; Kaw;rp cilatu;fs; rpwpa njhopiyr;

nra;jhYk; Nkd;ikailtJ
- fy;tpf;Nfw;w Ntiy fpilf;fhik
- ve;jj; njhopypYk; Kd;Ndwyhk; vd;w jd;ik
4. - gps;isfs; jtWtpLk; jd;ik fhzg;gly;

- nrhw;Nfshg; gps;isfs; rPuope;J NghtJ
- ngupNahu; nrhy; Nfl;gjd; rpwg;G
5. - nghUs; ,y;yhjtid tpl;L cwTfs; gpupAk; ,ay;G fhzg;gly;

- Ntjidf;Fupa jd;ik
- tWik te;jhYk; el;Gf;nfhs;Sk; cau;ej
; Fzk; NjitahdJ.
6. - ,d;nrhw;fisg; NgRk;jd;ik Fiwfpd;w epiy

- rpW gps;isiaf;$l ,dpikahd nrhw;fshy; ftuf;$bajhf
,Uj;jy;
- ,dpikahd nrhw;fSf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLf;fhj epiy
- mij khw;w Ntz;ba jd;ik
- md;ghd nrhw;fSf;F fl;Lg;gLk; jd;ik.
7. - ew;Fzq;fis cilatd;> nfl;ltu;fspd; rfthrj;jhy;

rPuope;J NghFk; tha;g;G
- r%fj;jpy; kjpg;gw;Wg; NghFk; jd;ik
46
- jpUf;Fws;
- nrhy;td;ikAilatu;fs; vy;yhf; fhupaj;ijAk;
rhjpf;fpd;w jd;ik
- nrhy; td;ik ,y;yhikapdhy; fhupaq;fs; epiwNtwhky;
NghtJ
- gadpy;yhj nrhw;fshy; nfsutj;ij ,og;gJ.
80 epkplq; f s;
• nra;As;fisg; nghUSf;F Vw;wgb re;jpgpupj;Jk; nfhz;L $l;bAk;

thrpg;ghu;.
• nra;Aspd; nghUis tpsq;fp mjidj; jkJ ciueilapy; $Wthu;.
• mzpfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.
• ghlypd; tpOkpag; nghUs; eilKiwf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjh?

,y;iyah vd;gJ gw;wp tpku;rpg;ghu;.
47
gpd;dpizg;G 1
• jug;gl;l ghlw;gFjpfis
1. nghUSf;F Vw;wthWk;
cupa Vw;w ,wf;fq;fSld; > re;jp gpupj;Jk;
nfhz;L $l;bAk; thrpf;Ff.
2. ghly;fspd; nghUis ckJ ciueilapy; vOJf.
3. ghly;fspy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s mzpfis tpsf;Ff.
• jug;gl;l ghly;fspw; $wg;gl;Ls;s tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs; eilKiw tho;fi

; ff;Fj;
Njitahdjh my;yJ nghUj;jkhdjh? ckJ fUj;Jf;fisj; njspTgLj;Jf.
48
Nju; r ; r p 7.0 : Mf;fj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 7.3 : jug;gl;l ghlg;gug;Gfspy; tUfpd;w gad;ghl;L

,yf;fzj;ij ,dq;fz;L gad;gLj;Jthu;.
nraw;ghL : jug;gl;l ghlg;gug;Gf;fspy; tUfpd;w gad;ghl;L

,yf;fzj;ij ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.
ju cs;sPL : nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk; 1

vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp

gb 7.3.1
• gpd;tUk; ciueilg;gFjpia khztUf;F toq;fp mjpy; fhzg;gLk;
Ntw;Wik cUGfs;> nrhy;YUGfis ,dq;fhzj; J}z;Lq;fs;.
ePz;l fhykhf kuq;fis tsu;j;J te;j ghyd;> rpy kuq;fisf; Nfhlup

nfhz;L ntl;bdhd;. ntl;ba kuq;fis tpw;Wg;ngw;w gzj;jhy; gy
ew;fhupaq;fisr; nra;jhd;. Fwpg;ghf Viog;gps;isfSf;Fg; gzj;ij
ed;nfhilahf toq;fpdhd;. ,j;jifa ed;ikfisr; nra;Ak; nghUl;L>
ntspehL nry;Yk; Nehf;fpy; Cupd; ePq;fpdhd; Cu;j;njhz;L nra;J
Cupd;fz; cau;e;J tpsq;fpa ghyd;.
CupypUe;J nrd;W tpl;ljdhy;> Vio kf;fs; Vq;fpdu;. Vior; rpWtu;fs;

~~mz;zh> th|| vd;Wk; KjpNahu;fs; ~~mg;gNd thuha;|| vd;Wk; miof;fj;;
njhlq;fpdu;. ghyDld; jhKk; NghapUf;fyhk; vd;w vz;zNk mtu;fsplk;
NkNyhq;fpaJ.
• Nkw;Fwpj;j ge;jpapy; ,dq;fhzj;jf;f Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit?

mit vd;d nghUspy; te;Js;sd. nrhy;YUGfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sdth? ,t;thwhd tpdhf;fis tpdhtp> fye;Jiuahlypy;
<LgLq;fs;.
49
• gad;ghl;L ,yf;fzk; njhlu;ghfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj;
njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
- Ntw;Wik> vOtha; Ntw;Wik (1 Mk; Ntw;Wik) > 2Mk; Ntw;Wik>
3Mk; Ntw;Wik> 4Mk; Ntw;Wik> 5Mk; Ntw;Wik> 6Mk;
Ntw;Wik> 7Mk; Ntw;Wik> 8Mk; Ntw;Wik vd vl;L tifg;gLk;.
- Ntw;Wik vd;gJ nghUis NtWgLj;JtjhFk;.
- mjhtJ ngau;r;nrhy;> cUig Vw;Nwh> Vw;fhkNyh nghUspy;
NtWgl;lhy; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; : kuq;fs;> kuq;fis > kuq;fshy;> kuq;fSf;F>
kuq;fspy;> kuq;fsJ> kuj;jpd;fz;> kuNk!
- ngau;r;nrhy; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk;
cjhuzk; : kuq;fs; + I> kuq;fs; + My;> kuq;fs; + F
kuq;fs;; + ,y; > kuq;fs; + mJ> kuk; + fz;
kuk; + V (tpspNtw;Wik)
• Ntw;Wik cUGfs; - I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz;

• cUG vd;gJ ngaupd; <w;wpNy nghUis NtWgLj;j tUk; ,ilr;nrhy;
• 1Mk;> 8Mk; Ntw;WikfSf;F cUG ,y;iy.
• cUGfis Vw;Fk; Ntw;WikfSk; mtw;wpd; nghUSk;

2Mk; Ntw;Wik - nrag;gLnghUs;
3Mk; Ntw;Wik - fUtp> fUj;jh> cldpfo;r;rp
4Mk; Ntw;Wik - nfhil> gif> el;G
5Mk; Ntw;Wik - ePq;fy;> xg;G> vy;iy> VJ
6Mk; Ntw;Wik - fpoikg;nghUs;
7Mk; Ntw;Wik - ,lg;nghUs;
• nrhy;YUG vd;gJ nghUSilanrhw;fs.;; Ntw;Wik cUghfTk; gad;gLk;.
• nrhy;YUGfs;
3Mk; Ntw;Wik nrhy;YUGfs; - nfhz;L> cld;
4Mk; Ntw;Wik - nghUl;L> epkpj;jk;> Mf
5Mk; Ntw;Wik nrhy;YUGfs; - epd;W> epd;Wk;> ,Ue;J ,Ue;Jk;
6Mk; Ntw;Wik nrhy;YUGfs; - cila
• ,g;ge;jpapy; mbf;Nfhbl;l nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L vOJq;fs;.

cjhuzk; : cUNgw;w nrhw;fs; nrhy;YUNgw;w nrhw;fs;
kuq;fis nra;Ak; nghUl;L
gps;isfSf;F Nfhlupnfhz;L
Cupd; CupypUe;J
40 epkplq; f s
s;
50
gb 7.3.2
• khztu;fis Ie;J FOf;fshf mkur; nra;Aq;fs;
• vy;yhf; FOf;fSf;Fk; nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Fq;fs;.
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;Jf;F tpilaspg;gjw;F

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
40 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 7.3.3
• jahupj;j mwpf;ifia vy;yhf; FOf;fSk;> xt;nthd;whf Kd;itf;f
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• Kd;itf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU mwpf;if gw;wpAk; Vida FOtpdu; jk;

fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wtjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• tpilfis khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb jpUj;jkhd tpilfis

Kd;itAq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplak; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
m 1. kf;fspd; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wik

2. khztu;fSld; - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik (cld;)
3. kf;fspd; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wik
4. jk;gp! - tpsp Ntw;Wik
5. mtDila - Mwhk; Ntw;Wik (cila)
mtDf;F - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik
6. jpahfdpd; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wik
7. tpz;zpd; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik
8. mtdJ - Mwhk; Ntw;Wik
9. kf;fNs! - tpsp Ntw;Wik
10. thdpdhy; - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik
M. Ntw;Wik : vl;L tif

Kjyhk; Ntw;Wik : vOtha;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik : I (cUG)
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik : My;> Md;> xL> XL
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik : F
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik : ,y;> ,d;
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik : mJ> MJ> m
Vohk; Ntw;Wik : ,y;> ,lk;> fz;
vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik : tpsp
51
nrag;gLnghUs;
(Mf;fy;> mopj;jy;> miljy;> ePj;jy;> xj;jy;> cilik)
fUtp fUj;jh> cldpfo;r;rp
nfhil> gif> el;G> jFjp> Kjw;fhuzk;> epkpj;j fhuzk;> Kiw
ePq;fy;> xg;G> vy;iy> VJ
fpoik (jw;fpoik> gpwpjpd; fpoik)
,lg;nghUs;
• Ntw;Wik cUGfis ,dq;fhZjy;

• cUGfs; czu;j;Jk; nghUis ,dq;fhZjy;
• cUGfSf;Fupa Ntw;Wikia mwpjy;
• cUigAk; nrhy;YUigAk; NtWgLj;Jjy;
• cUG Vw;fhj Ntw;Wikfis ,dq;fhZjy;

• nghUs; kaf;fk; jUk; Ntw;Wikfisg; gpupj;J mwpjy;
40 epkplq; f s
s;
• Ntw;Wik cUGfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.
• Ntw;Wik cUGfSf;F cjhuzk; jUthu;
• nrhy;YUGfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.
• nrhy;YUG tUk; njhlu;fisj; jUthu;.
• jkJ Mf;fq;fis ,yf;fz tOtpd;wp vOJthu;.
52
gpd;dpizg;G 1
m. gpd;tUk; thf;fpaq;fspy; te;Js;s Ntw;Wik cUGfs;> nrhy;YUGfis vOJf.
1. ,siknjhl;Nl> xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf mauhJ

cioj;jtu; Mgpufhk; ,ypq;fd; Mthu;.
2. Mrpupau;fs; khztu;fSld; mjpf Neuj;ijr; nrytpLfpd;wdu;.
3. kf;fspd; mbg;gilj; Njitfisg; G+u;jj

; p nra;tjpy; muR ngUq;ftdk;
nrYj;jp tUfpd;wJ.
4. jk;gp! ,aw;ifapypUe;J ehk; ngupa ghlk; fw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

5. mtDila cs;sk; mtDf;Fg; gifahfptpLfpwJ.
6. jpahfdpd; kfd; gtd; gy Nghl;bfspy; ntw;wpngw;whd;.
7. tpz;zpd; kPJ kdpjd; tPWeil NghLfpwhd;.
8. mtdJ ,uz;L fhy;fSk; elf;f Kbahjgbahfptpl;ld.
9. kf;fNs! tpopj;njOq;fs;.
10. Njs; thypdhy; Fj;jpaJ.
M. Ntw;Wik cUGfs; czu;jJ

; k; nghUisAk; Ntw;Wik tiffisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
53
Nju; r ; r p 10.0 : gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk;
Vw; w thW vOJthu; .
Nju;r;rp myF 10.1 : ehshe;jj; NjitfSf;fhf vOJthu;.
nraw;ghL : gj;jpupiff;Ff; fbjk; xd;iw vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - gpd;dpizg;G 1

vOJ jhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;

gb 10.1
• ~~vkJ ghlrhiyapy; juk; 10 khztu;fspdhy; ebf;fg;gl;l
~~mf;fpdpf;FQ;R|| ehlfk; Njrpa ehlf tpohtpy; Kjyplk; ngw;Wg;
ghuhl;Lf;Fs;shdJ. ,jdhy; vkJ ghlrhiy ngUikailfpwJ.
vkf;Ff; fpilj;j ,e;jg; Gfo;> ntsp cyfpw;Fj; njupa Ntz;Lk;.||
• ,t;thW khztu;fsplk; njuptpj;J vt;topapy; nra;jpfis ntspAyfpw;Fj;

njupag;gLj;JtJ vd;W tpdhtpf; fye;Jiuahliy Muk;gpAq;fs;.
my;yJ
• rf;jpapd; Njly;> Rl;nlupf;Fk; epkplk; Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfisg; ghu;j;J/

Nfl;L tUk;gb $Wq;fs;. mtw;wpy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;w gpur;rpidfs; vt;thW
thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp epWtdq;fisr; nrd;wilfpd;wd vdf; Nfl;Lf;
fye;Jiuahliy Muk;gpAq;fs;.
gj;jpupif>thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;gtw;Wf;F

• nra;jpfis mDg;Gtjd; %yk;
• jfty;fisf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk;
• fbjq;fs; vOJtjd; %yk;
nra;jp epUgu;> gj;jpupif epUgu; mDg;Gk; jfty;fs; %yk; nra;jpfs;
nrd;wilfpd;wd.
15 epkplq; f s;
54
gb 10.1.2
• khztu;fis 5 FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpid toq;Fq;fs;.
• FOtpy; cs;s xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpahf nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpy;

cs;s jiyg;Gf;fSs; xd;wpidj; njupTnra;J FOtpy; cs;stu;fSld;
fye;Jiuahb gj;jpupiff;F fbjk; xd;iw vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
(cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyaq;fq;fisj; njupT
nra;Aq;fs;)
65 epkplq; f s;
gb 10.1.3
• khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;ilr; rku;g;gpj;J fUj;Jf;$wr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Fq;Ffs;.
• ,t;thW xt;nthU FOTk; jq;fs; nraw;ghl;bidr; rku;g;gpj;J fUj;J

toq;fpaJk; mjd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid ,dq;fz;L> khztu;fSld;
fPo;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
gj;jpupifnahd;wpw;Ff; fbjk; vOJk;NghJ>

• jkJ nrhe;j Kftup
• cs; Kftup
• gj;jpupifapy; jq;fs; nra;jpia gpuRupf;f Ntz;Ljy;
• Kbg;Gr; nra;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;gply;
• tplaj;ijr; RUf;fkhfTk;> njspthfTk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapYk; Kd;itj;jy;
• Kbg;G
40 epkplq; f s;
• ghlrhiyapy; ,lk; ngw;w epfo;T xd;iwg; gj;jpupifapy; gpuRupf;FkhW
Ntz;b vOJthu;.
• gj;jpupiff;F fbjk; vOJk;NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba tpjpKiwfis

Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ehshe;jj; Njitf;fhf Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.
• jkf;Fupa gpur;rpidia cupatUf;Fj; njupag;gLj;Jk; tifapy;

fbjk; vOJthu;.
55
gpd;dpizg;G 1
nraw; g hl; L g; g j; j puk;
ckJ gpuNjrj;jpy; fPo;tUk; gpur;rpidfs;/Njitfs; fhzg;gLtjhf

nfhz;L mtw;iwg; gj;jpupifapy; gpuRupf;ff;Nfhup gj;jpupiff;F xU
fbjk; vOJf.
(xt;nthU khztUk; xt;nthU jiyaq;fj;ijj; njupT nra;f)
1. mbf;fb kpd;rhuk; Jz;bf;fg;gly;

2. vkJ gpuNjrj;jpw;F kUe;jfk; Njit
3. thrpfrhiyapy; Nghjpa jkpo;E}y;fs; ,y;iy.
4. gpuNjrj;jpy; fl;lhf;fhyp eha;fspd; njhy;iy.
5. tPjpfspy; Ftpe;J fplf;Fk; Fg;ig
56
Nju; r ; r p 9.0 : mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J> vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis
Ak; vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisAk; mDrupj;J
,yf;fz tOtpd;wpj; njspthf vOJthu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 9.5 : thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;jtw;iwj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; njspthf

vOJthu;.
9.2 ghlg;gug;Gfspy; ,dq;fz;L tpsq;fpf;nfhz;l gad;ghl;L

,yf;fzj;ijg; nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
nraw; g hL : fpufpj;J vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : fhl;rpg;gLj;jj;jf;fjhf ml;ilapy; vOjg;gl;l ghly;

~jha;ik| vDk; ghly; - gpd;dpizg;G 1
vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp
gb 9.2.1
• gpd;tUk; ghliyf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
~~Mil nea;jpLNthd; - Nghu;f;Fk;
Milapy;yhky;
thil nfhz;L epjk; - fple;J
tUe;jyhNkh> Iah!
tPL fl;LnkhU - nfhj;jd;
tpLjpapy;yhky;
ML khLfs; Nghy; - cyfpy;
miyayhNkh Iah!
• ghliy thrpf;fr; nrhy;Yq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis tpdhtp khztuplk; rpe;jidf; fpswiy

Vw;gLj;Jq;fs;
1. ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; ahit?

2. ,g;ghly; %yk; Mrpupau; czu;j;jtUtJ ahJ?
57
• ghlnyhd;iwg; gbf;Fk;NghJ ftdpf;fNtz;ba gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghf khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
• re;jpgpupj;J thrpj;jy;
• ikaf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fs;
• nra;Aspd; nghUs;
• ghlypy; eae;jit
• tpOkpak;
• ,yf;fzk;
• mzp
15 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.2.2
• khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ~jha;ik| vd;w ftpijg; gpujpia toq;Fq;fs;

• mf;ftpijia thrpj;Jf; fpufpg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• khztu;fs; jq;fs; FOf;fSf;fpilNa fye;Jiuahb nraw;ghl;Lg;

gj;jpuj;ij epug;g topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
65 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.2.3
• FO epiyapy; njhFj;j tplaj;ij Kd;itf;f topnra;Aq;fs;.
• VidNahu; tplaj;ijf; Nfl;Lf; fUj;Jf;$wr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.

1. ikaf;fUj;J - jha;ikapd; rpwg;G $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. re;jpgpupj;J ghliy vOjp nghUs; vOJjy;
,q;F xU ghly; cjhuzkhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;thNw Vida
ghly;fSf;Fk; re;jpgpupj;Jg; nghUs; vOj Ntz;Lk;.
khDlk; mile;J epw;Fk;
khjtg; Ngwpd; cs;Ns
thd; cW NgWk; xd;W
itafj;J cz;Nl Mapd;
jhd; vDk; epiy fle;j
jha;ikNa vd;W nrhy;Ntd;@
ghDtha; xspUk; me;jg;
Ngw;wpDf;F xg;Ng - ,y;iy
58
nghUs;
kdpjg; gpwtpf;Ff; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;w ngupa jtg; NgwpDs;Ns
thidtplg; ngupjhd xU NgW ,g;G+kpapy; ,Uf;Fkhapd;
mJ jd;dykw;w jha;ikNa vd;W nrhy;Ntd;. #upaidg;Nghy;
xspu;fpd;w jha;ikg; Ngw;Wf;F xg;ghf xd;Wk; ,y;iy.
3. mUk;gjq;fs;
Rtdk; - Rtu;ff; k;
ghD - #upad;
juzp - G+kp
Nra; - Foe;ij
jpq;fs; - re;jpud;
cWntsp - ngupantsp
mtdp - G+kp
Ntl;if - Mir
mkuu; - Njtu;
,k;ik - ,g;gpwg;G
4. ifahsg;gl;l cj;jp
,aw;if mk;rq;fSld; xg;gpl;Lf; $Wjy;
5. mzpfs;
(i) ctik mzp
cjhuzk; :
1. ~~ghDtha; xspUke;jg; Ngw;wpDf; nfhg;Ng ,y;iy.||
- #upaidg; Nghy; xspu;jUk; mj; jha;ikg;
Ngw;Wf;F xg;ghf Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy.
2. ~~Nta;q;Foy; Nghyha; ,q;Nf Ntl;if
nfhz;birf;Fkhapd;
khAly; vOk;Gjy;Nghy;
Nkjpdp tpopj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;||
- Nta;q;Foypd; Xir Nghy> jhapd;Fuy;
Xirnfhz;L xypj;jy;>
,we;j cly;fs; vOtJNghy
cyfk; tpopf;fpd;wJ.
(ii) cUtf mzp

cjhuzk; : tha;ikapd; thu;g;G
tz;z tsq;fspd; Nru;it
J}a;ikapd; cU
jha;ikf;F cUtfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(mJNghy ,J vd;W $WtJ ctik. mJNt vd;W
$WtJ cUtfk; vd;W $wp tpsf;Fjy;)
59
(iii) cau;Tetpw;rp mzp
cjhuzk; : thDau; Gfo;
6. tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs;
jha;ikiag; Nghw;wNtz;Lk;.
7. czu;T
jha;ik ,y;iyNay; cyfk; ,y;iy. vdNt ehk;
jha;ikiag; Nghw;wp tho Ntz;Lk;.
8. ,yf;fzk;
njhifepiyj;njhlu;
fha;fjpu; - tpidj;njhif
khAly; - tpidj;njhif
Nrapio - gz;Gj;njhif
Nta;q;Foy; - Ntw;Wikj;njhif
cW - cupr;nrhy;
40 epkplq; f s;
• ghlypd; ikaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• ghliyr; re;jpgpupj;J thrpg;ghu;.
• ghlYf;fhd nghUis vOJthu;.
• ghlypy; fhzg;gLk; cj;jp> mzpfs;> tpOkpak; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• jha;ikiag; Nghw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w ey;y kdg;ghq;ifg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• ghlypy; fhzg;gLk; ,yf;fzk; gw;wpa mwpitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;;.
• nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;F ,yf;fzj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
60
gpd;dpizg;G 1
jha; i k
khDlk; mile;J epw;Fk;

khjtg; Ngwp Ds;Ns
thDW NgWk; xd;W
itaj; Jz;Nl ahapd;;
jhndDk; epiyf le;j
ghDtha; xspU ke;jg;
Ngw;wpDf; nfhg;Ng ,y;iy.
jha;ikapw; rpwe;j xd;W

juzpapy; ,y;iy> ,y;;iy@
Nra;jidj; jhq;F ke;jr;
Nrapio nfhz;l jha;ik

tha;ikapd; thu;g;G@ tz;z
tsq;fspd; Nru;it@ ey;y
J}a;ikapd; cUTk; tho;Tj;
njhlu;fijf; fUT khFk;.
jha;ik,q; fpy;iy ahapd;

juzpapy; VJk; ,y;iy@
fha;fjpu; jpq;f NshL
Nfhs;fSk; thDk; ,y;iy@
Xa;;tpyh ,af;fk;> Neuk;
cWntsp VJk; ,y;iy@
Ma;ifapy; jha;ik apd;wp
mtdpNa ,y;iy vd;Ngd;.
khz;GWk; jha;ik ,q;F

khngUk; rf;jp ahFk;@
Mz;ltd; Gtpapw; nra;j
mw;Gjk; gytw; Ws;Ns
thDau; Gfo;F tpj;j
tOtpyh mJT nkhd;W@
khDlj; Njhw;w nky;yhk;
kyu;tNj mq;F jhNd.
61
xspapyh jpUe;j kz;iz
xspngwr; nra;J khe;ju;
cstpUs; Nghf;fp ,q;Nf
cj;jk r%fk; jd;id
mspj;jpLk; tifapy; ey;y
mwnewp tFg;g jw;fha;
mspkpF mz;z yhiu
mspj;jJ jha;ik Najhd;.
jha;ik,q; Fiuf;Fk; Nghjk;

juzpapy; rpwe;j Ntjk;@
Nja;Twh mtspd; ghjk;
NjRil Rtd ,y;yk;@
Nra;kdk; kyu;e;J J}q;fpr;
Rfk; ngwj; jpdKk; ,q;Nf
tha;nrhy;Yk; jhyhl; Lf;fs;
tho;f;ifapd; [Pt fPjk;
J}aey; jha;ik ,q;F

J}q;fpNa fplf;F khapd;
kha,t; TyF ahTk;
kUl;rpahy; J}q;fpg; NghFk;@
Nta;q;Foy; Nghyha; ,q;Nf
Ntl;ifnfhz; birf;F khapd;
khAly; vOk;G jy;Nghy;
Nkjpdp tpopj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
jifAW jha;ik ghLk;

epfupyhj; jhy;f shNy
,fnkyhk; kiwe;J thOk;
mkuUk; J}q;fpg; Nghthu;@
jpfONkhu; jpq;f Sk;jd;
jpUKfk; kiwj;J tpz;zpd;
KfpnyDk; gLf;if apd;Nky;
Nkdpiar; rha;j;Jj; J}q;Fk;.
jha;ikapd; Fuy;v Og;Gk;

jpt;tpa ehj Nkjhd;
tha;ikapd; fPjk;@ ,e;j
itafr; RUjp@ vq;fs;
kha;e;jplh <rd; thQ;ir
kpFjpahy; ,irf;Fk; ghly;@
gha;e;njOk; mjw;F kz;zpy;
gfukha; vJTk; ,y;iy.
62
,izapyhj; jpahf nkd;Dk;
,dpanrhw; nghUs;tp sf;fk;
mzpgy Nru;e;j jha;ik
vd;DNkhu; rf;jp Najhd;@
jzptpyhj; jpahfj; jpd;jP
jha;ikapy; fdd;nw upe;J
gzpntDk; nea;apd; NkNy
gOg;gijf; fhz yhNk.
,Uikiag; gilj;Nj MSk;

,iwtid mLj;j rf;jp
juzpapy; ,Uf;F khapd;
jpUnthL fUiz Nru;e;j
jha;ikapd; FKwy; Nfl;Nl
cUfpthd; Nfhs;fs; $l
xLq;fpNa eLq;fpg; NghFk;.
ftpQu; mGgf; f uu;
63
gpd;dpizg;G 2
1. ,g;ghlypd; ikaf;fUj;J vd;d?
2. jha;ik vd;w gFjpapd; xU ghliyr; re;jpgpupj;J vOjp mjw;Fg; nghUs;

vOJf.
(xt;nthU FOTk; ntt;NtW ghly;fisj; njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.)
3. mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; jUf.

4. ,g;ghlypy; ifahsg;gl;l cj;jp ahJ?
5. ,q;F fhzg;gLk; mzpfis ,dq;fhl;Lf.
6. ,g; ghlypy; fhzg;gLk; tpOkpaf;fUj;J ahJ?
7. cq;fs; cs;sj;jpy; ,g;ghly; Vw;gLj;jpa czu;T ahJ?
8. gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F ,yf;fzk; $Wf.

fha;fjpu;
khAly;
Nrapio
Nta;q;Foy;
cW
64
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : eilKiwj; NjitfSf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 6.1 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
nraw;ghL : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;> Rtnuhl;b>

gj;jpupif> rQ;rpiffs; vd;gtw;iw thrpj;Jj; Jyq;FNthk;.

gj;jpupif - gpd;dpizg;G 2
rQ;rpiffs; (fij> fl;Liu) - gpd;dpizg;G 3> 4
Rtnuhl;b - gpd;dpizg;G 5
Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; - gpd;dpizg;G 6
vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtp
gb 6.1.1
• ~~thrpg;G xUkdpjid G+uz kdpjdhf;FfpwJ.|| vd;w thf;fpaj;ijf;
fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
ehk;
i. vtw;iw thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;?
ii. vt;tpjk; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;?
iii. vd;d Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;?
Mfpa tpdhf;fis khztuplk; tpdhtpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• gpd;tUtdtw;iw ikag;gLj;jpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;

vtw;iw thrpf;fNtz;Lk;
• gy;NtWtpjkhd Mf;fq;fs;:
- gj;jpupif> rQ;rpif> E}y;fs;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;> Rtnuhl;b> mwpf;if>
ftpijfs;> tuyhWfs;> tpsk;guq;fs;> fl;Liufs;> ehl;lhu;
ghly;fs;> rpWfij> ehlfk;
• vt;thW thrpf;fNtz;Lk;
Mu;tj;Jld; thrpj;jy;> Mokhf thrpj;jy;> KOf;ftdj;ijAk; nrYj;jp
thrpj;jy;> Njitahd Fwpg;Gf;fis vLj;jy;> ikaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fhzy;>
,urpj;J thrpj;jy;
• vjw;fhf thrpf;fNtz;Lk;.
gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf - nkhopahw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;a> gy;NtW
tplaq;fis mwpa> Jiwrhu; mwpit tpUj;jp nra;a> gilg;ghw;wiy
tsu;f;f> ,urpf;f> guPl;irf;fhf> Nghl;bfspy; gq;Fgw;w
20 epkplq; f s;
65
gb 6.1.2
• khztu;fis Ie;J FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; xt;nthU nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij

(gpd;dpizg;G 1) toq;Fq;fs;.
• FO Kiwapy; ,aq;fp nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ijg; G+u;j;jpnra;a

topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• Row;rp Kiwapy; xt;nthU FOTk; Ie;J nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fisAk;

thrpj;J> mwpf;if jahupf;f topfhl;Lq;fs;. (,jw;fhfj; Njitahd
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fisj; jahu;g;gLj;Jq;fs;)
80 epkplq; f s;
gb 6.1.3
• FO Kiwapy; jahupj;j mwpf;ifiar; rku;g;gpf;f tif nra;Aq;fs;.

(xU FOtpw;F xU mwpf;ifia thrpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;)
• Vida FOf;fs; jj;jkJ fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpf;f tif nra;Aq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fNshL fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
gj; j pupif
• ghjftpisT : Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpg;G
• ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Jiwfs; : cw;gj;jpahsu;> ghtidahsu;>kUj;Jtj;Jiw
• RUf;fk; : nghypj;jdP ; ghtid kdpjtho;NthL xd;wpj;j
epiyapy; mjd; gad;ghbd;wp tho;it
fw;gid gz;z Kbahj epiy@ mjd;
ghjpg;G@ jtpu;f;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpak;
• gj;jpupifapd;
gad;ghLfs; : gy;NtW jfty;fis mwpjy;> mwpTg;
ngUf;fk;> kdkfpo;rr
; p> rpwe;j nghOJNghf;F
rQ;rpif - rpWfij
• rpWfijapd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fs; : Vo;ik tpbTfhz> tpUk;Gjy;@ ntspehL
nry;yy;@ Ntiyf;F mku;j;jg;gly;@ Ntiyg;gS@ kdk; NrhuhJ @
Ntiyiar; nra;jy;
• fij czu;j;Jk; gbg;gpid> ntspehl;by; ekJ ,isQu; gLk; mtyk;
• rQ;rpifapd; gad;ghL : mwpTg;ngUf;fk;> jfty; jpul;ly;> kdkfpo;r;rp
66
rQ;rpif - fl;Liu
• ehd;F E}y;fs; : jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> fk;guhkhazk;>
rPtfrpe;jhkzp
• kjr;rhu;ghd fhtpak; : Njk;ghtzp
• Njk;ghtzpapd; rpwg;Gfs; : ehw;nghUSk; cs;sik> gd;nkhopg; gapw;rp
ngw;w tpj;jfuhy; vOjg;ngw;wik
• Njhd;Wk; vz;zq;fs; : ,j;jhypapy; gpwe;J jkpo; ehl;bw;F te;J
jkpo;nkhopapd; gw;wpdhy; mjidf;fw;W>
mk;nkhopapYs;s rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisf;
fw;wJ kl;Lky;yhJ fpwp];jt fhg;gpakhd
Njk;ghtzpia jkpo;nkhopapy; ,aw;wpa
ngUikf;Fupatu; tPukhKdptu;.
Rtnuhl; b
• Nehf;fk; : rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd ghjahj;jpiuf;F midtiuAk; mioj;jy;
• Rtnuhl;bapy; ,lk;ngwNtz;ba tplaq;fs; :
jfty;> ,lk;> Neuk;> jpfjp> ntspapLNthu;.
• Nju;jy; gpurhuk;> Kf;fpaepfo;Tfs;> gzpg; Gwf;fzpg;G

• nrhw;RUf;fk;> nkhopf;ftu;r;rp> mikg;G
Jz; L g; g puRuk;
• ntspapl;ljd; Nehf;fk; : nlq;Ff;fha;r;rypy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngwy;
• Esk;Gg; ngUf;fj;ijj; jLj;J vk;ikAk; Vidatu;fisAk; nlq;F
NehapypUe;J ghJfhg;Nghk;.
• fhzg;gLk; tplaq;fs; : jiyg;G> tpspg;G> tplak; ntspapLNthu;> jpfjp
• mikg;G> nrhw;RUf;fk;> njspT> nkhopf;ftu;r;rp
60 epkplq; f s;
• Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;> Rtnuhl;b> gj;jpupif> rQ;rpif vd;gtw;iw thrpj;J

fpufpj;jtw;iwf; $Wthu;.
• Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;> Rtnuhl;b vd;gtw;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
• gj;jpupiffspYs;s tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;G vLg;ghu;.
• rQ;rpiffis thrpj;J eae;jit gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
• jkJ MSikia tpUj;jp nra;ag; gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis thrpf;fNtz;Lk;

vd;w kdg;ghq;if tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
67
gpd;dpizg;G 1
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; I
FO I
gpd;dpizg;G 2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s gj;jpupifg; gFjpia thrpj;Jg; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F

tpil jUf.
1. nghypj;jPd; ghtidapd; ghjf tpisTfs; ahit?
2. nghypj;jd
P ; ghtidf;Fl;gl;L> mjpypUe;J kPs KbahJ ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf/Jiwfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
3. Nkw;Fwpj;Js;s gj;jpupifg; gFjpia 15 - 20 nrhw;fSf;Fs; RUf;fp

vOJf.
5. gj;jpupif %yk; ngwj;jf;f gad;ghLfs; ahit?

nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk; II
FO II
gpd;dpizg;G 3 ,y; cs;s fizahop rQ;rpifapy; te;Js;s rpWfijia thrpj;Jg;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.
1. ,r;rpWfijia thrpj;J> fijapd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
2. (m) fij czu;j;Jk; gbg;gpid ahJ?
(M) rQ;rpifia thrpg;gjdhy; milAk; gad;ghLfisg; gl;bay;

gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; III
FO III
~Xiy| rQ;rpifap;y; te;Js;s fl;Liuia (gpd;dpizg;G 4) thrpj;Jg; gpd;tUk;

tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.
1. tPukhKdptu; (ng];fp) mbfs; tpUk;gpf;fw;w E}y;fs; ahit?
2. mtuhy; vOjg;gl;l fpwp];jt kjr;rhu;ghd fhtpak; vJ?
3. Njk;ghtzpapd; rpwg;Gf;fs; ,uz;bidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
4. ,f;fl;Liuia thrpj;J Kbj;jJk; cq;fs; cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wk;

vz;zq;fisr; RUf;fkhfj; jUf.
68
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; IV
FO IV
gpd;dpizg;G 5 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s Rtnuhl;bia thrpj;J gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F

tpil jUf.
1. jug;gl;l Rtnuhl;bapd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; vd;d?
2. Rtnuhl;bnahd;wpd; %yk; ePq;fs; mwpaj;jf;f tplaq;fs; ahitnadf;

$Wf.
3. gy;NtW tplaq;fSf;fhf Rtnuhl;bfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws;

rpytw;iw Kd;itf;Ff.
4. tpUk;gpa jiyg;nghd;wpd; fPo; Rtnuhl;b xd;W jahupf;Ff.

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; V
FO V
gpd;dpizg;G 6 ,y; cs;s Jz;Lg;gpuRuj;ij thrpj;J gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil

vOJf.
1. ,j;Jz;Lg; gpuRuk; ntspaplg;gl;ljw;fhd Nehf;fk; vd;d?
2. ,j;Jz;Lg; gpuRuj;ij thrpj;J Kbj;jJk; cq;fs; cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wk;

vz;zk; ahJ?
3. Jz;Lg; gpuRuk; xd;wpy; ,lk;ngWk; tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
4. ~~Nghijg;nghUs; ghtidAk; jilAk;|| vd;w jiyg;gpy; xU Jz;Lg;

gpuRuk; vOJf.
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
gpd;dpizg;G 5
Rtnuhl; b
kf;fNs vOf!
xd;W jpus;f!
,J ek; ehL
vy;NyhUk; xU jha; kf;fs;
midtUk; xd;Wgl;L tho;Nthk;.
ek; Njrj;ij xspkakhf;FNthk;.
thUq; f s; !
xd; W jpuSNthk; .
rkhjhdj; j pw; f hfg; gpuhu; j ; j pg; N ghk; .
vjput
; Uk; 20.04.2006 md;W rkhjhdg; ghjahj;jpiuf;fhf
midtUk; ,izNthk;.
rkhjhdj; i jf; fl; b naOg; G Nthk; .
Muk;gpf;Fk; ,lk; : Nguhjidj; jhtutpaw; q;fh
KbtilAk; ,lk; : fz;b> m];fpupa tpisahl;L ikjhdk;
Neuk; : K.g. 8.00
xOq;fikg;G : ,isQu; Nritfs; kd;wk;> fz;b
76
Jz; L g; g puRuk;
gpd;dpizg;G 6
77
Nju;r;rp myF 9.6 : vOj;jhf;fj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd El;gq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.
nraw; g hL : ~~nra;e;ed;wp kwthik|| vd;w jiyg;gpy; xU Mf;fk;

vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : fl;Liu - gpd;dpizg;G 1

vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
gb 9.6.1
• vOj;Jg; gpiofs;> fUj;Jg;gpiofs;> NtW gpiofs; cs;s xU
ge;jpiaf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp my;yJ ngupa ml;ilapy;; vOjpf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jpg; ghlj;ij Muk;gpAq;fs;.
ge; j p: nrd;w E}w;whz;L tiu $lg; ngz;zbik ,Ue;jJ. mLg;G+Jk;

ngz;Zf;Fg; gbg;ngjw;F vd;Wk; Nfl;fg;gl;lJ. gl;lq;fs;
Mo;tJk; rl;lq;fs; nra;tJk; ghwpdpy; ngz;fs; elj;j te;Njhk;
vd ghujp Kof;fpa gpd; ngz;fs; cupik kyu;e;jJ. kfspu;
tho;tpd; xypNaw;gl gy;NtW Mf;F nray;fspyk; rKjhaj;jpYk;
md;dhu; gq;F nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ cz;ikahd cWjp.
kfspupd; gq;F rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; kfj;jhdJ. mwpthw;wYk;

jpwikAk; ciog;ghYk; ngz;fs; cau;e;Njhq;fp tUfpd;wdu;.
Mltu;f;F ngz;fs; epfwhf rKfj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wdu;.
,t;thW kfspu; gq;F rKfj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F gbf;fy;yh
mikAk;.
• ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; vOj;Jg; gpiofs;> fUj;Jg; gpiofs;> ,yf;fzg;

gpiofs; ahit?
,it Nghd;w tpdhf;fis tpdtp>

• Mf;fnkhd;wpy; ,Uf;fNtz;ba tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztUld;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
78
• gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; cs;slq;ff; $batifapy; fye;Jiuahliy
elj;jpr; nry;Yq;fs;.
• fUj;J xOq;fikg;gpy; tuf;$bathW mikj;jy;

• fUj;Jj; njspthf> kaf;fkw;w Kiwapy; tuj;jf;fjhf mikj;jy;.
• ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpj;jy;
• vOj;Jg; gpiofs;> nrhw;gpiofs; mw;wjhf mikj;jy;
• nghUj;jkhd vOj;jhf;fr; rl;lfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
• mDgtq;fs;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> vz;zq;fs;
• kPs Nehf;Fjy;
• Njitahdtw;iwr; Nru;j;jy;> Njitaw;wtw;iw ePf;Fjy;
• nrk;ikg;gLj;jy;
20 epkplq; f s;
gb 9.6.2
• ~ts;StUk; GwehD}Wk; typAWj;Jk; gz;G| vd;w fl;Liug; gpujpia
(gpd;dpizg;G 1) khztu; xt;nthUtUk; thrpf;f tif nra;Aq;fs;.
• ,jDld; njhlu;Gila nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij (gpd;dpizg;G 2)

khztUf;F toq;fp> mtu;fs; mij epug;Gtjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• khztu;fisr; Nrhbfshf;fp (gpd;dpizg;G 3) vOj;jhf;fr; rl;lfj;ij

toq;fp mjw;fika mtu;fs;; nraw;gLtjw;F topnra;Aq;fs;.
• Nrhbfs; jahupj;j Fwpg;Gf;fisj; jkf;Fy; rupghu;jJ

; j; jpUj;jpf;nfhs;s
,lkspj;J> mjid NkYk; nrk;ikg;gLj;jpj; jdpj;jdpNa fl;Liu vOj
top nra;Aq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s;
gb 9.6.3
• khztu;fis vOkhw;whf vOg;gpf; fl;Liuia thrpf;fr;

re;ju;gg
; kspAq;fs;.
• fl;Liuapd; ikaf;fUj;J
79
• jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf mike;Js;s jd;ik/ghq;F
• Mrpupau; jdJ fUj;ij typAWj;jf; ifahz;Ls;s cj;jpfs;
- Nkw;Nfhs;fs;
- nrhe;j mDgtq;fs; (cld;ghlhdit / vjpu;kiwahdit)
• cjhuzkhff; fhl;lf;$ba ,yf;fpaf; fjhghj;jpuq;fs;
• nrhe;j Mf;fj;ij Kd; itf;Fk;NghJ Nru;ff
; g;glNtz;bait> ePff
; g;gl
Ntz;bait gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
40 epkplq; f s;
• fl;Liuf;F Ntz;ba Fwpg;Gf;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
• vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp fl;Liu xd;iw vOJthu;.

• fUj;Jj; njspTld; nrk;ikahd Kiwapy; fl;Liu vOjNtz;Lk;

vd;w kdg;ghq;if ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
• Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; fl;Liu tiuthu;.
80
gpd;dpizg;G - 1
ts;StUk; GwehD}Wk; typAWj;Jk; gz;G
Rkhu; miu E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd; jkpo; ehl;bNy xU rpW fpuhkj;jpy; Xu;

Cu;tyk; te;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. Cu;tyj;jpy; mofpa Fjpiufs; g+l;ba tz;bapy;>
Xu; ,isQd; gtdptUfpd;whu;. ,tu; ,e;jf; fpuhkj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. Nky;ehL nrd;W
gy gl;lq;fs; ngw;W Mq;fpy nkhopapy; xU ngupa Ngr;rhsuhfp jhafk; jpUk;gpdhu;.
g+uzFk;gk; itj;J njUj;njUtha; kf;fs; tuNtw;whu;fs;. kf;fs; $l;lj;jpy; xU
tNahjpgu; xUtpjkhf rdf; $l;lj;jpy; Eioe;J Fjpiu tz;bia vl;bg;ghu;j;jhu;.
clNd ,isQd; tz;bia epWj;jp fPNo ,wq;fp te;J ,e;j tNahjpgUf;F tzf;fk;
nrYj;jp jdJ tapw;iwj; jl;b “cq;fs; czT ,d;Dk; ,e;j tapw;wpy; ,Uf;fpwJ”
vd;W $wp mtiuj; jd;Dld; tUkhW tz;bapy; $l;br; nrd;whu;.
ts;Stu; ngUkhdpd; “ve;ed;wp nfhd;whu;fF ; k; ca;Tz;lhk; ca;tpy;iy nra;e;

ed;wp nfhd;wkfw;F” vd;gjw;F ,JNt rpwe;j cjhuzk;. ,e;jf; fijia ehd;
rpWtdhapUf;Fk; nghOJ itj;jP];tuh tpj;jpahya kz;lgj;jpy; xU ngupahu;
$wpaJ vdf;F ,d;Dk; QhgfkhapUf;fpwJ. tz;bapy; te;j ,isQd; vdJ

Qhgfj;jpw;F vl;ba mstpy; ehtyu; (Silver tongued orator) vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngau;
ngw;wtUk;> gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;aj;jpy; mf;fhyj;jpy; xU rpwe;j Ngr;rhsuhdtUkhfpa
mkuu; =epthr rh];jpupfs;> ,sikapy; tWikapy; tho;e;jtu;. Fwpg;gpl;l tNahjpgu;
czTk; kw;w trjpfSk; nfhLj;J rh];jpup mtu;fSf;F cjtp nra;jhu;.
ngupatuhfpAk; rh];jpup mtu;fs; ts;Stu; Kiwapy; thOk; jkpo; kf;fspd;
gz;Gf;fpzq;f ,e;j ed;wpia kwf;ftpy;iy. mtu; ngw;w cjtpia gfpuq;fkhff;
$wf; $rtpy;iy. ts;Stu; ngUkhd; vq;fSs; xUtuhf cjpf;fhtpl;lhy; vq;fs;
gz;Gf;F ,t;tsT cd;dj epiy te;jpUf;FNkhntd;W re;Njfk; voyhk;. nra;ee ; d;wp
nfhd;wtu;f;F ca;tpy;iy vd;gij GWehD}Wk; typAWj;Jk;.
vd; tho;fi
; fapy; ele;j xU rk;gtj;ijAk; $WfpNwd;. ehd; Gs;sptpgu ,yhfh
mjpfhupahftpUf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; gy mjpfhupfis cau; fy;tpf;F gpwehLfSf;F
mDg;gpapUf;fpNwd;. mtu;fspy; xUtu; xU ey;y jkpo; mjpfhup. mtUf;F fpilj;j
Gyikg;guprpy; gl;lj;jpw;F my;y. mnkupf;fhtpYs;s gpugy jhgdj;jpy; xU Mz;L
Fbrd fzf;fPL Kiwia fw;W tUtjw;F Gyik guprpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;
,e;j mjpfhupf;F ey;y mDgtk; fpilj;jhYk; cau; gjtpfSf;F Njitahd
gl;lkpy;iy vd;w FiwapUe;jJ. ,ij eptu;j;jp nra;a ,tu; mnkupf;fh nry;YKd;
ehd; xU Gj;jpkjpia $wpNdd;. ,tu; trpf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F rkPgj;jpy; gpd;Nduq;fspy;
gbj;J> vk;.V. gl;lk; ngwf;$ba gy;fiyf;fofj;ij Nju;e;njLj;J gpuj;jpNafkhfg;
gbf;fg; Gj;jpkjp $wpNdd;. NkYk; ,J kpfTk; f\;lk; Vndd;why; ,uz;L jhgdj;jpy;
gbf;f Ntz;Lk;> vd;W ehd; $wpNdd;. mNjhL tPl;bw;F nrd;W ,uz;L ,lj;jpy;
nfhLf;Fk; tPl;Lg; gbg;Gk; (Home work) gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. MdhYk; ,J nra;af;$ba
fhupankd;Nwd;. ehd; $wpa Gj;jpkjpapd;gb gbj;J> mnkupf;fhtpy; fpilj;j vk;.V.
gl;lk; jhd; jdf;F ,e;j cj;jpNahfj;ij fpilf;fr; nra;jnjd;W vd;id tho;jj ; pdhu;.
,tUila FLk;gj;jpypUe;J ahiuAk; fz;lhy; Kjy; mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLthu;fs;.
“cq;fs; cjtpahy; jhd; ,e;j epiyapy; ,tu; ,Uf;fpwhu;” vd;W ,g;nghOJk;
yPtpy; ,yq;if te;jJk; vd;idAk; kidtpiaAk; re;jpj;J jhDk; FLk;gKk;
81
,t;tsT ey;yhapUg;gJ vq;fs; cjtpahy; vd;W $Wthu;. ,e;j mjpfhup
elg;gijg; ghu;j;jhy; vt;tsT Fws; vq;fs; guk;giuapy; nrhf;fpapUf;fpwnjd;W
njupfpwJ rh];jpup mtu;fspd; ed;wp kwthikf;F ,e;j mjpfhupapd; gz;G xU
tpjj;jpYk; Fiwtpy;iy.
,q;Nf $wpa ed;wp kwthj ,U cjhuzq;fis tpl ,d;DnkhU re;ju;gg ; j;ijf;

$wtpUk;GfpNwd;. ,g;nghOJ $WtJ ed;wp kwe;j xU mjpfhupiag; gw;wp 1956k;
Mz;L If;fpa Njrpaf;fl;rp> Nru; N[hd; nfhj;jyhtiyapd; jiyikapy; Nju;jypy;
Njhw;wJ. rk;gpujha Kiwg;gb Nru; N[hd; GJg; gpujku; mkuu; gz;lhu ehafhTf;F
gpujku; gjtpapy; cs;s flikfis ghuk; nfhLf;fpwhu;. ,J myupkhspifapy;
ele;jJ. mj;jUzk; ,tu;fs; ,UtiuAk; tpl mq;fpUe;jhu; xU murhq;f cau;
mjpfhup. ,tiu Nru; N[hd; ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F Kd; epakpj;jhu;. ,e;j Neuj;jpy;
,e;j mjpfhup Nru; N[hidg; ghu;f;fhky; GJg; gpujkiu khj;jpuk; ghu;j;J “Mk; Nru;>
Mk; Nru;” vd;W gyjlit $wpf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;. Nru;> N[hd; Nfhgj;Jld; jdJ
fe;jhtis thr];jyj;jpw;F jpUk;gpdhu;. me;Neuk; MW ez;gu;fs; kl;LNk ,tiu
vjpu;ghu;j;Jf; fhj;jpUe;jhu;fs;. te;jJk; ,e;j ez;gu;fSf;F ele;jij $wpdhu;.
mtu; $wpa vy;yhtw;iwAk; vOjf; $WfpNwd;. Nru; N[hd; gr;i ; rg;gbahfg; NgRfpwtu;
vd;gJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j tp\ak;. RUq;fr; nrhd;dhy; me;j mjpfhupiag; gw;wp
mtu; $wpaJ. ahnjdpy; “,e;jf; Fl;b eha; ehd; gz;lhu ehaf;fhTf;F ghuk;
nfhLf;Fk; nghOJ ,Ue;jhd;. thiy Ml;bf; nfhz;L vdf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;
jpupe;jtd;. vd;idj; jpUk;gpg; ghu;ff
; tpy;iy. ,tDf;F ehd; nfhLj;j cj;jpNahfj;jpw;F
,Jth ,td; ed;wp” ,g;gbf; $Wk;nghOJ Nfl;ltu;fspy; xUtu; vdJ ez;gu;.
mtu; ,e;j rk;gtj;ij vdf;F $wpdhu;. ,J ed;wp ,y;yhj xUtupd; jho;e;j
kdg;ghd;ikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,k;kdpjDf;F jFe;j jz;lid rpy khjq;fspy;
ele;jJ. ,t;tjpfhupf;F taJ te;jJk; mkuu; gz;lhuehaf;fh njhlu;e;Jk; ,tu;
jdf;F Njitapy;iy vd;W $w> ,tupd; mjpfhu tho;T Kbe;jJ. ed;wp
,y;yhjtDf;F jFe;j jz;lid fpilj;jJ.
xU Mq;fpNyau; xU rkaj;jpy; vd;id Nky;ehl;L Gytu;fSf;Fk; njd; Mrpa

Gytu; f Sf; F k; > tpj; j pahrk; cz; l hntd; W Nfl; l hu; . ehd; mlf; f j; J ld; >
,yf;fpaj;ijg;gw;wp Nghjpa mwpT vdf;F ,y;iy vd;whYk; vdf;F njupe;jstpy;
vq;fs; gok; ngUk; Gytu;fs;> Gytu;fs; khj;jpukpy;iy@ mtu;fs; Qhdpfs; $l.
,Jjhd; tpj;jpahrk; vd;Nwd;. vq;fs; gok; E}y;fs; Mo;ej; fUj;Jf;fs; nfhz;lit.
xU rpW Fwspy; vt;tsT fUj;Jf;fs; cz;L. vt;tsT jj;JtKk; QhdKk;
cz;L. nra;e;ed;wp gw;wp ts;Stu; ngUkhd; nrhd;dij Mo;e;J Nahrpj;jhy; gy
vz;zq;fs; cjpf;fpd;wd. nra;ed;wp kwthky; ,Ug;gJ xU ngupa Fzk;. ngha;
nrhy;yhik> ,J kdpjdpd; Kf;fpa ey;y Fzq;fspy; xd;W. ,d;DnkhU tpjkhfg;
ghu;f;ifapy; nra;e;ed;wp kwj;jy;> ngha; nrhy;Yjy; xUtUf;F ,Ue;jhy; ,it
Gw;WNeha; Nghy; mk;kdpjdpd; kw;wf; Fzq;fSf;Fk; gutp mk;kdpjid xU Jl;ldhf
khw;wptpLk;. ,ij kdjpy; itj;J ca;tpy;iy (nra;e;ed;wp nfhd;w kfw;F) vd;W
ts;Stu; ngUkhd; $wpdhNuhntd;W Nahrpf;f ,lKz;L. FwSf;F capu;nfhLj;j
kf;fs; ehk; vd;W ngUikg;gLfpNwhk;. vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,ijg; Ngz vk; ,sQ;re;jjpahu;
cWjpnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; nra;e;ed;wp kwthky; ,Ug;gjw;Fj; jFe;j ,lk;
nfhLg;Nghkhf.
- khzpf;f ,ilf;fhldhu; -
- fl;Liuf;Nfhit -
82
gpd;dpizg;G 2
,f;fl;Liuapd; mikg;Gg; gw;wp mtjhdpj;J> gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;ngLj;J

vOJf.
- KfTiu
- cs;slf;fk;
- cjhuzq;fs;
- Nkw;Nfhs;fs;
- ge;jp mikg;G
- nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G
- KbTiu
gpd;dpizg;G 3
fl;Liu vOJtjw;fhd rl;lfk;
jiyg;G : ~~nra;e;ed;wp kwthik||
KfTiu : nra;e;ed;wp kwthik vd;why; vd;d vd;w rpW tpsf;fKk;

kdpj tho;tpd; epiwTf;F ,J Vd; mtrpak; vd;w
tpsf;fKk;. (Nkw;Nfhs;fs; fhl;lyhk;)
cs;slf;fk; :
mLj;j ge;jp : ,t;tplak; njhlu;ghfg; gioa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s

,yf;fpaf; fjhghj;jpuq;fs; njhlu;ghd tptuzk; (cjhuzq;fs;
fhl;lyhk;)
mLj;j ge;jp : ,t;tplak; njhlu;ghd nrhe;j mDgt tpsf;fk;> my;yJ Nfl;l>

ghu;j;j tpla tpsf;fq;fs; (cjhuzq;fs;)
mLj;j ge;jp : ,t;Taupa Fzk; Ngzg;glhtpby; Vw;gLk; jPikfs;

(Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> gonkhopfs; gad;gLj;jyhk;)
KbTiu : njhFg;G
• rl;lfj;ijg; G+u;jj
; pnra;J 250 nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l fl;Liu xd;iw vOJq;fs;.
83
Vw; w thW vOJthu; .
Nju;r;rp myF 10.1 : ehshe;jj; NjitfSf;fhf vOJthu;.
nraw; g hL : NjitfSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fk; Vw;wthW vOJNthk;.

gbtq;fs; - gpd;dpizg;G 2 - 6
vOJ jhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;

gb 10.1.1
• miog;gpjo;fs;> epug;gg;gl;l tq;fpg; gbtq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• mtw;iw khztu;fs; thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngWk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahly; xd;wpid

elj;Jq;fs;.
• vOJk; Nehf;fKk; mikg;Gk; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F Vw;g khWgLjy;

(miog;gpjo;)
• rpy Rl;bg;ghfTk;> ,d;Dk; rpy tpsf;fkhfTk; vOjg;gly;.
• vOj;Jg; gpioapd;wpAk;> Ntz;ba FwpaPLfNshLk; vOjg;gly;
• ftu;r;rpahf vOjg;gly;
• Nehf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g vOJjy;. (tq;fpg;gbtk;)
20 epkplq; f s;
gb 10.1.2
• khztu;fis 3 FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij midtUf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• Njitg;gLk; ,lj;J khztu;fSf;F Ntz;ba MNyhrid

toq;Fq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s;
84
gb 10.1.3
• FO epiyapy; nfhLj;j tplaq;fis Kd;itg;gu;.
• xt;nthU FOtpdUk; jj;jkJ mwpf;ifapid Kd;itg;gjw;F

topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• vy;yhf; FOtpdUk; Nfl;fg;gl;l vy;yhj; jiyg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; fUj;Jj;

njuptpg;gjw;Fk; tplaq;fisj; njhFj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;fp fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLq;fs;.
• fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;

nrYj;Jq;fs;.
1. miog;gpjo;fspd;; mk;rq;fs;:
• epfo;TfSf;F Vw;g khWgLk; jd;ik> jiyg;G
• tpspg;G> ,lk;> fhyk;> Neuk; Fwpg;gplg;gly;
2. E}y; ntspaPl;L epfo;r;rp gw;wpaJ

• jiyik jhq;Fgtu; ngau;
• ntspapl;L itg;gtu; ngau;
• Ma;T nra;gtu;
• rpwg;Gg; gpujpfs; ngWgtu;
• ftu;r;rpf;fhd cj;jpfs;
• vOj;Jg;gpioapd;ikAk; Neu;j;jpAk;
3. gbtk; epug;Gjy;
(m) tq;fpg;gbtk;
tq;fpf;F tq;fp> gbtq;fs; NtWglyhk;. nghJthf>
ngau;> jpfjp> fzf;fpyf;fk;> tpguq;fs;> ifnaOj;J vd;gd
njspthf vOjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
4. jghyfg;gbtq;fs;
je;jp : RUf;fkhfg; gpujhd nra;jpia kl;Lk; njspthff; Fwpg;gpLjy;
je;jp mDg;gpatupd; ngau;> Kftup> ifnaOj;J vd;gd
cupa ,lj;jpy; vOjg;gly;.
fhRf;fl;lis : Nfl;fg;gl;l tplaj;Jf;F cupa ,lj;jpy;

RUf;fkhfTk; njspthfTk; vOj;Jg; gpioapd;wpAk;
vOJjy;.
ntl;b vOJjy; jtpu;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
ntl;l Neupl;lhy; me;j ,lj;jpy; ifnahg;gk; ,Ljy; mtrpak;.
85
5. Ratpguf;Nfhit
Ra tpguf;Nfhit xd;wpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ,lk;ngw
Ntz;Lk;. (Ratpguk; Ntz;lg;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpidg; nghWj;J
jfty;fs; ,d;Dk; rpy Nru;f;fg;glyhk;.)
nghJthd jfty;fs;
KOg;ngau; :
Kftup :
gpwe;j jpfjp:
jw;Nghija taJ tpguk; (ehs;> khjk;> Mz;L)
fy;tpj;jifikfs;:
Vida jifikfs;:
cWjpAiuAk; ifnahg;gKk; :
cWjpg;gLj;Jgtu; :
gjtpAk; Kj;jpiuAk;:
40 epkplq; f s;
• miog;gpjo; xd;W vOJtjw;fhd mk;rq;fis mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• gbtj;ij thrpj;J Nfl;fg;gl;ldtw;iw ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L cupa

Kiwapy; epug;Gthu;.
• Ra tpguf; Nfhit Njitg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; mjpy; ,lk;ngw

Ntz;ba jfty;fisAk; vOJthu;.
86
gpd;dpizg;G 1
• FO epiyapy; nraw;gLq;fs;.
• fye;Jiuahbg; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; nghUj;jkhf vOJq;fs;.
(01) cq;fs; ghlrhiyapd; ,yf;fpakd;wj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gltpUf;Fk; xU

E}y; ntspaPl;L tpohTf;fhd miog;gpjo; xd;W.
(02) gpd;tUk; gbtq;fisg; g+u;j;jp nra;f.

(m) tq;fpg;gbtk; - (gpd;dpizg;G 2>3>4)
1. gzk; itg;gpypLjy;
2. Nrkpg;gpypUe;J kPsg;ngWjy;
(M) jghyfk; - (gp;d;dpizg;G 5> 6)

1. je;jpg;gbtk;
2. jghw;fl;lisg;gbtk;
(03) ckJ ghlrhiy E}yfj;jpy; ePq;fs; xU mq;fj;jtu; Mtjw;F

tpz;zg;gpj;jw;fhd Ratpguf; Nfhitapid vOJq;fs;.
87
gpd;dpizg;G 3
gpd;dpizg;G 2
88
gpd;dpizg;G 4
89
gpd;dpizg;G 5
90
91
gpd;dpizg;G 6
92
93
Nju;r;rp 9.0 : mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J> vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfisAk;
vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisAk; mDrupj;J ,yf;fz
tOtpd;wpj; njspthf vOJthu;.

vOJthu;.
nraw;ghL : jdpg;ghly;fis thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J> eae;J vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : jdpg;ghlw;wpul;L - ghlE}y;

bik fljhrp
Ngdh
gb 9.5.1
• gpd;tUk; ghliyf; fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. gpd;tUk;
tpdhf;fis khztu;fsplk; tpdhtpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
~~thd;FUtp apd;$L ty;yuf;Fj; njhy;fiuahd;

Njd; rpyk;gp ahtu;f;FQ; nra;aupjhy; - ahk;ngupJk;
ty;NyhNk nad;W typiknrhy Ntz;lhq;fhz;
vy;yhu;f;F nkht;nthd; nwspJ||
1. ghliyr; re;jpgpupj;J thrpAq;fs;.

2. ahtUk; nra;tjw;F mupjha; tpsq;Fgit vit?
3. ehk; ngupJk; jpwikAilNahk; vd;W ,Wkhg;Gf; nfhs;syhfhJ
vd;W Vd; $wg;gLfpwJ?
4. ,g;ghly; ahuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ? ve;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ?
5. ,g;ghlYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;gpLf.
(4> 5 nrhw;fSf;F Nkw;glhky;)
• ,itNghd;w tpdhf;fis tpdhtp khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

ghliyg; ghbatu; : xsitahu;
E}y; : jdpg;ghly; jpul;L
(,e;E}y;> gy;NtW Gytu;fshw; ghlg;gl;l Ritkpf;f ghly;fspd;
njhFg;G MFk;)
94
nghUs; : J}f;fzq;FUtpapd; mofpa $Lk; typikahd ,aw;if
muf;F
; k; goikahd fiuahd;Gw;Wk; Njd;$Lk; rpye;jpf;$Lk;
ahtuhYk; nra;af;$badty;y. ,jdhy; ehk; kpfTk;
jpwikrhypfs; vd;W epidj;Jg; ngUik Ngrf;$lhJ.
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xt;nthU nraiyr; nra;J Kbg;gJ
vspajhapUf;Fk;.
jiyg; G : xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xt;nthd;W vspJ my;yJ xUtUf;Fr;

nra;a Kbe;jJ ,d;ndhUtUf;Fr; nra;a
KbahkypUf;fyhk;. my;yJjdpj;Jtkhd jpwik
kjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
ghliy tpsq;fp eag;gjw;F

• ghliyr; re;jpgpupj;J thrpj;jy;> nfhz;L $l;Ljy;
• mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUis mwpjy;

• ghlypd; nghUis mwpjy;
• eak; $Wjy;> ikaf;fUj;ijf; $Wjy; vd;gd ,d;wpaikahjd.
20 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.5.2
• khztu;fis %tu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• ghlE}ypYs;s jdpg;ghly;fs; %d;iwAk; thrpf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• xUtu; xU ghliyj; njupTnra;a tpLq;fs;.
• fbdkhd gjq;fspd; nghUis mwpa %tiuAk; fye;JiuahltpLq;fs;.

my;yJ mfuhjpiag; gad;gLj;j topnra;Aq;fs;.
• gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij xt;nthUtuhfg;

G+u;j;jp nra;a tif nra;Aq;fs;.
• %tUk; epug;gpa gpd; jkf;Fs; fye;Jiuahb nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij

NkYk; nrk;ikg;gLj;jp bik fljhrpapy;; %d;iwAk; mwpf;ifg;gLj;j
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
95
gb 9.5.3
• khztu;fis vOkhw;whf vOg;gp epug;gpa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij KO
tFg;giwf;Fk; rku;g;gpf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; ,Ug;gpd; Vida khztu;fs; jk; fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis khztUf;F tpsf;fpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
re;jpgpupj;J vOJjy;
1. Nkhl;L vUik thtp Gf Kl;L tuhy; fd;W vd;W

tPl;L msTk; ghy; nrhupAk; ntz;nzNa - ehl;by;
milah neLk; fjTk; mQ;ry; vd;w nrhy;Yk;
cilahd; rilag;gd; Cu;
2. mUk;gjq;fs; - Nkhl;L - typikkpf;f

tuhy; - tuhy; kPd;

ntz;nzNa - jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}u;
mQ;ry; - mQ;rhNj
3. ,e;ehl;by; vg;NghJk; milahj ngupa thapYk; ,ug;gtidg;

ghu;j;J mQ;rhNj vd;w ,dpa nkhopAk; cila rilag;g ts;sy;
thOk; gjpahdJ> typik kpf;f vUikfs; thtpfspw; nry;Yk;
NghJ mtw;wpd; kbkPJ jhf;fpa tuhy; kPd;fisj; jk; fd;Wfnsd;W
vz;zp tPL nry;Yk; tiuAk; ghiyr; rpe;jpf; nfhz;Nl nry;Yfpd;w
jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}uhFk;.
4. jiyg;G - rilag;gdpd; ts;sd;ik my;yJ ehl;Ltsk;
5. fk;giu Mjupj;j rilag;gu; ngUk; ts;sy;. mtUila ngUq;

nfhilr; rpwg;igf; $w GFe;j fk;gu; rilag;gUila efur;rpwg;igf;
$Wtjd; %yk; mtUila ts;sd;ikia ca;j;jwpa itj;Js;shu;.
Cu; ,j;Jiz tsk; epiwe;jnjdpd; rilag;gUila if vj;jd;ika
jha; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij czuj;jf;f tpjj;jpy; ghlg;gl;bUg;gJ
eaj;jw;FupaJ.
1. fhu; vd;W Ngu; gilj;jha; ffdj;J cWk;NghJ
ePu; vd;W Ngu; gilj;jha; neLk; jiuapy; te;jjd; gpd;
thu; xd;W nkd;Kiyahu; Mr;rpau; if te;jjd; gpd;
Nkhu; vd;W Ngu; gilj;jha; Kg;NgUk; ngw;whNa.
2. mUk;gjq;fs; fhu; - Nkfk;

ffdk; - thdk;
thu; - fr;R
96
3. thdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Nkfk; vd;W Ngu; ngw;wha;> ePz;l epy
cyfj;jpy; eP te;j gpd; ePu; vd;w Ngiug; ngw;wha; @ fr;rzpe;j
nkd;ikahd jdq;fisAila ,ilr;rpau; ifapy; te;jgpd;
Nkhu; vd;W Ngu; gilj;jha;@ ,t;thW fhu;> ePu;> Nkhu; vd;W %d;W
ngau;fisAk; eP ngw;whNa.
4. jiyg;G - fyg;glj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ntWg;G my;yJ Kg;Ngu; ngw;w ePu;
5. fhsNkfg; GytUf;Ff; Fbg;gjw;Ff; fpilj;j Nkhu; jz;zPu; ed;F

fyf;fg;gl;l Nkhu;. tbtj;jpy; xd;whf tpsq;Fk; eP fhu;> ePu; Nkhu;
vd;W %d;W ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpwhNa. vd;Nd cd; rpwg;G
vd;W fyg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l NkhupYk; mijr; nra;jtu;fspYKs;s
ntWg;gpidg; Gyg;gLj;j eifr; Rit jJk;gg; ghLtJ eaj;jw;FupaJ.
1. Moptha;r; rj;jk; mlq;fhNjh ahd; tsu;j;j

Nfhop tha; kz; $W nfhz;lNjh - Cop
jpuz;lNjh fq;Fy; jpdfuDk; NjUk;
cUz;lNjh ghjhsj;J cs;
2. mUk;gjq;fs; - Mop - fly;

Cop - Copf;fhyk;
fq;Fy; - ,uT
3. flypd; Xir mlq;fkhl;lhNjh . ehd; tsu;j;j NfhopahdJ

$thkypUg;gjw;F mjd; tha; kz;zhy; %lg;gl;lNjh?
Copf;fhykhdJ ,e;j ,uthf ePz;L cUntLj;jNjh?
#upaDk; mtdJ NjUk; ghjhsj;jpDs; cUz;L tpOe;jdNth?
(,uT ePz;L nry;YfpwNj. tpbahjh?)
4. jiyg;G - gpuptpd; nfhLik
5. jiytidg; gpupe;Jiwfpwhs; jiytp. jiytdJ gpupT ,utpy;

ngUe;Jd;gj;ij mspf;fpwJ. tpbe;jhy; NghJnkd;wpUf;fpwJ
jiytpf;F. #upaNd th> tpbahjh? vd;W Neubahfg; ghlhj
Gytu; jiytpapd; Mjq;fj;ij vjpu;kiwg; nghUshy;
fhl;bapUg;gJ eaj;jw;FupaJ.
(ghlypd; jiyg;Gf;fs; ,t;thwhf nghUj;jkhf ,Ltjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;)
40 epkplq; f s;
97
• ghliy re;jpgpupj;J thrpg;ghu;> vOJthu;.
• ghlypy; tUk; mUk;gjq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
• ghlYf;Fupa nghUis vOJthu;.
• ghlYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G ,Lthu;.
• ghliy eae;J mjid ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiyg; ngWthu;.

98
gpd;dpizg;G 1
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk; I
1. ghliy re;jpgpupj;J vOJq;fs;.
2. ghlypy; tUk; mUk;gjq;fis vOjp mtw;wpd; nghUis vOJq;fs;.
3. ghlypd; nghUis vOJq;fs;.
4. ghlypd; ikaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G ,Lf.
5. ghlypd; eaj;ij vOJf.

99
,uz;lhk; jtiz
Nju; r ; r p 2.0 : re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; Nfl;NghUf;Fk; Vw;w
tifapy; gz;ghf ciuahLthu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 2.2 : ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Nfw;g ebj;Jg; NgRthu;.
nraw;ghL : ~~Fkzd;|| ehlfj;ij ebg;Nghk;
ju cs;sPL : ~~Fkzd;|| ehlfk; - gpd;dpizg;G 01

nraw;ghLfs;
xypg;gjpTehlh
vOJ fUtp
vOJjhs;
gb 2.2.1
• khjpup ehlfk; xd;iw khztu;fs; ghj;jpuk; Vw;W ebf;f itAq;fs;.
xUtu; : vq;fs; Nte;ju; ,Uk;nghiw tho;f.
kw;wtu;fs; : tho;f... tho;f eP^op tho;f.
,Uk;nghiw : M... ,J vd;d nfhba fhl;rp? KuR fl;bypy;

xUtd; cwq;Ftjh? vdJ Ml;rpapy; ,g;gb
xU epfo;th? (Nfhgj;Jld;) vd;d Jzpr;ry;.
vkf;nfy;yhk; mtkhdk;. ntw;wp Kuir mtkjpg;gJ
vk;ik mtkjpg;gJ Nghyy;yth? ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,td;
mwptpyhg; Ngijah my;yJ ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;
Nghijah?... k;.. mikr;rNu!
mikr;ru; : muNr... ,td; Ngijahf ,Uf;f KbahJ.

,tdJ myl;rpag; Nghf;Nf fhuzk;.
Nrdhjpgjp : muNr. ,dpNkYk; vd;d nghWik? ,td; vk;ik

myl;rpak; nra;tjh? KuR fl;bypy; gLj;Jwq;Fk;
Kl;lhSf;Fj; jz;lid nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
MizapLq;fs; muNr!
,Uk;nghiw : nghWik... Nridj;jiytNu. nghWik ...

Mj;jpug;gl;L vk;ik ehNk ,oe;Jtplf;$lhJ.
tPuNu ,tiu vt;tpjk; ,q;Ftu tpl;Bu;?
100
tPud; : (Xbte;J) muNr... ,tu; - xU jkpo;g;Gytu;
jq;fisf;fhz Ntz;Lk;. vd ,q;Fte;jhu;.
Nrdhjpgjp : vd;d Gytuh? ,tu;.. vg;gb... ,q;F ,e;jf;

fl;bypy; cwq;fyhk;.
,Uk;nghiw : k;... ghtk;... ,tu;> ,tuJ Kfj;jpy; rhe;jk; jtpo;

fpd;wJ. mjpf J}uk; ele;J te;jhu; NghYk;.
vd;d f\;lq;fis mDgtpj;jhNuh njupatpy;iy.
J}f;fj;ijf; nfLf;f Ntz;lhk;. M...
me;jf;ftupia vLj;Jj; jhUq;fs;. ehNd tPRNtd;.
• ehlfk; ebg;Nghu; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fs; ahit? vd

khztuplk; Nfl;Lf;fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
ehlfj;ij ebg;Nghu; vd;w tifapy;>

• xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;ijAk; Vw;W mjd; czu;Tfis
ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Ngrp ebj;jy;
• ghj;jpuq;fSf;Nfw;w Kfghtk; nka;g;ghL vd;gtw;Wld; Ngrp ebj;jy;
• cr;rupg;Gj;njspT nghUj;jkhd njhdp NtWghLfis
mDrupj;Jg; Ngrp ebj;jy;
• mitNahiuf; ftUk; tifapy; ebj;jy;
• njhdpg;nghUs; ftUk; tifapy; ebj;jy;
• njhdpg;nghUs; Gyg;gl nghUj;jg;ghlhd mq;f mirTfSld;
ciuahly;
20 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 2.2.2
• Fkzd; ehlfg; gpujpia vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;gf;

FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; gpd;dpizg;G 2 ,y; cs;s nraw;ghl;Lg;

gj;jpuj;ij toq;Fq;fs;.
• ehlfj;ij ebj;Jg;Ngr midj;J khztu;fisAk; topg;gLj;jTk;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
101
gb 2.2.3
• Fkzd; vd;w ehlfj;ij ebf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• Vida khztu;fs;> ehlfj;ijg; ghu;j;J mtjhdpj;J kjpg;gpLtjw;F

mtu;fSf;F kjpg;gPl;Lg;gbtj;ij toq;fp topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• gpd;;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• ehlfj;jpy; ,lk; ngwNtz;ba Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

- njspthd cr;rupg;G> njhdp NtWghL> nka;g;ghl;L
czu;T> njhdpg;nghUs;> mq;f mirT> Kfghtk;
• ehlfj;jpd; ngau; - Fkzd;
• ehlfj;jpd; fijr;RUf;fk;
- Fkzdpd; nfhilr;rpwg;G
- mkzdpd; Raeyk;
- rhj;jdhupd; kjpEl;gk;
- jUkj;jpd; rpwg;G
• ,jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fs; 3
1. Fkzd; 2. mkzd; 3. Gytu; rhj;jdhu;.
• ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fztpay;G
Fkzd; - ts;sy;> Gytu;fis Mjupf;Fk; gz;G
mkzd; - jUkk; nra;tij tpUk;ghjtd;>
Nguhirf;fhud;
Gytu; rhj;jdhu; - Viog;Gytu;> Gj;jpf; $u;ik cs;stu;.
• Ritj;J ,urpj;j gFjpfs;
- ngha;j;jiyia cz;ik vdf;nfhz;L te;jNghJ mkzdpd;
kdepiy> nraw;ghLfs;
- rhj;jdhupd; jpwik> Gj;jpf;$u;ik
• ehlfj;ij ebj;J Kbj;jgpd; cz;lhFk; czu;Tfs;
- ,uf;fk;> ngUkpjk;> el;G
• tpOkpag;gz;Gfs; - nfhil> kd;dpg;G
120 epkplq; f s;
• ehlfj;jpd; fijr;RUf;fk; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
• jhk; ebj;j/Nfl;l/,urpj;j ehlfq;fis tpku;rpf;Fk; Mw;wiyg;; ngWthu;.
• ,JNghd;w gy ehlfq;fis ebf;fTk; vOjTk; Njitahd jpwidg;
ngWthu;.
• khztu; kd;wj;jpy; ehlfk; ebj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
• ,e;ehlfj;jpd; %yk; khztu;fs; jkJ tho;tpw;Fupa tpOkpag; gz;Gfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
102
gpd;dpizg;G : 1
Fkzd; ehlfk;
(Fkzd; vd;gtd; jkpo;ehl;Lr; rpw;wurd;. mtd; filNaO
ts;sy;fspy; xUtd;. mtDf;F mkzd; vd;w rNfhjud; xUtd;
,Ue;jhd;. Fkz ts;sy; murhl;rpia mkzdplk; nfhLj;Jtpl;Lj;
jtk; nra;af; fhl;Lf;Fr; nrd;whd;. kWgbAk; mtd; muRGupa
te;JtpLthNdh vd;nwz;zpa mkzd; mtd; jiyia ntl;bf;
nfhz;LtUgtUf;Fg; ngUe;njhif guprspg;gjhfj; njuptpj;jhd;.)
xUehs; rhj;jdhu; vd;w xU Gytu; Fkzid fhl;by; nrd;W

re;jpf;fpwhu;.
rhj;jdhu; : muNr! tzf;fk;.
Fkzd; : Iah! tzf;fk;. ePu; ahu;? fhl;by; jdpj;jpUf;Fk; vd;idj; Njbtuf;

fhuzk; ahJ?
rhj;jdhu; : muNr! ehd; Xu; Viog; Gytd;. vd; Vo;ikia mfw;wpf;nfhs;sj;

jq;fsplk; VjhapDk; nghUs;ngw;Wr; nry;yyhk; vd;W ,q;F te;Njd;.
Fkzd; : GytNu!... ehd; Ml;rpia mkzdplk; tpl;L ,q;F te;J thrk;

nra;fpNwd;. ,q;F jq;fSf;Fj; juf;$baJ xd;Wkpy;iyNa!
rhj;jdhu; : Nte;Nj! vdf;F xU kidtpAk; xU Foe;ijAk; cz;L. rpy ehl;fshf

ehq;fs; gl;bdpahfNt ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. Foe;ijNah ghy;Fbf;f
Kad;Wk; ghy; tuhikahy; jhapd; Kfj;ijg; ghu;f;fpd;wJ@ jhNah
vd; Kfj;ij Nehf;Ffpwhs;@ ahNdh ifapy; nghUs; xd;Wkpy;yhky;
czT vg;gbf; fpilf;Fnkd;W Vq;fpj; jq;fs; Kfj;ij Nehf;fp
te;Njd;.
Fkzd; : GytNu! jq;fs; tWikiaf; Nfl;L vd; kdk; gijf;fpd;wJ. vd;

nra;Ntd;! ehd; kd;ddhf ,Ue;jehspy; te;jPupy;iyNa! nfhLf;f
KbahkypUf;Fk; ,e;ehspy; te;jPNu! vd; neQ;rk; Gz;zhfpd;wNj.
rhj;jdhu; : ts;sNy ,e;j Vioapd; nghUl;L ePu; tUe;jNtz;lhk;. jq;fsplk;

ifePlb
; g; nghUs;ngWk; NgW vdf;F ,y;iynad;W epidf;fpd;Nwd;.
Fkzd; : GytNu! vd; kdjpy; xU Nahrid Njhd;WfpwJ. mijf; Nfl;L

mjd;gb elg;gPuhdhy; tWik ck;iktpl;L Xbg;NghFk;. GytNu!
vd; jk;gpahfpa mkzd; vd; jiyia ntl;bf;nfhz;L tUgtUf;Fg;
ngupa njhif gupR nfhLg;gjhfg; giwaiwtpj;jpUf;fpwhd;. Mif
apdhy;> vd; jiyia ntl;bf;nfhz;L Ngha;f; nfhLj;Jg; gupirg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,Njh! vd; ths;!
rhj;jdhu; : rw;WNeuk; Nahrpj;J) kd;dNu! ,g;nghOJ jq;fs; jiyNtz;lhk;.

Ntz;Lk;nghOJ te;J mij ehd; thq;fpf; nfhs;SfpNwd;. ehd;
nrd;WtUfpNwd;.
103
(rhj;jdhu; kpfTk; Gj;jpf;$u;ikAs;stu;. mtu; mwptpd; jpwik
apdhy; mkzid ey;topf;Ff; nfhz;LtuNtz;Lnkd;W vz;zpdhu;.
clNd xU rpw;gpiaf; nfhz;L nrt;thioj;jz;by; Fkzd; jiy
iag; NghyNt xU jiyiar; nra;J> mij xU jl;by; itj;J
mkzd; rigf;F vLj;Jr; nrd;whu;.)
mkzd; : Iah! ePu; ahu;? me;jj; jl;by; ,Ug;gJ vd;d?
rhj;jdhu; : muNr! jhq;fs; jUtjhfg; giwaiwtpj;j gupirg;ngw ehd; jFjp

Ailatd;. ,e;jj; jl;bypUg;gJ jq;fs; jikadhuhfpa Fkz
kd;dupd; jiyNa! ,ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L gupirj; jUf.
mkzd; : vd;d! vd;d!! vd; jikadhu; jiyah ,J? Nfl;Nghu; Nfl;gijf;

nfhLg;gjpy; mt;tsT tpUg;gkh mtUf;F? INah! mtUila
Fzj;jpd; cau;it ,d;Nw njupe;Njd;. mwptw;wtdhfpa ehd; vd;d
nfhLik nra;Jtpl;Nld;. mz;zhtpd; jiy Nghdgpd; vd; jiy
,Ue;njd;d? Iah! ,Njh ,e;j thspdhy; vd; jiyiaAk; Nrjpj;J
tpLk;.
rhj;jdhu; : gupRngw tpUk;gp xU jiyiar; Nrjpj;Njd;. cd; jiyf;F xU

gupRk; ,y;iyNa. mij ehd; Vd; Nrjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.!
mkzd; : Iah! cz;ikjhd;. gupR cs;s jiyia ePu; ntl;bdPu;. gupR

,y;yhj jiyia ehNd ntl;bf; nfhs;SfpNwd;.
rhj;jdhu; : mkz kd;dh! epy;. ,e;jj; jiyia cw;Wg;ghu;. mJ cz;ikj;

jiy md;W. mJ nrt;thisj; jz;bdhw; nra;ag;gl;l Nghypj;
jiy. cz;ik njupahky; Mj;jpuj;jpdhy; mz;zd; jiyia
ntl;Lk;gb cj;juT nra;jha;@ ehd; ngha;j; jiyiaf; nfhz;L
te;Njd;. ,dpAk; cdf;F nka;j;jiy Ntz;Lnkd;why; Xbr;nrd;W
cd; jikadhupd; jiyiar; Nrjpj;JtUfpNwd;.
mkzd; : vd;d nrhd;dPu;! vd;d nrhd;dPu; !!
rhj;jdhu; : ehd; nghUis tpUk;gp cd; jikadhiuf; fhl;bw; fz;lNghJ>

“vd; jiyia ntl;bf; nfhz;L Ngha;g; gupirg;ngWf” vd;W mk;
kd;du; $wpdu;. ahNdh ‘mtrpak; Neu;e;jhy; nfhz;LNghfpNwd;’
vd;W nrhy;yp> ,j;jiyia vLj;Jf;nfhz;L ,q;F te;Njd;. nka;j;
jiy Ntz;Lkhdhy; mtrpak; nfhz;LtUfpNwd;.
mkzd; : Iah> GytNu! NghJk;. NghJk; ,d;Dk; vd; neQ;irg; Gz;zhf;f

Ntz;lhk;. Kd; mwpit ,oe;J mfq;fhudhNdd;. ,g;nghOJ cz;ik
czu;e;Njd;. ,dp xU nehbNaDk; ehd; murhl;rp nra;akhl;Nld;.
Xbr;nrd;W vd; jikadhiu mioj;J te;J Kb#l;LNtd;.
(gpwF mkzd; fhLnrd;W> jikadhuplk; ele;jtw;iwf; $wp tUe;

jpdhd;. Fkzd; jk;gpia kdg;g+u;tkhf kd;dpj;J kPz;Lk; murdh
apdhd;. gpwF> rhj;jdhUf;Fk; ngUk; jputpak; toq;fpdhd;.)
104
gpd;dpizg;G 2
• ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngwNtz;ba Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; ahit?
• ,q;F ebf;fg;gl;l ehlfj;jpd; ngau; ahJ?
• ehlfj;jpd; fijr;RUf;fj;ij ckJ nkhopeilapy; jUf.
• ,e;ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fs; vit? mtw;wpd; Fztpay;Gfisj;

jUf.
• ehlfj;jpy; ePq;fs; Ritj;J ,urpj;j gFjpfs; vit?

• ehlfj;ij ebj;jgpd;/thrpj;jgpd;/Nfl;lgpd; cq;fs; kdjpy; Njhdwpa

czu;Tfs; ahit?
• ,e;ehlfj;jpd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpOkpag; gz;Gfs; ahit?
gpd;dpizg;G 3
kjpg;gPl;Lg;gbtk;
khztu; ngau; cr;rupg;G/ czu;r;rp mit ghj;jpu KOik

njhdp ntspg;ghL <u;g;G ntspg;ghL
105
Nju; r ; r p 5.0 : fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; czu;ej
; ik Gyg;gl thrpg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 5.2 : Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
nraw;ghL : ~,ul;ilau;| vd;w fl;Liuia thrpj;Jj; Jyq;FNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : ,ul;ilau; - fl;Liu - gpd;dpizg;G 01

vOJfUtp
jhs;fs;
bik fljhrp

gb 5.2.1
• ghly; xd;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp fPo;j; jug;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fis tpdtpf;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
~~Mw;wq;fiuapd; kuKk; murwpa
tPw;wpUe;j tho;Tk; tpOkd;Nw - Vw;wk;
cOJz;L tho;tjw; nfhg;gp;iyf; fz;Bu;
gOJz;L NtNwhu; gzpf;F||
ey;top - xsitahu;.
• ghlypy; $wg;gl;Ls;s ikaf;fUj;J ahJ?
• cyfpy; cau;thdjhff; fUjg;gLk; njhopy; vd;W ghlypw; $wg;gl;Ls;s
njhopy; ahJ?
• Vw;wk; vd;w nrhy; Fwpf;Fk; nghUs; vd;d?
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp khztUf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.

• nra;Ais re;jpgpupj;Jk; nfhz;L $l;bAk; thrpj;jy;
• ikaf;fUj;ijAk; Jizf;fUj;ijAk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;
• thrpj;jtw;iw nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOJjy;
• thrpj;j gFjpiar; RUf;fpAk; tpupj;Jk; $Wjy;
• thrpj;j gFjpapy; eae;jtw;iwf; $wy;
• thrpj;j gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; gbg;gpidfs;/tpOkpaq;fis
,dq;fz;L Kd;itj;jy;
• re;jp gpupj;Jf; nfhz;L$l;b thrpj;jy;.
Mw;wk; fiuapy; kuKk; muR mwpa
tPw;wpUe;j tho;Tk; tpOk; md;Nw - Vw;wk;
cOJ cz;L tho;tjw;F xg;gpy;iyf; fz;Bu;
NtNwhu; gzpf;Fg; gOJ cz;L
10 epkplq;fs;
106
gb 5.2.2
• khztu;fisr; Nrhbahf;Fq;fs;.
• gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s thrpg;G gpujpia thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• gpd;dpizg;G 2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 1 I toq;Fq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;Jf;fhd tpilfisj; jahupf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• %d;W Nrhbfis xU FOthf;fp nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;Jf;Fg; nghJthd

mwpf;if xd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• gpd;dpizg;G 2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk; 2 I xt;nthU

FOTf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTk; ghly;fisr; re;jpgpupj;J> nfhz;L $l;b thrpg;gjw;Fk;

ghlypd; nghUisf; $Wtjw;Fk; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
70 epkplq; f s;
gb 5.2.3
• xt;nthU FOTk; jahupj;j mwpf;ifiar; rku;g;gpg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Fq;fs;.
• nra;Aisr; re;jpgpupj;J> nfhz;L$l;b thrpj;Jg; nghUs; $Wtjw;Fr;

• Vida FOf;fs; fUj;Jf;$wr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• fl;Liuahrpupau; $wte;j gpujhd fUj;J

,ul;ilaupd; tpj;Jtr; rpwg;G
• Jizf;fUj;Jf;fs;
- gpujhd fUj;ij typAWj;Jgit.
- tirg;ghly;
- Gytu;fspd; tWik
- muriu mz;b thOjy; Nghd;wd.
• mlu;e;j ngupafhLfspy; kuf;nfhk;gu;fspy; ,Uf;fNtz;ba

ePq;fs; ,q;F te;jjd; fhuzk; ahNjh vdg; ghbajw;fhd
fhuzk; mikr;riu kiwKfkhf epe;jid nra;tNj.
107
• fhsNkfg; Gytupd; rpwg;ig czu;j;Jk; nrhw;nwhlu; MRftp@
,jd; nghUs;: Kd;dhaj;jkpd;wp tpiue;J ghLjy;
- tQ;rfkhfg; Gfo;tJNghy; ,fo;jy;
- FWf;Nf epw;wy;
- GJik
- nfl;bj;jdk;
- vupANj
• cNyhgpfis> ts;sy; ngUkf;fshf vz;zpg; Nghw;Wk;

ngha;k;ikapd; ghtj;jhy; Fd;Wk; FopAk;> FWf;fpLk;
topapy; elg;gjhfpa ,lu; ekf;F tuj;jhd; nra;Ak;.
• mlu;e;j fhdfj;jpy; thoNtz;ba Gd;Fuq;F ,q;F tuf;

fhuzk;> muridAk; jk;gpiaAk; ,uhkDk; ,yf;FkzDk;
vd epidj;jNj.
• epidj;jTld; ftpghLk; Mw;wYs;s fhsNkfg; Gytupd;> ~~kz;jpd;w

ghzk;| vd;w Ritahd njhliug;ghba tha; neUg;gpy; NtfpwNj.
re;jpgpupj;Jf; nfhz;L $l;Ljy;
nra; A s; : I Fd;Wk; FopAk; FWfp topele;J

nrd;W jpuptJ vd;Wk; jPuhNjh - xd;Wk;
nfhlhjhid Nfh vd;Wk; fh vd;Wk; $wpd;
ekf;F ,t; ,lu; ,lhNjh
II Guhjdkhd jkpo;g; GytPu; ,e;jg; Gd;Fuq;F

kuhkuk; tpl;L ,q;F te;jJ vd;Ndh te;jthW
nrhy;Ntd;.
juhjyk; kd;Dk; jkpo;khwidAk; jd; jk;gpiaAk;
,uhftd; vd;Wk; ,yf;Ftd; vd;Wk; te;J va;jpaNj
III MR ftpahy; mfpy cyF vy;yhk;

tPR Gfo;f; fhsNkfNk - G+Ruh
kz;jpd;w ghzk; vd;w tha; tpz;nfhz;l
nre;joyha; NtFNj IiaNah
80 epkplq; f s;
108
• ciug;gFjpia thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J nghUj;jkhfj; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ikaf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fisAk; ctik Kjyhd

mzpfisAk; ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• mUQ;nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;@ mUQ;nrhw;fis itj;J thf;fpak;

vOJthu;.
• nra;Ais re;jpgpupj;Jf; nfhz;L $l;b thrpg;ghu;.
• ghly;fspy; eae;j gFjpia tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
• nfhz;L $l;bg; nghUs; $Wthu;.

109
gpd;dpizg;G : 1
1. ,ul;ilau;
xU jha;tapw;wpy; xNu fUg;gj;jpy; ,ul;ilahfg; gpwe;jtu;fs; ,ul;ilau;.

xUtu; FUlu;@ kw;wtu; Kltu;. ,UtUk; Gytu;. FUlupd; Njhspy; Kltu; Vwpf;nfhs;thu;.
VwpaJq; FUlu; elg;ghu;. Kltu; top fhl;Lthu;. ,UtUk; xUtu;. xU ghl;bd; xU
ghjpia xUtu; ghl kw;wtu; kW ghjpiag; ghLtu;. ,UtupYk; mjpl;lKilatu;
Kltu;. elg;gjd; tUj;jk; KltUf;Fj; njuptjpy;iy. rpy rkaq;fspNy top
NtwhapUf;ff; FWf;F topapy; ,wf;fptpLthu; Kltu;. me;j top Vw;wKk; ,wf;fKq;
Fd;Wq; FopAkha; ,Uf;Fk;. Vw;wj;jpypUe;J ,wf;fj;Jf;F XlhkypUf;f Kbahkw;
FUlu; XLk; NghJ KltUf;Fg; gpuahzk; Rfk; NgRk;. FUlu; ahJ nra;thu; ghtk;!
“Fd;Wq; FopAq; FWfp topele;J

nrd;W jpuptnjd;We; jPuhNjh.”
‘flTNs> kiyfspy; VwpAq; Fopfspy; ,wq;fpAk; vj;jid fhyk;

miytJ! ,jw;F xU KbT thuhNjh!’ vd;W ,uq;fp xU ntz;ghtpd;
Kjw;ghjpiag; ghbdhu; FUlu;.
FUlupd; NjhspNy ntF FJ}fykhf mku;e;jpUe;j Kltu;>
“-xd;Wq;
nfhlhjhidf; Nfhntd;Wq; fhntd;Wq; $wpd;
,lhNjh ekf;fpt; tplu;”
vd;W kW ghjpiag; ghb ntz;ghitg; g+u;j;jp nra;jhu;.
“vr;rpw; ifahNy fhfe; Juj;j cld;glhj cNyhgpfisf; fhkNjDNt>

fw;gfjUNt vd;W ghuhl;bg; ghbdhy;> ,y;yhjijg; ghba Fw;wj;Jf;fhff; flTs;
Fd;wpYq; FopfspYk; miye;J jpupfpw ,e;j ,lu;fisnay;yhk; ekJ jiyapy;
vOjpitg;ghu;jhNk. ,jpy; xU E}jdKk; ,y;iyNa” vd;gJ> ele;J fisahj
Kltupd; rpj;jhe;jk;. Kltu; ,g;gbf; FWk;G nra;jNghJk;> me;jf; FUlu; ntWg;gil
ahky; jkJ tpjpia nehe;J nfhz;L> me;j Kltiuj; jkJ fz;NzNghw; Ngzpj;
Njhs; typf;fr; Rke;J nry;Ythu;.
xUehs; ,UtUf;Fk; kpf;f fisAq; nfhba grpAk; vOe;Jtpl;ld. Xu;;

muz;kidia mZfpdhu;fs;. mj;jhzp kz;lgj;jpy; muru; muR tPw;wpUf;fpd;whu;.
mtUila jk;gpahu; gf;fj;jpy; mku;e;jpUf;fpd;whu;. ke;jpupfs;> jhidj; jiytu;fs;>
110
Gytu;fs; FOkpapUf;fpd;whu;fs;. mJ ngupa Xyf;fk;. ,ul;ilau;fs; mq;Nf
gpuNtrpj;jhu;fs;. murUf;Fg; ngupa ,uf;fk; te;Jtpl;lJ. mtu;fSf;F Ntz;ba
jputpaq;fis cjTk;gb ke;jpupf;F cj;juT gpwe;jJ. ke;jpup kWj;J mtu;fs;
tpUk;gpathW cjTtJ> mtu;fisr; Nrhk;gu;fs; Mf;Ftjha; KbAk; vd;W epahak;
Ngrpdhd;. muru; nfhLg;gjw;F ke;jpup ngupa ,lWfl;il Mapdhd;. rig nksdQ;
rhjpj;jJ. mq;fpUe;j Gytu;fs; vupe;jhu;fs;@ ntspf;fhl;ltpy;iy.
Kltu;> “Guhjdkhd jkpo;gG ; ytPu; ,e;j” vd;W njhlq;fp VNjh xU thu;ji

; jia
kdRf;Fs; cr;rupj;Jf;nfhz;L> “kuhkuk; tPlb; q;F te;j njd;Ndh” vd;W> xd;NwKf;fhy;
mb ghbdhu;.
“Gytu;fNs> gioikfis czu;ej ; tu;fNs> murUf;Fg; gf;fj;jpypUe;J epahak;

NgRgtu; ahtNuh? ,e;jg; ‘gpwg;G’, mlu;e;j ngupa kuq;fs; epiwe;j fhLfspy;> kuf;
nfhk;gu;fspy; jdJ tho;f;ifia itj;Jf; nfhs;shky; ,t;tplk; Nghe;j fhuzk;

vd;idNah! ,jw;Fk; ,uhrrigf;Fk; vt;tsT J}uk;! ,jw;F mq;Nf vd;d mYty;!”
vd;W fUj;Jk; tpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
mjidf; Nfl;lJq; FUlUf;Fg; ghl;Lf; FKwpf;nfhz;L te;jJ. Kltupd;

ghfkhd ,uz;lhtJ mbapYq; FUlu; gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. “te;jthW nrhy;Ntd;”
vd;W Kjypy; me;j mb g+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,e;jg; ngupa rigapNy murUf;Fk; mtu; jk;gpf;Fk; gf;fj;jpNy epd;W>

nfhLg;gijj; jLj;Jr; Nrl;ilnra;fpd;w t];J> fhLfspNy kue;jbfspNy tho;f;if
elj;jNtz;baNjahk;. mjpy; vt;tpj re;NjfKkpy;iy. mjw;F kdpju; nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy; nra;fpw ,e;jr; rigapNy vd;d mYty;! vd;W ahUk; epidj;jy;$Lk;.
epidf;f Ntz;Lk;! epidg;gjpy; jtW ,y;iy. Mdhy;> me;j t];J ,q;Nf te;J
epw;gjpYk; E}jdk; ,y;iy. mJ te;jjw;Fg; Nghjpa fhuzk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ‘te;jthW
nrhy;Ntd;’ vd;fpwhu; FUlu;.
rigapw; FJ}fyk;! ‘te;jthW’ ,d;dnjd;W> vd;d fhuzq; fw;gpf;fg;

Nghfpd;whNuh vdg; Gytu;fs; jq;fs; fw;gid cyfj;jpw; rQ;rupf;fpd;whu;fs;.
FUlu; jkJ gq;ifg; ghLfpd;whu;.
“juhjy kd;De; jkpo;kh widAe;jd; wk;gpiaAk;

,uhft ndd;W kpyf;Ft ndd;Wk;te; nja;jpaNj.”
111
vd;W ghl;Lg;g+u;jj
; pahdJ. “,J ,uhkhaz fhyj;ijr; Nru;ej ; J@ ePzl
; thYs;s
tUf;fj;ijr; rhu;ej
; jhapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vq;NfNah guhf;Fg; ghu;jj; ikapdhy; ,uhk
,yf;Fkzu;fspypUe;J jtwptpl;lJ. mtu;fs; mNahj;jpf;Fg; Nghdij awpahky;
,q;Nf jq;fpj; jkpo;ehl;by; miye;J mtu;fisj; Njbj; jpupe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jkpio tsu;f;fpd;w vq;fs; muirAe; jk;gpiaAk;> ,J> jd; fz;kaf;fj;jpdhy;>
,uhk,yf;Fkzu;fs; vd;W ek;gptpl;lJ. MifapdhNy ,q;Nf ,J te;J epw;gJ
epahae;jhNd. ” FUlupd; fz;zhd fw;gid ,J.
mq;Nf FOkpapUe;j Gytu;fs; ftpjh Nyhfj;jpNy jk;ikawpahkNy Fjpj;Jf;

$j;jhbr; Nrl;il nra;jhu;fs;. Kltu; ntspg;glhky; cr;rupj;j thu;j;ijAk;
Gytu;fSf;F ,d;dnjd;W njupe;Jtpl;lJ. ,Njh kuhkuk; tpl;bq;F te;J epw;gJ
‘Gd;Fuq;F’ vd;W rj;jkpl;lhu;fs;. rpyu; ghl;il vOjpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;. rpyu; cuj;Jk;
gbj;jhu;fs;. ghl;Lg; gpd;tUkhW:
Guhjd khd jkpo;g;Gy tPupe;jg; Gd;Fuq;F

kuhkuk; tpl;bq;F te;jnjd; Ndhte;j thWnrhy;Ntd;

juhjy kd;De; jkpo;kh widAe;jd; wk;gpiaAk;
,uhft ndd;Wkp yf;Ft ndd;Wk;te; nja;jpaNj.
,ul;ilau;fs; fhsNkfg; GytupNy ngupa kjpg;G cs;stu;fs;. mtiuf;

fhzNtz;L nkd;gJ mtu;fspd; neLehs; Mir. xUehl; fhsNkfj;ijj; Njb
mtUila CUf;Fg; gazQ; nra;jhu;fs;. vj;jidNah mgrFzq;fs; vjpu;g;gl;ld.
xd;iwAk; nghUl;gLj;jhkw; Gwg;gl;lhu;fs;. fhsNkfj;ijj; juprpj;J ciuahl
Ntz;Lnkd;w Mir mtu;fis ,Oj;Jr; nrd;wJ. xUthW fhsNkfj;jpd; CUf;Fr;
nrd; W tpl; l hu; f s; . nrd; w tu; f s; fhsNkfj; j pd; tP l ; i l tprhupj; J f; n fhz; L
nry;fpd;whu;fs;. tPL fpl;btpl;lnjd;W mwpa mwpa mtu;fSf;F Mty; nghq;fj;
njhlq;fptpl;lJ. tPl;L thriy mile;Jtpl;lhu;fs;. Mfhaj;jpNy rQ;rhuQ; nra;j
xUtd;> ghjhsj;jpNy tPo;e;jhy; vg;gb ,Uf;FNkh> mg;gbahd epiy mtu;fSf;F
me;j Ntisapy; cz;lhdJ. tPL mkq;fykha;f; fple;jJ. “Gytu; ngUkhd;!
fhsNkfk;! mNjh Rliy Nehf;fpr; nry;Yfpd;whu;” vd;W fz;zPu; tpl;lhu;fs;
mq;Fs;stu;fs;. ,ul;ilau;fs; te;j fhy; Mwtpy;iy@ Rliyia Nehf;fp ele;jhu;fs;.
fhsNkfj;jpd; J}y Njfk; nfhOe;Jtpl;nlupfpwJ. fz;lhu; Kltu;.
“MR ftpahy; mfpycy nfy;yhk;

tPRGfo;f; fhs NkfNk - g+Ruh”
vd;W tpk;kp tpk;kpaOjhu; mtu;. fhsNkfk; MRftp. MRftp nad;why; tpiue;J

ghLfpd;w Gytd; vd;gJ fUj;J. xUtu; xd;W ghlNtz;Lnkd;W Nfl;F Kd;dNk>
fhsNkfj;jpd; thapypUe;J ghl;L tOf;fpf; fPNo tpOk;. ‘,k;nkd;Dk; Kd;dk;
vOE}Wk; vz;Z}Wk; mk;nkd;why; Mapuk;’ ghl;Lk; ghbtpLk; fhsNkfk;. me;jr;
rhku;j;jpaj;ij epide;J epide;J cUfpdhu; Kltu;. epfo;r;rpia mwpe;jJk;>
112
“tpz;nfhz;l nre;joyha; NtFNj IiaNah
kz;bd;w ghznkd;w tha;”
vd;W fjwpdhu; FUlu;.
xU rkak; rptngUkhDf;F epe;jh];Jjp xd;W ghbdhu; fhsNkfk;. epe;jh];Jjp

- tQ;rg; Gfo;rr
; p. “jpUth&upypUf;FQ; rptngUkhNd> cdJ tpy;Nyh fy;Y@ tisf;f
KbahjJ. ehNzh eQ;rpUg;gJ@ jsu;Ts;sJ. ,e;j epiyapNy ghzNkh kz;bd;w
ghzk;. rpt rpth! cdJ Aj;j Maj;jk; vj;jifaJ! Kg;Guj;ijg; ghu;j;Jg; gy;iy
,spahky; eP Ntnwd;djhd; nra;aKbAk;!” vd;gJ mg;ghl;bd; fUj;J. ‘ehnzd;why;;
eQ;rpUf;Fk;’ vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ me;jg; ghl;L.
mg; ghl;bNy ghzj;ij ‘kz;bd;w ghzk;’ vd;W ghbajd; mUik FUlupd;

,Ujaj;ijf; ftu;e;Jtpl;lJ.
rptngUkhDf;F tpy; kfhNkU@ fy;. ehz; MjpNr\d;@ eQ;Rs;sJ. ghzk;

kh`htp\;Z@ xU fhyj;jpy; kz;Zyif tpOq;fpdtu;@ kz;bd;wtu;.
kfh tp\;Zit ‘kz;bd;w ghzk;’ vd;W ghba fhsNkfj;jpd; thAk; Ntfpd;wNj

vd;W Ntfpd;whu; FUlu;.
ftpQupd; mUikiaf; ftpQNu mwptu;. Gd;ftp mwpAkh?
- gz;bjkzp rp. fzgjpg;gps;is -

,yf;fpatop
113
gpd;dpizg;G 2
khztu;fisr; Nrhbfshf;fpg; gpd;tUtd njhlu;ghf mwpf;ifg;gLj;j top nra;Aq;fs;.
1. thrpj;j ciug;gFjpapd; gpujhd fUj;J > Jizf;fUj;Jf;fs;.
2. ~~kuhkuk; tpl;bq;F te;jnjd;Ndh|| vd ,ul;ilau;fspy; xUtu; ghbajw;fhd

fhuzk; ahJ?
3. fhsNkfg; Gytupd; rpwg;ig czu;j;Jk; nrhw;nwhlu; vJ? mjd; nghUis

tpsf;Ff.
4. gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis> nrhw;nwhlu;fis itj;J thf;fpak; vOJf.

- epe;jh];Jjp> ,lWfl;il> E}jdk;> rhku;j;jpak;> NtFNj
5. ePq;fs; kpfTk; ,urpj;j gFjp ahJ?
re;jpgpupj;J nfhz;L $l;b thrpj;J> nghUs; $Wq;fs;.
FO 1> 2 ~~Fd;Wq; FopAq; FWfp topele;J

nrd;W jpuptnjd;We; jPuhNjh - xd;Wq;
nfhlhjhidf; Nfhntd;Wq; fhntd;Wq; $wpd;
,lhNjh ekf;fpt; tplu;||
FO 3> 4 ~~Guhjd khd jkpo;g;Gy tPupe;jg; Gd;Fuq;F

kuhkuk; tpl;bq;F te;jnjd; Ndhte;j thW nrhy;Ntd;
juhjy kd;De; jkpo; khwidAe;jd; wk;gpiaAk;
,uhft ndd;Wkp yf;Ft ndd;Wk;te; nja;jpaNj||
FO 5> 6 ~~MR ftpahy; mfpycy nfy;yhk;

tPR Gfo;f; fhsNkfNk - G+Ruh
tpz;nfhz;l nre;joyha; NtFNj IiaNah
kz;bd;w ghznkd;w tha;||
114
Nju;r;rp 9.0 : vOj;jhf;fj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd El;gq;fisg;
gad; g Lj; J thu; .
nraw;ghL : thf;fpaq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhff; FwpaPLfisg;

gad;gLj;JNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : ciuahly; gFjp - gpd;dpizg;G 1

epWj;jf;FwpaPLfs; - gpd;dpizg;G 2
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs; :
gb 9.0.1
• gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,y; cs;s gFjpfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• khztu; thrpj;J tpsf;fk; $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• FwpaPL ,lhj ge;jpia thrpj;J khztu; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;l tpjk;>

FwpaPL ,lg;gl;l ge;jpia thrpj;J khztu; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;l tpjk;
vd;gd gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
; • gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• epWj;jf;Fwpg; gad;ghl;bd; mtrpak;

• epWj;jf;FwpaPL gad;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhy; my;yJ mtw;iwg; gpioahfg;
gad;gLj;jpdhy; nghUs; khWgLk; vd;gij vLj;Jf; $Wjy;
• gpd;tUk; epWj;jf;FwpaPLfis cjhuzq;fSld; fhl;Lq;fs;.
1. Kw;Wg;Gs;sp my;yJ Kbg;gpirf;Fwp (.)
2. tpdhf;Fwp my;yJ tpdhtpirf;Fwp (?)
3. nka;g;ghl;Lf;Fwp my;yJ tpag;Gf;Fwp (!)
4. fhw;Gs;sp my;yJ cWg;gpirf;Fwp (>)
5. Kf;fhw;Gs;sp my;yJ tpsf;fpirf;Fwp (:)
6. miug;Gs;sp my;yJ njhlupirf;Fwp (@)
7. rpWNfhL my;yJ tpl;birf;Fwp (-)
8. jdp epiyj;njhlu; (-......-)
9. milg;Gf;Fwp (....)
10. Nkw;Nfhl;Fwp my;yJ mDthjf;Fwp (~~....||)
(gpd;dpizg;G 2 Ig; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;)
40 epkplq; f s ;
115
gb 9.0.2
• gpd;dpizg;G 3 ,y; jug;gl;l ciueilg;gFjpia khztu;fSf;F
toq;Fq;fs;.
• FwpaPLfs; ,lg;gl Ntz;ba ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd FwpaPLfis

,Ltjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
40 epkplq; f s ;
gb 9.0.3
• khztu; jhk; FwpaPL ,l;l ciug;gFjpia nka;g;ghl;Lzu;T Njhd;w
thrpj;Jf; fhl;lr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;. (khztu;fis vOkhw;whf
vOg;Gjy;)
• Vida khztu;fs; mjidf; Nfl;L> thrpj;jtu; jtNwJk; tpl;bUe;jhy;

jpUj;jp> tpsf;fk; $Wtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
my;yJ
• gpd;dpizg;G 3 I ngupjhf;fp fhl;rpg;gLj;jp khztu;fis vOkhwhfj;

njupTnra;J nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd FwpaPL ,LkhW
$Wq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• nkhopiar; nrk;ikahff; ifahs;tjw;F epWj;jf; FwpaPl;Lg; gpuNahfk;

mtrpak;
• $wte;j fUj;ijj; njspthf> tpsf;fkhff; $Wtjw;F epWj;jf;

FwpaPLgad;gLj;jypd; ,d;wpaikahik
40 epkplq; f s
• epWj;jf; FwpaPl;Lg; gad;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; $Wthu;.
• epWj;jf; FwpaPLfisj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
116
gpd;dpizg;G 1
gpd;tUk; ciuahliy ghj;jpuq;fspd; czu;TfSf;Nfw;gj; njhdpNtWghLfSld;

Ngrpg; g hUq; f s; .
Ntiyf;fhud; - Iah! %d;W ehl;fshf vd; gps;isfs; md;d

Mfhuk; ,d;wp ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. nfhQ;rk; fUiz
fhl;Lq;fs; Iah!
Kjyhsp - Rk;kh fpl> cdf;F xUjuk; nrhd;dhy;

tpsq;fhNjh?
Ntiyf;fhud; - Iah! xU E}W &gh kl;Lk; jhUq;fs;. vd;

rk;gsj;jpy; fopj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
Kjyhsp - ,q;Nf gzk; vd;d nfhl;bah fplf;fpwJ? Ngh>

Ngh> Ngha; Ntiyiag;ghu;.
Ntiyf;fhud; - Iah! xU Ik;gJ &ghahtJ jhUq;fs;.

cq;fSf;Fg; Gz;zpakhfg; NghFk;.
Kjyhsp - ,q;Nf ghu;! vdf;F ,e;jg; Gz;zpaq;fs; xd;Wk;

Ntz;lhk;. cdf;F ,\;lnkd;why; ,q;F Ntiy
nra;. ,y;iynad;why; Ntz;lhk;.
Ntiyf;fhud; - guthapy;iy Iah! ehd; Ntiy nra;fpNwd;.

VNjh ghu;jJ
; r; nra;Aq;fs;.
117
FwpaP l w; w ciug; g Fjp
Ntiyf;fhud; - Iah %d;W ehl;fshf vd; gps;isfs; md;d

Mfhuk; ,d;wp ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; nfhQ;rk; fUiz
fhl;Lq;fs; Iah
Kjyhsp - Rk;kh fpl cdf;F xUjuk; nrhd;dhy;

tpsq;fhNjh
Ntiyf;fhud; - Iah xU E}W &gh kl;Lk; jhUq;fs; vd;

rk;gsj;jpy; fopj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;
Kjyhsp - ,q;Nf gzk; vd;d nfhl;bah fplf;fpwJ Ngh

Ngh Ngha; Ntiyiag;ghu;
Ntiyf;fhud; - Iah xU Ik;gJ &ghahtJ jhUq;fs;

cq;fSf;Fg; Gz;zpakhfg; NghFk;
Kjyhsp - ,q;Nf ghu; vdf;F ,e;jg; Gz;zpaq;fs; xd;Wk;

Ntz;lhk; cdf;F ,\;lnkd;why; ,q;F Ntiy
nra; ,y;iynad;why; Ntz;lhk;
Ntiyf;fhud; - guthapy;iy Iah ehd; Ntiy nra;fpNwd;

VNjh ghu;jJ
; r; nra;Aq;fs;
118
gpd;dpizg;G 2
epWj;jf;FwpaPLfs;
nghwpKiwia mDrupj;J vOJjy ;
ekJ vz;zq;fisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; ntspapLtjw;F nkhop ekf;Fg;gad;gLfpd;wJ.
vOj;Jg; nghwpKiw vd;gJ>
vOj;ijj; njhlq;fNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; njhlq;fp cupa tpjj;jpy; Kbj;jy;> cWg;gika

vOJjy;> vOj;Jf;fSf;Fk; nrhw;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;w ,ilntsp tpl;L vOJjy;>
epWj;jf; FwpaPLfis Vw;w ,lj;jpy; ifahSjy; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;lJ.
nghUs; ed;F Gyg;gLtjw;Ff; FwpaPLfs; cupathW gad;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.

,f;FwpaPLfisf; fle;j tFg;Gfspy; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;. ,q;F vy;yhf; FwpaPLfisAk;

njhFj;J Nehf;FNthk;.
1. Kw;Wg;Gs;sp my;yJ Kbg;gpirf;fwp (.)

,f;FwpaPL ifahsg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.
m. nrg;G> tpaq;Nfhs;> Vty; thf;fpaq;fspd; ,Wjpapy;.
1. ftpijfs; Gj;jftbtj;jpYk; gj;jpupifapYk; ehSf;F ehs; ngUfp
tUfpd;wd. (nrg;G)
2. thopa gy;yhz;L. (tpaq;Nfhs;)
3. mtis kwe;J tpL. (Vty;)
M. xU nrhy;iyf; Fwpg;gjw;F mjd; KjnyOj;ijf; FwpaPlhfg; gad;gLj;Jk;

NghJ.
,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; - ,.x.$.jh
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; - gh.c
Kw;gfy; - K.g
fpwp];JTf;Fg; gpd; - fp.gp
KZrhkp tujuhrd; - K.t
,. fbjj;jpd; Kftup ,WjpapYk;> Njjp ,WjpapYk;

44> fpUy tPjp>
ehuN`d;gpl;b.
2006. 12. 01.
2. tpdhf;Fwp my;yJ tpdhtpirf;Fwp (?)
119
,f;FwpaPL ifahsg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
m Neu; $w;W tpdhthf;fpaq;fspd; ,Wjpapy;
~~eP Ie;J tPLfisNaDk; nfhLf;f khl;lhah?||
maw;$w;W tpdh thf;fpaq;fspd; ,Wjpapy; tpdhf;Fwp tuhJ.
ehd; mijg; ghu;j;Njdh> vd;W mtd; Nfl;lhd;.
M. Iaj;Jf;fplkhd ahNjDk; xU $w;wpd; gpd; milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; tpdhf;

Fwp ,lg;gLfpwJ.
u\;ag; gilfs; nrr;dpahtpypUe;J ntspNaWk;(?)
3. nka;g;ghl;Lf;Fwp my;yJ tpag;Gf;Fwp (!)

m. gy;NtW tpjkhd kd czu;r;rpfis ntspf;fhl;l ,f;Fwp gad;gLfpwJ.
GJik> kfpo;r;rp> ,uf;fk;> Jf;fk;> Nfhgk;> gak;> tpUg;gk;> Neh> Jd;gk;>
mUtUg;G> ntWg;G Nghd;w czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w
,ilr;nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fs;> thf;fpaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; gpd;du;
1. Mfh! kiyapy; tope;NjhLk; ePuUtpapd; moFjhd; vd;Nd!
2. ghtk;! thapy;yhg; gpuhzp!
3. INah! vy;yhNk Ngha;tpl;ldNt!
M. kiwe;JNghd my;yJ Kd;dpiyapy; ,y;yhj xUtiu my;yJ xd;iw

tpspj;J nrhw;nghoptpNyh ghl;bNyh nrhy;Yk;NghJ tpspg;gtUf;Fg; gpd;du;.
mz;zNy fhe;jp! kf;fs; gLk;ghl;ilf; fhz ePq;fs; ,y;iyNa. kuz
NjtijNa! vd;id cd;Dld; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;.
4. fhw;Gs;sp my;yJ cWg;gpirf;Fwp (>)

,f;Fwp gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
m. njhluhf tUfpd;w nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlu;fisAk;> Jiz thf;fpaq;fis
Ak; nghUs; tpsq;Fk; tz;zk; jdpj;jdpahfg; gpupj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;Fg;
gad;gLk;.
1. jha;nkhop> fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> rkak;> Mq;fpyk;> mofpay;>
njhopy;El;gk;> r%ff;fy;tp Mfpa vl;Lg;ghlq;fSk; fUg;ghlq;fs;
MFk;.
2. cau;e;j el;Gf;F FNryDk; fz;zDk;> FfDk; ,uhkDk;>
fu;zDk; JupNahjdDk; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshtu;.
3. khzhf;fu; jhk; Nfl;l ghlq;fis ehNlhWk; gbj;Jk;> jhk;
Nfl;l nghUs;fisg; gw;wp gy juk; rpe;jpj;Jk; Mrpupaiu
mLj;J mtw;wpd; FiwjPuf; Nfl;Lk;> rf khztu;fNshL
gy;Kiw gofpAk; jkJ fy;tpia tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
120
M. thf;fpaj;jpy; vOtha; neLe;njhluha; ,Ug;gpDk;> gadpiyf;Fj; njhiytpy;
,Ug;gpDk; me;j vOtha;f;Fg; gpd;
1. Neu;khwhf ,yf;fpaj; juk; tha;e;j fijfs;> fUg;nghUSf;Fk;>
ghj;jpug;gilg;Gf;Fk;> ghj;jpuq;fspd; cstpaYf;Fk; mOj;jk;
nfhLg;gijg; ghu;f;fpNwhk;.
2. fhfk;> fz;lijj; jpd;Dk; xU gwitahdNghJk;> jdJ clk;ig
J}a;ikahf itj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ.
,. thf;fpaq;fspNy tpsf;fj;jpw;fhf tUk; ,ilg; gpwitg;igg; gpupj;Jf;

fhl;Ltjw;Ff; fhw;Gs;spfs; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; ,lg;gLk;.
1. ehk; kf;fsplk;> Fwpg;ghf mehijfsplk;> ,uf;fj;Jld; gof
Ntz;Lk;.
<. nghUs; kaf;fk; Njhd;wf;$ba ,lq;fspy; mk;kaf;fk; Njhd;whjthW

njspTgLj;Jtjw;Ff; fhw;Gs;sp ,lg;gLk;.
1. fz;zd;> fu;zdplk; ghz;ltUf;fhfj; J}J Nghapdhd;.
2. fkyd;> rhe;jd; Gj;jfj;jpy; xU gFjpia thrpj;J Kbj;Jtpl;lhd;.
c. xUtiu my;yJ xd;iw tpspj;Jf; $Wkplj;J tpspg;ngaiu mLj;J

fhw;Gs;sp ,lg;gLk;.
1. khspf;> eP Vd; ,d;W mjidf; nfhz;L tutpy;iy?
2. fz;Nz> fyq;FtJ Vd;?
3. Xb th> jk;gp
(tpspg;ngau; thf;fpa ,Wjpapy; te;jhy; mjw;F Kd;G fhw;Gs;sp
,lg;gLk;.)
C. ,izg;G ,ilr;nrhw;fshd Mjyhy;> Mifahy;> MfNt> MapDk;> ,dp>

vdpDk;> vd;whYk;> vdNt Nghd;wtw;wpd; gpd;Gk; fhw;Gs;sp ,lg;gLk;.
1. tpjpia mwpahky; Nts;tpia ,fOfpd;wha;. Mjyhy;> gR kfd;
vd;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jk; cilia.
2. vz;zq;fisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; kw;wtUf;Fg; Gyg;gLj;J
tjw;fhf ehk; vOJfpd;Nwhk;. MfNt> vkJ vOj;Jf;fs; vOj;Jg;
nghwpKiwia mDrupj;J vOjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
3. ,dp> MfNtz;ba fUkq;fisf; ftdpg;Nghk;.
v. njhlu;thf;fpankhd;wpy; cs;njhlu;fs; ePz;bUe;jhy; mit nghUs; tpsq;f

fhw;Gs;sp ,l;;Lg; gpupj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;.
1. fk;gu;> ts;Stu; fz;l tPu rpfukhd mkpu;j jhiuapy; <LghLw;W
me;j tPujPu mkpu;j jhiuia xU ml;raghj;jpuj;jpy; Ve;jp vLj;J>
ntFgf;Ftk; nra;J> me;j cz;ikia Xu; mkpu;j rQ;rPtp Mf;fp
,e;j cyfpw;F toq;fp ,Uf;fpd;whu;.
121
V. ngauilfSk; tpidailfSk; xd;Wf;FNky; mLf;fp tUk;NghJ filrpahf
epw;Fk; mil> njhlu;e;j Vida milfs;> njhlu;e;Jk; fhw;Gs;spahy; gpupj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gLk;.
1. mtjhdkhff; Nfl;L> fpufpj;J> kdj;jpUj;jp> vOjp ntspapLtjhdJ
gad;juj;jf;f csr;nraw;ghlhFk;.
I. xUtupd; Neu;$w;W thf;fpaq;fis mg;gbNa vOJk;NghJ $w;Wf;F Kd; fhw;Gs;sp

,lg;gLk;.
1. rpWtd;> ~~vd;id ,t;tlf;F KiwfspypUe;J fhg;ghw;Wgtu;fs;
ahUkpy;iyah?|| vd mOjhd;.
,Nj thf;fpaj;ij maw;$w;W thf;fpakhf vOjpdhy; fhw;Gs;sp
,lNtz;bajpy;iy
rpWtd; jd;id mt;tlf;F KiwapypUe;J fhg;ghw;Wgtu;
vtUkpy;iyah vd mOjhd;.
x. Mk;> ,y;iy vd;w nrhw;fNshL thf;fpak; Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ fhw;Gs;sp

,lNtz;Lk;.
1. Mk;> ehd; gupG+uz xj;Jiog;G ey;FNtd;.
2. ,y;iy> vd;dhy; mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.
X. fbjk; vOJk;NghJ tpspg;Gf;Fg; gpd;Dk;> xg;gkpl Kd;Gk; Kftup

vOJk;NghJk;> ngau; Kftup Mfpatw;wpd; gpd;Gk; fhw;Gs;sp ,lg;gLk;.
1. md;Gs;s Jiztp> vd;Wk; kwthj>
2. gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>
kfufk.
xs. Njbj; njhlupd; gFjpfisf; fhl;Ltjw;F fhw;Gs;sp ,lg;gLk;.

1. 1999> khu;fop 01.
05. Kf;fhw;Gs;sp my;yJ tpsf;fpirf;Fwp (:)

m. gpujhd $w;Wf;Fg; gpd;Nd tUk; $w;W> mjd; tpsf;fkhf mikAkplj;J>
Kf;;fhw;Gs;sp ,lg;gLk;.
1. ,g;ghlypy; Mrpupau; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; tpOkpak; kpf;fit:
mayhupd; ,ufrpaq;fisf; Nfl;fyhfhJ: mtu; jk; kidtpaiu
fhkNehf;Fld; Nehf;ff;$lhJ: gpwu; kPJ jPa gopr;nrhw;fis
$wyhfhJ. vd;gitNa mit.
2. E}yfk; ftdpg;ghupd;wpf; fplf;fpd;wJ: E}y;fis nry;yupj;J
ehrkhf;fp tpl;lJ.
M. xU gl;baiy mwptpg;gjw;F Kd; tUk;. mitahtd> cjhuzkhf>

tUkhW vd;gd Nghd;w njhlu;fSf;Fg;gpd; Kf;fhw;Gs;sp ,lg;gLk;.
1. me;j miwapy; fhzg;gl;lit:
cile;j fjpiufs;> rpije;j Nkir> rpe;jg;gl;l Gj;jfq;fs;>
J}Rgbe;j fUk;gyif vd;gdthFk;.
122
2. tpidj;njhiff;F cjhuzq;fs;:
fbeha;> RLePu;> nfhs;fyd;> RLfyd; vd;gdthFk;.
,. gl;bay; mLj;jtupapy; te;jhy; Kf;fhw;Gs;spapd; gpd; xU rpW NfhL

tiuaNtz;Lk;.
1. Nehgy; gupR toq;fg;gLk; Jiwfshtd:-
,yf;fpak;
nghUshjhuk;
kUj;Jtk;
<. ePskhd Nkw;Nfhl;gFjpnahd;iw mwpKfk; nra;tjw;F Kf;fhw;Gs;sp ,lg;gLk;.

1. gpujk tpupTiuahsuhf te;jtiu mwpKfk; nra;J jiytu;
gpd;tUkhW $wpdhu;:
~~jq;fk; rpyNtisfspy; Glk; Nghl;l epiyapy; ekf;Ff; fpilj;J
tpLtJ cz;L. mJNghyNt gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ePz;lfhyk;
Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L gl;lk; ngw;w epiyapy; ek; kj;jpapy;
ciuahw;w te;Js;s nry;tp kzpnkhop mtu;fs; ,d;W.........................
ehd; cq;fSf;Fk; mtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ee;jpNghy; epw;fhky;

tpyfpf; nfhs;fpNwd;. ,dp mtu; ciuahw;Wthu;.
6. miug;Gs;sp my;yJ njhlupirf;Fwp (@)

,f;FwpaPL gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
m. Xu; vOtha; gy gadpiyfs; nfhz;likAk;NghJ xt;nthU gadpiyapd;
gpd;Dk; ,f;FwpaPL gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
1. ,uhkd; ifNfapapd; fl;lisiaj; jiyNkw; nfhz;lhd;@
fhNlfpdhd;@ tdthrk; Nkw;nfhz;lhd;@ kidtpia ,oe;jhd;@
,uhtzNdhL rku; nra;jhd;@ kidtpia kPl;lhd;.
M. cl;nlhlu;fis ,izg;gjw;F miug;Gs;sp gad;gLfpwJ. rkurk; cyhTk;

kahdj;Jf;F Mtp Nghdgpd; Mz;bAk; tUfpwhd;@ murDk; tUfpwhd;@
mwpQDk; tUfpwhd;@ mrlDk; tUfpwhd;.
7. rpWNfhL my;yJ tpl;birf;Fwp (-)

m. capu;j;Jbg;Gk; ehlf eaKk; Njhd;w vOJk;NghJ Kf;fhw;Gs;sp my;yJ
miug;Gs;sp tuNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; tpl;birf;Fwp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
1. jPf;Fspg;G Neuk; neUq;fpaJ@ vy;NyhuJ ghu;itAk; Nfhapypd;
ntspg;gpufhuj;jpy; epiyj;jpUe;jJ@ Mya kzp mbj;jJ@ mNuhfuhr;
rj;jk; thidg; gpse;jJ@ gf;j Nfhbfs; Mya Kd;wypy; jpuz;ldu;
- xNu mku;f;fskhf ,Ue;jJ.
M. jpBnud fUj;J khw;wj;ijf; fhl;Ltjw;F tpl;birf;Fwp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

1. fs;skwpahJ Js;spj;jpupe;j vq;fsJ gs;spf;fhyk; jhd; vt;tsT
gRikahdJ - vd;W vq;fSf;Fr; nrhy;ypf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
123
,. NtW Ntwhff; $wg;gl;l nghUs;fis njhFj;Jf; $Wtjw;F tpl;birf;Fwp
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
1. ngsj;ju;> ,e;Jf;fs;> fpwp];jtu;> ,];yhkpau; - vy;NyhUk; me;j
tpohtpy; fye;Jnfhz;ldu;.
<. Neupir ntz;ghtpd; ,uz;lhk; mbapd; ,Wjpr; rPu; ,f;Fwpahy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

rpe;Jg;ghlypy; Kjyhk; mbapd; ,Wjpr;rPUk;> %d;whk; mbapd; ,Wjpr; rPUk;
,f;Fwpahy; gpupf;fg;gLk;.
1. FQ;rp aoFk; nfhLe;jhidf; Nfhl;loFk;
kQ;r soFk; mofy;y - neQ;rj;J
ey;yk; ahk; vd;Dk; eLT epiyikahy;
fy;tp aoNf moF
2. mf;fpdpf; FQ;nrhd;W fz;Nld; - mij

Mq;Nfhu; fhl;bNyhu; nghe;jpil itj;Njd;@
nte;J jzpe;jJ fhL - joy;
tPuj;;jpw; FQ;nrd;W %g;ngd;W Kz;Nlh?
c. nrhw;fs; RUf;fg;gLk;NghJ ,f;Fwp gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

1. , - s; : ,jd; nghUs;
M - u; : Mrpupau;
c - k; : cjhuzk;
v - L : vLj;Jf;fhl;L
C. nra;As;fspd;; gjTiu vOjg;gLk;NghJ ,f;Fwp gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

1. FWq;fz; - rhusk;
ngha;j;jpUf;F - ngha;ikahfpa
Nfhl;lk; vj;jpUf;Fk; - vy;yh tpjkhd
kdf;NfhzYk; gj;jpUf;Fg; gpukhzk;
- gj;Jf; fw;gid vd;Dk; gpukhzk;
8. jdp epiyj; njhlu; Fwp ( - ....................... -)

,uz;L tpl;birf;Fwpfs; nfhz;l ,f;Fwpapd; gad;ghLfs;.
m. jaq;fpj; jaq;fpg; NgRtijf; fhl;ly;
1. ehd; ,q;Nf te;jJ - vd;id kd;dpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs; - cq;fshy;
vdf;nfhU fUkk; MfNtz;b ,Uf;fpwJ.
M czu;r;rpf; Fog;gj;ijf;fhl;Ltjw;F.
1. vdf;F te;j Nfhgj;jpy; - vd;dnra;tnjd;W vd;gijf;$lg;
ghuhJ mtd; fd;dj;jpy;miwe;Njd;.
,. njhluhf ck; vd;Dk; ,izg;gpilr;nrhy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf

1. rq;ffhy mfj;jpizr; nra;As;fspy; Kjy; - fU - cup vd;g
tw;iw ,yFtpy; fz;L czuyhk;.
124
9. milg;Gf;Fwp (....................)
rhd;whjhuk;> tiutpyf;fzk;> tpsf;fk;> khl;Nlw;Wf;Fwpg;G> nkhopngau;g;G
Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhl;Ltjw;F.
1. nrq;fay; godk; vq;Fk; jpUkfs; ciwAk; vq;Fk; (Nrf;fpohu;
ngupa Guhzk; jpUehl;Lr; rpwg;G nra; - 30)
2. fl;Liu (xU nghUs; gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;J> fUj;Jf;fis tpupj;J
vOJtJ)
3. nfhk;Gsjw;F Ie;J Kok; (tpyf Ntz;Lk;)
4. fy;ahzRe;juKjypahu; (tp.f)
5. tpag;GKbT (Surprise Ending) Mu;t epiy Cl;Ljy; (Suspense)
Nghd;w cj;jpfs; Nkdhl;by; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
10. Nkw;Nfhl;Fwp my;yJ mDthjf;Fwp (~~.........||)

m. xUtUila $w;iw mg;gbNa Nkw;nfhz;L vLj;jhSk;NghJ Nkw;Nfhl;Fwp
gad;gLk;.
1. ~~ngz;bu; jikAilaPu!; ngz;ghtkd;Nwh? ngupatir nfhs;tN
P uh||
M. Gj;jfk;> rQ;rpif> fl;Liu Kjypatw;iw ngau; Rl;bf; Fwpg;gplg; gad;gLk;.

1. ghu;j;jrhujp mtu;fs; vOjpa ~~nghd;tpyq;F|| vd;w ehty;
fw;gtiuf; ftu ty;yJ.
Fwpg;G : ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhl;Fwp ,LtJ ~~....|| mnkupf;f KiwahFk;.

xw;iw Nkw;Nfhl;FwpapLtJ ~.....| gpupj;jhdpa KiwahFk;.
jkpopy; ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhl;Fwpf;Fs; NkYk; xU Neu; $w;W
tUkhdhy; mjidf; fhl;l xw;iw Nkw;Nfhl;Fwp gad;gLfpwJ.
~~,f;ftpij rpe;jidf;F tpUe;jspf;Fk;GJikahd mzpfshy; ekJ
mofpaw; fiy eag;ig MoKwr; nra;fpwJ. ~Rit GjpJ> nghUs;
GjpJ> tsk; GjpJ> nrhw;GjpJ> Nrhjp kpf;f ftpij| vdg; ghujp ftpijf;F
tpku;rdk; nra;jpUg;gijf; ftdpAq;fs;.|| vd;whu; Ngr;rhsu;.
125
gpd;dpizg;G - 1
FwpaPlw;w gFjpfSf;F nghUj;jkhd
epWj;jf; FwpaPLfis ,l;L vOJq;fs;.
fz;lJk; Nfl;lJk;
jFe;j #oy;
jpU. ne. J. Re;jutbNtY> M.A.L.T
mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; ,Oj;Jr; nry;Yk; “mtw;wpd; ngau; vd;dNth”
vd; gzp md;nwhU ehs; mofhGupf;F
vd;id ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. mg;NghJjhd; mwpT epiyag;gs;sp KjyhtJ
ntspNa nrd;wpUe;j md;gu; mofu; vd;Wk; ,d;g epiyag;gs;sp ,uz;
tPL jpUk;gpdhu;. lhtJ vd;Wk; $wpdhu;fs; vd;whu;.
vd;d ,g;gbr; nrhy;yhky; te;J “mwpT epiyag;gs;spapy; Nru;jJ

;
tpl;Bu;fs;? xU fbjk; Nghl;bUe;jhy; tpl;Bu;fsh mjpy; VjhtJ ,Lf;fz;
,uapybf;Nf te;J mioj;Jte;jpUg; cz;lh? ehd; VjhtJ nra;aNtz;Lkh”
NgNd” vd;whu; mofu;.

,Lf;fz; xd;Wkpy;iy.
“m q ; F ,q;F vdhjgb cq;fSf;Fj; njhe;juT Ntz;lhk;.
vq; n fq; N fh Ngha; f ; n fhz; b Uf; F k; Mdhy; ...
vdf;F Kd;$l;b vOjth KbfpwJ
kd;dpf;fNtz;Lk;. ,q;F te;j gpwF “vd;d Mdhy;?”
jhd; ,t;t+u; topahf ,d;iwa epfo;r;
rpf;Fg; NghfNtz;Lnkd;whu;fs;. top “fpspnkhop! ePNa nrhy; rpj;jg;gh
apYs;s cq;fis vg;gbg; ghu;f;fhky; tplk;” vd;W mioj;jhu; jk; mUik
NghtJ vd;W epd;Nwd;. ey;yNtis kfis.
ahf ePq;fs; ,e;Neuk; ghu;j;Jj; jpUk;gp
tpl;Bu;fs;. vq;Nf Ngha; tUfpwPu;fs;? ehd; mwpT epiyag;gs;spapy;
neLe;J}uk; Ngha; tUfpwPu;fNsh ...” Nrukhl;Nld;. ,d;g epiyag;gs;spapy;
jhd; NrUNtd;.
,y;iy gf;fj;jpYs;s jpUney;
Ntypf;Fj;jhd; nrd;W tUfpNwd; “Vdk;kh mg;gb? mwpT epiyag;;
gs;spjhd; Kjy;jukhdJ vd;W mg;gh
“mtru NtiyNah” vd;Nwd;. nrhy;YfpwhNu mq;Nf cdf;F vd;d
Fiw fl;blk; ed;whapy;iyah? tpis
“mg;gbnahd;Wkpy;iy. vd; xNu ahl ,lkpy;iyah Nkir ehw;fhyp
kfis ey;y gs;spf;$lj;jpy; Nru;jJ ; g; Fiwth? vjdhy; mJ cdf; F g;
gbf;fitf;f epidj;Njd; ez;gu;fis gpbf;ftpy;iy”
tprhupj;Njd; jpUney;NtypapYs;s ,U
gs; s pf; $ lq; f is tupirg; g Lj; j pf; “mg;ghTk; ehDk; mq;Fj;jhd;
$wpdhu;fs; ”
126
Kjypy; NghNdhk.;” gs;spapy;jhd;. Foe;ijAk; nja;tKk;
nfhz;lhLk; ,lj;jpy; vd;W Nfs;tpg;
“mg;gbah? mq;Nf vd;d nrhd; gl;ljpy;iyah”
dhu;fs;?...”
“nka;jhd;> gbg;G tu Ntz;LNk!
“ehq;fs; tz;bapypUe;J ,wq;fp Mirahf ,Ue;jhy;kl;Lk; NghJkh?
Ndhk;. ,wq;Ftjw;Fs; mq;fpUe;j Ms; tPl;bNy $lj;jhd; Mirahf ,Uf;
,q;Fg; ngupa thj;jpahuk;kh ,y;iy. fpNwhk;.”
vg; N ghJ tUthu; f nsd; W nrhy; y
KbahJ. Ngha;tpl;L ehYehs; fopj;J “fy; t p vd; g J njhl; b apNy
te;J ghUq;fs; ,Ue;jhy; ghu;f;fyhk; jz; z P i u Cw; w p epug; G tJNghy>
vd;W ntLf;nfd;W nrhd;dhd;. mg; Foe;ijapd; %isapNy nra;jpfis
gs;spf; $lj;jpd; Kfj;jpNyNa tpopf;f epug;Gtjh tsUk; nrbf;F ePu; cw;wp
vdf;Fg; gpbf;ftpy;iy.” vU ,LtJNghy gw;W cs;s ,lj;
jpNyjhd; fy; t p tsUk; . md; G k;
“vd;dk;kh ,t;tsT Nfhgkh? MirAk; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; gw;W VJ?”
,d;gepiyag; gs;spapy; kl;Lk; ntLf;
nfd;W nrhy;ykhl;lhu;fsh” “mg;gbahdhy;> gs;spf;$lq;fspy;
mbf;fhjpUe;jhy; NghjhJ@ mizj;J

“NfSq;fs; rpj;jg;gh! ,uz;lhtJ mwpt+l;l Ntz;Lnkd;fpwPu;fsh?”
mq; F j; j hd; NghNdhk; . vq; f isg;
ghu;jj
; TlNd xU mk;kh Xbte;jhu;fs;. “Mk; Mk;.”
mtu;fs; ghjk;tiu nts;is cLg;Gk;
jiyapy; fWg;G %bAk; “Nkhg;gf; FioAk;
Nghl;bUe;jhu;fs;. te;jJk; vd;idg; mdpr;rk; Kfe;jpupe;J
ghu;jJ; > th fz;Z th vq;fs; gs;spf; Nehf;ff; FioAk;
$lj;jpy; Nru;eJ; nfhs;Sfpwhah cd; tpUe;J”
ngau; vd;d fz;Z vd;W Mirahfg;
Ngrpdhu;fs;. mq;Nfjhd; ehd; gbf;fg; vd;gJ ngha;ahnkhop ad;Nwh?
NghfpNwd;. gbg;Gf; nfhQ;rk; Fiw gs;spf;$lq;fSf;F tpUe;J Gjpjhfr;
thfr; nrhd; d hYk; guthapy; i y. Nru tUk; Foe;ijfs; jhNd?
Mirahfr; nrhy;tjhy; KOJk; tUk;
rpj;jg;gh...” “rup> rup mg;gbNa nra;JtpL
vd;whs; fpspnkhop. fpNwd;. Foe;ijf;Fj;jhd; Fiw vjw;F”
vd;whu;.
“mNlag;gh Vjk;kh eP! gs;spf;
$lk; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba epiyiag;gw;wp ,jw;Fs; cz;zr; rpw;Wz;bAk;>
vdf;Fr; nrhy;ypf;nfhLg;gha; NghypUf; Fbf;f ,sePUk; te;jd. epfo;r;rpf;F
fpwNj” Neukhfp tpl;ljhy;> tpiutpy; cz;L>
mUe;jptpl;L tpilngw;Wf; nfhz;Nld;.
“mJfplf;fl;Lk;! mwpahj gpsi ; s.
mjw;nfd;d njupAk; vq;Nf Nru;f;fr; • • •
nrhy;yp ePq;fs; nrhy;YfpwPu;fs;”
rpy Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; xU
“Nfl;ghNdd; fpspnkhop tpUk;Gk; ehs;> ,d;gepiyag; gs;spiaf; fhzr;
127
nrd;Nwd;. njhlf;f tFg;Gfs; Kjy; ,d;iwf;F khl;bapUf;Fk; glq;fis
cau;epiy tFg;Gfs;tiu nghWik vLj;Jtpl;L> ehis NtW MW glq;
ahfg; ghu;j;J kfpo;e;Njd;. xt;nthU fis khl; L Nthk; . thuk; NjhWk;
tFg;gpYk; tsu;rr
; pf;Nfw;wgb jdpj;jdp mg;gbNa. thuk; Kbtjw;Fs;
Nkir. ehw;fhypfs; “xt;nthUtUf;Fk; vy;NyhUila glq;fSk; fhl;rpf;F
xU Nkir ehw;fhyp thq;fpapUf;fpwPu; tUk;”
fNs! gioakhjpup ePs ngQ;R ,Ue;
jhy; gzk; FiwthapUf; f hjh? ” “Rtupy; vt;tsNth ,lk; fhyp
vd;Nwd;. ahf ,Uf;fpwNj. vy;yhtw;iwAk; xNu
rkak; khl;btplyhk; NghypUf;fpwNj”
“nka;jhd;. kpr;rg;gLe;jhd;@ vjw; “, l j ; j p w ; F g ; g Q ; r k p y ; i y .
Fg; gzk; Foe;ij tsu;r;rpf;fh> glj;ij khl;LtJ ghu;j;Jr; Ritf;f
gs;spf;$l tsu;rr
; pf;fh?” vd;W Nfl;lhu; ,uz;ilg; ghu;j;J> czu;e;J Ritg;
fs; jiyikf; fd;dpj; jhahu;. gijg; Nghy; gj;ijAk; $l;lkhf xNu
Rtupy; fz;L czu KbAkh Ez;
vd;d gjpy; nrhy;y! fy;tpawk;@ fiy nkhj;jj;jpy; vg;gb Ritf;f
tskpF njhopyha; Kjypy;yh KbAk;” vd;whu;fs;.
thzpgkha; khwptUk; thil ,q;F

tPrtpy;iyNanad;W cs;@u kfpo;eJ ; “,Njh! ,r;Rtupy; ,Uf;Fk; ,U
nfhz;Nl ele;Njd;. glq;fSk; $lf; Foe;ijfs;
tiue;jdNth?”
“fpspnkhopapd; tFg;gpw;Fr; nrd;w
Jk;> mNjh ghUq;fs;. ehd; Nghl;l “, y ; i y > m i t n j h o p y ;
glj;ij vd;W Rl;bf; fhl;bdhs;.” xtpauhy; tiuag;gl;lit rpwe;jNjhu;
vLj;Jf; fhl;L ,Ue;jhy;jhNd. mijg;
Rtiug; ghu;j;Njd;. mr; Rtupy; ghu;jJ
; ed;whf tiua Kaw;rpf;fyhk;.
mts; fhl;ba glKk;> kw;nwhd;Wk; mjw;fhf ,tw;iwAk; thq;fp itj;jpUf;
fhl;rpaspj;jd kw;w %d;W Rtu;fspYk; fpNwhk;” vd;whu;fs;.
mt; t pjNk glq; f s; ,uz; L tP j k;
,Ue;jd. “ed;whf tiue;j glk;> ed;whf
,Ue;j glk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; Vd; ,g;gb
“,itnay;yhk; gupRngw;w glq; khl;b itf;fpwPu;fs;” vd;W Nfl;Nld;.
fNsh?” vd;W tpdtpNdd;.
“fhf;iff;Fj; jd; FQ;R nghd;
“,q;F ,sk; tFg;Gf;fspy; gupR FQ;R. ed;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. ed;whf
nfhLg;gjpy;iy. Nghl;bia tsu;g;gJ ,y;iy vd;gnjy;yhk; ek;ikg; Nghd;w
kpy;iy” vd;whu; me;j mk;khs;. KjpNahu; - ntspahu; kjpg;gL
P . xt;nthU
Foe;ijf;Fk; jd; jd; ifNtiy
“,t;tsT Ngu;jhd; glk; NghLthu; cau;e;jJ@ capu; Nghd;wJ. mij
fNsh?” xJf; f ptpl; l hy; jd; i dNa js; s p
kpjpj; j JNghy; Jbf; F k; ” vd; W
“,y;iy vy;NyhUk; Nghl;lhu;fs;. tpdtpNdd;.
NghLthu;fs;. vy;NyhUila glq;fis
Ak; Rtupy; KiwNghl;L khl;btpLNthk;.
128
“n k a ; j h d ; . m z ; i l t P l ; L
mf;fhs; Nghy; md;d eil elf;f
Kbe;jhy;jhd; elg;Ngd;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy;
elf;fNt Kaw;rpf;f khl;Nld; vd;W
xt; n thU Foe; i jAk; ,Ue; j hy;
vy;NyhUk; rg;ghzpahfty;yNth Ngha;
tpLNthk;.; ”
“M f N t j h d ; vijAk;
js;sptplhky; vy;NyhUf;Fk; tha;gG ; k;>
ngUikAk; Cf;fKk; nfhLj;J tsu;ff ;
Kay;fpNwhk;. jd;Kaw;rpAk;>
jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; tsu tsu> ahu;
ve; e piyia vl; b g; ghu; g ; g hu; f Nsh
ekf;nfd;d njupAk;? fu;j;ju; ahUf;F
vijf; fhf;f itj;jpUf;fpwhNuh”
“,j; njspTk;> md;Gk;> moFk;>

tha; g ; G k; vy; y hg; gs; s pfSf; F k;
te;jpLk; me;j ehSk; te;jplhNjh” vd;W
Vq;fpNdd;.
ML tsu;gg; jpNy cs;s Mu;tk;>

VL tsu;g;gjpNy cs;s Kaw;rp> kuk;
VWtjpNy cs;s cw;rhfk;> Mapuq;
fhyj; J g; gapu; f shfpa kf; f is
tsu;g;gjpYk; te;jhy;> me;j ehSk;
te;jpLNk vd;whu; mUfpypUe;j md;gu;
xUtu;
“,ij ahuplk; nrhy;yNth?”
“Cuhuplk; nrhy;Yq;fs;” vd;whu;.
ehDk; cq; f splk; nrhy; y p

tpl;Nld; ,dp cq;fs; ghL.
129
tpilj; j hs;
fz;lJk; Nfl;lJk;
jFe;j #oy;
jpU. ne. J. Re;jutbNtY> M.A.L.T

mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; ,Oj;Jr; nry;Yk; “mtw;wpd; ngau; vd;dNth?”
vd; gzp md;nwhU ehs; mofhGupf;F
vd;id ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. mg;NghJjhd; “mwpT epiyag;gs;sp KjyhtJ
ntspNa nrd;wpUe;j md;gu; mofu; vd;Wk;> ,d;g epiyag;gs;sp ,uz;
tPL jpUk;gpdhu;. lhtJ vd;Wk; $wpdhu;fs;” vd;whu;.
“vd;d! ,g;gbr; nrhy;yhky; te;J “mwpT epiyag;gs;spapy; Nru;jJ

;
tpl;Bu;fs;? xU fbjk; Nghl;bUe;jhy; tpl;Bu;fsh? mjpy; VjhtJ ,Lf;fz;
,uapybf;Nf te;J mioj;Jte;jpUg; cz;lh? ehd; VjhtJ nra;aNtz;Lkh?
NgNd!” vd;whu; mofu;. ...”
“m q ; F ,q;F vdhjgb “, L f ; f z ; xd;Wkpy;iy.

vq; n fq; N fh Ngha; f ; n fhz; b Uf; F k; cq;fSf;Fj; njhe;juT Ntz;lhk;.
vdf;F Kd;$l;b vOjth KbfpwJ? Mdhy; ...”
kd;dpf;fNtz;Lk;. ,q;F te;j gpwF
jhd;> ,t;t+u; topahf ,d;iwa epfo;r; “vd;d Mdhy;?”
rpf;Fg; NghfNtz;Lnkd;whu;fs;. top
apYs;s cq;fis vg;gbg; ghu;f;fhky; “fpspnkhop! ePNa nrhy; rpj;jg;gh
NghtJ vd;W epd;Nwd;. ey;yNtis tplk;” vd;W mioj;jhu; jk; mUik
ahf ePq;fs; ,e;Neuk; ghu;j;Jj; jpUk;gp kfis.
tpl;Bu;fs;. vq;Nf Ngha; tUfpwPu;fs;?
neLe;J}uk; Ngha; tUfpwPu;fNsh? ...” “ehd; mwpT epiyag;gs;spapy;
Nrukhl;Nld;. ,d;g epiyag;gs;spapy;
“,y;iy@ gf;fj;jpYs;s jpUney; jhd; NrUNtd;.”
Ntypf;Fj;jhd; nrd;W tUfpNwd;.”
“Vdk;kh mg;gb? mwpT epiyag;;
“mtru NtiyNah?” vd;Nwd;. gs;spjhd; Kjy;jukhdJ vd;W mg;gh
nrhy;YfpwhNu. mq;Nf cdf;F vd;d
“mg;gbnahd;Wkpy;iy. vd; xNu Fiw? fl;blk; ed;whapy;iyah? tpis
kfis ey;y gs;spf;$lj;jpy; Nru;jJ ; g; ahl ,lkpy;iyah? Nkir ehw;fhyp
gbf;fitf;f epidj;Njd;. ez;gu;fis Fiwth? vjdhy; mJ cdf; F g;
tprhupj;Njd;. jpUney;NtypapYs;s ,U gpbf;ftpy;iy?”
gs; s pf; $ lq; f is tupirg; g Lj; j pf;
$wpdhu;fs; ” “mg;ghTk; ehDk; mq;Fj;jhd;
130
Kjypy; NghNdhk.;” gs;spapy;jhd;. Foe;ijAk; nja;tKk;
nfhz;lhLk; ,lj;jpy; vd;W Nfs;tpg;
“mg;gbah? mq;Nf vd;d nrhd; gl;ljpy;iyah?”
dhu;fs;?...”
“nka;jhd;> gbg;G tu Ntz;LNk!
“ehq;fs; tz;bapypUe;J ,wq;fp Mirahf ,Ue;jhy;kl;Lk; NghJkh?
Ndhk;. ,wq;Ftjw;Fs; mq;fpUe;j Ms; tPl;bNy $lj;jhd; Mirahf ,Uf;
,q;Fg; ngupa thj;jpahuk;kh ,y;iy. fpNwhk;.”
vg; N ghJ tUthu; f nsd; W nrhy; y
KbahJ. Ngha;tpl;L ehYehs; fopj;J “fy; t p vd; g J njhl; b apNy
te;J ghUq;fs;@ ,Ue;jhy; ghu;f;fyhk; jz; z P i u Cw; w p epug; G tJNghy>
vd;W ntLf;nfd;W nrhd;dhd;. mg; Foe;ijapd; %isapNy nra;jpfis
gs;spf; $lj;jpd; Kfj;jpNyNa tpopf;f epug;Gtjh? tsUk; nrbf;F ePu; cw;wp
vdf;Fg; gpbf;ftpy;iy.” vU ,LtJNghy> gw;W cs;s ,lj;
jpNyjhd; fy; t p tsUk; . md; G k;
“vd;dk;kh> ,t;tsT Nfhgkh? MirAk; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; gw;W VJ?”
,d;gepiyag; gs;spapy; kl;Lk; ntLf;
nfd;W nrhy;ykhl;lhu;fsh?” “mg;gbahdhy;> gs;spf;$lq;fspy;
mbf;fhjpUe;jhy; NghjhJ@ mizj;J

“NfSq;fs; rpj;jg;gh! ,uz;lhtJ mwpt+l;l Ntz;Lnkd;fpwPu;fsh?”
mq; F j; j hd; NghNdhk; . vq; f isg;
ghu;jj
; TlNd> xU mk;kh Xbte;jhu;fs;. “Mk;@ Mk;.”
mtu;fs; ghjk;tiu nts;is cLg;Gk;
jiyapy; fWg;G %bAk; “Nkhg;gf; FioAk;
Nghl;bUe;jhu;fs;. te;jJk; vd;idg; mdpr;rk; Kfe;jpupe;J
ghu;jJ; > th fz;Z th! vq;fs; gs;spf; Nehf;ff; FioAk;
$lj;jpy; Nru;eJ; nfhs;Sfpwhah? cd; tpUe;J”
ngau; vd;d fz;Z vd;W Mirahfg;
Ngrpdhu;fs;. mq;Nfjhd; ehd; gbf;fg; vd;gJ ngha;ahnkhop ad;Nwh?
NghfpNwd;. gbg;Gf; nfhQ;rk; Fiw gs;spf;$lq;fSf;F tpUe;J Gjpjhfr;
thfr; nrhd; d hYk; guthapy; i y. Nru tUk; Foe;ijfs; jhNd?
Mirahfr; nrhy;tjhy; KOJk; tUk;
rpj;jg;gh...” “rup> rup mg;gbNa nra;JtpL
vd;whs; fpspnkhop. fpNwd; . Foe; i jf; F j; j hd; Fiw
vjw;F?” vd;whu;.
“mNlag;gh! Vjk;kh eP! gs;spf;
$lk; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba epiyiag;gw;wp ,jw;Fs; cz;zr; rpw;Wz;bAk;>
vdf;Fr; nrhy;ypf;nfhLg;gha; NghypUf; Fbf;f ,sePUk; te;jd. epfo;r;rpf;F
fpwNj!” Neukhfp tpl;ljhy;> tpiutpy; cz;L>
mUe;jptpl;L tpilngw;Wf; nfhz;Nld;.
“mJfplf;fl;Lk;! mwpahj gpsi ; s.
mjw;nfd;d njupAk;? vq;Nf Nru;f;fr; • • •
nrhy;yp ePq;fs; nrhy;YfpwPu;fs;?”
rpy Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; xU
“Nfl;ghNdd;. fpspnkhop tpUk;Gk; ehs;> ,d;gepiyag; gs;spiaf; fhzr;
131
nrd;Nwd;. njhlf;f tFg;Gfs; Kjy; ,d;iwf;F khl;bapUf;Fk; glq;fis
cau;epiy tFg;Gfs;tiu nghWik vLj;Jtpl;L> ehis NtW MW glq;
ahfg; ghu;j;J kfpo;e;Njd;. xt;nthU fis khl; L Nthk; . thuk; NjhWk;
tFg;gpYk; tsu;rr
; pf;Nfw;wgb jdpj;jdp mg;gbNa. thuk; Kbtjw;Fs;
Nkir. ehw;fhypfs;! “xt;nthUtUf;Fk; vy;NyhUila glq;fSk; fhl;rpf;F
xU Nkir ehw;fhyp thq;fpapUf;fpwPu; tUk;”
fNs! gioakhjpup ePs ngQ;R ,Ue;
jhy; gzk; FiwthapUf; f hjh? ” “Rtupy; vt;tsNth ,lk; fhyp
vd;Nwd;. ahf ,Uf;fpwNj. vy;yhtw;iwAk; xNu
rkak; khl;btplyhk; NghypUf;fpwNj”
“nka;jhd;. kpr;rg;gLe;jhd;@ vjw; “, l j ; j p w ; F g ; g Q ; r k p y ; i y .
Fg; gzk; ? Foe;ij tsu;r;rpf;fh> glj;ij khl;LtJ ghu;j;Jr; Ritf;f@
gs;spf;$l tsu;rr
; pf;fh?” vd;W Nfl;lhu; ,uz;ilg; ghu;j;J> czu;e;J Ritg;
fs; jiyikf; fd;dpj; jhahu;. gijg; Nghy; gj;ijAk; $l;lkhf xNu
Rtupy; fz;L czu KbAkh? Ez;
vd;d gjpy; nrhy;y! fy;tpawk;@ fiy nkhj;jj;jpy; vg;gb Ritf;f
tskpF njhopyha; > Kjypy; y h KbAk;” vd;whu;fs;.
thzpgkha; khwptUk; thil ,q;F
tPrtpy;iyNanad;W cs;@u kfpo;eJ ; “,Njh! ,r;Rtupy; ,Uf;Fk; ,U

nfhz;Nl ele;Njd;. glq;fSk; $lf; Foe;ijfs;
tiue;jdNth?”
“fpspnkhopapd; tFg;gpw;Fr; nrd;w
Jk;> mNjh ghUq;fs;. ehd; Nghl;l “, y ; i y > m i t n j h o p y ;
glj;ij vd;W Rl;bf; fhl;bdhs;.” xtpauhy; tiuag;gl;lit rpwe;jNjhu;
vLj;Jf; fhl;L ,Ue;jhy;jhNd. mijg;
Rtiug; ghu;j;Njd;. mr; Rtupy; ghu;jJ
; ed;whf tiua Kaw;rpf;fyhk;.
mts; fhl;ba glKk;> kw;nwhd;Wk; mjw; fhf ,tw; i wAk; thq; f p
fhl;rpaspj;jd. kw;w %d;W Rtu;fspYk; itj;jpUf; fpNwhk;” vd;whu;fs;.
mt; t pjNk glq; f s; ,uz; L tP j k;
,Ue;jd. “ed;whf tiue;j glk;> ed;whf
,Ue;j glk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; Vd; ,g;gb
“,itnay;yhk; gupRngw;w glq; khl;b itf;fpwPu;fs;?” vd;W Nfl;Nld;.
fNsh?” vd;W tpdtpNdd;.
“fhf;iff;Fj; jd; FQ;R nghd;
“,q;F ,sk; tFg;Gf;fspy; gupR FQ;R. ed;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. ed;whf
nfhLg;gjpy;iy. Nghl;bia tsu;g;gJ ,y;iy vd;gnjy;yhk; ek;ikg; Nghd;w
kpy;iy” vd;whu; me;j mk;khs;. KjpNahu; - ntspahu; kjpg;gL
P . xt;nthU
Foe;ijf;Fk; jd; jd; ifNtiy
“,t;tsT Ngu;jhd; glk; NghLthu; cau;e;jJ@ capu; Nghd;wJ. mij
fNsh?” xJf; f ptpl; l hy; jd; i dNa js; s p
kpjpj; j JNghy; Jbf; F k; ” vd; W
“,y;iy. vy;NyhUk; Nghl;lhu;fs;. tpdtpNdd;.
NghLthu;fs;. vy;NyhUila glq;fis
Ak; Rtupy; KiwNghl;L khl;btpLNthk;.
132
“n k a ; j h d ; . m z ; i l t P l ; L
mf;fhs; Nghy; md;d eil elf;f
Kbe;jhy;jhd; elg;Ngd;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy;
elf;fNt Kaw;rpf;f khl;Nld; vd;W
xt; n thU Foe; i jAk; ,Ue; j hy;
vy; N yhUk; rg; g hzpahf ty; y Nth
Ngha; tpLNthk;;.”
“M f N t j h d ; vijAk;
js;sptplhky; vy;NyhUf;Fk; tha;gG ; k;>
ngUikAk; Cf;fKk; nfhLj;J tsu;ff ;
Kay;fpNwhk;. jd;Kaw;rpAk;>
jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; tsu tsu> ahu;
ve; e piyia vl; b g; ghu; g ; g hu; f Nsh>
ekf;nfd;d njupAk;? fu;j;ju; ahUf;F
vijf; fhf;f itj;jpUf;fpwhNuh?”
“,j; njspTk;> md;Gk;> moFk;>

tha; g ; G k; vy; y hg; gs; s pfSf; F k;
te;jpLk; me;j ehSk; te;jplhNjh?”
vd;W Vq;fpNdd;.
“ML tsu;gg; jpNy cs;s Mu;tk;>

VL tsu;g;gjpNy cs;s Kaw;rp> kuk;
VWtjpNy cs;s cw;rhfk;> Mapuq;
fhyj; J g; gapu; f shfpa kf; f is
tsu;g;gjpYk; te;jhy;> me;j ehSk;
te;jpLNk” vd;whu; mUfpypUe;j md;gu;
xUtu;.
“,ij ahuplk; nrhy;yNth?”
“Cuhuplk; nrhy;Yq;fs;?” vd;whu;.
ehDk; cq; f splk; nrhy; y p

tpl;Nld; ,dp cq;fs;. ghL.
133
Nju;r;rp myF 9.1 : fpufpj;J vOJthu;.
nraw;ghL : ~~eaj;jf;f ehfupfk;|| vd;w fl;Liuia thrpj;J> Fwpg;ngLj;j

tw;iwr; nrhe;j eilapy; tpupj;n;jOJthu;.
ju cs;sPL : xypg;gjpT ehlh (Rafl;Lg;ghL vd;wgFjp)

- gpd;dpizg;G 1
eaj;jf;f ehfupfk; vd;w fl;Liu - gpd;dpizg;G 2
vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp
gb 9.1.1
• ew;rpe;jid xd;iw xypg;gjpT nra;J mjid xypf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
(Ra fl;Lg;ghL - gpd;dpizg;G 1)
(Kbahjtplj;J> ciug;gFjpia thrpf;fyhk;)
• ciuia mtjhdkhff; Nfl;L Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;ngLf;Fk;gb

khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.
• ciunahd;wpidr; nrtpkLf;Fk;NghJ vt;thwhd tplaq;fisf;

ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;? vd;gijAk; vt;thW nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijAk; Nfl;L ciuahLq;fs;.
• gpd;tUtdtw;iw ikag;gLj;jp> khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• Mu;tj;JlDk; rpuj;ijAlDk; Nfl;ly;

• Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpj;jy;
• ikaf;fUj;ijf; Fwpj;jy;
• nkhopr;nrk;ikia mtjhdpj;jy;
• ciuahw;Wk; rpwg;ig mtjhdpj;jy;
• vLj;jhsg;gl;l mzpfs;> gonkhopfs;> njhlu;fis mtjhdpj;jy;
20 epkplq; f s ;
134
gb 9.1.2
• ~eaj;jf;f ehfupfk;| vd;w fl;Liug; gpujpfisf; FOf;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
• FOepiyapy; fl;Liuia thrpj;J xt;nthU ge;jpapYKs;s

Kf;fpa tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;ngLf;Fk;gb mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij xt;nthU khztDf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• jdpj;jdpahff; fl;Liuia vOJtjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
80 epkplq; f s;
gb 9.1.3
• vOkhw;whf khztu;fis mioj;J mwpf;ifia Kd;itf;Fk;gb
$Wq;fs;
• Vida khztu;fs; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpf;f tif nra;Aq;fs;.

ftdpf; f Ntz; b a tplaq; f s;
• fl;Liuapd; msT
• Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; mlf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;
• ge;jpaikg;G
• nrhe;j nkhopeil
• vOj;Jg;gpioapd;ik
• thf;fpaj;jpw;fpilNaAk; ge;jpfSf;fpilNaAk; njhlu;gpUj;jy;
• fUj;Jj;njhlu;G/fUj;Jj; njspT
• epWj;jf; Fwpfspd; gad;ghL
• vOj;Jf;fspilNaAk; nrhw;fSf;fpilNaAk; cs;s ,ilntsp
60 epkplq; f s ;
• khztu; mtjhdkhff; Nfl;Lf; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.
• thrpj;j gFjpapypUe;J Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.
• Fwpg;ngLj;j tplaq;fis itj;Jj; jkJ nrhe;j nkhopeilapy;

Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
• nkd;NkYk; thrpj;Jf; Fwpg;ngLj;J> Mf;fq;fisg; gilf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;w kdg;ghq;if tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;thu;.
135
gpd;dpizg;G 1
Fwpg;G :
(thndhypapy; xypgug;gg;gl;l ew;rpe;jidapd; xU gFjp fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
,J fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;by; gb 9.2.1 ,w;FupaJ. ,jid xypg;gjpT
nra;J NghLq;fs;. Kbahjtplj;J cuj;J thrpAq;fs;.)
Rafl;Lg;ghL
Rafl;Lg;ghl;bidr; rpW guhaj;jpypUe;Nj gps;isfspy; tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

ngUk;ghYk; ngw;Nwhu;fs; fl;Lg;ghLfisg; gps;isfSf;F tpjpf;fpwhu;fs;. mjw;fhfg;
gy mOj; j q; f isAk; > neUf; F jy; f isAk; Nkw; n fhs; S fpwhu; f s; . vg; n ghOJ
fl;Lg;ghLfis kPwyhk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;j;Jg; gps;isfs; tsu;fpwhu;fs;. ,e;j epiyik
ed;ikiaj; juhJ. ngw;Nwhu;fs;> gps;isfs; Rakhff; fl;Lg;ghLfis tpUj;jp
nra;af;$ba jFe;j #oiyf; fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk;. jhKk; fl;Lg;ghl;NlhL
Kd;khjpupahf ele;J fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. fl;Lg;ghLfis kPwhky;> msthf tho;fpd;w
ngw;Nwhu;fspd; tho;f;ifiag; gps;isfs; fz;Fspug; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa

xOq;Fk; fl;Lg;ghLk; epiwe;j rPupa tho;f;ifahy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w rpwe;j
ew;gz;Gfisf; fz;L> jhKk; mj;jifa fl;Lg;ghl;bid tsu;jJ ; f;nfhs;s tpUk;Gthu;fs;.
jhkhf tpUk;gp Vw;W tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpd;w Ra fl;Lg;ghL gps;isfspy; tho;ehs;
KOtJk; ePbf;Fk;. Ra fl;Lg;ghL tho;ehl; fl;Lg;ghL Mf tpsq;Ftjhy;> tho;f;if
eyk; ngWk;.
136
gpd;dpizg;G - 2
eaj; j f; f ehfupfk;
r%fq;fspy; jw;nghOJ kdpjhgpkhdkw;w nray;fs; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;tij

mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ. kdpj tuyhW njhlq;fpa fhy fl;lq;fspy;>
ehfupfk; Fiwe;j kdpju;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;@ Mdhy; kdpjg; gz;ghLfs; epiwag;
ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ehfupfk; vd;W ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ kdpjFyk; mile;j cyfpay;
rhu;e;j tho;f;if trjpfs;> tho;f;if Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa
epiyikfisNaahFk;. md;iwa kdpju;fs; kpff; Fiwe;j msT tho;f;if
trjpfisNa nfhz;bUe;jdu;. czT> cil> ,Ug;gplk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> Rfhjhuk;>
njhopy;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; ,d;W Nghy; md;W mgptpUj;jp ngw;W ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ
cz;ikNa. Mdhy; tprhykhd kdq;fis ngw;wpUe;jdu;. kdpjhgpkhdk;> kdpjju;kk;>
tho;fi ; f mwq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; ngupJk; Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;bUe;jdu;. rhd;whz;ikiag;
Nghw;wp tho;f;ifapYk; filg;gpbj;jdu;. RUq;ff; $wpdhy;> md;iwa kdpju;fs;
kdpjg; gz;ghl;by; cau;e;J tpsq;fpdu;.
gz;ghL vd;gJ mfk; rhu;e

; j
; J. kdpjdplk; cs;shu;eJ
; fhzg;gLfpd;w czu;Tfs;>
vz;zq;fs; gz;gLj;jg;gl;L> J}a;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;L ntspg;ghlhFk; NghJ gz;ghL
Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. kdpj cs;sq;fspy; Cw;nwLj;J ntspg;gLtjhy;> kdpjg; gz;ghL
vdg;gLfpwJ. gz;ghL ntspg;gLjy; vd;why;> xOf;fj;jpd; %yNk mjidf; fhz
KbfpwJ. Ngr;rpYk; nraypYk; gz;ghL Jyq;Fk; NghJjhd;> mjid kjpg;gPL
nra;aKbAk;. ey;y gz;ghL cilatu;fs;> gz;ghL ,y;yhjtu;fs; vd kf;fisg;
ghFghL nra;J kjpg;gpLtjw;F msTNfhy; Mf cs;sJ xOf;fk; MFk;.
ntWkNd ehfupf Kd;Ndw;wk; khj;jpuNk r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ltpl;lhy;> kdpj

tsu;r;rp cau;e;Jtpl;lJ vd;W nfhs;s KbahJ. tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopy;El;gk; Mfpa
Jiwfspd; ngUtpUj;jpahy; ehfupfk; tsu;fpwJ. ,j;jifa Gw tsu;rr
; papd; gadhf>
kdpju;fs; jhk; thOfpd;w ngsjpfr; #oiyj; jkf;F Vw;wjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,aw;ifiaj; jkJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F ,ire;J nfhLf;fr; nra;fpd;wdu;.
ehfupf Kd;Ndw;wk;> kdpjd; ,aw;ifia ve;j mstpw;F nty;Yk; rf;jpiag;
ngw;Wtpl;lhd; vd;gijf; fhl;Ltjhf cs;sJ.
kdpjd; ,aw;ifia nty;Yk; Mw;wiy mile;Jtpl;lhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ.

tho;f;if trjpfis mgupkpjkhfg; ngw;Wtpl;lhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ. tpz;zpYk;
kz;zpYk; tpiuthfg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;J> “cyfk; ,d;W RUq;fptpl;lJ”
vd;fpwhu;fs;. cz;ikapy; g+kpapd; gUkd; md;wpUe;j mstpNyNa ,d;Wk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
MapDk; cyfk; RUq;fp tpl;lJ vd;W ngha; NgRfpd;wdu;. RUq;fpaJ cyfk;
my;y> kdpj kdk;. tpisT> kdpjg; gz;ghL RUq;fpaikNaahFk;. kdpjg; gz;ghL
RUq;f> kdpj r%fj;jpy; mikjp> epk;kjp> rhe;jp> rkhjhdk; vd;gdTk; Fiwe;J
nfhz;Nl Nghfpd;wJ. vy;yhr; nry;tq;fSk;> tho;f;if trjpfSk;> cy;yhrq;fSk;
Kd;ndg;nghOijAk; tpl ,d;W kf;fSf;F kpf mjpfkhff; fpilf;fpd;wd. mNjNtis
kdpju;fs; epk;kjpapd;wpj; jtpf;Fk; jtpg;G> Kd;ndg;nghOJk; fhzg;glhj mstpw;F
,d;W ngUfptpl;lJ. kdpj ehfupf tsu;rr ; p ngUk; Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;Ls;sJ. mNjrkak;>
kdpjg;gz;ghL ngUk; gpd;dilT ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jdhy; rkepiy rPu;Fiye;Jtpl;lJ.
137
mJNt ,d;iwa cyfpy; epk;kjpAk;> mikjpAk; kiwe;J tUtjw;Ff; fhuzk;.
td;nray;fSk;> mopTfSk;> Fog;gq;fSk;> nfhe;jspg;GfSk; fl;Lf;flq;fhky;
,d;iwa cyfpy; ngUfptUtjw;Fk; mJNt VJthf mike;Js;sJ.
“fz;Nzhl;lk;” vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; jpUts;Stu;
“ngaf; fz;Lk; eQ;Rz;liktu; eaj;jf;f

ehfupfk; Ntz;Lgtu;.” vd;fpwhu;.
,q;F ts;Stu; Fwpg;gpLk; ehfupfk;> eaj;jf;f ehfupfk;. ehk; jw;fhy cyfpy;

ghu;ff
; pd;w ehfupfk;> etehfupfk;. ehd; ,d;W gz;ghL vd;W nfhs;tijAk; ts;Stupd;
ehfupfk; cs;slf;fpaikapdhy;> mJ eaj;jf;f ehfupfk; MfpaJ. fz;Nzhl;lk;
gw;wpa mjpfhuj;jpy;> ehfupfk; gw;wpg; Ngrg;gLtjpypUe;J> mjd; cz;ikahd
jhw;gupaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. gz;ghL vd;w nrhy;> mz;ikf; fhyj;J
cUthf;fk;> mjdhy; ek; Kd;Ndhu; gz;ghL gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy vd;w KbTf;F
te;JtplyhfhJ.
jw;nghOJ gz;ghL vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy; Rl;lg;gLgit> ek;Kd;Ndhupdhy; gz;G>

rPyk;> xOf;fk;> gz;Gilik> rhy;G> rhd;whz;ik> xg;GuT> fz;Nzhl;lk; Kjypa
nrhw;fspdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ts;Stu; eaj;jf;f ehfupfk; vd;W gz;ghl;bidf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mj;jifa gz;ghL cilatu;fis mf;fhyj;jpy; rhd;Nwhu;fs;> xOf;f
rPyu;fs;> mwptu;fs;> khrw;w fhl;rpau; vd;nwy;yhk; mioj;jdu;. vdNt ehfupfk;>
gz;ghL vd ,d;W NtW Ntwhff; fUjg;gLk; mk;rq;fs; md;W ,ize;j epiyapy;
xd;whff; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. me;j epiyapNyNa ehfupfk; MdJ> eaj;jf;f ehfupfk;
Mf tpsq;fpaJ.
ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk; ,U NtW Jiwfshf;fg;glhky;> mit ,iza Ntz;Lk;.

mit ,izaf; $bad@ cz;ikapy; ,iza Ntz;bad. ,d;W ehfupfj;ijAk;>
gz;ghl;ilAk; ,izj;Jg; ghu;f;fhikapdhy;jhd;> ehfupfKs;stu;fsplk; gz;ghL
mUe;jyhf tpl;likAk;@ gz;ghL cs;stu;fsplkpUe;J ehfupfk; tpyfp epw;gijAk;
fhzf; $bajhf cs; s J. kdpj ,dk; vjpu; N ehf; F k; njhy; i yfSf; F k;
Jd;gq;fSf;Fk;> kdpju;fsplk; ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;J
,Uf;fhikNa fhuzk; vdyhk;.
ehfupfj;ijAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; gpupj;J Nehf;FtjhNyNa> gz;ghL ey;yJ vd;Wk;>

ehfupfk; $lhJ vd;Wk; fUJgtu;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sdu;. “,g;Nghija ehfupfj;jpdhy;jhd;>
ekJ gz;ghL> fyhrhuk; ahTk; mope;J nfhz;L Nghfpd;wJ” vd;W gyu; nrhy;yf;
Nfl;fpNwhk;. ehfupfj;jpd; kPJ ngUk; gop tPo;fpwJ. cz;ikapy;> ehfupfk; vd;gjd;
vz;zf;fUitr; rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;shjtu;fspdhy;jhd; ehfupfj;jpw;F ,e;j
mtg;ngau; te;jJ.
ehfupfk; Rl;LtJ kdpj ,dj;jpd; mwpT> Mw;wy;> jpwd;fs;> ty;ygq;fs;

Mfpatw;wpd; tpUj;jpiaAk;> mtw;wpd; Jizahy; Vw;gl;l gy;Jiw tpUj;jpiaANk
MFk;. mgptpUj;jpnad;gJ Mf;fg+u;tkhf miktJ@ moptpw;F cle;ijahf ,Ug;gJ
my;y. Ju; mjpl;ltrkhf> jw;fhyj;jpy;> ehfupfj;ij cUthf;Fk; mwpT> Mw;wy;>
138
jpwd;fs; Kjypad ngUk;ghYk; moptpw;Nf ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wd. mjdhy;
ehfupfk; vd;wJNk kf;fs; kdjpy; vjpu;kiwahd vz;zNk Njhd;wptpLfpd;wJ.
cz;ikapy;> kdpj mwpTk; nrayhw;wYk; ,ize;J kf;fspd; cau;Tf;Fk;
Nkk;ghl;bw;Fkhf cUthf;fg;gLtJjhd; ehfupfk;. kdpjdplk; mwpTg;Gyk;> nray;jpwd;
Gyk;@ kdg;ghq;Fg; Gyk; vd;w %d;W Gyq;fs; cs;sd. kdpjdpd; ehfupf tsu;rr
; pAld;
rk;ge;jg;gl;lit mwpTg; GyKk; nray;jpwd; GyKk; MFk;. kdg;ghq;Fg; Gyj;jpy;
tpistd> gz;Gfs;> czu;Tfs;> tpOkpaq;fs;> rPyq;fs;> xOf;fq;fs; Kjypad.
,it ahtw;wpdJk; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd mWtiljhd; gz;ghL vdyhk;.
mwpT> nra;jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F vd;Dk; %d;W Gyq;fSk; trjpf;fhfg; gpupj;Jg;

ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wNghjpYk;> mit NtWNtwhdit my;y. mit xd;Nwhnlhd;W
,ize;jit@ njhlu;Gs;sit@ xd;wpy; kw;iwaJ rhu;e;jpUg;gJ. ehfupfk;> gz;ghL
vd;W gpupj;Jg; ghu;j;jhYk;> Nkw;$wpa tifapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ> mitAk; xd;NwhL
xd;W ,ize;J epw;git. xd;wpy;yhky; kw;iwajhy; gadpy;iy vd;gijAk; czu;eJ ;
nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ehfupfj;ij kl;Lk; tsu;jJ

; f; nfhz;L gz;ghl;il cjhrPdk; nra;jy; ,d;iwa
epiy. ,jdhy; mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F vd;gtw;wpd; xUq;fpize;j tsu;rr ; p ,y;yhky;
cs;sJ. vdNt kdpj rKjhak; FiwghLfisf; nfhz;L tpsq;f VJthfpd;wJ.
eil> cil> ghtid gw;wp xU fhyj;jpy; xNu khjpupahd vz;zNk epytpaJ.
jw;fhyj;jpy;> ehfupf eil> ehfupf cil> ehfupf ghtidnad;Wk;@ gz;ghl;L
eil> gz;ghl;L cil> gz;ghl;L nra;fhupaq;fs; vd;Wk; gpupj;J Nehf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
vdNtjhd; ehfupf eil> cil> ghtidfs;@ gz;ghl;L eil> cil> ghtid
ahsUf;Fg; gpbg;gjpy;iy.
ehfupfk; kl;Lk; tsu;g;gjpy; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha; ,Ue;jhy;> rKjhaj;jpy;

Fiw tsu;rr ; pNa Vw;gLk;. kdpjj; jd;ik ,y;yhj khf;fisf; nfhz;l rKjhaj;ijNa
fhz NeupLk;. vdNt gz;ghl;ilAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L ehfupfk; tsu;r;rp
ngWNkahdhy;> mjhtJ ehfupfk;> gz;ghL Mfpa ,uz;bdJk; xUq; fpize;j
rkepiy tsu;r;rp Vw;gLNkahdhy;> cyfk; rfy JiwfspYk; RgPl;rk; ngWk;@
vy;NyhUk; mikjp> epk;kjp> kfpo;r;rp> rkhjhdk; ngWtu; vd;gJk; cWjpahfptpLk;.
- F. NrhkRe;juk; -
- kdpj tpOkpaq;fs; -
139
gpd;dizg;G 3
~eaj;jf;f ehfupfk;| vd;w fl;Liug; gFjpia thrpj;J Kf;fpa tplaq;fisf;

Fwpg;ngLj;jpUg;gPu;fs;. mf;Fwpg;gpid itj;Jf;nfhz;L nraw;gLq;fs;.
(1) Fwpg;ngLj;j tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L> ~gz;ghl;ilg; Ngzy;| vd;w

jiyg;gpy; xU fl;Liu vOJf.
(msT ,uz;L gf;fq;fs;. fl;Liuapy; cs;s thf;fpaq;fs; jpUg;gp vOjg;

glyhfhJ. ckJ nrhe;j eilahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.)
140
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g
tpidj;jpwDld; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 1.4 : nraw;wpwDk; tpisjpwDk; cs;s fl;LUthf;fr;

nrad;Kiw rhu;e;j Nfl;Nghuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
nraw;ghL : ~~,sq;NfhtbfSk; fk;gUk;|| vd;w ciueilg;gFjpiaf;

Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;FNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : ~~,sq;NfhtbfSk; fk;gUk;|| vd;w ciueilg;gFjp

- gpd;dpizg;G 1
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghL:

gb 1.4.1
• khjpup Nkilg;Ngr;nrhd;iw khztu;fSf;F Kd; itj;Jg; ghlj;ij
Muk;gpAq;fs;.
~~mitf;fz; tPw;wpUf;Fk; jiytu; mtu;fNs> mjpgu; mtu;fNs@
kjpg;gpw;Fupa Mrpupau;fNs> md;Gf;Fupa khztu;fNs>midtUf;Fk;
- tzf;fk;. -
~~ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhop Nghy; ,dpjhtnjq;Fk; fhNzhk;||
~~NjkJuj; jkpNohir cyfnkyhk; guTk; tif nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;||
~~jkpOf;Fk; mKnjd;W Ngu;@ me;jj; jkpo; ,d;gj; jkpo; vq;fs; capUf;F

Neu;||
,t;thwhf jkpo;nkhop gw;wp ghujpahUk; ghujpjhrDk; ghbAs;sij Nehf;Fk;

NghJ jkpo;> ,dpik kpFe;j cau; jdpr;nrk;nkhop vd;gij ehk; tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;s KbAk;. me;j tifapy; ,d;W ,f;fy;Y}upapd; khztu; ,yf;fpa
kd;wj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gLk; ~nre;jkpo;r; nry;tp| vd;w jkpo; rQ;rpif
ntspaPl;L epfo;tpy; ciu epfo;j;jf; fpilj;jijapl;L ehd; ngupJk;
kfpo;fpd;Nwd;. ,r;rpwe;j gzpiar; nra;tjw;F Kd;te;j midtUf;Fk;
,j;jUzj;jpy; ed;wpiaAk; ghuhl;ilAk; Kjw;fz; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
141
• ,r;rQ;rpifapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;Liufs;> ftpijfs;> mwpTg;Gjpu;
kw;Wk; gy tplaq;fs; kpfTk; juk; tha;e;jitahf cs;sd. ,tw;wpd;
%yk; khztu;fspd; jpwikfs; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;gbahd
Kaw;rpfs; nkd;NkYk; Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ~jkpopd; ,dpik| vd;w
fl;Liu kpfr; rpwg;ghf mike;Js;sJ. ,f;fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngw;w tplaq;fs;
Fwpg;ghf> jkpo;nkhopapd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;rr
; p> fhg;gpaq;fspd; rpwg;G> nrhd;dak;>
nghUzak;> Xireak; Nghd;wd rpwg;ghf vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
,q;F ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;w Kj;jkpo; njhlu;ghd Mf;fq;fs; rQ;rpiff;F

nkU$l;LtJ nkr;rj;jf;fJ. nghJthf Nehf;Fk; NghJ rQ;rpifapd;
cUtKk;> cs;slf;fKk; khztu;fspd; iftz;zj;ijg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.
fhl;Lfpd;wd. tho;j;Jf;fs;.
- midtUf;Fk; ed;wp. tzf;fk;.||
• ,t;thwhd xU Nkilg; Ngr;ir Kd;itj;J khztUld;

fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• ,k;Nkilg; Ngr;ir mtjhdpj;J> xU Nkilg;Ngr;Rr; rpwg;ghaikaf;

fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg; glNtz;ba tplaq;fs; ahit vd;gij khztu;fSld;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ikag;gLj;jpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• rig xOq;F tpjpfisf; ftdpj;Jg; NgRjy;

• nghUj;jkhd nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jpg; NgRjy;
• Nfl;Nghiuf; ftUk; tz;zk; NgRjy;
• rigNahupd; Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;Lk; tz;zk; NgRjy;
• re;ju;g;g #o;epiyfis mDrupj;Jg; NgRjy;
- tpUg;gj;Jld; Nfl;lypy; <LgLjy;
- ftdj;Jld; Nfl;ly;
- Nfl;ltw;iwf; fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;
- jfty;fisj; jpul;bf; nfhs;sy;
- jpul;batw;iw kPz;Lk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiyg; ngWjy;
15 epkplq; f s;
gb 1.4.2
• ~~,sq;NfhtbfSk; fk;gUk;|| vd;w ciug; gFjpia khztUf;F toq;fp>

nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpf;f top nra;Aq;fs;.
• khztu;fSf;F Vw;fdNt toq;fg;gl;l ciug;gFjpia kPsg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;.
142
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; I I khztUf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
• Fwpg;gpl;l ciug;gFjpia cuj;j njhdpapy; tpsf;fkhf thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

(,jid KbAkhdhy; xypg;gjpTf; fUtp %yKk; gjpT nra;J xypgug;gyhk;.)
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij xt;nthU khztUk; epug;g topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
25 epkplq;fs;
gb 1.4.3:
• vOkhw;whf khztiu mioj;J> epug;gg;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij
Kd;itf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• Vida khztu; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;f topnra;Aq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ikag;gLj;jp khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

1. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ,aw;wpa fhtpak; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;

2. ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;ltu; - fk;gu;
3. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; tUk; Kf;fpa fjhghj;jpuq;fs;
- Nfhtyd;> fz;zfp
4. ,uhkhtjhuj;jpy; tUk; Kjd;ikg; ghj;jpuq;fs; - ,uhkd;> rPij
5. mzq;F vd;gjd; nghUs; - ngz;
6. ctkhdk; - nre;jhkiu@ ctNkak; - Kfk;
7. ,UtUk; - fz;zfp > rPij
8. nfhb mirtjd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
9. mDkd;
10. ghba ftpQu; - Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu;.
• nrtpkLj;jypd;NghJ>
- xir NtWghL
- nghUs; njhlu;r;rpAk; xOq;Fk;
30 epkplq; f s ;
• ciug;gFjpiaf; fUj;J}d;wpf; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;jtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
• Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;ghu;.
• fUj;J}d;wpf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; jkJ mwpit tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;

vd;w vz;zg;gjptpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• thndhypapy; thrpf;fg;gLk; nra;jpfisf; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
143
gpd;dpizg;G - 1
,sq;NfhtbfSk; fk;gUk;
rpyg;gjpfhunkd;DQ; rpwe;j fhg;gpaj;ijr; nra;jtu; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;. ,tu; Nruu;

Fyj;jtu;. Nrud; nrq;Fl;LtDf;Fj; jk;gpahjypdhy; ,sq;Nfhntd;Wk;> JwnthOf;fk;
g+z;likahy; mbfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tUf;Fg; gpw;fhyj;jpypUe;jtu; fk;gu;.
,tu; ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp vdTk; ghuhl;lg;gl;ltu;. ,tuhw; nra;ag;gl;lJ ,uhkd;
fijiaj; njuptpf;Fk; ,uhkhtjhuk; vd;Dk; fhg;gpak;. mf;fhg;gpaj;Jl; rpw;rpy
,lq;fSs; rpyg;gjpfhu itg;gpid xj;j itg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLjypd;> fk;gu; rpyg;gjpfhuk;
vd;Dk; E}ypDk; ngupJk; gapw;rpAilau; vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;itg;Gs; rpytw;iw
<z;L njuptpf;FJk;.
,sq;Nfhtbfs; rpyg;gjpfhuj;Js;> Nfhtyd; fz;zfp ghw; rpyk;G ngw;W>

mjid thzpf Kjyhff;nfhz;L nghUs; NjLk;gb fz;zfpiaAk; mioj;Jf;
nfhz;L kJiuf;Fg; Gwg;gl;L> Cu; thapiyf; fle;J> fhj J}uk; NghdTld;
fz;zfp eilahy; mbtUe;jp> “kJiu %J}u; ahJ” vd tpdtpdhs;.
fk;gUe; jhQ;nra;j ,uhkhtjhuj;Js;> “,uhkd; tdk; NghFkhW rPijAld;

Gwg;gl;Lf; NfhGu thapiy mile;jNghNj rPij ,uhkid Nehf;fp> ‘tdk; ahJ?’
vd;W tpdhtpdhs;” vdf; $wpAs;shu;.
Mrpupau; ,Utu; fUj;Jk; gjpnaOtwpahg; gz;gpduhfpa ,U ngUk; ngz;

mdq;Ffspd; nkd;ikiag; Gyg;gLj;jpDk; fz;zfp fhjQ; nrd;wgpd; tpdhtpdhs;
vd;Wk;> rPij NfhGu thapiy mile;jNghNj tpdhtpdhs; vd;Wq; $wpajdhy;>
fz;zfpapDQ; rPij nky;ypas; vd;gJ NghjuhNjhntdpd;? NghjuhJ. vd;id?
fz;zfp> jd; fztd; nghUspoe;j Jauj;jpdhy; ce;jg;gl;Lg; nghUisaPl;LkhW
Gwg;gl;ltd; vd;gij czu;e;jtshjypd; jdf;Fz;lhfpa eil tUj;jj;ij
mg;nghONj czu;j;jptpbd; jd; fztDila nrytpw;F mJ jilahFnkd;W
fUjp> mt;tUj;jj;ij mg;nghONj czu;jj ; hJ nghWj;Jr; nrd;W Kbahj mstpy;
czu;j;jp tpl;lhs.; MjyhDk; ehl;bypUj;jypDk; tdj;jpypUj;jNy jdf;Fg;
ngUtho;thff; fUjp> mjdhy; mg;nghOjyu;ej; nre;jhkiu Nghy; kyu;ej
; Kfj;NjhLk;
tdNehf;fpr; nrd;w ,uhkNdhL jhDk; mk;kfpo;r;rpNahL nrd;whshfypd; jdf;F
cz;lhfpa tUj;jj;ijr; rPij mg;nghONj $wptpl;lhshjyhDk; ,UtUk; xj;j
nkd;ikAila nud;gJ NghjUkd;wpr; rPij nky;ypansd;gJ Nghjuhnjd;f.
md;wpAk;> ,UtUk; gjpnaOtwpahg; gz;gpduhapDk; fz;zfp fhbilapl;Lk;>

ehbilapl;Lk; nrd;W nghUs; NjLk; tzpf Fyj;Jg; gpwe;jtshjypdhNy> “Fytpj;ij
fy;yhkw;; ghfk;gL” nkd;wthNwaha;r; rpwpJ eiltd;ikAilatshapdhs; vd;gJ
Gyg;glTk;> rPij eilapw; nry;yh mur Fyj;Jg; gpwe;jtshjypdhNy eiltd;ik
,yshapdhs; vd;gJ Gyg;glTk; $wpdhnudpDk; Mz;Lk; ,Utu; fUj;jpDk;
Ntw;Wikapd;ik czu;f. ,dpr; rPij jpUkfspd; mtjhuj;jshjypd; fz;zfpapYk;
nky;ypas; vdpDkikAk;.
144
,d;Dk; ,sq;Nfhtbfs; je;E}Ys;Ns Nfhtyd; fz;zfpNahL kJiu khefu;
Gf;fNghJ me;efupd; fPo;j;jpirf; NfhGuthapw; nfhb> Fl jpirapdpd;Wk; te;j
fhw;why; mire;J nfhz;bUe;j jd;ikiag; Gide;Jiuf;Fq;fhy;> mf;nfhbaire;j
jd;ik mk;kJiu khefu; Nfhtyid Nehf;fp ‘eP ,q;F te;jhw;wPq;F tUk;> thuhNj!
thuhNj! vd;W kWj;Jf; iffhl;baJ Nghd;wpUe;jJ’ vd;Dq; fUj;jika>
“NghUoe; njLj;j thnuap ndLq;nfhb>

thunyd; gdNghd; kwpj;Jf;if fhl;l”
vd;W mofpjhftikj;Jf; $wpAs;shu;. ,f;fUj;JwNt ftpr;rf;futu;j;jpAk; ,uhkd;

kpjpiy Gf;fNghJ mk;kpjpiy khefupYs;s NfhGuthapw; nfhb (cl;gf;fkhf)
mire;J nfhz;bUe;j jd;ik> mk;khefu; ,uhkid Nehf;fp> ~eP tupd; cdf;F
kq;fyk; cz;lhk;@ Mifahy; tpiue;J th! th! vd;W ifahy; miog;gJ
Nghd;wpUe;jJ’ vd;Dq; fUj;jika>
ikaW kyupdPq;fp
ahd; nra;kh jtj;jpd;te;J

nra;at spUe;jhnsd;W
nrOkzpf; nfhbfnsd;Dk;
iffis ePl;bae;jf;
fbefu; fkyr; nrq;fz;
Iaid xy;iythntd;
wiog;gJ Nghd;wjk;kh
vd;W Gide;Jiuj;jdu;. ,q;Nf NfhtyDf;Fz;lhe; jPikiaAk; ,uhkDf;Fz;lhk;

ed;ikiaAq; nfhbairtpd; NkNyw;wp cw;ghj newpapy; ,lj;jpw;Nfw;gg; Gide;Jiuj;j
,UngUq; ftpfSila kjp El;gKk; Nghw;ww; ghydNtahFk;.
,d;Dk;> ,sq;Nfhtbfs; Nruyhjd; nrq;Fl;LtdJ tPuj;ijr; rpwg;gpj;Jf;

$Wq;fhy;> tlfypq;f muru;fshfpa fdf tp[aNuhLk; mtiur; #o;ej ; Ik;gj;jpUtu;
Nju;tPuNuhLk; nrq;Fl;Ltd; Nghu; Gupe;j fhyj;J> tPuu;fs; ahtUk; ,bNaWz;l
ehfnkdtQ;rp> jk;Kapu; gpioj;jw; nghUl;Lr; rilKbj;jtuhAk;> f\ha cil
jupj;jtuhAk;> tpg+jpia ,ilapd;wpg; g+rpa nka;auhAk;> ifapw; gPypNae;jpa mUf
re;epahr NfhyKilauhAk;> ghlw;ghzuhAk;> $j;juhAk; Ntlk; g+zL
; top jpirawpahJ
Xbdhu;fnsd;Dq; fUj;jika.
rilapd Uilapdu; rhk;gw; g+r;rpdu;

gPbifg; gPypg; ngUNehd; ghsu;
ghL ghzpau; gy;ypaj; Njhypd
uhL $j;juhfp naq;fZ
Nke;Jth nshopaj; jho;e;Jiw Nghfpa
tpr;irf; Nfhyj;J Ntz;Ltapw; glu;ju
vdf; $wpAs;shu;.
145
,q;qdNk fk;gUk; mDkdJ tPuj;ijr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wkplj;J> murFkhundhL
Nru;e;J Aj;jQ; nra;a muf;fu;fs; mDkdJ typf;F vjpu; epw;ftpayhJ fhw;wpd;
Kd;ndjpu;g;gl;l gQ;RNghw; Rod;W eLf;Fw;Wj; jk;Kapiug; ghJfhj;jw; nghUl;L
kP d ; tbtpduhAk; > gR tbtpduhAk; > gwit cUtpduhAk; > ghu; g ; g df;
NfhyKilatuhAk;> jk;ikj; jOtpa ,uhl;rjr; Rw;wj;jhiu Nehf;fp> ‘ckJ
Rw;wj;jtuy;Nyk;> ehk; Njtu;> ehk; khdplu;’ vd Xykpl;ltuhAk;> gw;fis Kupj;jtuhAk;>
kapupidf; fUik ahf;fpf; nfhz;ltuhAk; gy ,lq;fSf;Fk; gue;J Xbdu;.
,g; G ytu; f Sila Ez; k jpiaAk; ftpeaj; i jAk; Muha; e ; J nfhz; N l

gpw;fhyj;jpUe;j tuftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpatu;fs; ‘ahkwpe;j GytupNy fk;gidg;Nghy;
ts;Stu;Nghy; ,sq;Nfhitg;Nghy; g+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jjpy;iy. cz;ik>
ntWk; Gfo;r;rpapy;iy’ vd;W rj;jpaj;NjhL vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shu;fs;.
- kfhtpj;Jthd; gpuk;k= rp. fNzirau; -

ciueilr; rpyk;G - guy; 2
Mrpupau; gw;wpa Fwpg;G
,f;fl;Liuahrpupauhd kfhtpj;Jthd; fNzirau; (fp. gp. 1878 - 1958) mtu;fs;>

tpj;Jt rpNuhkzp nghd;dk;gygps;is> Rd;dhfk; FkhuRthkpg; Gytu; MfpNahupd;
ed;khzhf;fu;. ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa rk;ge;jkhfj; jkpo;ehl;L mwpQu;fNshL nre;jkpo;r;
nry;tp vd;DQ; rQ;rpif %yk; elj;jpa fUj;Jg; gupkhwy;fshy; <oehl;L mwpQupd;
,yf;fz Mw;wiy mwpa itj;jtu;@ goe;jkpo; ,yf;fz E}yhfpa njhy;fhg;gpak;
KOtijAk; jpUj;jKw> rpwe;j ciu tpsf;ff; Fwpg;GfSld; gjpg;gpj;jtu;@ <oehl;Lg;
Gytu; rupj;jpuk;> FNryu; rupj;jpuk; vd;Dk; ciueil E}y;fisAk; tWj;jiytpshd;
kUjb tpehafu; kPJ ,UghtpUg/J> me;jhjp> fypntz;gh> fypepiyj;Jiw CQ;ry;
vd;DQ; nra;As; E}y;fisAk; Mf;fpatu;.
,f; f l; L iu ciueilr; rpyk; G - guy; 2 vd; D e; njhFg; g pypUe; J

vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
146
ciug;gFjpia mtjhdkhff; Nfl;Lf;; fpufpj;J ,ilntspfis

epug; G f.
1. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ,aw;wpa fhtpak; ..........................................
2. ftpr;rf;futu;jj
; p vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;lu;..............................................
3. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; tUk; ,U Kf;fpa fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; ngau;fs;

.............................. ......................................
4. fk;gu; ,aw;wpa ,uhkhtjhuj;Js; (fk;guhkhazk;) tUk; ,U Kjd;ikg;

ghj;jpuq;fs;; ......................................... ....................................................
5. ~~mzq;F|| vd;gjd; nghUs; ......................................

6. ~~nre;jhkiu Nghy; kyu;e;j Kfk;||

,jpy; te;Js;s ctkhdk; ......................................
,jpy; te;Js;s ctNkak; ......................................
7. ~,UtUk; gjpnaOtwpahg; gz;gpdu;| ,q;F ,UtUk; vd;gjhy;

Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;stu;fs; ......................................... ....................................................
8. NfhtyDf;F tutpUe;j jPikAk; ,uhkDf;F tutpUe;j ed;ikAk;

................................... %yk; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
9. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; Nruyhjd; nrq;Fl;LtdJ tPuj;ijr; rpwg;gpj;Jf;

$Wk; mNj ghzpapy; fk;gu; ahUila tPuj;ijr; rpwg;gpj;Jf;
$wpAs;shu; ....................................................
10. ~~ahkwpe;j GytupNy fk;gidg;Nghy; ts;Stu; Nghy; ,sq;Nfhitg;

Nghy; G+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jjpy;iy. cz;ik ntWk;
Gfo;r;rpapy;iy.||
vd;W ghba ftpQu; ngau;; ............................................
147
Nju; r ; r p 9.0 : mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J> vOj;Jg; nghwpKiw
fisAk; vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisAk; mDrupj;J
Nju;r;rp myF 9.3 : Fwpg;ngLj;J vOJthu;.
nraw;ghL : ~~fy;tpNa mopahr; nry;tk;|| vd;w fl;Liuia thrpj;J

vLj;j Fwpg;gpidf; nfhz;L> tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;ghu;.
ju cs;sPL : ~fy;tpNa mopahr; nry;tk;| vd;w fl;Liu - ghlE}y;

xypg;gjpTf; fUtp
vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
gb 9.3.1
• xypg;gjptpidf; fUj;J}d;wpf; Nfl;L> nfhLf;fg;gl;l jhs;fspy; Fwpg;Gfisf;
Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;gb $wp Muk;gpAq;fs;.
• ciuahlw;gFjp xd;wpid xypg;gjpT nra;J xypf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;. (9Mk;

tFg;gpYs;s ciuahlw; gFjpiag; ghtpf;fyhk;.)
• Kbahjtplj;J mg;gFjpia cuj;J thrpAq;fs;.
• Fwpg;ngLj;j tplaq;fisf; Nfl;Lf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• ciuahlypd; jiyaq;fk;
• ciuahbNahu; ngau;fs;
• ciuahlg;gl;l tpjk; (tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk;)
• ifahsg;gl;l ctikfs;> gonkhopfs;> nrhy;yhl;rpfs;
• ,lk;ngw;w Gjpa nrhw;fs;
• ciuahlypd; Muk;gk;
• ciuahlypd; KbT
ciuahly; %yk; ngwg;gl;l tplaq;fSk; nra;jpfSk;
10 epkplq; f s;
148
gb 9.3.2
• ~fy;tpNa mopahr; nry;tk;| vd;w ciueilg; gFjpia vy;yh
khztu; vy;NyhiuAk; thrpf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• NkNyhl;lkhf xUKiw nksdkhf thrpf;Fk;gb $Wq;fs;.
• gpd;dpizg;gpYs;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 1 I khztu;fSf;F toq;fp>

Fwpg;ngLf;Fk;gb $Wq;fs;.
• ciueilg;gFjpia khztuplkpUe;J jpUk;gpg; ngw;wgpd; nraw;ghl;Lg;

gj;jpuk; 2 I khztUf;F toq;fp jdpj;jdpahf ,aq;fp tpilaspf;FkhW
mwpTWj;Jq;fs;. (vLj;j Fwpg;gpid mbg;gilahf itj;Jf; nfhz;L
khztu; tpilaspf;fyhk;)
gb 9.3.3
• vOkhw;whf khztu;fis mioj;J tpilfis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;j tif
nra;Aq;fs;.
• Vida khztu;fs; jkJ mgpg;gpuhaq;fisj; njuptpf;f Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• rpy ehspy; Njhd;wp rpy ehspy; mopaf; $baJ vkJ tho;ehs;.

• tpiutpy; mopaf;$baJ nghUl;nry;tk;
• fy;tpr; nry;tk; vd;Wk; mopahJ@
Mdhy; nghUl; nry;tk; mopaf;$baJ
• kf;fspd; mth - mopahr; nry;tj;ij milaNtz;Lk;.
• jpUts;Stu;> xsitahu;> fhiuf;fhyk;ikahu;> Nrf;fpohu;
- Kw;fhyg; Gytu;fs;
• nghUl;nry;tk; - nts;sk;> neUg;G> Nghu;> fs;tu; vd;gtw;why;
mope;JtpLk;.
• fy;tpr; nry;tk; - nts;sj;jhy;> nte;joyhy;> muruhy; mopahJ@
fs;tuhy; ftug;glhJ@ gpwUf;Ff; nfhLf;ff; FiwahJ.
• fy;tpapy; rpwe;j Kw;fhyg; ngz;fs; - xsitahu;>
G+jg; ghz;bad; ngUe;Njtpahu;> fhiuf;fhyk;ikahu;>
kq;ifau;f;furpahu;.
• fy;tpapd; rpwg;igg; gw;wpg; ghba Gytu;fs;.
jpUts;Stu;> ehybahu; ghbatu;fs;> xsitahu;
• fy;tpapd; rpwg;Gg;gw;wpj; jpUts;Stu; - fw;wtu;fs; fz;Zilatu;fs;
vd;W cau;thfg; Nghw;wg;gLtu;.
fy;tpapd; rpwg;G - nkhopeil> thf;fpa ,iaG> tplak;> nghUl;nlhlu;G>
epWj;jf;Fwpfs;> msT vd;gdtw;iwf; ftdpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s ;
149
• ciueilg; gFjpia nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.
• Fwpg;ngLj;jtplaq;fisf; nfhz;L tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;ghu;.
• thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;j tplaj;ij itj;J xU rpW ge;jp mikg;ghu;.
• fl;Liu Mf;Fthu;.
• thrpj;Jf; Fwpg;ngLj;j tplaq;fisj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspw; ifahs;thu;.

150
gpd;dpizg;G 1
• ~fy;tpNa mopahr; nry;tk;| vd;w fl;Liuia nksdkhff; fUj;J}d;wp thrpAq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gf;fis xU

jhspy; xOq;fhff; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
1. kf;fSlk;G mopaf; $baJ.
2. nghUl;nry;tk; (vy;yhg; nghUs;fSk;) mopaf; $baJ.
3. fy;tpr; nry;tj;jpw;F vd;Wk; vjdhYk; moptpy;iy.
4. vkJ mth nghUs; NjLtJ> fhyKk; mjpNyNa nrytopfpwJ.
5. Kw;fhyj;Jg; Gytu; gyu; ey;y E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;sdu;
6. nghUs; gy topfshy; mopfpwJ.
7. nry;tk; vjw;Fj; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
8. Kw;fhyg; ngz;;fSk; fy;tpapw; rpwe;jtu;fs;
9. fy;tpapd; rpwg;igg;gw;wpg; gy Gytu;fs; ghbAs;sdu;.

10. fy;tpapd; rpwg;Gg;gw;wpj; jpUts;Stu; $wpait.
(01) vLj;j Fwpg;Gfis mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil

vOJq;fs;.
(m) vkJ tho;ehs; vg;gbg;gl;lJ?
(M) nghUl;nry;tk; (vy;yhg; nghUs;fSk;) vg;gbg;gl;lJ?
(,) nghUl;nry;tj;jpw;Fk; fy;tpr; nry;tj;jpw;Fk; cs;s tpj;jpahrk; vd;d?
(<) kf;fspd; mth vg;gbg;gl;lJ?
(c) ey;y E}y;fis ,aw;wpa Kw;fhyg; Gytu;fs; ehy;tupd; ngau;fisj;
jUf.
(v) fy;tpr; nry;tk; vt;nttw;why; mopahJ vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ?
(V) fy;tpapw; rpwe;j Kw;fhyg; ngz;fspd; ngau;fisj; jUf.
(I) fy;tpapd; rpwg;igg;gw;wpg; ghba Gytu;fs; %tupd; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(x) fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig tpsf;f jpUts;Stu; ifahz;l ctikia
vLj;J
; f;fhl;Lf.
(02) ~fy;tpapd; rpwg;G| vd;w jiyg;gpy; ,Ugj;ije;J tupfslq;fpa ge;jp xd;W

vOJf.
151
Nju; r ; r p 8.0 : Mu;tj;Jld; thrpg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 8.2 : Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jg; ngw;w mDgtq;fis

VidNahu;fSld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;thu;.
nraw;ghL : thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;jtw;iw VidNahUld; gfpu;e;J

kfpo;Nthk;.
ju cs;sPL : A+ypa]; rPru; - gpd;dpizg;G 1

vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp

gb 8.2.1
• gpd;tUk; ge;jpia khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.
~~Nrho ehl;bypUe;J ghz;b ehl;il Nehf;fpr; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jhu;

fhsNkfk;. MyQ;Nrhiy #o;ej ; Xu; mofpa rpw;W}u; mtiuf; ftu;ej
; J.
Cupd; eLNt epd;w Nfhapy; cs;sj;ij <u;j;jJ. ~~khiyg; nghOjpy;
Mya topghL nra;jy; rhyr; rpwe;jJ| vd;nwz;zp Cupd; cs;Ns
nrd;whu;. fz;Zf;fpdpa NrhiyapNy Nfhapy; nfhz;bUe;j <rdpd;
ehkk; ahNjh vd;W mwpa Mirg;gl;lhu;.
mt;thyaj;jpy; ,Ue;j mbahu;fs; ,tu; CUf;Fg; Gjpatu; vd;gijj;

njupe;J nfhz;L ~Iah> ,t;T+u; Myq;Fb@ ,q;Fs;s <rDf;F Myq;Fbahd;
vd;gJ ngau;| vd;W $wpdhu;fs;. mjw;F fhsNkfk; mtu;fis Nehf;fp
~ePqf
; s; nrhy;tJ rupad;W. Myk; Fbj;j <rid>Myk; Fbahd; vd;W
nrhy;yyhkh? ,e;j cyfj;ij mopf;f vOe;j Myj;ij ts;sy;
Fbj;jikahyd;Nwh ehk; capu; tho;fpd;Nwhk;. ,iwtd; Myk; Fbj;jhd;
vd;gjw;F cyfNk rhd;whf ,Uf;f Myk; Fbahd; vd;W mtid
mioj;jy; nka;ahFkh? vd;W eak;gl ciuj;jhu;.
• ,e;j ciug;gFjpia ePq;fs; tpUk;Gfpd;wPu;fsh? Vd;? vd;w Nfs;tpAld;

fye;Jiuahliy Muk;gpAq;fs;.
• gilg;G xd;wpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; rpwg;ghf mike;jpUg;gpd; mJ

vk;ikf; ftu;fpwJ vd;w uPjpapy; fye;Jiuahliyj; njhlUq;fs;.
152
• cs;slf;fk;
• cUtk;
• ghj;jpu ,ay;G
• nkhopahl;rp
• tu;zid
• fw;gidj; jpwd;
• gilg;ghw;wy;
10 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 8.2.2
• gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,y; cs;s ciueilg;gFjpapd; gpujpfis khztu;fSf;F
toq;Fq;fs;.
• jdpj;jdpNa thrpf;f top fhl;Lq;fs;.

• KjyhtJ nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij khztUf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
• jdpj;jdpNa nraw;gl topfhl;Lq;fs;.
30 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 8.2.3
• vOkhw;whf khztu;fis mioj;J nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;jpd; xt;nthU
gFjpiaAk; $wr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• Vida khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itAq;fs;.
ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fztpay;Gfs;
1. A+ypa]; rPru;
rpwe;j tPuu; - gyehLfis ntd;wik
ehl;Lf;fhf cioj;jtu;
- 10 tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhfg; Nghu; nra;J jpiw ngw;wik
- jd;kPJ mjpf ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltu;
- vr;rupf;ifia myl;rpag;gLj;jpaik
- kidtp jLj;Jk; nrd;wik
- Mir mw;wtu; - Kb#l kWj;jy;;
153
2. fh]pa];
- nghwhik kpf;ftd; - rPru; kPJ nghwhik
- gpwupd; kdNthl;lq;;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;gtd;
- GW}l;l]; rPru; kPJ nfhz;l ntWg;ig mwpjy;
- GW}l;l]{f;F Kf];Jjp nra;jy;
- rPrupd; cliy mlf;fk; nra;a me;Njhdpf;F ,lk; nfhLf;f Ntz;lhk;
vd;wik
- rjpNtiyapy; rpwe;jtd; - GW}l;li]j; jd; rjpf;F cl;gLj;jy;
3. me;Njhdp
- kpFe;j el;Gf; nfhz;ltd; - rP]Uf;Nf Kb#l;l epidg;gJ.
- kpFe;j je;jpuk; kpf;ftd; - rPru; nfhiyAz;lgpd; Ntiyf;fhuid
mDg;GtJ.
- kf;fSf;F Kd;Nd GW}l;lir jOtpf; nfhs;tJ.
- GW}l;li]g; Gfo;e;J nfhz;Nl kf;fs; kdij khw;WtJ.
- Ngr;R td;ik -kf;fisj; jd;trk; jpUg;gpaik.
4. GW}l;l];
- rPru; kPJ kupahij cs;stu;
- kf;fSf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; Ntz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifAilatu; - rPriuf;
nfhy;Yjy;
- gpwuhy; vspjpy; Vkhw;wg;gLgtu;
fh]pa]; GW}l;li]j; jd; tiyapy; tpo itj;jy;
- me;Njhdpapd; jpl;lj;ijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;shik
- Neu;ikahdtd; - rPru; kPJ nfhz;l md;G
khztUila kdg;gjpTfs;
GW}l;l]; - kf;fSf;fhf el;igNa nfhd;wik. kfhghujj;jpy; tUk; fu;zdJ

jUkrq;fl epiy
jhd; nra;jJ rupnad;W vz;Zjy;.
me;Njhdpapd; jpl;lj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;shikahy; kf;fspd;
ntWg;Gf;F Mshjy;.
me;Njhdp - nfhd;wtu;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lg; gop thq;Fk; jpwik

,lk;> nghUs;> Vty; mwpe;J elf;Fk; jpwd;
gopfhuUf;F cupa jz;lid fpilf;fr; nra;jik
rPrupd; clYf;F kf;fis kupahij nra;a itj;jik
40 epkplq; f s
s;
154
gb 8.2.4
• khztu;fis ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;ij toq;Fq;fs;.

A - A+ypa]; rPru;
B - fh]pa];
C - me;Njhdp
D - G&l;l];
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij toq;fp FOthff;

fye;Jiuahbr; nraw;gl topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• FO epiyapy; jahupf;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; tpku;rdg; ghq;fpy;

miktjw;fhd MNyhridfis toq;fp newpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
15 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 8.2.5
• xU FOtpypUe;J xU khztidj; njupT nra;J A+ypa]; rPru; vd

tFg;gpd; Kd;dhy; ,Uj;Jq;fs;.
• Vida FOtpypUe;J A+ypa];rPruplk; tpku;rd uPjpapy; Nfs;tpf;

fizfisj; njhLf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F A+ypa]; rPriug; gjpy; mspf;fr; nrhy;Yq;fs;.
• ,t;thW Vida FOf;fSk; jhk; njupT nra;j ghj;jpuq;fis Kd;epWj;jp

tpilaspf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• tpdhf;fs; fhj;jpukhditahf khztupd; rpe;jidahw;wiy> mwpit

ntspg;gLj;Jgitahf mika topfhl;Lq;fs;.
khjpup tpdhf;fs;
A+ypa]; rPru;
vr;rupf;iff; FuYf;F Vd; nrtprha;f;ftpy;iy?
Vd; Kb#l kWj;jPu;fs;?
kidtp jLj;jij Vd; fUj;jpw;nfhs;stpy;iy?
rhjhuzkhd xUtdpd; $w;Wf;F Vd; kupahij nfhLj;jPu;fs;?
G&l;l]pd; jpl;lj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbahkw; NghdJ Vd;?
G&l;l];
ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfk; nra;jJ rupah?
nfhiyjhd; Kbth? NtW top ,y;iyah?
fh]pa]pd; rjpia Vd; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;stpy;iy?
155
me; N jhdp
rPru; nfhiyAz;l md;W Vd; rPrUld; ,y;yhky; NghdPu;fs;?
rPrupd; ez;gdhf ,Ue;j cq;fSf;F G&l;l]pd; rjpj;jpl;lk;
tpsq;ftpy;iyah?
rPriuf; fhg;ghw;wpapUf;fNtz;baJ cq;fs; flikay;yth?
G&l;l]; kf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfj;jhNd mt;thW nra;jhd;?
Vd; mtDf;F vjpuhf kf;fisj; J}z;bdPu;fs;?
25 epkplq; f s
s;
• fijr; RUf;fj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

• ghj;jpuq;fspd; ,ay;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
• fijiag; gw;wp Vida khztUld; fye;JiuahLthu;.
• jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd; itg;ghu;.
• tpku;rd Kiwapy; rpe;jidia tsu;j;Jr; nry;thu;.
156
gpd;dpizg;G - 1
a+ypa]; rP r u;
a+ypa]; rPru; ,j;jhypapd; ru;thjpfhupfhupahapUe;jtu;. ,j;jhyp xU FbauR

ehlha; ,Ue;jjhapDk; mq;Nf cau;Fbkf;fspd; Ml;rpNa eilngw;W te;jJ. rhjhuz
kf;fs; murpay; cupik ngw KaYk; Nghnjy;yhk; mq;Nf mbf;fb Nghl;bAk;
fyfKk; epfo;e;J te;jd.
a+ypa]; rPru; jdJ gilfSld; ,j;jhypia tpl;Lr; nrd;W gj;J tUl

fhyk; Aj;jQ; nra;J gpuhd;];> gpupj;jhdpah Kjypa ehLfis ntd;W> me;ehl;L
muru;fisr; rpiwahf;fpg; ngUk; nghUisj; jpiwahfg; ngw;W ,j;jhypapd;
jiyefuhd cNuhkhGupf;F ntw;wptPuuhf kPz;Lte;jhu;.
cNuhkhGupapy; Mz;LNjhWk; eilngWk; efutpoh> a+ypa]; rPrupd; ntw;wp

fhuzkhf mt;tUlQ; rpwg;ghf eilngw xOq;F nra;ag;gl;lJ. rPru; mt;tpohtpw;F
Cu;tykhfg; ngUkpjj;Jld; nrd;whu;. mt;t+u;tyj;jpw; rPrupd; kidtpahfpa
fy;g+u;zpahTk; rPrupd; ez;gdhd khu;f; me;NjhdpAk; mNef ngUq;Fb kf;fSq;
fye;J nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
“V! rPrNu! a+ypa]; rPrNu!” vd xU rj;jk; Nfl;lJ. rPru; mjid mtjhdpj;jhu;.

“khu;r; khjj;J eLehspy; epd; ngUkpjk; vd;d MfpwJ ghu;!!” vd;w vr;rupf;if
Ke;jpa rj;jj;ijj; njhlu;e;J te;jJ. mjidf; $wpatidr; rPru; mwpthu;. “VNjh
igj;jpak;” vd;W kdjpy; vz;zpf;nfhz;L rPru; Cu;tyj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
mt;tpoh kz;lgj;jpy;> rPru;> me;NjhdpAld; $bg; ngUkpjkhf ele;J te;J

nfhz;bUe;jhu;. me;Njhdp xUtNd md;W mtUld; neUq;fp cwthl Kbe;jJ.
kw;iwNahiunay;yhk; fh];fh vd;Dk; xUtd; rPru; gf;fk; tuhjgb jLj;jhd;.
md;iwa tpohtpy; rPrUf;F Kb#l;b mtiu kd;dd; Mf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; me;NjhdpAk;
mtdJ ez;gu;fs; rpyUk; Kad;wdu;. mjdhy; fh]pa]; vd;ghd; rPrupw; nghwhik
nfhz;lhd;. NtWk; gyu; rPrupy; ntWg;Gf; nfhz;likiaf; fh]pa]; mt;ttu;fs;
Kff;Fwp %yk; mwpe;J nfhz;lhd;. mtd; ghu;it rpwg;ghf khu;f;f]; G&l;l];
vd;gtd; kPNj nrd;wJ.
khu;f;f]; G&l;l];> cNuhkpd; kpfg; gioa ngUq;Fb xd;iwr; Nru;e;jtd;.

,e;jg; G&l;l]; vd;gtd; cNuhkpy; Kbahl;rpia tPo;j;jpf; Fbahl;rpia Vw;gLj;jpa
ngUe; jiytdhfpa [_dpa]; Y}rpa]; G&l;l]; vd;gtdpd; topte;jtd;. rPrUk;
G&l;l]{k; xUtupy; xUtu; md;Gk; kjpg;Gk; cilatu;fs;. mg;gbapUe;Jk; rPrUila
murpaw; Nghf;fpy; G&l;l]; ntWg;gile;jhd;. VO E}w;whz;Lfshf epiyngw;wpUe;j
Fbahl;rpia mopj;J rPru; Kbahl;rpia epWt Kay;tJ G&l;l]{f;Fj; jhq;f
Kbahj Jaiuf; nfhLj;jJ. vdNt el;G xUGwKq; nfhs;if xUGwKkhf mtd;
kdj;jpw; Nghuhbd.
tpoh ehsd;W G&l;l];> rPruJ jw;ngUikiaAk;> rPruJ ez;gu;fspd;

rpWikiaAk; ghu;j;J Kfj;jpy; ntWg;Gk; VsdKk; gpujpgypf;f xUGwj;Nj epd;whd;.
,jidf; $u;e;J mtjhdpj;j fh]pa];> G&l;li] mile;J mtd; kd epiyia
157
ed;F mwpe;J G&l;li] Nehf;fp> “cNuhik efu kf;fs; rPrupd; Kbahl;rpia
ntWf;fpwhu;fs;. mtuJ nfhLq;Nfhd;ikiaj; jhq;fKbahJ tUe;Jfpwhu;fs;.
Fbahl;rpf;F xU Fy nja;tkhfpa [_ypa]; G&l;l]pd; topte;j ePjhd; mtu;fSf;F
topfhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;” vd;W eatQ;rfkhfj; jd;
fUj;ijj; njuptpj;jhd;.
GUl;l]; jdf;Fs; rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhd;. “ehd; vq;qdk; topfhl;LNtd;.

rPru; ngUe;jd;ikAk; tPuKk; cilatu;. mtNu ,q;qdk; nra;apd; vd; nra;tJ”
vd;W rpe;jpf;Fk; nghOJ tpohkz;lgj;jpypUe;J te;j xU Nguhuthur; rj;jk; G&l;l]pd;
rpe;jidiaf; fiyj;jJ. mJ Nfl;l G&l;l]; “ehd; Nfs;tpg;gl;lgbNa rPrUf;F
me;Njhdpapd; Kaw;rpahy; Kb#l;lg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W rpwpJ cuf;fr;
nrhd;dhd;. ,jidNa re;ju;g;gkhf;fp fh]pa];> “,Njh ghu; G&l;l];! ePjhd;
,Uf;fpwha;. eP G&l;l];@ mtu; rPru;. rPrUf;Fk; G&l;l]{f;Fk; vd;d Ntw;Wik?
Mdhy; eP G&l;l]hf ele;Jnfhs;stpy;iyNa!” vd;W G&l;l]{f;Ff; $wpdhd;.
,t;thu;j;ijfs; G&l;l]{f;Fr; rpwpJ cw;rhf%l;bd.
“rup> fh]pa];> eP $wpaij kwNtd;> mijf; Fwpj;J kPzL ; q; fye;J Muha;Nthk;@

,Njh rPrUk; $l;lj;jpdUk; tUfpwhu;fs;” vd;W $wptpl;Lg; G&l;l]; mg;ghw; nrd;whd;.
fh]pa]; khj;jpuk; mq;Nf epd;whd;.
rPru; jpUk;gp tUk;NghJ mtu; me;Njhdpapd; Njhs;fspd; Nky; ifNghl;Lg;

Ngrpf;nfhz;Nl te;jhu;. mr;rkak; mtuJ cil Nguuru;f;Fupa fUQ;rptg;G cil@
mtu; ghu;it cynfyhk; jdnjdg; ghu;f;Fk; ghu;it! “,dp> rPru; Kb#l;lg;gLtJ
epr;rak;. mJTk; khu;r; khjj;J eLehspw; $l,Uf;Fk; murpay; kd;wf; $l;lj;jpy;
epiwNtw;wg;gLk;” vd;W mtuJ ez;gu;fs; $wpf;nfhz;ldu;. Mapd;! tpjp NtWtpjk;
,Ue;jJ.
rPrUk; $l;lj;jpdUk; fh]pairf; fle;J nry;Yk; Neuj;jpy;> fh]pa];> Kd;Nghy

vOr;rpapd;wp xJq;fp te;Jnfhz;bUe;j fh];fhtpd; NkYiliag; gpbj;J ,Oj;J
epWj;jp> md;W $l;lj;jpy; eilngw;w midj;ijAk; mwpe;J nfhz;lhd;. md;W
%d;W Kiw me;Njhdp> rPrUf;F Kb#l;l Kw;gl;lijAk;> rPru; Ntz;lhntWg;gha;
mijj; jLj;jijAk; fh];fh tpsf;fpf; $wpdhd;. mtdplk; fh]pa]; jd;
vz;zq;fisg; gf;Ftkhfj; njuptpj;J mtidAk; jd; rjpf;F cle;ijahf;fpf;
nfhz;lhd;. ,t;tpUtu; Kaw;rpahYk; jpnusNghdpa];@ nj]pk];> nknjy]; rpk;gu;>
]pd;dh Kjypa ,isQu; gyu; ,r; rjpj; jpl;lj;jpw; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. MapDk;
,tu;fs; nghJkf;fs; md;igAk; kjpg;igAk; ngwhjtu;fs;. MfNt vt;tpjkhapDk;
nghJ[d md;Gf;Fk; kjpg;Gf;Fk; ghj;jpukhd khu;f;f]; G&l;li]j; jq;fs;
jiytdhf;fpf; nfhs;s tpUk;g ; pdhu;fs;. gytpj #o;rr
; pfs; nra;J khu;ff
; ]; G&l;li]j;
jq;fs; jiytdhf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. mtu;fs; khu;f;f]; G&l;l]pd; tPl;Lf;Fg;
gpd;GwKs;s Njhl;lj;jpy; ,utpw; filahkj;jpw; $b “rPriu khu;r; khjj;J eLehspy;
epfotpUf;Fk; murpay;kd;wf; $l;lj;jpw; nfhy;yNtz;L” nkd;DQ; rjpj; jpl;lj;ij
cUthf;fpdu;.
khu;r; khjj;J eLg;gFjp@ kWehs; murpay; kd;wf; $l;lk; epfog;NghfpwJ.

md;wpuT fy;g+u;zpah jd; fztd; ,wg;gJ Nghd;w gy jPf; fdhf;fisf; fz;lhs;.
158
mjdhy; kWehs; murpay; kd;wj;Jf;Fg; Nghfg; Gwg;gl;l rPriu md;W vq;Fk;
ntspNa Nghf Ntz;lhnkdj; jLj;jhs;. Mapd; rPru; mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
,jw;fpilapw; rjpfhuUs; xUtdhfpa nj]pk]; mq;Nf te;J rPru; ntspNa

Nghtijf; fy;g+u;zpah jLg;gijAk; mtu; rpwpJ jaq;FtijAk; fz;lhd;. clNd
mtd; “ghuhSk; rPru; xU ghit nrhy;Yf; fpzq;fp murpay; kd;wj;jpw; flik
nra;ag; gpd;thq;fpdhy; cyfQ; rpupf;Fk;” vd;W $wpdhd;. clNd rPru;> fy;g+u;zpahtpd;
gpbia cjwpf;nfhz;L mtisj; jpUk;gpg; ghuhkNy Gwg;gl;lhu;.
rPru; NghFk;NghJ> efu tpohtd;W mtiu vr;rupj;j mk; kdpjd; topapw;

fhzg;gl;lhd;. rPru; mtidg; ghu;j;J “cd; eLehs; te;J tpl;lNj> cd; vr;rupf;if
vd;d Mapw;W” vd;W Nfl;lhu;. mg;nghOJ mtd; mikjpAld;> “Mk;@ eLehs;
te;Jtpl;lJjhd;! Mdhy; mJ Ngha;tpltpy;iyNa!” vd;whd;.
rPrupd; ez;gu; mtiu Kb kd;duhf;ff; Fwpj;J itj;jpUe;j NeuKk; ,lKNk>

mtupd; vjpupfs; mtiuf; nfhiynra;J cNuhkf;Fbauir ];jhgpf;f KbTnra;j
NeuKk; ,lKkhFk;. ,jid vg;gbNah rPrupd; ez;gu;fSs; xUtuhd xU tof;fwpQu;
mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. ,ij mtu; rPrUf;Fj; njuptpf;fr; rkak; tha;f;fhikahy; xU fbj
%yk; njuptpf;f vz;zpdhu;. Mapd; mf;fbjj;ijg; ngwr; rPru; kWj;Jtpl;lhu;.

rjpfhuupd; #o;r;rpahy; me;Njhdp NtNwhuplj;Jf;F mfw;wg;gl;Ltpl;lhd;.
rPru; murpay; kd;wj;jpd; thapiy mile;Jtpl;lhu;. mt;thapypy; ,Ue;j rpiyapd;

gf;fj;jpy; mtu; te;jhu;. rjpfhuu; midtUk; rPriur; Rw;wp epd;wdu;. rPruhy;
ehLflj;jg;gl;l xUtdpd; cwtpdd; xUtd;> mtid ehl;Lf;Fj;jpUk;g miof;Fk;
Ntz;LNfhisr; rPruplk; ePl;bdhd;. mg;nghOJ rPru;> “Ntz;lhk;> Ntz;lhk;@ eP
Nfl;f Ntz;Ltjpy;iy. cd; Ntz;LNfhs; nry;yhJ” vd;whu;. mt; Ntz;LNfhSf;Fj;
JizGupthu; Nghd;W fh]pa]{k;> G&l;l]{k; Kd;te;jdu;. mg;NghJ G&l;l]; $l
“,r; rpW nra;iff;Fj; Jizah? MapDk; vd;d? rPru; jPik nra;tJkpy;iy>
nra;jgpd; gpd;thq;FtJkpy;iy@ mtu; nra;jJ nra;jJjhd;” vd;whu;.
mjd;gpd; ]pd;dh vd;gtd; te;J gzpe;jhd;. rPru; nghWik ,oe;J “rPriu

ahuhYk; mirf;f KbahJ@ G&l;l]hy; mirf;f Kbahjij eP fhztpy;iyah?”
vd;whu;.
,JNt jf;f rkankdf; fz;l fh];fh> “Mapd; ,jdhy; mirf;fKbAk;”

vd;W $wpf;nfhz;L jdJ cilthshy; rPrupd; KJfpw; Fj;jpdhd;. rPru; jpLf;fpl;Lg;
gpd;dhy; jpUk;G Kd; kw;wf; Fj;Jf;fs; tpOe;jd. khu;f;f]; G&l;l];; mikjpAld;
rPrupd; Kd;nrd;W epd;W> cilthis Xq;fp> “cNuhkpd; giftd; tPof ; @ tpLjiyapd;
tpNuhjp mopf@” vd;W $wpf;nfhz;L rPrupd; khu;gpw; Fj;jpdhd;.
,jidf; fz;l rPru; jpifj;J “vd;d... ePAkh? G&l;l];?” vd;whu;. clNd

epyj;jpy; - mr;rpiyapd; gf;fj;jpy; - tPo;e;jhu;. me;jf; fhaj;jpdhy; rPru; rpy
nehbf;Fs; capu; ePj;jhu;. rjpfhuupd; jpl;lk; epiwNtwptpl;lJ. Mapd;!!? rPru;
,we;Jtpl;lhu; vd;gijr; rjpfhuu; fz;lTld; ‘Rje;jpuk; tho;f! rkj;Jtk; tho;;f!
nfhLq;Nfhd;ik tPo;f!’ vd;W cuj;Jr; rj;jkpl;Lf; FJ}fypj;jdu;.
159
jkJ jpl;lk; epiwNtwpaTld; murpay; kd;wj;jpdu;fF ; j; jd; fl;rpapd; nfhs;if
fis tpsf;fpf; Fbauir Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gJ G&l;l]pd; Vw;ghL. ,jw;Fupa
Maj;jq;fs; epfo;e;jd. Mapd; efupy; Vw;gl;l gugug;G ,d;Dk; mlq;ftpy;iy.
,r; rkaj;J xU Ntiyahs; murpay; kd;wj;Js; gpuNtrpj;jhd;. mtd;

me;Njhdpapd; Ntiyf;fhud;. mtd; Neuhfg; G&l;l]; ,Uf;Fkplk; nrd;whd;@ Koe;jhspy;
epd;W gzpe;jhd;. gpwF mtd; $wpajhtJ:
“khu;f; me;Njhdp Kjypy; jq;fis Koe;jhspy; epd;W gzpAkhW vdf;Ff;

fl;lisapl;lhu;. gpwF mtu; gpd;tUtdtw;iwj; njuptpf;FkhW nrhd;dhu;. mJ
,J:” ‘G&l;l]; ngUe;jd;ik tha;e;jtu;@ Gj;jpkhd;@ Neu;ikahsd;. rPru; typatu;@
Jzpthsp@ ngUikAilatu;@ el;igg; Ngzp tsu;g;gtu;!’
“‘ehd; G&l;li] md;gpdhw; nfsutpj;Njd;@ rPriug; gaj;jpdhw; nfsutpj;Njd;.

Mapd; rPrUila el;G vd;idf; ftu;e;jJ. el;G Xu; cau;jukhd Fzk;. MfNt>
ehd; mghakpd;wpg; G&l;l]; ,Uf;Fkplj;ij mila KbAkhapd; rPrUila ez;gd;
vd;w Kiwapy; el;Gf; fldhw;wpr; rPrupd; cliy mlf;fQ; nra;akl;Lk; tpUk;GfpNwd;.
G&l;l]pd; cj;juTf;Ff; fhj;jpUf;fpd;Nwd;’;” vd;W mt;Ntiyahs; $Wk; NghJ>
fh]pa]; “me;Njhdp gRg;NghypUe;J GypNghw; gha;gtd;@ mtDf;F ,lq;nfhLf;f

Ntz;lhk;” vd;W G&l;l]plk; $wpdhd;.
“fh]pa];> eP Vd; ,g;gb mQ;Rfpwha;@ rPrupd; cliy mlf;fQ; nra;Ak;

cupikiaj;jhNd mtd; Nfl;fpwhd;. nrj;j clYkh ekf;Fg; gif” vd;W $wp>
“me;Njhdp rPrupd; cliy mlf;fQ; nra;a tuyhk;” vd;W Ntiyf;fhudplk; G&l;l];
njuptpj;jhd;.
rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; me;Njhdp mq;Nf te;jhd;. NeNu rPrupd; clyk; fple;j

,lj;Jf;Fr; nrd;whd;. mt;Tliy %ba jpiuia ePf;fptpl;Lr; rpwpJ Neuk; fjwp
mOjhd;. gpwF fz;fisj; Jilj;Jf;nfhz;L fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu; Kd; nrd;W jd;
NkYilia ePf;fp khu;igf; fhl;b> “ez;gu;fNs! rPrupd; ,uj;jj;jhy; cq;fs;
cilths;fspd; tplha; jPuhtpl;lhy;> ,Njh! vd; neQ;irAk; gpse;J mtw;wpd;
tplhiaj; jPuj
; J
; f; nfhs;Sq;fs;. Vnddpy; mtuplk; el;Gf;nfhz;l Fw;wk; vd;dplKk;
cz;L” vd;whd;. mtdJ ebg;igf; fz;L fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu; $l mtdplk; ,uf;fk;
nfhz;ldu;. mg;NghJ G&l;l]; “rNfhjuNd! rPriu Nerpg;gJ Fw;wkhapd; mjpy;
vdf;Fk; gq;Fz;L. ehd; mtUila Ml;rp KiwiaNa gifj;Njd;. cd;dplk;
vq;fSf;F xUtpj gifAk; ,y;iy” vd;W $wpdhd;.
gpd;G> “Kjypy; vd; fl;;rpapd; epiyia ahtUk; mwpa ehNd tpsf;fpf;

$WNtd;. mjd;gpd; eP cdJ el;Gf; flid Mw;wpr; rPrupd; cliy mlf;fQ;
nra;ayhk;” vd;W G&l;l]; me;Njhdpaplk; njuptpj;jhd;.
G&l;l]; Kjypy; Nkilf;F te;jhd;@ efu kf;fisg; ghu;j;Jg; Ngrj;

njhlq;fpdhd;. mtd; nrhd;dJ ,J@ “G&l;l]; vjw;fhfr; rPrupd; tpNuhjpahdhd;
vd;W vd;id ahuhtJ Nfl;lhy;> mjw;F ehd; $Wk; tpil ,Jjhd;. mjd;
fhuzk;> ehd; rPriu Nerpf;ftpy;iy vd;gjd;W@ ehd; cNuhkhGupiar; rPriutpl
160
mjpfkhf Nerpj;Njd; vd;gJjhd;. vij ePqf
; s; mjpfk; tpUk;GfpwPuf
; s;? rPru; capUld;
tho cNuhkhGup kf;fs; mbikfshf khs;tijah? my;yJ> rPru; ,wf;f> cNuhkefu
thrpfs; Rje;jpu kdpju;fshf tpsq;Ftijah?”
“rPru; vd;id kpfTk; Nerpj;jhu;@ mjw;fhf ehd; fz;zPu; tpLfpNwd;. rPru;

ehl;Lf;F kpFe;j nry;tj;ijj; Njbitj;jhu;@ mjw;fhf ehd; mtiug; Nghw;WfpNwd;.
mtu; kpFe;j ijupak; tha;e;jtu;@ mjw;fhf ehd; mtiuf; nfsutpf;fpNwd;. Mdhy;
mtu; kpFe;j NguhirAilatu;@ mjw;fhf ehd; mtiuf; nfhd;Nwd;. md;Gf;F
mOif@ nry;tj;jpw;F kfpo;r;rp@ typikf;Fg; ngUik@ Mirf;F kuzk;.”
“,q;Nf> ‘tpLjiy Ntz;lhk;: mbikNa Ntz;Lk;’ vd;W $Wgtu; ahuhtJ ,Ue;jhy;

mtu;fs; Ngrl;Lk;@ ,Njh ,le; jUfpNwd;.”
“ehd; cNuhkd;> vd;W ,Wkhg;Gld; $wpf;nfhs;s tpUk;ghjtu; ahuhtJ ,Ue;jhy;

mtu;fs; ,q;Nf tul;Lk;. mtu;fs; gjpYf;Ff; fhj;jpUf;fpNwd;.”
“ehl;bd; giftu; ahuhtJ ,Ue;jhy; mtu;fs; ,q;Nf tul;Lk;” vd;W G&l;l];

$Wk;NghJ “ahUkpy;iy@ ePNu jiytu;” vd;w xypfs; $l;lj;jpypUe;J fpsk;gpd.
G&l;l]; Nkilia tpl;Lf; fPNo ,wq;fpdhd;. rpy Ntiyf;fhuu;fspd; cjtpAld;

rPrupd; cliy vLj;Jf;nfhz;L te;J mq;Nf itj;j me;Njhdp> Nkilapdpd;W
,wq;fp tUk; G&l;li]j; jOtpf; nfhz;L NkilkPNjwpdhd;. G&l;l]; mt;tplk;
tpl;lfd;whd;.
me;Njhdp Ngrj; njhlq;fpdhd;. mq;fpUf;Fk; nghJkf;fs; jd;idAe; jd;

nrhw;nghopitAk; ntWg;ghu;fs; vd;gJ me;Njhdpf;Fj; njupAk;. MfNt me;Njhdp
jd; Ngr;ir kpfg; gzpthf Muk;gpj;jhd;.
“ehd; rPriug; Gfo;tjw;fhf ,q;Ftutpy;iy@ ehd; rPrupd; cliy mlf;fk;

gz;zNt te;jpUf;fpNwd;. xUtu; nra;j jPikfs; mtUf;Fg; gpwFk; ,t;Tyfpy;
epw;Fk;. Mdhy; mtu; nra;j ed;ikfs; mtu; rlyj;Jld; Gijf;fg;gLk;. rPru;
NguhirAilatu; vd;W ngUiktha;e;j G&l;l]; cq;fSf;Fr; nrhd;dhu;. mJ
cz;ikahdhy;> mJ kpfg; ngupa jtW@ rPru; mjd; gyid mEgtpj;Jtpl;lhu;.”
“G&l;l]{k; kw;iwNahu;fSk; ngUe;jd;ik tha;e;jtu;fs;. ngupNahu;fNs!

ehd; rPrupd; cliy mlf;fQ; nra;a te;jpUf;fpNwd;@ vd;Dila ez;gu;@ vdJ
ek;gpf;iff;Fr; rPru; ghj;jpukhdtu;@ ePjptha;e;jtu;@ Mdhy; mtu; NguhirAilat
nud;W G&l;l]; $Wfpwhu;. G&l;l]; ngUe;jd;ikAk; nfsutKk; cilatu;.”
“rPru; gy gif muru;fisf; ifjpfshf cNuhkhGupf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;jhu;.

mt;turu;fsJ ngUe;njhifg; gznky;yhk; cNuhkhGupg; nghJkf;fsJ nghf;fp\
rhiyia epug;gpd. ,J rPruJ Nguhirapd; milahskh?”
“twpatu;fs; mo Neu;e;jNghJ rPru; fz;zPu; tpl;lhu;. Nguhir nad;gJ xU

fbdkhd t];J@ Mapd; rPru; NguhirAilatnud;W G&l;l]; nrhy;Yfpwhu;. G&l;l];
161
kpfTk; cau;ju kdpju;. ePq;fs; vy;NyhUk; mwptPu;fs;@ efu tpohtpd;NghJ ehd;
Kk;Kiw Kbiar; rPrUf;F mspj;Njd;@ mtu; Kk;KiwAk; kWj;jhu;@ ,J Nguhirapd;
mwpFwpah?”
“ehd; G&l;l]; Ngrpaij kWj;Jg; Ngrtutpy;iy. mtu; kpfg; ngUe;jd;ik

tha;e;jtu;. vdf;Fj; njupe;jtw;iw khj;jpuk; ehd; ,q;Nf NgRfpNwd;. ePq;fs; Kd;G
rPriu kpfTk; Nerpj;jPu;fs;. fhuzkpd;wp ePq;fs; mg;gbr; nra;jpUf;f khl;Bu;fs;.
Mdhy; ,d;W ePq;fs; mtUf;fhff; fz;zPu;tplhjgb cq;fisj; jLg;gJ vd;d?”
,r;rkaj;jpy; me;Njhdp czu;r;rpAld; Ngrpdhd;. mtd; fz;fs; fyq;fpd.

czu;r;rp gputhfpj;jJ. nghJkf;fs; mt;Tzu;r;rpapdhy; epiyjsk;gpdhu;fs;. mtu;
fsJ kdk; khWgl Muk;gpj;jJ.
me;Njhdp kWgbAk; Ngr Muk;gpj;jhd;.
“New;W> rPrupd; xU thu;j;ijNa ,e;j cyfj;ij vjpu;j;J epw;fg; Nghjpa

typAilajhapUe;jJ. Mapd;> ,d;W!... mtiu kjpg;ghu; ahUkpy;iy” vd;W $wpa
me;Njhdp> mg;ghy; ,d;Dk; mikjpahfg; Ngrpdhd;.
“ehd; cq;fs; ,Ujaj;Jf;Fk; kdj;Jf;Fk; vOr;rp cz;lhf;FNtdhdhy;

vdf;F ,q;Nf Ngr mDkjpaspj;j G&l;l]{f;Fk; fh]pa]; KjyhapNdhu;f;Fq;
Fw;wQ; nra;jtdhNtd;. mtu;fs; vdJ nfsutj;Jf;Fupatu;fs;. ehd; mtu;fSf;Ff;
Fw;wQ; nra;akhl;Nld;” vd;W me;Njhdp $wpf;nfhz;L RUl;lg;gl;l xU fhfpjj;ij
mtu;fSf;Fj; njupAk;gb fhl;b> “,Njh! rPrupd; Kj;jpiuaplg;gl;l kuzrhjd
cWjpapUf;fpwJ. ,JNt rPrupd; ,Wjp Ntz;LNfhs;. ,ij ehd; mtUila me;juq;f
kz;lgj;jpw; fz;L vLj;Njd;. ,e;j kuzrhjdj;jpy; vOjg;gl;bUg;gij cq;fspy;
ahuhtJ mwpe;jhy; (ehd; ,ij thrpf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy) mtu;fs; Xb te;J rPrupd;
clypYs;s fhaq;fis Kj;jkpLthu;fs;. jq;fSila iff;Fl;ilfisr; rPrUila
,uj;jj;jpy; eidj;J Qhgfg; nghUshfg; ghJfhg;ghu;fs;.”
“Mk;@ mtUila cNuhkq;fspy; xd;iwahtJ ,ue;Jthq;fp mij mtUila

Qhgfr; r pd; d khfg; Nghw; W thu; f s; . mtUila ,wg; i gg; nghWf; f khl; l hJ
tUe;Jthu;fs;” vd;W me;Njhdp $Wk;NghJ> nghJkf;fs; me;j cWjpia thrpf;Fk;gb
rj;jkpl;lhu;fs;
“ngUikAs;s ez;gu;fNs! jaTnra;J mikjpahapUq;fs;@ ehd; ,ij thrpf;f

tpUk;gtpy;iy. Vndd;why; rPru; cq;fis vt;tsT Nerpj;jhu; vd;gij ePq;fs;
mwpaf;$lhJ. ePq;fs; kuf;fl;ilfs; my;yu;@ fw;fSk; my;yu;@ ePq;fs; kdpju;fs;.
Mdgbahy; rPrupd; kuzrhjdk; cq;fSf;Fr; rjpfhuupd;Nkw; Nfhgj;ij %l;btpLk;.
cq;fisg; igj;jpaf;fhuu;fs; Mf;fptpLk;. ePq;fs; rPrUila thupRfs; vd;gij>
ePq;fs; mwptJ ey;yjy;y. mq;qdk; ePtpu; mwpapd;> vd;d rk;gtpf;FNkh vd ehd;
mQ;RfpNwd;” vd;W me;Njhdp $wg; nghJkf;fs; NkYQ; rj;jkpl;L “me;j cWjpia
thrp” vdf; $f;Fuypl;ldu;.
162
mg;nghOJ me;Njhdp “jaTnra;J mikjpaha; ,Ug;gPu;fsh? xU rpwpJ
jhkjpg;guP f
; sh? ehd; kpfTe; J}uj;Jf;Fg; Ngha;tpl;Nld;. rPriuf; nfhd;w ngUe;jd;ik
ahsUf;F ehd; jPq;F nra;fpNwNdh vd;W gag;gLfpNwd;” vd;W $w> nghJkf;fs;
“mtu;fs; nfhiyahspfs;@ J\;lu;fs;@ tQ;rfu;fs;@ JNuhfpfs;@ eP cWjpia thrp”
vd;W rj;jkpl;lhu;fs;.
“ePq;fs; vd;id tw;GWj;Jtjhy; ehd; mij thrpf;fpNwd;” vd;W $wpr; rPrupd;

cly; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j ,lj;ij xUKiwghu;j;J> gpd;G mtu;fis Nehf;fp
“kuzrhjdj;ij thrpg;gjw;FKd; ,jid vOjpatiu ehd; xUKiw cq;fSf;Ff;
fhl;l tpUk;GfpNwd;. ehd; xUKiw fPNo tuyhkh? ePq;fs; vdf;Fr; rpwpJ ,le;
jUtPu;fsh?” vd;W Nfl;lhd;.
“Mk;@ fPNo thUq;fs;! fPNo thUq;fs;!!” vd;W $wpr; rPrupd; cly; itf;fg;gl;l
ngl;bapd; gf;fj;Nj epd;Nwhu; me;Njhdpf;F ,lk; tpl;ldu;.
me;Njhdp Nkilapdpd;W fPNo te;J rPrupd; rlyk; itf;fg;gl;l ngl;bapd;

gf;fj;Nj epd;whd;. mg;NghJ mq;Nf xU gaq;fu mikjp Fbnfhz;bUe;jJ. me;Njhdp
kWgbAk; Ngrj; njhlq;fpdhd;.
“cq;fsplk; fz;zuP ; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iwr; nrhupa Maj;jQ; nra;Aq;fs;!”

vd;W me;Njhdp $wpf;nfhz;L rPrupd; cliy %bapUe;j mofpa Nghu;itia
vLj;J mtu;fSf;Ff; fhl;b “ePq;fs; vy;NyhUk; ,e;jg;Nghu;itia mwpe;jpUg;gPu;fs;.
rPru; ,jid Kjd;Kjy; mzpe;j rkak; vdf;F ey;y Qhgfk; ,Uf;fpwJ! mJ
Ntdpw;fhyj;Jg; gpw;gfy;! gif ehl;bdu; Nkw; gilnaLj;j rkak; mJ!” vd;W $wp>
rPrupd; clypYs;s fhaq;fisAk; fpopTfisAk; xt;nthd;whff; fhl;b> “,Njh
ghUq;fs;! ,e;j ,lj;ijf; fh]pa]pd; Fj;Jths; gpse;jpUf;fpwJ! ,q;Nf ghUq;fs;!
,Jjhd;> fh];fhtpd; cilths; nra;j fhak;. ,e;jg; gpsg;gpD}Nljhd; rPruhy;
kpfTk; Nerpf;fg;gl;l G&l;l]pd; cilths; GFe;jJ. G&l;l]; me;j this ntspNa
,Oj;jNghJ rPrupd; FUjp FgPupl;Lg; gha;e;j khjpupiag; ghUq;fs;! G&l;l]; Vd;
,t;thW rPrupd; ,jaj;ijg; gpse;jhu;. rPru; G&l;li] vt;tpjk; Nerpj;jhu; vd;gij
ePq;fs; mwptPu;fs;. ,Jjhdh> mjw;fhfg; G&l;l]; nra;j ifk;khW!”
“ePjpgjpfNs! X> NjtijfNs! rPru; ,tu;fis vt;tsT md;Gld; Nerpj;jhu;.

mjd; gjpYgfhuq;fs;jhd; rPrupd; clypd;kPJ fplf;Fk; ,f;fhaq;fs;! ,uf;fkw;w
ntl;Lf;fs;!”
,r;rkaj;J nghJkf;fs; fjwYk; fz;zU P kha; epd;wdu;. mg;nghOJ me;Njhdp>

“,e;jr; nraiyr; nra;jtu;fs; kpfTk; tpNtfpfs;. mtu;fs; kdjpy; NtW VNjh
me;juq;fkhd fhuzk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;! mJ vd;d vd;W vdf;Fj; njupahJ! mtu;fs;
kpfTk; Gj;jprhypfs;. ePq;fs; re;Njfg;glhky; jq;fs; nraYf;F mtu;fs; jf;f
fhuzq; fhl;Lthu;fs;! ehd; G&l;li]g; Nghy xU ehtyd; my;yd;@ cq;fs;
vy;NyhUf;Fk; vd;idj; njupAk;. ehd; xU rhjhuz kdpjd;/ ehd; rPriu Nerpj;Njd;.
mtiug;gw;wp ehd; mwpe;jijr; nrhy;YfpNwd;. ehd; G&l;l]; MfTk;> G&l;l];
me;NjhdpahfTk; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;> me;j me;Njhdp cq;fs; capUf;Nf miog;G
tpl;bUg;ghd;@ rPrupd; clypYs;s xt;nthU fhaKQ; rPrUf;fhf tha;tpl;Lg; NgRk;gb
163
nra;jpUg;ghd;. mf;fhaq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; cq;fisg; ghu;j;Jg; NgRk; mg;Ngr;R
NuhkhGupapYs;s fw;fisf;$l capUs;sdthf - czu;r;rpAs;sdthf khw;Wk;!
Mapd; ,g;nghOJ mg;gbahd epiyik ,y;iyNa!” vd;W $wp ,uq;fpdhd;.
nghJkf;fs; ,g;nghOJ kpfTk; NfhgKilatu;fsha;g; G&l;l]pd; tPlL

; f;Fj;
jP %l;lf; fpsk;gpdu;. Mapd; me;Njhdp mtu;fis NkYk; Nfhgkilar; nra;a
tpUk;gp mtu;fisg; ghu;j;J>
“jaTnra;J xUKiw vdf;Fr; nrtprhAq;fs;! ePq;fs; Vd; ,g;gbf; Nfhgk;

mile;juP f
; s;? rPrUf;fhf ePqf
; s; Vd; ,g;gbf; fz;zuP ; tpLfpwPuf
; s;? mJ cq;fSf;Fj;
njupahJ@ vdf;Fj; njupAk;@ mij ehd; cq;fSf;Fr; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;. ePq;fs; me;j
kuzrhrdj;ij kwe;Jtpl;Bu;fNs!” vd;W $wpdhd;.
nghJkf;fs; mij thrpf;FkhW J}z;bdhu;fs;. me;Njhdp mjid tpupj;J>

“,Jjhd; me;j cWjp@ ,jpy; rPrupd; Kj;jpiu ,lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. xt;nthU cNuhkhGup
thrpAk;> Foe;ijAq;$l ,e;j kuzrhrdj;jpd; %yk; vOgj;ije;J *bwhr;rk;];
ngwr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jpUf;fpwhu; rPru;. mJkhj;jpukh? ijgu; ejpf;fiuapYs;s jkJ

g+Q;NrhiyfisAk; gokuj; Njhl;lq;fisAk; rPru; cq;fsJk; cq;fs; re;jjpapduJQ;
nrhj;jhf;fpapUf;fpwhu;. ,t;thW Raeyq; fUjhJ cq;fSf;fhfNt tho;e;jhu; rPru;!
,g;gbg;gl;l rPru;! M! mj;jifa rPru; ,q;Nf tPo;e;J fplf;fpwhu;! kw;nwhU rPru; ,dp
vg;nghOJ tug;NghfpwhNuh!;” vd;W me;Njhdp $w> nghJkf;fs; “xU nghOJk; tug;
Nghtjpy;iy@ xU nghOJk; tug;Nghtjpy;iy” vd;W rj;jkpl;Lf;nfhz;L fl;Lf;flq;fhkw;
rPrupd; cliyAe; J}f;fpf; nfhz;L re;ij$Lk; ,lj;Jf;F Xbdhu;fs;. mq;Nf $b>
mfg;gl;l ad;dy;> fjT Kjypa nghUs;fis vy;yhk; vLj;J mLf;fp mjpy; rPrupd;
<kj;ij vupj;jhu;fs;. mjpy; vupe;j Fwq;nfhs;spfis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L rjpfhuu;fSila
tPLfis Nehf;fp Xbdhu;fs;. mt;tPLfSf;F vupa+l;bdhu;fs;.
cNuhkhGupapd; murpaw; nfhe;jspg;G ,t;thwpUe;J gy tUlq;fspd; gpd;

rhe;jpaile;jJ. ,Wjpapy; G&l;l]; jw;nfhiy nra;J capu;tpl;lhd;.
- ciueil tpUe;J -
164
gpd;dpizg;G 2
• A+ypa]; rPru; vd;w fijia nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J gpd;tUk;

tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.
(1) gpd;tUk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fztpay;Gfs; ahit?

mit vt;thW ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd?
1. A+ypa]; rPru;
2. fh]pa];
3. G&l;l];
4. me;Njhdp
(2) G&l;l];> me;Njhdp vd;Dk; ,U ghj;jpuq;fSk; gw;wpa ckJ

kdg;gjpTfisj; jUf.
• cq;fs; FOTf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghj;jpuk; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahb

mg;ghj;jpukhf cq;fisf; fw;gid nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• cq;fis Nehf;fp vj;jifa tpdhf;fs; njhFf;fg;gLk; vd;gijf; fye;Jiuahb

Cfpj;Jj; tpilfisj; jahu; nra;Aq;fs;.
• tpilfs; njhlu;ghfTk; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• Vida ghj;jpuq;fs; njhlu;ghf vj;jifa tpdhf;fs; njhFf;fyhk; vd;Wk;

fye;Jiuahb tpdhf;fisj; jahupAq;fs;.
ghj;jpuq;fs;
1. A+ypa]; rPru;
2. fh]pa];
3. me;Njhdp
4. G&l;l];
165
Nju;r;rp myF 9.4 : fpufpj;j tplaq;fisr; RUf;fp vOJthu;.
nraw;ghL : ~~njspe;j ePu;|| vd;w ehlfg; gpujpia thrpj;Jr; RUf;fp

vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL :
ftpkzpapd; ghly; - gpd;dpizg;G 1
~njspe;j ePu; vd;w jiyg;gpYs;s ehlfg; gpujp
- gpd;dpizg;G 2
xypg;gjpT ehlh
vOJjhs;fs;
gb 9.4.1
• ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;isapd; ghliy xyp ehlhtpy; xypf;fr;
nra;J Muk;gpAq;fs;.
(gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,y; ghly; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
• my;yJ mg;ghliy XirAld; cuj;Jg;ghb Muk;gpAq;fs;.
• ghly; xd;iwf; Nfl;Fk;NghJk; thrpf;Fk; NghJk; ftdpf;fg;glNtz;ba

tplaq;fs; ahit? vd khztuplk; tpdtpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• gpd;tUtdtw;iw ikag;gLj;jp khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• Nfl;Fk; NghJ
- fUj;J}d;wpf; Nfl;ly;
- nghUisf; fpufpj;jy;
- nkhopr; nrk;ikia mtjhdpj;jy;
- Xiria czu;e;J ,urpj;jy;
- rpwg;ghd tplaq;fis ,urpj;jy;
- Kf;fpa tplaq;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;
166
• thrpf;Fk;NghJ
- fUj;J}d;wp nksdkhf thrpj;jy;
- nghUisf; fpufpj;J thrpj;jy;
- XirAld; thrpj;jy;
- ,urpj;J thrpj;jy;
- Kf;fpa tplaj;ijf; Fwpg;ngLj;jy;
- eae;j tplaj;ijf; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;sy;
15 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.4.2
• ~njspe;j ePu;| vd;w ehlfg; gpujpia vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;fp>
nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• khztu;fis MW FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.

• ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; MW fhl;rpfisAk; xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; xU

fhl;rptPjk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk; I I toq;fp> FOepiyapy;

fye;Jiuahb vOJk;gb $Wq;fs;. FOf;fspilNa nrd;W topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• gpd;du; nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk; II I toq;fpf; FOKiwapy; fye;Jiuahb

,aq;f itAq;fs;.
• FOf;fspilNa nrd;W Njitahd MNyhridfisAk; topfhl;ly;

fisAk; toq;Fq;fs;.
65 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.4.3
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; II ,w;fhd mwpf;ifia Kd;itf;f tif
nra;Aq;fs;.
• Vida khztu;fs; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpf;f ,lkspAq;fs;.
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; II ,w;fhd fijr; RUf;fk;:

njspe;j ePu;
(Rj;Njhjd kfhuh[h> jdJ kfd; rpj;jhu;j;jid mioj;J tUk;gb gyiu
mDg;gpdhu;. Mdhy; mtu;fSk; JwT G+z;L Gj;jUld; (rpj;jhu;j;jd;) jq;fp
tpl;ldu;. ke;jpup> ~~kfd; te;J tpLthu;|| vd kd;dDf;F MWjy; $wpdhu;@
Mdhy; Gj;jNuh jpUk;gp tutpy;iy.
167
jdJ xNu xU kfd; murhl;rpia tpl;L tpl;Lj; Jwtwk; G+z;L Gj;juhf
khwpaij kd;ddhy; jhq;f Kbatpy;iy. Gj;jiu xUKiw ghu;ff
; Ntz;Lnkd;W
je;ij Mirg;gl;lhu;.
Gj;jiu muz;kidf;F mioj;Jtu kd;ddhy; mDg;gg;gl;l cjhap vd;gtUk;

Jwtpahfptpl;lhu;. Rj;Njhjd kd;dd; jdJ kfdhd rpj;jhu;j;jidf; fhz
Ntz;Lnkd;w tpUg;gj;ijg; Gj;jUf;F Ms; %yk; njuptpj;jhu;. Gj;jUk; jhd;
fgpyt];Jtpw;F tug;Nghtjhfr; nra;jp mDg;gpdhu;.
fgpyt];Jtpw;F Gj;ju; te;j Njhw;wj;ijf; fz;lJk; kd;du; ftiy nfhz;lhu;.

~~Gj;ju; gpr;ir Ntz;Lk;|| vd;W kd;didf; Nfl;l nghOJ> kd;du; kWj;Jtpl;lhu;.
~~,e;jg; G+Tyfj;jpw;F vd; kfidNa jhdkhff; nfhLj;jpUf;fpNwd;. mJNt
NghJk;|| vd;whu;.
Gj;jupd; kfd; ,uhFyDk; je;ijtopnry;y tpUk;gpaij ghl;lDf;F ntspapl;lJk;

kfhuh[h gjwpg; Nghdhu;. gpd;du; ,uhFyd; je;ijahd Gj;juplNk jd; Miria
ntspapl;lhd;. Gj;ju; kWj;jNghJk; ,uhFyd; gpbthjkhf ,Ue;jhd;.
fhl;bNy ,uhFydJ tpUg;gj;ijg; Gj;ju; epiwNtw;w Maj;jkhd Ntisapy;

Rj;Njhjd kfhuh[h te;J jLf;fpwhu;. ~~ngw;Nwhu;fisg; gps;isfSld;
Nru;e;J thotpLk;|| vd;W kfhuh[h Gj;juplk; tuk; Nfl;fpwhu;.
~~ngw;Nwhupd; mDkjpapy;yhky; ahiuAk; ek; rq;fj;jpy; ,dp Nru;f;ff;$lhJ.||

vd;W Gj;ju; xU GJ tpjpiar; rq;fj;Jf;Fg; gpwg;gpj;jhu;.
~~njspe;j ePupy;jhd; Kfk; ghu;f;f KbAk;.|| vd;W Gj;ju; $wpdhu;.
Rj;Njhjd kfhuh[h re;Njh\j;Jld; ,uhFyid mioj;Jf;nfhz;L

muz;kidf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhu;.
• fijr; RUf;fk;
• fijj; njhlu;G
• thf;fpa ,iaG
• epWj;jf; FwpaPl;bd; gad;ghL
• nkhopr; nrk;ik
• nkhopeil Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpAq;fs;.
80 epkplq; f s
s;
• nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;j tplak; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

• tplaq;fisr; RUf;fp vOJthu;.
• RUf;fpa tplaq;fisj; njhFj;Jf; fij xd;wpid Mf;Fthu;.
• ehlfg; gpujpfisr; RUf;fpf; fijtbtpy; mikg;ghu;.
168
gpd;dpizg;G 1
Gj;ju; mwpTWj;jy;
,lu;tUk; NghJk; - cs;sk;

,uq;fpLk; NghJk;
cld;gpwe;jtu; Nghy; - khe;ju;
cwT nfhs;thug;gh
XLk; cjpuj;jpy; - tbe;J

xOFk; fz;zPupy;
Njbg; ghu;j;jhYk; - rhjp
njuptJz;Nlh - mg;gh
gpwg;gpdhy; vtu;f;Fk; - cyfpy;

ngUik thuhjg;gh
rpwg;G Ntz;Lnkdpy; - ey;y

nra;if Ntz;Lkg;gh
- ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;gps;is
169
gpd;dpizg;G - 2
njspe; j eP u ;
fhl; r p - 1
,lk; : muz;kidapy; xU miw>
cs;Ns : Rj;Njhjd kfhuh[h> mikr;ru;> Nrdhjpgjp.
(mikr;rUk; NrdhjpgjpAk; jiy Fdpe;jgb epd;Wnfhz;bUf;f>

kfhuh[h - NrhfKk; NfhgKk; fye;j Fuypy; NgRfpwhu;)
Rj;Njh : ehd; epidg;gJ Nghy;jhd; vJTk; elf;ftpy;iy. vd; Miria

epiwNtw;w ,q;F ahUf;FNk jpwdpy;iy> Jzptpy;iy. ehd; ngw;w
kfid> vd; M&apu; ike;jid> muz;kidf;F mioj;J thUq;fs;
vd;W Mapuk; Ngiu mDg;gpNdd;. MirNahL thapypNy fhj;jpUe;
Njd;. J}J Nghd mj;jid NgUk; JwT g+z;L mq;NfNa jq;fp
tpl;lhu;fs;.
MtNyhL vd; mikr;riu mDg;gpNdd;. mtu; fjpAk; mNj fjpjhd;.

Nghdtu; jpUk;gtpy;iy.
vd; nka;fhg;ghsd;!... mtidAk; cz;ikahf ek;gp mDg;gpNdd;.

mtu;fis vy;yhk; ey;ytu;fshf;fp tpl;lhd; - me;j Kl;lhs;.
,dp ahiu ek;GNtd;? vg;gb vd; kfidg; ghu;g;Ngd;?
Nrdhjp : muNr! Jwtwk; g+z;ltu;fis ek;Kila tpUg;gj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;

gLj;j KbahJ. vq;fs; Kaw;rp ,Jtiu ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy vd;W
tUj;jj;Jld; ...
ke;jpup : muNr! ijupaj;ij ,of;fNtz;lhk;. Gj;ju; tUthu;. epr;rak; ek;

muz;kidf;F tUthu;. fhl;rp jUthu;. Mdhy;> ekf;F ,d;Dk;
nghWik Ntz;Lk; muNr!
Rj;Njh : nghWik?!... mikr;rNu! ,d;Dkh nghWik? Mir kPWfpd;w

nghOJ...
ke;jpup : mwpT jLkhWk;. mijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ ...
Rj;Njh : ghrk; Ganydf; fpsk;Gk; mikr;rNu! ghrk; Ganydf; fpsk;Gk;.

vd; khu;igj; njhl;byhf;fp> ,e;j kbiaf; fl;byhf;fp tsu;j;Njd;.
rpj;jhu;j;jd; vd;w ngaupl;L nry;ykhf mioj;Njd;. Mirf;F xU
kfd;> ,e;j muRf;Fj; jpUkfd;> mtidg; ngw;wtd; ehd; - vd;w
Nguhde;jj;jpy; jpisj;Njd;. fspj;Njd;. Mdhy; ...
170
,e;j khngUk; rhk;uh[;aj;ijf; fl;bf;fhf;f ,Ue;j kfd;> ,d;W
fhl;bYk; Nkl;bYk; Jwtpahfj; jpupfpwhd;@ $Nl ,y;yhj FUtpahf
miyfpwhd;. Gupfpwjh vd; epiyik ... njupfpwjh ,e;jf; nfhLik!
vd; ,jak; flyhff; FKWtJ Nfl;fpwjh> ckf;nfq;Nf Nfl;fg;
NghfpwJ mikr;rNu! ...
ke;jpup : kd;dpf;f Ntz;Lk; rf;futu;j;jpfNs! Gj;jpughrk; nghy;yhjJjhd;.

,Ue;jhYk;> ,d;iwa epiyia ehk; rpwpJ Nahrpj;Jg; ghu;f;fj;jhd;
Ntz;Lk;. rpj;jhu;jj
; uhf ,Ue;jtu; Gj;juhf khwp> ,e;jg; g+Tyfj;ijNa
fhf;fg; Ngha;tpl;lhu;. vd;d nra;ayhk;? ntz;nza; Mfptpl;l gpd;
mJ ghyhf khwKbahJ Nte;Nj?
Rj;Njh : cjhuzk; GupfpwJ. Mdhy; vd; cs;sj;jpw;F ahu; Gupa itg;gJ?

vd; kfid xUKiw mioj;J thUq;fs; vd;W Ms; Nky; Ms;
mDg;GfpNwd;. vdf;Ff; fpl;lhky; Nghd kfd;> ,d;W - ,d;Dk;
vl;lhj J}uj;jpw;Nf Ngha;f; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;. mtidf; fhzhkNyNa
ehd; xUNtis ... (Ntjid jhq;fhky;> mq;F ,Uf;Fk; xU Mrdj;jpy;

mku;fpwhu;. mikr;rUk; NrdhjpgjpAk; xUtiu xUtu; ghu;j;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdu;)
Nrdhjp : muNr! filrp Kaw;rp... ek; rpj;jhu;j;jupd; neUq;fpa ez;gUk;>

rpwe;j mwpthspAkhd cjhap vd;w me;jziu J}J mDg;gpAs;Nshk;.
Rj;jh : (Vsdkhf) mtUk; Jwtpahfp tpl;lhNuh?
Nrdhjp : (jaf;fj;Jld;) Mkhk;.
Rj;Njh : njupe;j fij jhNd! ,jpy; vd;d GJik ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W vd;dplk;
$w te;jPu;fs;?
Nrdhjp : Jwtpahfptpl;lhYk;> jd; Kaw;rpapy; ntw;wp ngw;W tpLthu; vd;w

ek;gpf;ifahd Nrjp te;jpUf;fpwJ.
Rj;Njh : (kde;jsu;e;j epiyapy;) XNfh!
ke;jpup : ek;gpf;ifia ,of;f Ntz;lhk; Nte;Nj! ehisNa ekf;F ey;y

Nrjp fpilj;jhYk; fpilf;fyhk;.
Rj;Njh : mijAk; ghu;g;NghNk!

(kfhuh[h Nghfpwhu;)
- jpiu -
171
fhl; r p - 2
,lk; : fhdfk;
cs;Ns : Gj;ju;> cjhap
(Gj;ju; thdj;ijg; ghu;j;jthW epd;W nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. mtu;

gpd;dhy; epw;Fk; cjhap Ngrj; njhlq;Ffpwhu;)
cjhap : ghu;f;fyhk; vd;Wjhd; te;Njd;. gfthidg; ghu;j;jJk; ehd; te;j

Ntiyia kwe;Njd;. vd; nrhe;j epidit ,oe;Njd;. muruhy;
mDg;gg;gl;l cjhap vd;gijAk; kwe;Njd;. ,e;jf; Nfhyj;jpNyNa
vd; gpwtpia Kbj;Jf; nfhs;s KbT nra;J tpl;Nld;.
Gj;ju; : cjhap! Njhd;Wk; nghUs;fs; vy;yhk; cyfj;jpy; xUehs; mopaf;

$baNj! ek; clYk; mg;gbj;jhd;. ehk; njhlq;Fk; fhupanky;yhk;
KbtJk; njhlu;tJk; ek; ifapNy ,y;iy. MfNt> vjw;Fk;
Mirg;glhky; ,U...
cjhap : gfthNd!. ,Ue;jhYk; ... vdf;F xNu xU Mir ...
Gj;ju; : Mirah ... Mirjhd; mj;jid Jd;gq;fSf;Fk; fhuzk;. me;j

Miria nty;Yk; NghJjhd; Mztk; mopfpwJ. mfq;fhuk; njhiy
fpwJ. Mde;jk; ngUfp Md;kh Fspu;fpwJ. MfNt> ftiyfSf;
nfy;yhk; fhuzkhd cd; Mirfisf; fise;J tpL.
cjhap : cz;ikjhd; gfthNd! ,Ue;jhYk;> ,Jjhd; vd;Dila ,Wjp

Mir.
Gj;ju; : k; (jiyairf;fpwhu;)
cjhap : vdf;Ff; fij nrhy;tjpy;> ftpij ghLtjpy; nfhQ;rk; gapw;rp

cz;L. nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;w MirAk; cz;L. me;jf; fijia
cq;fsplk; ,d;W $wptpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w xNu xU filrp Mir.
Gj;ju; : mg;gbah! cd; tpUg;gk; NghyNt Mfl;Lk;.
cjhap : ngUkhNd... mJ ey;y ,sNtdpw;fhyk;. g+u;zpik cs;s nghypthd

ehs;. nghd;kakhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;w g+Q;Nrhiy xd;wpy;> kQ;rs;
ntapy;gLk; Ntis... kq;fsfukhd #o;epiy> mg;nghOJ moNf
cUthd> Mlk;guk; epiwe;j gy;yf;F xd;W mq;F tUfpwJ.
jhjpau;gil #o te;j me;j gy;yf;fpypUe;J> murpau; xUtu; fPopwq;fp
te;J> ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfspy; jd; ,jak; trkpof;f> jd;idNa
kwe;J epw;fpwhu;. jha;ikg; NgWf;fhfj; jd; jha; tPL nrd;W
nfhz;bUe;j murpf;F> mq;NfNa xU Mz; Foe;ij gpwe;J tpLfpwJ.
me;j mofpa nja;thk;rKs;s Foe;ijiag; ngw;w Gdpjtjp ...
,y;iy. mghf;atjp> Vohk; ehsd;W ,we;JNghfpwhu;> ...
172
Gj;ju; : ghtk;...
cjhap : jhapy;yh me;jf; Foe;ijia> jd; Njhs; kPJk;> khu; kPJk; nghd;idg;
Nghy;> fz;izg;Nghy; itj;Jf; fhg;ghw;Wfpwhu; je;ij. jdf;Fg;
gpwF jd;kfd; JizapUg;ghd; vd;w jsuhj ek;gpf;ifAld; tsu;jj ; hu;.
Mdhy; tajhd me;j je;ijAld;> me;j kfNdh thotpy;iy.
Gj;ju; : k;...kfd; vq;Nf Ngha;tpl;lhd;?
cjhap : fhl;bw;F.
Gj;ju; : fhl;bw;fh...Vd;?
cjhap : (nksdk;)
Gj;ju; : Vd; nksdkhapUf;fpwha;? Vd; fhl;bw;F Nghdhd; - mtd; ngau;

vd;d?...
cjhap : nga...u; ... rpj;jhu;j;ju;.
Gj;ju; : cjhap... eP vd;d nrhy;fpwha;?
cjhap : Mk; gfthNd!... fgpyt];Jit MSk; rf;futu;j;jp Rj;Njhjd

kfhuh[htpw;Fk;> uhzp khahNjtpf;Fk; gpwe;j me;jf; Foe;ijapd;
ngau; rpj;jhu;j;ju;.
jd; kfid ,oe;j kd;du;gpuhd;> jd; kfid xUKiw fhz

Ntz;Lk; vd;W Jbj;J> xd;gJKiw J}Jtu;fis mDg;gpdhu;.
J}J te;jtu;fs; vy;yhk; Jwtpahdhu;fs;. filrp Kiwahf vd;id
mDg;gpdhu;fs;. fhe;jj;jpdhy; ftug;gl;l ,Uk;G Nghy> cq;fs;
mbikahfp epw;Fk; vd;Nfhyj;ijg; ghUq;fs;. Mdhy; ...! gfthNd
ehd; te;j Nehf;fk; ... cq;fis miof;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fk;...
vd; flik ... Kbe;jJ.
Gj;ju; : cjhap! cz;ikAk; mwpTk; epiwe;j me;jzNu! ,dpj;jhd; vd;

flik njhlq;fg;NghfpwJ. rhf;fpa tk;rj;jhiunay;yhk; Gj;jkjj;jpw;
Ff; nfhz;L tUk; fhyk; te;Jtpl;lJ. fgpyt];Jtpw;F ehd;
tug;Nghtjhf nra;jp mDg;G.
cjhap : ed;wp gfthNd ed;wp. (XLfpwhu;)
- jpiu -
173
fhl; r p - 3
,lk; : muz;kid
cs;Ns : Rj;Njhjdu;> Nrdhjpgjp> ke;jpup
(kd;du; kfpo;r;rpAld; vjpNu epw;Fk; mikr;riuAk; Nrdhjpgjp

iaAk; ghu;j;J)
Rj;Njh : ed;wp Nrdhjpgjp ed;wp! ,dpf;Fk; Nrjpjhd;... ,e;j Nrjpf;fhf>

vj;jid Mz;Lfs; fhj;Jf; fple;jpUf;fpNwd; njupAkh? rup ... vd;
,jaj;ij kfpo;tpf;Fk; ,dpf;Fk; Nrjp nrhd;d cdf;F vd;d gupR
Ntz;Lk;? nrhy;! rPf;fpuk;...
Nrdhjp : (nksdkhf epw;wy;)
Rj;Njh : nksdk; Ntz;lhk;... jaq;fhky; Nfs;! Kj;Jkhiy Ntz;Lkh?

uj;jpd Muk; Ntz;Lkh? gj;Jj;jiy Kiwf;Fg; NghJkhd nghw;
Ftpay; Ntz;Lkh? vJ Ntz;Lk;?
Nrdhjp : muNr! cq;fs; ePq;fhj md;Gjhd; Ntz;Lk;. mJNt NghJk;.
Rj;Njh : ePqf
; hj md;Gjhd; vd;dplk; epiwa ,Uf;fpwNj! k;... fhyk; tUk;.
ehd; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;Ntd;. rup Nrdhjpgjp! eP Nghfyhk;. (Nrdhjpgjp
tzq;fpagb Nghfpwhu;)
mikr;rNu! tuhj kfd; tUfpwhd;... ePq;fs; nrhd;dJ cz;ik

ahapw;W ... vd; ek;gpf;if tPz;Nghftpy;iy. vq;Nf> ,yTfhj;j
fpspaha; MfptpLNtNdh vd;W gae;Nj NghNdd;.
ke;jpup : rj;jpak; vd;Wk; nty;Yk; muNr! cj;jkFkhud; cq;fisf; fhz

fl;lhak; tUthu; vd;w ek;gpf;if vdf;F ,Ue;jJ... ,d;W epiwNtwp
tpl;lJ. ey;ytu;fs; Miria ,iwtd; epiwNtw;whky; ,Ug;
gjpy;iy. nfhQ;rk; nghWik Ntz;Lk;.
Rj;Njh : mikr;rNu! vd; kfid Mlk;gukhf tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk;. Vw;ghLfis

,d;Nw njhlq;Fq;fs;. myq;fhuk; gpukhjkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghu;j;jtu;fs; kaq;f Ntz;Lk;. ahUf;Fk;> vg;nghOJk; ,JNghy;
mikatpy;iy. vd;W ,e;j ehNl Gfo Ntz;Lk;: Mkhk; ... ,e;j
cyfNk Gfo Ntz;Lk;...
ke;jpup : fgpyt];Jit NjtNyhfkhf;fptpLfpNwd;. cq;fs; cj;juTf;fhfj;

jhd; fhj;jpUe;Njd;. tUfpNwd; rf;futu;j;jpfNs@ tzf;fk;. (ke;jpup
Nghfpwhu;)
(muru; jdpNa cytpa tz;zk; NgRfpwhu;)
174
Rj;Njh : rpj;jhu;jj
; d; tug;Nghfpwhd;... (nkJthf rpupj;jy;) k; te;jhy; vg;gb
miog;gJ... rpj;jhu;j;jh th! vd; kfNd th vd;wh? ... k;`Pk;. mtd;
nja;tg; gpwg;G. cyFf;F topfhl;b. gpd;Nd vg;gb miog;gJ?
Gj;j ngUkhNd! thUq;fs;! ,g;gbah!

Nr! Nr! vd; kfid> vd; Fkhuid> ehNd gpuhNd ngUkhNd
vd;wh miog;gJ?
flTNs! ,J vd;d GJf; Fog;gk;? ,d;iwa ,uT tpbal;Lk;>

vdf;fhf tpbal;Lk;. ,iwth! vdf;F epk;kjp fpilf;fl;Lk;.
(Nghfpwhu;)
- jpiu -
fhl; r p - 4
,lk; : muz;kid thapy;>

cs;Ns : Rj;Njhjdu;> Gj;ju;> ,uhFyd;.
(Rj;Njhjdu; MtYld; topiaNa ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;L epw;fpwhu;.

‘Gj;jk; ruzk; fr;rhkp’ vd;w ,ir xypf;fpwJ. kd;dtd; Kfk;
kyu;fpwJ.)
Rj;Njh : mNjh> vd; kfd; tUfpwhd; - muz;kidf;Nf te;Jtpl;lhd;.

(rq;fk; ruzk; fr;rhkp vd;w mbKba> Gj;ju; jpUNthl;Lld; cs;Ns
Eiofpwhu;. murupd; Kfk; khWfpwJ. tha; jLkhWfpwJ.)
Rj;Njh : rpj;jhu; -- Gj;j - (Fog;g epiy) (Gj;ju; jiy epkpu;e;J jd;

je;ijiag; ghu;f;fpwhu;.) cdf;F ,e;jf; Nfhykh? k;- gsgsf;Fk;
gl;lhil! ghu;itapNy fk;gPuk;! eilapNy ngUkpjk;! ehLfhf;Fk;
ey;ywk;! ,ij tpl;L tpl;L> ifapNy jpUNthL> fl;bf;nfhs;s
fhtpAil@ ,J vd;d Nfhyk;! flTNs! muRf;F xU thupR--
Mirf;F xNu kfd;?
Gj;ju; : muNr! kdpjidf; nfLg;gJ kdk;. kdijf; nfLg;gJ Mir. me;j

Miria mopf;f Ntz;Lk;. mwj;ij tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhfj;
jhd; ,e;jf; Nfhyk;.
Rj;Nj : murdhf ,Ue;J nra;a Kbahj me;j mwj;ij> Mz;bahf ,Ue;jh

nra;a KbAk;?
Gj;ju; : Mz;ltid mila Mlk;guk; $lhJ Nte;Nj! Mu;g;ghl;lkpy;yhj

gf;jp> rydkpy;yhj rpe;ij@ ,J jdpikapNy> jtj;jpNy ngwf;$baJ.
NridNahL Nru;e;J nfhz;L rz;il NghLk;NghJ my;y. mikjp
cs;sj;jpNy Ntz;Lk;. mDjhgk; nraypNy Ntz;Lk;.
175
Rj;Njh : ey;yJ. (rw;W vupr;rYld;) ,g;nghOJ ckf;F vd;d Ntz;Lk;?
Gj;ju; : (mikjpahf) vdf;Fg; gpr;ir Ntz;Lk;.
Rj;Njh : gpr;irah! INah! ,e;j thu;j;ijfisf; Nfl;f vd; fhJfs; vd;d

ghtk; nra;jdNth! vjw;fhf vLf;f Ntz;Lk; gpr;ir? Vd; mjpNy
cdf;F ,r;ir!
mfpyj;ijNa fl;b Ms;fpNwd; ehd;. eP vdf;F md;Gkfd;. ehl;il
Ms;tij tpl;L tpl;L Xl;il Ve;jpf; nfhz;L miyfpwhNa! ePjpah!
epahakh!
Gj;ju; : fly; kPNj tho;ej

; hYk; Fbf;f NtW jz;zuP j
; hd; Ntz;Lk;. Jwtpf;F
; j;
Njit gpr;ir. gpr;ir vLg;gJ vq;fs; njhopy;. mJ cliy tsu;ff ;
my;y ... capiuf; fhf;f ,e;j cyfj;ijf; fhf;Fk; jUkj;ijf;
fhf;f.
Rj;Njh : (Nfhgkhf) cdf;Fg; gpr;ir ,y;iy. vd;dplk; mJ ,y;iy. NtW

vJ Nfl;lhYk; jUfpNwd;. ,Njh! ,e;j ,uh[;ak; Ntz;Lkh! Nfs;
jUfpNwd;!
Gj;ju; : Mirapy;iy> mjdhy; vdf;Fj; Njitapy;iy.
Rj;Njh : Njitapy;yhj Jwtpf;F NritAk; Njitapy;iy.
Gj;ju; : vijNah epidj;Jf; nfhz;L vg;gbNah NgRfpd;wPu;! muNr! ,y;iy

nad;dhJ nfhLj;jJ cq;fs; guk;giu. te;jtu;fs; kdk; kfpo
thupthup toq;fpaJ cq;fs; guk;giu! ehd; ,q;F te;jJ njhy;iy
nad;why;> vdf;Fg; gpr;ir ,y;iynad;why; vdf;F tUj;jNk ,y;iy.
ehl;bNy tPl;Lf;fh gQ;rk;... tUfpNwd; kd;dh! tzf;fk;!
Rj;Njh : Iah JwtpahNu! thry; tiu te;Jtpl;L tUfpNwd; vd;W NghtJ

Kiwah?
Gj;ju; : ngupatNu! Nfhgk; mwpTf;Fg; gif. jhgk; md;Gf;Fr; rj;JU.

NfhgKk; jhgKk; ghgj;Jf;Fj; J}Jtu;fs;. cq;fs; mwpit -
MirAk; ghrKk; kiwf;fpwJ. ghrKk; ge;jKk; nja;tPf cwitj;
Jz;bj;J tpLk;. ePq;fs; epjhdkhf rpe;jpAq;fs;> tUfpNwd;.
Rj;Njh : tPzg
; opia ,e;j tNahjpfd;Nky; Rkj;jptpl;Lg; NghfpwPuh JwtpahNu!.
Gj;ju; : (jpUk;gpg; ghu;j;J) Vd;?
Rj;Njh : Nftyk; xU mjpjpf;F md;dkplf;$l ,ayhj murd; vd;w fsq;

fj;ij Rkj;jptpl;Lg; NghfpwPuh? Ntz;lhk; ... Ntz;lNt Ntz;lhk;!
me;j Xl;il ,g;gbf; nfhLq;fs;...
176
(thq;fpf; nfhz;L cs;Ns Ngha; jpUk;gpte;J kPzL
; k; me;j Xl;ilg;
Gj;juplk; je;Jtpl;L)
JwtpNa! nghd;idAk; nghUisAk; kl;Lk; ehd; jhdkhfj;

jutpy;iy. ,e;jg; g+Tyfk; tho vd; nghd;dhd Gj;jpuidNa
nfhLj;jpUf;fpNwd;. jhdkhf!... vdf;fh epjhdk; ,y;iy. ,Uf;fpwJ...
,Uf;fpwJ. mjdhy;jhd; ehd; ,g;gb ,Uf;fpNwd;.
(muru; cs;Ns Nghfpwhu;)
Gj;ju; : %g;Gk;> gpzpAk;> ,wg;Gk; kdpjiuf; nfhy;Yk; gprhRfs;. mitfis

kdpjd; KJfpy; Rke;J nfhz;L> Mir vd;fpwhd;> ghrk; vd;fpwhd;>
Rfk; vd;fpwhd;> nrhu;f;fk; vd;fpwhd;. ghtk;. tpsf;iff; ifapNy
gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L nts;sj;jpNy Ngha; tpOfpd;w tptuk; Gupahj
kf;fs;. ,e;j Vio cyfk; vd;W tUe;JNkh! vd;W jpUe;JNkh!
(Nghfpwhu;)
(“Gj;jk; ruzk; fr;rhkp” vd;w Fuy; gpd;dzpapy; xypf;fpwJ.
Rj;Njhjdu; kPz;Lk; mNj ,lj;jpw;F te;J ngU%r;Rld; ghu;j;Jf;

nfhz;Nl epw;fpwhu;. mtuJ Ngud; (Gj;jupd; kfd;) ,uhFyd; mq;F
XbtUfpwhd;.)
,uhF : jhj;jh! jhj;jh!
Rj;Njh : (nka;kwe;J epd;wtu; jpLf;fpl;L) k;> vd;d uhFyh?
,uhF : Vd; jhj;jh fz;zPu;! mOjPuh?
Rj;Njh : ,y;iy uhFyh! cd; je;ij> te;Jtpl;Lg; Nghfpwhd;. mjdhy;jhd;

,e;jf; fz;zPu;. Mde;jf; fz;zPu;.
,uhF : mg;ghth! ,q;F te;jhuh? jhj;jh! mk;kh nrhd;dJ cz;ikjhd;

jhj;jh! mg;gh Jwtpahfptpl;ljhy;> cyfNk mtiug; Gfo;fpwjhNk!
Rj;Njh : Mkhk;! ,e;j cyfNk cd; je;ijia> vd; kfid tho;j;JfpwJ-

tzq;FfpwJ.
,uhF : Jwtpahfptpl;lhy;> ,e;j cyfNk tho;j;Jk;> tzq;Fk;> ,y;iyah

jhj;jh?
Rj;Njh : Mkhk;! Vd; mg;gbf; Nfl;fpwha;?
,uhF : xd;Wkpy;iy. ehDk; Jwtpahfp tplyhk; vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. vg;gb

vd; Nahrid?
177
Rj;Njh : uhFyh! igj;jpak; Nghy; cswhNj! cd;id ek;gpj;jhNdlh ,e;j
capiuNa itj;jpUf;fpNwd;. ePNah? Ntz;lhk;! mg;gb epidf;fNt
Ntz;lhk; (mtid mizj;J) ,q;Nf ghu; uhFyh! “gil jpul;LNtd;>
ghiukpul;LNtd;> cyfj;ij Ms;Ntd;> jpyfkha; tho;Ntd;” ,g;gb
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; cd; Ngr;R> ePNah! uhFyh! vd; capiug; gwpg;gjpy;
cdf; n fd; d yhgk; . rup> cd; jhahu; aNrhij cdf; f hf
fhj;jpUg;ghu; Ngh!
,uhF : Rk;kh nrhd;Ndd; jhj;jh... tUfpNwd;.

(Nghfpwhd;)
Rj;Njh : flTNs! vd; guk;giuf;F te;jJ ghgkh ,y;iy rhgkh? vy;NyhUNk

Jwtwk; NghftpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;> vd;idj; jtpu. vy;NyhUf;FNk
igj;jpak; gpbj;J tpl;ljh? vd;d nra;Ntd;?
- jpiu -
fhl; r p - 5
,lk; : mur tPjp
cs;Ns : Gj;ju;> ,uhFyd;.
(Gj;ju; nksdkhfg; Ngha;fn

; fhz;bUf;fpwhu;. gpd;dhy; mtUila
kfd; ,uhFyd; XbtUfpwhd;)
,uhF : mg;gh ($g;gpLfpwhd;)
Gj;ju; : (jpUk;ghkNyNa ele;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;)
,uhF : mg;gh...
Gj;ju; : (jpUk;gpg; ghu;f;ftpy;iy)
,uhF : mg;gh! fgpyt];Jtpd; njU KOJk; fj;jpf;nfhz;Nl Xb tUfpNwd;.

vd;idg; ghu;ff; fUizapy;iyah? ... fhnyhbe;j Ml;ilj; J}f;fpf;
nfhz;L nrd;wPu;fshNk! me;j Ml;il tplth ehd; fPohfp tpl;Nld;.
mg;gh... ehd; cq;fs; kfd;! ehd; cq;fs; thupR...
Gj;ju; : (epd;W) cdf;F vd;d Ntz;Lk; uhFyh?
,uhF : vdf;fh! cupik Ntz;Lk; ...
Gj;ju; : (Ngrhky; elf;fpwhu;)
178
,uhF : Ngrhky; NghtJ jUkky;y... Gj;jgpuhNd! vdf;Fupa cupikiaj;
juNtz;Lk;... mJjhd; ePjp...
Gj;ju; : vd;d cupik uhFyh!...
,uhF : vd; tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp ehNd xU KbT vLf;f tpUk;GfpNwd;. vd;

je;ijahfpa cq;fsplk; Nfl;gJjhNd Kiw... Nfl;fl;Lkh mg;gh...
Gj;ju; : vd;d cupik... cdf;F vd;d Ntz;Lk;?
,uhF : vd; Miriag; g+u;jj

; p nra;a Ntz;Lk;... cq;fis Kjd; Kjyhfg;
ghu;j;J> filrpahff; Nfl;Fk; Mir...
Gj;ju; : (kdk; Fok;gp) Nfs; uhFyh!...
,uhF : cq;fNshL ehd; Nru;e;J tho tpUk;GfpNwd;. cq;fisg; gpupe;J

,dpNky; vd;dhy; jdpahf thoKbahJ. mjdhy;... mjw;fhfNt.
ehd; cq;fs; rq;fj;jpy; Nru;eJ
; nfhs;s tpUk;GfpNwd;. ,uf;fk; fhl;b
vd;idAk; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
Gj;ju; : Ntz;lhk; uhFyh! ,J tajpw;F kPwpa Mir. cd; md;idaplk;

Ngh. cd;idf; fhzhky; NjLths;. murNghfk; cdf;fhff;
fhj;jpUf;fpwJ. cd; jhj;jh NjLthu;.
,uhF : vdf;F vJTk; Ntz;lhk;... ePqf

; s; jhd; Ntz;Lk;. cq;fs; rq;fk;jhd;
Ntz;Lk;.
Gj;ju; : fhl;bYk; Nkl;bYk; miya cdf;F clw;gf;Ftk;> kdg;gf;Ftk;

NghjhJ... eP Ngh... fhyk; tUk;tiu fhj;jpU.
,uhF : Nghfkhl;Nld;. cq;fisAk; Nghftplkhl;Nld;! (topia kwpf;fpwhd;)
Gj;ju; : tPz; gpbthjk; Ntz;lhk; uhFyh! eP tsu;e;J ngupatd; MdJk;

th.
,uhF : KbahJ! KbaNt KbahJ. vd; Miriaj; jPuj; J

; itf;f cq;fshy;
KbahJ vd;why; vd; Kbitj; Njbf;nfhs;s vdf;F topnjupAk;.
(Nghfpwhd;)
Gj;ju; : Ntz;lhk; uhFyh! mUfpy; th! eP Nfl;lij ehd; jUfpNwd;! vd;idg;

gpd;gw;w te;j ,isatNd! ehis fhl;bw;F th! vy;yhk; cd;
kdk; Nghy; elf;Fk;.
,uhF : ed;wp ngUkhNd ed;wp.

(Nghfpwhd; Mde;jj;Jld;)
Gj;ju; : uhFyh! ePAkh... (rpiyahf epw;fpwhu; Fog;gj;Jld;)

- jpiu -
179
fhl; r p - 6
,lk; : fhdfk;>
cs;Ns : Gj;ju;> cjhap> ,uhFyd;> Rj;Njhjdu;.
(Gj;ju; ahiuNah vjpu;ghu;j;J ,Ug;gJ Nghy xU jpiriag;

ghu;jJ; f; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. mtru mtrukhf cjhap mq;F tUfpwhu;)
Gj;ju; : cjhap - rlq;Ffs; elj;j vy;yhk; jahuh?
cjhap : ,uhFyd; tuNtz;baJ jhd; - te;jTld; njhlq;fptplyhk;.
Gj;ju; : (rpwpJ ele;J) ,e;j ,sk; tajpy; mtDf;F te;j Miriag;ghu;.

Mir ahiuAk; tpLtjpy;iy. epoy; Nghy; njhlu;e;J tUfpwJ - k;
- Mir kdpjNdhL $lNt gpwe;J nfhy;Yk; tpahjp> ,e;j tpahjpf;F
kUe;Jjhd; ,e;jj; Jwtwk; - mfpyj;jpw;Fj; jUfpd;w ,e;j kUe;ijj;
jhd; ehk; mtDf;Fj; jug;NghfpNwhk;...
(,uhFyd; ,iuf;f ,iuf;f Xb tUfpwhd;) mg;gh... (khw;wpf;
nfhz;L) Gj;j gfthNd! me;j kUe;ijj; jhUq;fs; rPf;fpuk;-
(mtuJ ghjk; tzq;Ffpwhd;... uhFyh> uhFyh vd;W mioj;j

thW Rj;Njhjdu; XbtUfpwhu;. Nky; %r;R fPo;%r;R thq;f)
Rj;Njh : Ntz;lhk; Gj;j gfthNd! Ntz;lhk;- mtDf;F> me;jj; Jwtwk;

Ntz;lhk;... vq;fs; guk;giuapy; vQ;rpapUg;gtd;> vd; ngau; nrhy;yp
murhs ,Ug;gtd; ,td; xUtd; jhd;. ,tidAk; capNuhL gwp
nfhLj;Jtpl;L> cyfpy; vd;dhy; thoNt KbahJ. tho;e;J jhd;
vd;d nra;ag;NghfpNwd; vq;fis vy;yhk; Ml;nfhs;s te;j mUl;
ngUq; flNy - vdf;F ...
Gj;ju; : jaq;f Ntz;lhk; - nrhy;Yq;fs; -
Rj;Njh : vd; ifairj;jhy; ,e;jf; FtyaNk vd; fhybapy; fplf;Fk;.

,e;jf; iffis Ve;jp> kd;whb> cq;fsplk; nfQ;rpf; Nfl;fpNwd;.
vdf;F ePq;fs; gpr;irapl Ntz;Lk;.
Gj;ju; : gpr;irah...! NghAk; NghAk; Jwtpaplkh?-
Rj;Njh : Mkhk; - ehd; khngUk; rf;futu;j;jp jhd;> vd;idf; fz;lhy; kd;d

nuy;yhk; kz;bapl;L tzq;Fthu;fs;. vd; Miz Nfl;lhy;> mfpyNk
eLq;Fk;. ,Ue;jhYk; - vd; Nghjhj fhyk;- nghy;yhj Ntis- ehd;
cq;fsplk; gpr;irNfl;f te;jpUf;fpd;Nwd;. kbg;gpr;ir - gps;isg;
gpr;ir -
Gj;ju; : gps;isg;gpr;irah--
Rj;Njh : vJ ey;yJ? vd;id mZ mZtha; nfhy;tjh? rpj;jhu;j;jh! vd;

nry;t kfNd! cd; rpe;ijia vd;dplk; nfhQ;rk; jpUg;G> tPuk;
kpFe;jtdhf> jPuk; epiwe;jtdhfNt cd;id tsu;jN; jd; - kdpjdha;
180
gpwe;jtu;fs; ngwhj mj;jid Rfj;ijAk;> Mlk;gu tho;itAk;
mspj;Njd;. tpjptrj;jhy;> eP tPl;il kwe;jha;> ehl;ilj; Jwe;jha;-
cd;idg; gwpnfhLj;j ehd; CikahNdd;. Cik mOtJ
Nghy cs;sk; FKwpNdd;.
cd;idg; gpd;gw;wp cd; jk;gp ee;jd; Jwtpahdhd;. vd;dplk;
,Ue;j mikr;ru;fs; mj;jid NgUk; Jwtpahdhu;fs;.
,g;nghOJ vd; Fyf; nfhOe;J> cd; kfd; - vd; muRf;Fupa
xNu thupR - mtidAk; mioj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhNa-
nte;j Gz;zpNy Ntyh - rpj;jhu;j;jh!- vd;Nky; cdf;F vd;d
Nfhgk;? Vd; ,g;gb vd;id gopthq;Ffpwha;?--
(Gj;ju; jpLf;fpl;L) m-g;-gh-
Rj;Njh : Ntz;lhk; - mg;gb vd;id miof;f Ntz;lhk;. nfsjkNu!- xNu

xU tuk; kl;Lk; nfhLq;fs;. ehd; capu; gpioj;Jg; NghNa tpLfpNwd;...
Gj;ju; : tukh - tuk;jUk; Mw;wy; vdf;fpy;iyNa -
Rj;Njh : cz;L rpj;jhu;jj

; h cz;L - Qhd xsp ngw;w cd;idj; jtpu NtW
ahuhy; juKbAk;? ,e;j Viof;F xNu xUtuk;...
Gj;ju; : nrhy;Yq;fs;.
Rj;Njh : rpj;jhu;jj
; h -- murhl;rpiaAk;> moF kidtpiaAk;> Mir kfidAk;
gpupe;J> Muz;aj;jpNy te;J mtjpg;gLfpd;w cd; kdepiy NtW -
gf;jp NtW - gf;Ftk; NtW - cd;idg; Nghy kw;wtu;fisAk;
khw;w> vd;idg; Nghd;w ngw;Nwhu;fisj; jtpf;f tplhNj-
Gj;j jUkj;ij Aj;j jUkkhf khw;whNj... ngw;wtu;fis
epk;kjpahf thotpL. ngw;Nwhu;fis gps;isfSld; Nru;eJ ; thotpL-
tUfpNwd; ... th ... uhFyh -
(uhFyid ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;L Nghfpwhu;. mtd; gpupakdkpd;wpg;
Nghfpwhd;. Gj;ju; mtu;fs; Nghd jpiriag; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;Nl
epw;fpwhu;. Fog;gk; mtuJ Kfj;jpy; gutp> gpwF> njspT ngWfpwJ.
cjhap mtiuNa ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;L epw;f> mtu; gf;fk; jpUk;gp)
Gj;ju; : cjhap - ekJ rq;fj;jpw;F ,d;wpypUe;J xU GJ tpjp -
“ngw;Nwhupd; mDkjpapy;yhky; ahiuAk; ek; rq;fj;jpy; ,dp

Nru;f;ff; $lhJ”-
njspe;j ePupy; jhd; Kfk; ghu;f;f KbAk;-
njspe;j mwptpy; jhd; nja;tPf Rfk; ghu;f;f KbAk;.
thUq;fs; Nghfyhk;.
(Nghfpd;wdu;... Gj;jk; ruzk; fr;rhkp vd;w xyp vOk;GfpwJ)
- jpiu -
- v];. etuh[; nry;iyah -

ey;y ehlfq;fs;
181
gpd;dpizg;G 3
• cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s fhl;rpapidf; FO epiyapy; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• fhl;rpapy; ,lk;ngw;w epfo;r;rpfisr; RUf;fp cq;fsJ nrhe;jnkhop eilapy;

vOJq;fs;.
(,t;tpjk; MW fhl;rpfSk; cq;fSf;Fr; Row;rp Kiwapy; jug;gLk;. fhl;rpapd;
,yf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fijia RUf;fp vOJq;fs;.)
(01) nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk; I Ir; nra;Ak;NghJ xt;nthU fhl;rpapd; fijr; RUf;fKk;

cq;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk;. mtw;iw xOq;FgLj;jpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
(02) MW fhl;rpfspd; fijr; RUf;fq;fisAk; ,izj;J> gpd;du; mtw;iwr; RUf;fp>

KOikahd xU fijia vOJq;fs;.
182
Nju; r ; r p 5.0 : fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; czu;ej
; ik Gyg;gl thrpg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 5.1 : fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; mwpe;J thrpg;ghu;.
nraw;ghL : esntz;ghg; ghly;fisf; fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; mwpe;J

thrpg;Nghk;.
ju cs;sPL : esDf;Nf khiyapl;lhs; eq;if - ghlE}y;

vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp

gb 5.1.1
• fPNo jug;gl;lJNghd;w nghUj;jkhd ghlnyhd;iw Kd;itj;J
Muk;gpf;fTk;.
(xypehlhitg; gad;gLj;jyhk;> my;yJ ghlf;$ba MrpupaNuh khztNuh
ghlyhk;.)
~~jhok;G+ jiy Kbj;J
jq;f tz;zg; gl;Lr; Nriy cLj;jp
nts;spr;Rl;b mzpe;J %f;Fj;jp Gide;J
kfs; te;jhs; kzkfs; te;jhs;.||
- ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l gpujhd fUj;J ahJ?
- kzg;ngz;zpw;fhd myq;fhukhf ,g;ghlypy; fhl;lg;gl;lit vit?
• vd;w tpdhf;fis tpdtp> ghlnyhd;iw thrpj;Jf; fpufpg;gjw;fhd

mZFKiwfs; Fwpj;J khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

• fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; mwpe;J thrpj;jy;.
• fUj;ijf; fz;Lnfhs;tjw;fhd cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp KOf;
ftdj;ijAk; nrYj;jp thrpj;jy;
• Kd;ida mwpT> mDgtk;> tpsf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
thrpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;Fjy;
• nra;Aspd; nghUisf; $Wjy;
• ghlypd; eak;> mzpfs;
• fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzg;gz;Gfs;
• jug;gl;l nra;Aspy; nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;Jk; gpupj;Jk; vOJjy;
15 epkplq;fs;
183
gb 5.1.2
• khztu;fis Ie;J Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• midj;J khztu;fSk; esntz;gh nra;As;fisr; re;jpgpup;jJ

; k; nfhz;L
$l;bAk; thrpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; nfhLq;fs;.
• nra;Aspd; nghUis mwptjw;fhf fUj;J}d;wp thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 1 I toq;Fq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij epug;g topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

65 epkplq; f s;
gb 5.1.3
• FO epiyapy; nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;jpy; $wpatw;iwj; njhFj;J
Kd;itf;f topnra;Aq;fs;.
(jq;fs; nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ vOkhw;whf

nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s tpdhf;fis tpdtp tpilaspf;f xt;nthU
FOtpw;Fk; Mrpupau; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fyhk;.)
cjhuzk;: jug;gl;l nra;As;fspy; Kjy; ,Ughly;fis re;jpgpupj;Jk;
nfhz;L $l;bAk; thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
mg;ghly;fSf;fhd nghUisf; $Wjy;.
,yf;fz tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfisf; $Wjy;.
(,t;thNw xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; nra;a KbAk;.)
• VidNahu;> tplaj;ijf; Nfl;Lf; fUj;ijf; $wr; re;ju;gg

; k; toq;Fq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; n;jhlu;ghf khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

• nra;Al; gFjpapd; gpujhd fUj;J
- jkae;jp Rak;tuj;jpy; esDf;F khiyaply;
• esd; Nghd;Nw cUte;jhq;fp Njtu;fSk; Rak;tu kz;lgj;jpw;F
te;jpUe;jdu;.
• Njtu;fspd; fz; ,ikf;fhjpUe;jik@ kyu;khiy thl;lkw;wpUe;jik@
fhy;fs; epyj;jpy; gjpahjpUe;jik
• ghlypd; nghUisf; $Wjy;
• ghlypy; eae;j tplaq;fisf; $Wjy;
cjhuzk;: G+Zf; fofspf;Fk; nghw;nwhbiaf; fz;lf;fhy;
ehZf;F neQ;Rila ey;Nte;ju;
jkae;jpapd; mofhy; mzpfs; moFngWfpd;wd vd
mtspd; mofpd; jd;ikiaf; $WtJ eaf;fj;jf;fJ.
• mzpeyd;fs;
i. ctik mzp
(m) khrpyhg; G+q;Foyhs; kw;wtiuf; fhz epd;W CryhLw;whs;
csk;.
184
jkae;jpapd; cskhdJ Cry;Nghy; miyf;foptjhff;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
(M) Ntw;fz;zhs;
Nty; Nghd;w fz;iz cilats;
(,) nre;jhkiu Kfk; Ngha; ntz;lhkiuahf ntSj;jNt

nre;jhkiu Nghd;w rpte;j Kfk; ntz;lhkiu Nghy;ntSj;jJ.
ii.. cUtf mzp

taNte;ijg; nghd;khiy #l;bdhs; nghd;
jkae;jpiag; nghd;dhf cUtfpj;jy;
• ghj;jpuj;jpd; Fztpay;G
cjhuzk;: jkae;jp
- kjpEl;gk; cilats;
- fw;gpy; rpwe;jts;
- nja;t ek;gpf;if cilats;

- nkd;ikahd cs;sk; cilats;
• nra;As;fspw; fhzg;gLk; ,yf;fz tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspj;jy;
- vOtha; : md;dhs;
- gadpiy : mwpe;jhs;
- cupr;nrhy; : fb
- milnkhop : tz;z
1. ntz;lhkiu - ntz;ik + jhkiu
2. Ntw;fz;zhs; - Nty; + fz;zhs;
3. tpz;zuR - tpz; + muR
4. ePzpyk; - ePs; + epyk;
5. nghw;Nwu; - nghd; + Nju;
40 epkplq; f s;
• nra;Aspd; gpujhd fUj;ijf; $Wthu;.
• nra;As;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; fz;L nfhs;tjw;fhff; fUj;J}d;wp thrpg;gu;.
• nra;As;fisr; re;jpgpupj;Jk; nfhz;L $l;bAk; thrpg;ghu;.
• nra;Aspd; nghUisf; $Wthu;.
• ghlypy; eae;j tplaq;fisf; $Wthu;.
• ghlypy; mzpfisf; $Wthu;.
• ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzg;gz;Gfisf; $Wthu;.
• nra;Aspw; fhzg;gLk; ,yf;fz tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;ghu;.
185
gpd;dpizg;G 1
1) nra;Aisr; re;jpgpupj;Jk; nfhz;L $l;bAk; thrpf;Ff.
2) Njtu;fs;> jkae;jpia kzKbg;gjw;Fr; nra;j #o;r;rp vd;d?
3) Njtu;fisAk; esidAk; jkae;jp vt;thW ,dq;fz;Lnfhz;lhs;?
4) ,g;ghly;fspd; nghUis ckJ ciueilapy; vOJf.
5) ,r;nra;As;fspy; tUk; mzpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
6) jug;gl;l nra;As;fspy; VjhtJ xd;wpy; ePu; eae;j gFjpiaAk; mjw;fhd

fhuzj;ijAk; jUf.
7 ) gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;Ff.

(m) ~~eWe;jh kiu tpUk;Gk; ed;DjNy md;dhs;
mwpe;jhs; esd;wd;id Mq;F||
vd;w mbfspy; tUk;@ vOtha;> gadpiyia ,dq;fhz;f.
(M) ~~nrk;ik Nru; fd;dpahdhfpw; fbkhiy|| vd;w njhlupy; tUk; cupr;nrhy;

ahJ?
(,) tz;z kyu; vd;gjpy; tUk; milnkhopiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(<) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisg; gpupj;J vOJf.

1. ntz;lhkiu
2. Ntw;fz;zhs;
3. tpz;zuR
4. ePzpyk;
5. nghw; N wu;
186


ju cs;sPL : ciug;gFjp - gpd;dpizg;G 1

ciug;gFjp - gpd;dpizg;G 2
vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp
gb 7.3.1
• khztu;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l ,uz;L (gpd;dpizg;G 1>2) ciueilg;
gFjpfisAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mtw;wpw; fhzg;gLk; ,yf;fz
mikjpfis mwpaj; J}z;Lq;fs;.
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l ciueilg;gFjp (gpd;dpizg;G 1) ,y; $l;Lthf;fpak;>

fyg;G thf;fpak; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhzj;jf;f tifapy;;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• ciueilg;gFjp (gpd;dpizg;G 2) ,y; njhifepiyj;njhlu;>

njhfh epiyj;njhlu;fisAk; ,dq;fhzj;jf;f tifapy;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• ciueilg; gFjpfspD}lhf khztu; $l;L thf;fpaq;fisAk;> fyg;G

thf;fpaq;fisAk;> njhif> njhfh epiyj; njhlu;fisAk;
,dq;fz;Ls;shu;fsh vd tpdhTq;fs;.

• ehk; NgRk;NghJk; vOJk;NghJk; fUj;Jf;fis thf;fpaq;fspD}lhf
ntspapLfpd;Nwhk;.
• thf;fpaq;fis fUj;J> Nehf;fk;> mikg;G vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
$w;W> tpdh> tpUg;G> nka;g;ghL vd tifg;gLj;jy;
• Nkw;$wg;gl;l thf;fpaq;fs; thf;fpa tif I vd;w gpuptpDs; mlq;Fk;.
• ciug;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; thf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy;
187
• thf;fpaq;fis mikg;G mbg;gilapy; ,Utifahf tifg;gLj;jy;
1. jdp thf;fpak; 2. njhlu;thf;fpak;
• ,t;tifia thf;fpa tif II vd;w gpuptpDs; mlf;fyhk;
• jdpthf;fpak;> xU vOthAk; xU gadpiyAk; nfhz;ljhf mikAk;.
vOthapdJ xU nraiy kl;Lk; Fwpg;gjhFk;
• njhlu; thf;fpak; - xU vOthapd; Kw;Wg; ngwhj gy nray;fis
Ailajhf xU Kw;W tpid nfhz;L KbtJ.
,jid ,Utifahf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1. $l;Lthf;fpak; 2. fyg;G thf;fpak;
• ,uz;L my;yJ mjpfkhd rkdpiyj; njhlu;fshy; mike;j thf;fpak;
$l;Lthf;fpak;
cjhuzk; : ,sepyh ghlrhiyf;F xOq;fhf te;J> jpwikAld; fw;W
guPl;irapy; Njwpdhs;.
• jiyikj;njhlu; thf;fpaj;Jld; rhu;Gj;njhlu; thf;fpaKk; Nru;eJ
; tUtJ
fyg;G thf;fpak;
cjhuzk; : ~~khztu; fy;tp fw;wYld; xOf;fj;jpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;f
Ntz;Lk;|| vd fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu; $wpdhu;.
• $l;L thf;fpak;> fyg;G thf;fpaq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;il>

fhl;rpg;gLj;jp ciueilg;gFjpapy; mtw;iw ,dq;fhzj; J}z;Lq;fs;.
• njhfh epiyj;njhlu;> njhif epiyj;njhlu;
• rpy nrhw;nwhlu;fs; jkf;Fupa cWg;Gf;fs; ahTk; KOikahf
mike;J> juNtz;ba nghUis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; : Xba khd;
fkypdp ghbdhs;
ghyh th
• cUGfs; vJTk; njhf;F tuhJ Neubahfg; nghUisj; jUtd.
• ,J njhfh epiyj;njhlu;
• ,it gy tifg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; : 1. vOtha;j;njhlu;
2. tpspj;njhlu;
3. nganur;rj;njhlu;
4. tpidnar;rj;njhlu;
5. tpidKw;Wj;njhlu;
6. ,ilr; nrhw;nwhlu;
7. cupr;nrhw;nwhlu;
8. mLf;Fj;njhlu;
• njhif epiyj;njhlu; vd;gJ cUGfs; njhf;F tUtJ
(kiwe;J tUtJ)
• njhif epiyj;njhlu; MW tifg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; : Ntw;Wikj;njhif> tpidj;njhif> gz;Gj;njhif>
ctikj; njhif> ck;ikj;njhif>
md;nkhopj;njhif
• gpd;dpizg;G ciug;gFjpapy; tUk; njhif epiyj;njhlu;fisAk;>
njhfh epiyj;njhlu;fisAk; ,dq;fhZq;fs;.
40 epkplq; f s
s;
188
gb 7.3.2
• khztu;fs; midtUk; nraw;gLk;gbahf nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuq;fs; 1> 2 vd;gtw;iw
toq;Fq;fs;.
• fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa ciug;gFjpia thrpj;J> nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpu tpdhf;fSf;fhd

rupahd tpilfis vOjr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• vy;yh khztu;fSk; nraw;gl topnra;Aq;fs;.
40 epkplq;fs;;
gb 7.3.3
• khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; vOjpa tpilfisr; rku;g;gpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk;
nfhLq;fs;.
• rku;g;gpj;j tpilfisr; rupghu;j;J> fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wq;fs;.

1) njhifepiyj;njhlu;fs;
Nru Nrho ghz;bau;
Nfhapy;fs; fl;blq;fs;
clYs;sk;
ehLefu;
2) NtW njhifepiyj;njhlu;
cjhuzk;: tsu;kjp - tpidj;njhif
3) njhfhepiyj;njhlu;
fiyfSk; kiwfSk;
........................................................................................................................................................................................................
1. fhe;jd; tWik kpf;ftd;
2. mtd; gbg;gpYk; tpisahl;bYk; nfl;bf;fhud;
3. vt;tsT tWiktupDk;> khztu;fs; fy;tpapy; mjpf
ehl;lk; fhl;lNtz;Lnkd mjpgu; $wpdhu;.
4) jdp thf;fpak;
xU thf;fpaj;njhluhy; mike;j thf;fpak;
$l;L thf;fpak;
,uz;L thf;fpaj;njhlu;fs; rkepiyapy; ,izf;fg;gLk; nghOJ
$l;L thf;fpaq;fs; Mfpd;wd. jdpj;jdp epfo;itf;$Wk;
thf;fpaq;fs; rkepiy thf;fpaq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
fyg;G thf;fpak;
xU jiyik thf;fpaj;njhlUk;> xd;W my;yJ gy rhu;G
epiyj;njhlu;fSk; nfhz;l thf;fpak; fyg;G thf;fpakhFk;.
40 epkplq; f s
s;
189
• thf;fpa tiffis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.
• $l;L thf;fpak;> fyg;G thf;fpak; njhlu;ghf vOk; re;Njfq;fspdpd;W

njspe;J nfhs;thu;.
• nrhw;nwhlu; tiffisj; njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
• njhifepiyj;njhlu;fis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.
• njhfhepiyj; njhlu;fisj; njspthf tpsf;Fthu;.
• nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;F ,yf;fzj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; mwpitg; ngWthu;.

190
gpd;dpizg;G 1
ciug;gFjp
$l;L thf;fpak; - fyg;G thf;fpak;
fhe;jd; Xu; Vio khztd;. mtd; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;whd;. tpUg;gj;Jld; ghlq;fisf;

fw;whd;. RWRWg;ghf ,aq;Fk; jd;ik nghUe;jpa fhe;jd; tpisahl;bYk; nfl;bf;fhud;.
tUle;NjhWk; gbg;gbahf cau;tile;jhd;. tWikahYk; thbdhd;. vdpDk; Mu;tj;Jld;
fw;Wg; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;wpr; rpwe;j ngWNgWfisg; ngw;whd;.
fhiyf;$l;lj;jpy; gy;NtW tplaq;fisg; gw;wp ciuahba mjpgu; ~~vt;tsT tWik>

Jd;gk; tupDk;> khztu;fs; fy;tpapy; mjpf ehl;lk; fhl;lNtz;Lk;|| vdf; $wpdhu;.
fhe;jidg; Gfo;e;J ghuhl;bdhu;.
gpd;dpizg;G 2
ciug;gFjp
njhif epiy> njhfhepiyj; njhlu;fs;
Nru> Nrho. ghz;bau; Ml;rp Gupe;j fhyj;jpy; fiyfSk; kiwfSk; xspu;eJ ; rpwe;jd.
Nfhapy;fs; fl;blq;fs; cau;ej ; d. murd; vt;top> FbfSk; mt;topianahw;wp tho;ej
; du;.
kd;dd; rpwg;Gw Ml;rpGupe;jhd;. kf;fSf;F tWikNa ,Uf;ftpy;iy@ nry;tk; nfhopj;jJ.
clYs;sk; nropj;jJ. ehLefu; cau;e;jJ.
191
gpd;dpizg;G 3
1. ,g;ge;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; njhifepiyj; njhlu;fisj; jUf.
2. ,t;thW ckJ kdjpy; gjpe;Js;s njhifepiyj; njhlu; xd;W jUf.

mj;njhlu; vj;njhifAs; mlq;Fk;?
3. ,q;F fhzg;g;gLk; njhfhepiyj;njhlu; xd;W jUf.
4. ,j;jifa njhlu;fs; gw;wp ckJ FOtpdUld; ciuahbAk;@ Gjpa tplaq;fis

thrpj;Jk; gy njhifepiyj; njhlu;fis Kd;itf;f.
192
Nkw;Fwpj;j ge;jpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; fPo;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; jdpthf;fpaj;ijj; njupf.

i. fy;tpapy; ehl;lk; fhl;ly; ii. fhe;jd; tWikkpf;ftd;
iii. tpisahl;by;> gbg;gpy; nfl;bf;fhud; iv. RWRWg;G
2. fPo;tUtdtw;Ws; $l;Lthf;fpaj;ijj; njupf.

i. fhe;jd; Xu; Vio khztd; ii. fhe;jd; RWRWg;ghdtd;
iii. mtd; gbg;gpYk; tpisahl;bYk; nfl;bf;fhud;
iv. fhe;jid mjpgu; ghuhl;bdhu;.
3. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fyg;G thf;fpakhff; fUjg;gLtJ>

i. fhiyf;$l;lj;jpy; gy;NtW tplaq;fs; myrg;gl;ld
ii. vt;tsT tWiktupDk;> khztu;fs; fy;tpapy; mjpf ehl;lk; fhl;lNtz;L
nkd mjpgu; $wpdhu;.
iii. fhe;jd; RWRWg;ghf ,aq;ff; $batd;

iv. Mu;tj;Jld; fw;Wg; guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;jhd;.
4. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpidj; jUf.

i. $l;L thf;fpak;
ii. jdp thf;fpak;
iii. fyg;G thf;fpak;
193
Vw; w thW vOJthu; .
Nju;r;rp myF 10.2 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf vOJthu;.
nraw;ghL : mwpf;if vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : khjpup mwpf;if - gpd;dpizg;G 1

khjpupr; rl;lfk; - gpd;dpizg;G 2
vOJ jhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghL
gb 10.2.1
• jhdhf Kd;tUk; khztid mioj;J> md;W fhiy g]; epiyaj;jpy;
my;yJ ghijapy; epfo;e;j xU rk;gtj;ijf; $wr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• ,d;DnkhU khztidg; ghlrhiyapy; Kjy;ehs; ,lk; ngw;w fhiyf;

$l;lk; njhlu;ghf Qhgfg;gLj;jpf; $wr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• ,t;thW rk;gtk;/epfo;Tfis xOq;F Kiwapy; Kd;itg;gij ehk;

vt;thW $WfpNwhk;? ,JNghd;w tpdhf;fs; rpytw;iw tpdtp>
khztu;fSld; mwpf;if njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; cs;slq;ff; $ba tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy

elj;jpr; nry;Yq;fs;.
• mwpf;if vd;why; vd;d?

• mjpy; mlq;Ffpd;w tplaq;fs;/mk;rq;fs;
• mwpf;ifnahd;wpd; gz;Gfs;
• mjidr; nrk;ikahf mikf;Fk; topKiw
10 epkplq; f s
s;
194
gb 10.2.2
• gpd;dpizg;G 1 (khjpup mwpf;if) ,id khztu;fSf;F toq;fp thrpf;f
top nra;Aq;fs;. Njitahd ,lq;fspy; tpsf;fkspAq;fs;.
• khztiu Iite;J Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.
• gpd;dpizg;G 3 ,y; cs;s nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ijAk; gpd;dpizg;G 2

,y; cs;s mwpf;ifr; rl;lfj;ijAk; toq;fp khztu;fs; FO epiyapy;
nraw;gl topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• jkf;Fs; fye;Jiuahb mwpf;ifr; rl;lfj;ijj; jkf;FupathW jpUj;jpf;

nfhs;sTk; rupghu;f;fTk; topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• kPz;Lk; xt;nthU FOtpypUe;Jk; xt;nthUtiu cs;slf;fpa Ie;J

FOf;fis mikj;J> mit xt;nthd;Wk; jk; mwpf;iffs; Fwpj;Jf;
fye;Jiuahl topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• FOtpy; cs;Nshu; jj;jkJ mwpf;iffs; njhlu;ghf tpku;rd Nehf;fpy;

fye;Jiuahb Fiwepiwfis mwpa topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
50 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 10.2.3
• xU tplak; njhlu;ghf xU mwpf;ifiar; rku;g;gpj;jy; %yk; mJ
njhlu;ghd tpku;rd uPjpahd fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLq;fs;.
• fye;Jiuahliyg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; cs;slq;ff; $ba tifapy;

mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• rl;lfj;Jf;F mikthf> ,lk;> fhyk;> Neuk;> Fwpg;gplg;gly;

• ahuhy;> ahUf;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• vt;tplak; njhlu;ghdJ>
• RUf;fKk;> njspTk;
• KOr;nraw;ghLfSk; cs;slq;Fk; epfo;Tfs; gbKiwahf> tupirf;
fpukj;jpy; mikaj; jf;f tifapy;
• cz;ikahditahf
• Njitf;fjpfkhd tu;zpg;G mw;wjhf mikjy;
• ifnahg;gk;> cWjpg;gLj;jy;
60 epkplq; f s
s;
195
• mwpf;if xd;wpy; mikaNtz;ba mk;rq;fis vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.
• mwpf;iff;fhd rl;lfj;ijj; jahupg;ghu;.
• mwpf;ifiar; nrk;ikahfr; rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w kdg;ghq;ifg;

ngWthu;.
• eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; mwpf;if vOJk;NghJ Kiwahf vOJthu;.

196
gpd;dpizg;G 1
khjpup mwpf; i f
ckJ ghlrhiyapy; eilngw;w guprspg;G tpohgw;wpa mwpf;if
rl; l fk;
1. mwpKfk;
2. ,lk;> fhyk;> Neuk;
3. gpujk tpUe;jpdiu tuNtw;wy;
4. jkpo;jha; tho;j;J - ghlrhiy khztpfs;
5. tuNtw;Giu - khztu; jiytd;
6. mjpgupd; ciu :
: gpujk tpUe;jpdiu tuNtw;wy;
: ghlrhiy tsu;r;rp
: vjpfhyj;jpl;lk;
: ghlrhiy tsu;r;rp gw;wpa rhd;Wfs;
: tsu;r;rpf;F xj;Jioj;jtu;fSf;fhd ed;wp
7. fiyepfo;rr
; p : ,ir - ghlrhiy khztu;fs;
: ehlfk; - fe;jd; fUiz
: eldk; - ghlrhiy khtpfs;
: jkpo;j;jpd tpoh - Kjw;gupry; ngw;w khztp
ciu - ~je;ij jha; Ngz;|
8. gpujk mjpjpapd;
ciu : ghlrhiy 6 tUlj;jpw;F Kd;du; ,Ue;j epiy
: jw;fhy Jupj tsu;r;rp
: xj;Jioj;NjhUf;fhd ghuhl;L
: mur nghJg;guPl;irfspy; mjpAau; ngWNgw;iwg;
ngw;w khztu;fis tho;j;jy;.
: guprpy; toq;fy;
: cw;rhfg;gLj;jy;
9. ed;wpAiu : Mrpupau; jpU. j. Nahfuhrh

ngw;whu; mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
10. epiwT : ghlrhiy fPjk;

KbTw;w Neuk;
197
mwpKfk;
vkJ ghlrhiyahfpa fpspNehr;rp tptfhde;j fy;Y}upapd; 1991.10.24 Me; Njjpad;W

eilngw;w tUlhe;j guprspg;G tpoh gw;wpa mwpf;ifia nrayhsu; vd;w Kiwapy;
cq;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; thrpg;gjpy; ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpNwd;.
,lk; : fpspnehr;rp tpNtfhde;jf; fy;Y}upapd; ru];tjp kz;lgk;

fhyk; : 1999.10.24
gpw;gfy; : 2.00 kzp Kjy; 6.00 kzp tiu
Nkw;gb guprspg;G tpoh Fwpj;j Ntisapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Kd;dNu jpl;lkpl;lgb

gpujk mjpjpahf tUif je;j Nguhrpupau; rp. rhk;grptk; mtu;fs;> vkJ fy;Y{up
mjpgu; jpU. ,. Ngupd;gehafk; mtu;fshYk; Vida Mrpupau;> khztu;> ngw;Nwhu;fshYk;
khiy mzptpf;fg;gl;L kq;fy thj;jpaq;fs; Koq;f kz;lgj;Jf;F mioj;Jr;
nry;yg;gl;lhu;.
,t;tpohtpd; Muk;gj;jpy; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J fy;Y}up khztpfshy; ,irf;fg;gl;lJ.

njhlu;e;jJ ghlrhiyapd; khztu; jiytd; nry;td; F. gue;jhkd; tuNtw;Giu

epfo;jj
; pdhu;.
,e;epfo;Tfisj; njhlu;eJ ; ghlrhiy mjpgu; ghlrhiyapd; tsu;rr ; p gw;wpAk; vjpu;fhyj;

jpl;lq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; ciuahw;wpdhu;. mtu; njhlu;e;J NgRifapy; khztu;fshy;
ghlrhiyf;Fr; rpwe;j ngWNgw;iwg; ngw;Wj; je;j ghlrhiyfSs; xd;whfj; njupT
nra;ag;gl;l gj;jpupifr; nra;jp xd;wpid thrpj;Jf; fhl;baNghJ $l;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jtu;fs;
ifjl;b Muthuk; nra;jdu;. ,J vkJ ghlrhiy epu;thfk; fy;tpNkw;fhl;ba rpuj;ijf;Ff;
fpilj;j guprhFk; vdf; $wpdhu;.
mLj;jjhf mq;F ghlrhiy khztu;fshy; ,ir epfo;r;rp epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. ~fe;jd;

fUiz| vd;w ehlfk; NkilNaw;wg;gl;lNghJ> rigNahuhy; ngupJk; tuNtw;fg;gl;lik
,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. fy;Y}up khztpfspd; nrk;G eldk; rigapdiuf; ftu;e;j
xd;whf mike;jpUe;jJ.
mfpy ,yq;if> jkpo;j;jpd tpohtpy; Ngr;Rg; Nghl;bapy; fPo;g;gpuptpy; Kjyplk; ngw;w

nry;tp rp. igutp epfo;j;jpa ~~je;ij jha; Ngz;|| vd;w jiyg;gpyike;j ciu
midtuJ cs;sq;fisAk; ftu;e;jjhf mike;jpUe;jJ.
,e;epfo;Tfisj; njhlu;e;J gpujk tpUe;jpdupd; ciu epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. mtu; jkJ

ciuapy;> Rkhu; 6 tUlq;fSf;F kd; ,g;ghlrhiyapy; fy;tp gapd;w khztu;
njhifiaAk; fl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;b ,d;W ,g;ghlrhiyapd;
Jupj tsu;r;rp> fy;tp Nkk;ghL Fwpj;Jj; jhk; ngUkpjKWtjhf vLj;Jf; $wpdhu;.
,jw;Ff; fhuzk; fy;Y}up epu;thfj;jpy; mjpgUk; MrpupaUk; xd;wpize;J nraw;gl;lNjhL
gioa khztu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;whf mike;Js;sJ vd;whu;.
198
guPl;irg; ngWNgw;iwg; gj;jpupifapy; jhk; fz;L tpag;gile;jjhff; $wpa Nguhrpupau;
,it midj;Jk; njhlu;e;Jk; tsu;j;Jr; nry;yg;glNtz;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
,Wjpahf> 1998 Mk; Mz;L f.ngh.j (rhjhuz ju)g; guPl;irapy; vl;Lg; ghlq;fspYk;
tpNrl rpj;jp ngw;w 21 khztu;fSf;Fk; f.ngh.j cau;ju guPl;irapy; ehd;F mjp
tpNrl rpj;jpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l 14 khztu;fSf;Fk; rigapYs;Nshupd; fuNfh\k;
thidg; gpsf;fg; gupRfis toq;fp mtu;fis cw;rhfg;gLj;jpdhu;.
,Wjpahf ghlrhiy Mrpupau; jpU. j. Nahfuhrh ed;wpAiu epfo;j;jpdhu;. mjd; gpd;G

khiy 6 kzpf;F tpoh ghlrhiy fPjj;Jld; ,dpNj epiwTngw;wJ.
tzf;fk;.
nrayhsu;>
(xg;gk;) K.Fkhurhkp
ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
199
gpd;dpizg;G 2
mwpf;ifr; rl;lfk;
01. mwpKfk; : vd;d tplak; njhlu;ghdJ> rku;g;gpg;gtu; ahu;? vd;gJ

gw;wpa kpfr; rpW tpsf;fk;
02. ,lk;> fhyk;> Neuk;
03. gpujk tpUe;jpdu; : (ahu; vt;thwhd tuNtw;G)
04. Muk;gk; : flTs; tho;j;J> jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J Nghd;wd
05. tuNtw;Giu : ahuhy; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gply;
06. mjpgu; ciu

• tpUe;jpdu; tuNtw;G
• tpoh> epfo;T njhlu;ghd tpsf;fk;> Nehf;fk;
• ghlrhiyapd; epiyg;ghL (tsu;r;rp> tpUj;jp) Nghd;wit Njitahd
NghJ kl;Lk;
• epfo;T> jpl;lj;jpd; xOq;fikg;G> tsu;r;rpf;F xj;Jioj;jtu; njhlu;ghd
tpguk;> ed;wp
07. epfo;T/tplak;
• ve;j tplakhapDk; mJ njhlu;gpy; ,lk; ngw;w tplaq;fs;> gbKiwahf
vLj;Jiuj;jy;
08. gpujk mjpjpapd; ciu

• fiy epfo;T> guprspg;G tpoh Nghd;witahapd; kl;Lk;
,jpy;
• ghlrhiyapd; gioa epiyik
• ,g;Nghija tpUj;jp epiyik
• gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Njhu;> xj;Jioj;Njhu; Nghd;Nwhiug; ghuhl;ly;.
tho;j;Jjy;. guprspg;G
09. ed;wpAiu : ahu; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gply;

cjhuzk; : • Mrpupau;
• khzt jiytu;
• jiytu;
• xOq;fikg;ghsu;
10. epiwT : KbTw;w Neuk;

vt;thW KbTw;wJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gply;
cjhuzk;: (ghlrhiy fPjk;> Njrpa fPjk;> ed;wp njuptpg;G)
200
gpd;dpizg;G 3
FO 1 : khztu; kd;wf; $l;l mwpf;if
FO 2 : ~~ghlrhiyr; rpukjhd Ntiyj;jpl;lk;|| njhlu;ghd mwpf;if
FO 3 : ghlrhiyapd; thzptpoh gw;wpa mwpf;if
FO 4 : ghlrhiyapy; eilngw;w ~~nlq;F xopg;G Ntiyj;jpl;lk;||

njhlu;ghd mwpf;if
FO 5 : ghlrhiyapy; eilngw;w fiytpoh/tpisahl;Lg;Nghl;b njhlu;ghd

mwpf;if
201
Nju;r;rp myF 8.1 8.2

8.1/8.2 : tpUg;gj;jpw;fhfTk; RitAzu;tpw;fhfTk;
thrpg;ghu;.
nraw;ghL : tpUg;gj;jpw;fhfTk; RitAzu;tpw;fhfTk; thrpg;Nghk;.
ju cs;sPL : ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp ehlfk; - ghlE}y;

vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
gb 8.1.1
• ~~thrpg;G kdpjidg; G+uzkhf;Ffpd;wJ|| - ,f;$w;wpidf; fUk;gyifapy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• ,f;$w;wpd; fUj;J vd;d?
• ePq;fs; tpUk;gp thrpg;git ahit?
• Vd; mtw;iw thrpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;wPu;fs;?

Nghd;w tpdhf;fis tpdhtp khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• fye;Jiuahliyg;; gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk;ngWk; tifapy; elj;jpr;

nry;Yq;fs;.
• thrpg;G mwptpidg; ngUf;FtjhfTk;> RitAzu;itj; J}z;LtjhfTk;

mikjy;
• ghlE}y;fis kl;Lkd;wp NtW gy tif ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; thrpj;jyhy;
tUk; gad;fs;.
• nra;As;fisAk; ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; cupa Kiwapy;
thrpj;jYk; eaj;jYk;.
• thrpj;Jg; ngw;w mDgtq;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sy;
• NkYk; NkYk; thrpj;jYk; thrpg;gij xU gof;fkhff; nfhs;SjYk;.
20 epkplq; f s
s;
202
gb 8.1.2
• khztu;fis> FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp ehlfj;jpd; Kjy; ehd;F fhl;rpfisAk; khztu;fs;

jdpj;jdpNa thrpg;gjw;Fk;> fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; Fztpay;ig mwpe;J
ehlfj;jpid tpsq;fp fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;ngLg;gjw;Fk; topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 1 I midtUf;Fk; toq;fp mwpTWj;jypd;gb

nraw;gLtjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 8.1.3
• tpilfis rku;gg
; pg;gjw;F vy;yhf; FOtpdUf;Fk; re;ju;gg
; k; toq;Fq;fs;.
• fijg;Nghf;fpid tpsf;Ftjw;F xt;nthU FOj; jiytUf;Fk; re;ju;gg

; k;
toq;Fq;fs;.
• fhl;rpfs; njhlu;ghd fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwg; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs;

,lk;ngWk; tifapy; elj;jpr; nry;Yq;fs;.
fhl;rp 1
fsk; : muz;kid cg;gupif
fjhghj;jpuq;fs; : Nrho kd;dd; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> murp> xl;lf;$j;ju;> fk;gu;
fijr; rk;gtq;fs;; :
• muz;kid cg;gupifapy; kd;dDk; murpAk; FoNyhirapid
,urpj;jpUj;jy;.
• fk;gu; ~Vu; vOgJ| vd;w E}iyg; ghbanra;jp gupkhwg;gLjy;.
• mt;tplj;jpw;F xl;lf; $j;jUk;> fk;gUk; tUif juYk; murd;
tuNtw;wYk;.
• ,uhkdpd; fijapid Xu; jkpo;f; fhtpakhfj; juNtz;Lk; vd;w jd;
cs;slf;fplf;ifapid FNyhj;Jq;fd; ,U ftpfsplKk; ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
• Gytu;fs; cld;gLjy;.
fhl;rp 2
fsk; : fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; xU rj;jpuk;
fjhghj;jpuq;fs; : Fkhug;Gytu;> Nrtfd;
fijr; rk;gtq;fs; :
• FNyhj;Jq;f Nrho kd;dd; kPJ ghba yl;rk; fypj;Jiwf; Nfhitfis
Fkhug;Gytu; jdJ cauj;jpd; msTf;F xU %l;ilahff; fl;bj;
jiyapy; Rke;J tUjy;@
• Nrtfd; ciuahLjy;
fhl;rp 3
203
fsk; : muz;ikidapy; xU kz;lgk;
fjhghj;jpuq;fs; : xl;lf;$j;ju;> Fkhug; Gytu;> fk;gu;
fijr; rk;gtq;fs; :
• Fkhug;Gytu; $j;jUf;F tzf;fk; $wp> jd;id mwpKfk; nra;jy;
• fk;guplj;J nghwhik nfhz;ltu; $j;jUf;Ff; fk;giug;gw;wpa
jho;thd fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wjy;
• Fkhug;Gytu; jhd; ,aw;wpa fypj;Jiwf; Nfhit E}y; gw;wpf;
$j;juplk; $Wjy;
• fk;gUf;Fk; $j;jUf;Fkpilapyhd ftpjh rhku;j;jpak; gw;wpa
ciuahly; (fk;gupd; nray;fspy; $j;jUf;F Nfhgk; Vw;gLjy;)
• fk;gu; muz;kidia tpl;L ntspNawy;.
fhl;rp 4
fsk; : muz;kid
fjhghj;jpuq;fs; : Nrhod; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> $j;ju;> murp> fk;gu;
fijr;rk;gtq;fs;; :
• kd;dDk; murpAk; $j;jUld; fk;gupd; rpwg;Gf;fs; gw;wp thjpLjy;.

• fk;gu; muz;kidf;F tUjYk;> rilag;g ts;sy; rpwg;Giuj;jYk;
• ,uhkhazf; fhtpak; ,aw;WtJ gw;wp kPz;Lk; $j;jUf;Fk; fk;gUf;F
kpilapyhd thjk;.
• fk;gdpd; ftp njhlu;ghd ru;r;iriaj; jPu;f;f kd;dd;> $j;ju;> fk;gu;
Mfpa %d;W NgUk; khWNtlj;jpy; nry;yy;.
80 epkplq; f s
s;
• ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w fhl;rpfisAk; mjw;fhd fsq;fisAk;

fjhghj;jpuq;fisAk; rpj;jpupg;ghu;.
• fijr; RUf;fj;jpid mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• tpUg;gkhd gFjpfis thrpj;J> mtw;iw tpUk;gpaikf;fhd

fhuzq;fisf; $Wthu;.
gb 8.1.4
204
• ftpr;rf;futu;jj
; p ehlfj;jpd; fhl;rp 5 Kjy; 9 tiu thrpf;f topfhl;Lq;fs;
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gbtk; 2 I midtUf;Fk; toq;fp mwpTWj;jypd;gb

nraw;gl topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
40 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 8.1.5
• czu;Tg+u;tkhf thrpf;fTk; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fTk; xt;nthU
FOTf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngWk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw

elj;Jq;fs;.
fhl;rp 5
fsk; : fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; xU njU
fjhghj;jpuq;fs; : fzgjp> kUjg;gd;> Qhdrk;ge;jd;>; $j;ju;> fk;gu;> kd;dd;

fijr; rk;gtq;fs;; :
• %tUk; khWNtlj;jpy; nry;Yjy;
• fzgjp> kUjg;gd;> Qhdrk;ge;jd; MfpNahu; njUNthuj;jpy; epd;W
ciuahLjy;. $j;jUk; mjpy; fye;J nfhs;Sjy;. ~~Jkp|| vd;Dk;
nrhy; gw;wpj; njhlu;e;Jk; NjLjy;.
fhl;rp 6
fsk; : njUtpYs;s xU $iu tPL
fjhghj;jpuq;fs; : japu;filAk; ngz;> Nrhod;
fijr; rk;gtq;fs;; : ~Jkp| vd;w nrhw;gpuNahfj;ij mwpe;J nfhz;l $j;ju;
nksdkhfp kpf Ntfkhfg; Ngha;tpLjy;.
fhl;rp 7
fsk; : xl;lf;$j;ju; tPL
fjhghj;jpuq;fs; : $j;ju;> fk;gu;
fijr;rk;gtq;fs; :
• xl;lf; $j;ju; jhd; vOjpa Xiyr; Rtbfis fpopj;njwpjy;@ fk;gu;
tUif@ $j;juhy; vOjg;gl;l ~cj;ju fhz;lk;| gFjpapidf; fz;L
vLj;jy;@ ,UtUf;Fkpilapyhd ciuahly;.
fhl;rp 8
fsk; : muz;kid
fjhghj;jpuq;fs; : Nrhod;> murp> gy;ytuhad;> fk;gu;
fijr; rk;gtq;fs; :
• Nrhod;> murp> gy;ytuhad; %tUk; ciuahly;
205
kd;ddpd; Mu;tk; Nfhapy; fl;LjypYk; ,uhkhaz muq;Nfw;wj;jpYk;
,Uj;jy;.
• fk;gu; mq;F tUif je;J $j;jUf;Fk; jdf;Fk; ,ilNa cz;lhd
ru;r;irapidf;$wy;.
• fk;gu; tpilngw;Wr; nry;Yjy;
fhl;rp 9
fsk; : rilag;gts;sy; tPL
fjhghj;jpuq;fs; : rilag;gts;sy;> fk;gu;> kNf];tup> Nrjpgd;
fijr; rk;gtq;fs; :
• rilag;gts;sy;> fk;gu;> kNf];tup> NrjpgDf;Fkpilapyhd ciuahly;
• fk;gu; rilag;gts;sypd; Fbirapy; ,Ue;Nj fhg;gpaj;ij vOjj;
jpl;lkpLjy;.
40 epkplq; f s
s;
• fijNahl;lj;jpid thrpj;J RUf;fkhf vOJthu;.
• jkf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd gFjpapid njupe;J czu;T G+u;tkhf thrpg;ghu;.
• ehlfj;jpy; jhd; Ritj;j gFjpapid vLj;Jf;fhl;b mtw;iwr;

Ritj;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
• jkf;F tpUg;gkhd rk;gtq;fisg; ghj;jpuk; Vw;W ebg;ghu;.

gpd;dpizg;G 1
206
• FOf;fshfr; nraw;gLq;fs;
1. ~ftpr;rf;futu;jj
; p| vd;w ehlfj;jpd; Kjy; ehd;F fhl;rpfisAk; jdpj;jdpNa
thrpj;J fhl;rp xOq;fpy; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspy; Fwpg;ngLq;fs;.
(m) fsk; (M) fjhghj;jpuq;fs; (,) fijr; rk;gtq;fs;
2. cq;fs; FOf;fSf;Fs;NsNa fye;Jiuahb mf;fhl;rpfspd;

fijg;Nghf;fpid RUf;fkhf vOjp thrpAq;fs;.
3. fhl;rp xOq;fpy; midtUk; ghj;jpuk; Vw;W thrpAq;fs;.
nraw;ghl;Lg;gbtk; 2
FOf;fshfNt nraw;gLq;fs;
• ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp ehlfj;jpd; 8 - 13 tiuapyhd fhl;rpfis jdpj;jdpNa

thrpj;J gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; Fwpg;ngLf;fTk;.
(m) fsk; (M) fjhghj;jpuq;fs; (,) fijr;rk;gtq;fs;
• cq;fs; FOf;fSf;Fs;NsNa fye;Jiuahb fhl;rpfspd; fijg;Nghf;fpidr;

RUf;fkhf vOJq;fs;.
• fhl;rp xOq;fpy; midtUk; ghj;jpuk; Vw;W thrpAq;fs;.
207
Nju; r ; r p 11.0 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;j mDgtq;fspD}lhfr; Ra
Nju;r;rp myF 11.3 : Ra mDgtq;fs;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; %yk;

jk; fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jp vOJthu;.
nraw;ghL : fl;Liu vOJNthk;.

vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;

gb 11.3.1
• ~~nkhop xU fUj;Jg; gupkhw;W Clfk; MFk;.||
vd;w $w;wpidf; fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. gpd;t
; Uk; tpdhf;fis
khztuplk; tpdhTq;fs;.
(01) ehk; fUj;Jf;fis vt;thW ntspapLfpd;Nwhk;?
(02) xUtupd; nrhe;j mDgtq;fisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk;> kw;wtu;fs;
tpUk;Gk; tifapy; ntspapLk; Kiwfs; ahit? rpytw;iwf;
$Wf.
,it Nghd;w tpdhf;fis khztuplk; tpdTq;fs;.
• fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jk; NghJ gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fspy; ftdk;

nrYj;Jq;fs;.
• Ngr;R> vOj;J Mfpatbtq;fspy; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jyhk;.

• Ngr;rpid tplTk; vOj;Jnkhop epiyNgwhdJ.
• xUtu; jdJ mDgtq;fisAk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk;
gytopfspy; vOj;J tbtk; Mf;fyhk;.
• fl;Liu> ftpij> rpWfij Kjyhd ,yf;fpa tbtq;fspd; jdpr;
rpwg;Gf;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
15 epkplq; f s;
208
gb 11.3.2
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;nfhj;ij khztUf;F
toq;Fq;fs;.
• khztiu 6 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> tpdhf;nfhj;Jg; gw;wpf;

fye;Jiuahbg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; II ,y; jug;gl;l nraw;ghl;il khztu; FOf;fshff;

fye;Jiuahba gpd; jdpj;jdpahf vOJtjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
65 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 11.3.3
• G+u;jj
; pnra;ag;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;ijf; FOtpy; xUtu; te;J rku;gg
; pg;gjw;F
• Vida FOtpdu; mit njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLtjw;Fr;

re;ju;gg
; kspAq;fs;.
• khztu;fis vOkhw;whf vOg;gp vOjpa rl;lfj;ij Kd;itf;fr;

nra;Aq;fs;.
• mt;thNw fl;LiufisAk; Kd;itf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• VidNahu; mtw;iw mtjhdkhfr; nrtpkLj;J rl;lfj;jpw;F Kuzhf

mike;j tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfj; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gjw;Fr;
• fye;Jiuahlypy; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngWtjidf; ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;sTk;.
• fl;Liu xd;W vOjg;gLtjw;F rl;lfk; xd;W mikj;jypd; mtrpak;
• rl;lfj;jpy; gpd;tUtd ,lk;ngWjy;
1. KfTiu
2. vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nghUis tpsq;fp vOJjy; my;yJ typAWj;jy;
(cly;)
3. KbTiu
• KfTiuapy; jiyg;gpid mwpKfg;gLj;JtNjhL> vOjg;gLk; tplaq;fs;
Fwpj;J RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gply;
• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nghUSf;fhd gpujhd fUj;Jf;fis xt;nthU
ge;jpapYk; tptupj;J vOJjy;.
• Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> gonkhopfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; nghUj;jkhd topfspy;
ifahSjy;.
• vOj;Jf;fis Neu;j;jpahfTk;> nrhw;fisg; gpiofspd;wpAk; vOJjy;.
• nghUj;jkhd epWj;jf; FwpaPLfisf; ifahsy;.
• nrk;ikahd nkhopg; gpuNahfk; ,lk; ngwy;
• KbTiuapy; fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;Jf; $wp jiyg;Gf; Nfw;w tpjj;jpy;
epiwT nra;jy;.
40 epkplq; f s;
209
• fl;Liu vOJtjw;fhd rl;lfk; xd;wpid vOJthu;.
• ~fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh| vd;w jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu xd;wpid vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;.
• rl;lfk; mikj;J fl;Liu vOJtjd; %yk; rpwe;j Mf;fj;ij

Kd;itf;fyhk; vd;Wzu;thu;.
210
gpd;dpizg;G 1
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;nfhj;ijg; G+uzg;gLj;Jf.

1. Rw;Wyh Muk;gk;
- Gwg;gl;l Neuk;
- Muk;gpj;j ,lk;
- gq;Fgw;wpNahu; njhif: 1. khztu;
2. Mrpupau;
3. ngw;Nwhu;
2. Rw;WyhTf;F Nkw;nfhz;l Kd; Maj;j eltbf;iffs;
3. juprpj;j ,lq;fs;
4. juprpj;j ,lq;fspy; fz;l tplaq;fs;
5. mtw;Ws; fy;tpr; nraw;ghl;bw;F cjtpait
6. fz;l fhl;rpfspy; ckJ kdij kpfTk; ftu;e;jit.
7. Rw;Wyhit epiwT nra;jgpd; ckJ mDgtq;fSk; kd czu;Tk;

(RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLf.)
8. vjpu;fhyq;fspy; ,j;jifa Rw;Wyhf;fspy; fye;J nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghd

ckJ fUj;J.
1. G+u;jj
; pnra;ag;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;jpd; JizAld; fl;Liu vOJtjw;fhd rl;lfk;
xd;W jahupf;Ff.
2. rl;lfj;jpd; cjtpAld; fl;Liu vOJq;fs;. nghUj;jkhd jiyg;gpLf.
211
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : vz;zf;fUj;Jf;fisAk;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk;
Gyg;gLj;jpg; NgRthu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 3.1 : jiyg;Gf;F Vw;w tifapy; NgRthu;.
nraw;ghL : jiyg;Gf;Nfw;g NgRNthk;.

rl;lfk; - gpd;dpizg;G 02
jiyg;Gf;fs; vOjg;gl;l nrhy;yl;il
vOJfUtp
vOJjhs;
gb 3.1.1
• rpwpa jiyg;Gf;fs; vOjg;gl;l nrhy;yl;ilfisf; nfhz;L te;J mjpy;
xU jiyg;ig vLj;J Mrpupau; thrpj;Jf;fhl;bg; ghlj;ij Muk;gpf;fTk;.
cjhuzk;:
md;G
ypNah lhy;]l ; ha; xU rpwe;j vOj;jhsu;. xU rkak; lhy;]l ; ha; ntspNa

cyhtr; nrd;whu;. topapy; xU gpr;irf;fhud; mtiug;ghu;jJ ; gpr;irNfl;lhu;.
lhy;];lha; jdJ igapy; ifia tpl;Lg; ghu;j;jhu;. gzkpy;iy. ghtk;
gpr;irf;fhud;. lhy;];lha;f;F kpf tUj;jkhfptpl;lJ. kdNkh me;jg;
gpr;irf;fhuDf;F cjTtjw;Fj; jtpj;jJ. vd;d nra;a? gupTld;
mg;gpr;irf;fhudpd; iffisg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L ~~rNfhjuNd! jw;rkak;
vd; ifapy; gzk; vJTkpy;iy. kPz;Lk; ehd; ,g;gf;fk; tUk;nghOJ
ckf;Ff; fz;bg;ghf cjTfpNwd;. ,y;iynad;why; ePu; vk; tPl;Lf;F
te;jhy; ckf;F Ntz;basT jUfpNwd;|| vd;W lhy;];lha; $wpdhu;.
gpr;irf;fhudpd; kdk; nefpo;ej; J. fz;fspy; ePu; jJk;g ~~Ntz;lhika;ah>
vd; iffisg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L vd;idr; rNfhjuNd vd;wuP f ; Ns! mJNt
ePu; vdf;F ,l;l ngupa gpr;ir. ehd; jpdKk; Nfl;gnjy;yhk; Vr;Rk;
Ngr;Rk; jhNd Iah. md;Gs;sk; nfhz;ltu;fSk; cyfpy; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;
vd;gjid ePu; vdf;F czu;j;jp tpl;Bu;.|| vdf;$wpdhd; gpr;irf;fhud;.
• Ngr;rpd;NghJ Ngr;rhsUk; Nfl;NghUk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sNtz;ba

tplaq;fs; ahit vdf; Nfl;Lf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
212
• Nfl;Nghu; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; tifapYk; Neuj;ij mDrupj;Jk;

• nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fs;> cjhuzq;fs;>
Nkw;Nfhs;fs; Kjypatw;iwf; ifahz;Lk;
• nghUj;jkhd njhdpapYk;
• Nehf;fj;Jf;Fk; rigf;Fk; Vw;wthWk;
• ,yf;fpid mikj;Jk;
• njspthfTk; tpsf;fkhfTk;
• czu;Tg+u;tkhfTk;
NgRjy;
20 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 3.1.2
• khztu;fis tFg;giwapy; miutl;lkhf mkur; nra;aTk;.
• gpd;dpizg;G - 01 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s cgjiyg;Gfisr; rpwpa nrhy;yl;ilfspy;

vOjp xt;nthU khztUf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• toq;fg;gl;l jiyg;ig ed;F fpufpj;J> Kf;fpakhd 4 my;yJ 5

fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;sr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• njhlu;Ggl;l cgjiyg;Gf;fisf;nfhz;l khztu;fis xU FOthf ,iza

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• gpd;dpizg;G - 02 ,y; jug;gl;l rl;lfj;Jf;Nfw;g> khztu;fs; jhnkLj;j

Fwpg;Gfspd; JizAld; FOthf ,ize;J Ngr;nrhd;iwj; jahupf;f topg;
gLj;Jq;fs;. (cjhuzk;: rpj;jpuk;> rq;fPjk;> ,yf;fpak;> eldk;> rpw;gk;> ehlfk;
Mfpa cgjiyg;Gfis itj;jpUf;Fk; khztu;fs; xU FOthf ,ize;J
~mofpaw; fiyfs;| vd;w jiyg;gpy; Ngr;irj; jahupj;jy;)
100 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 3.1.3
• jahupj;j Ngr;ir epfo;j;Jtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• FOtpYs;s midj;J khztu;fSk; ,r;nraw;ghl;ilj; jdpj;jdpahfr;

nra;tjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTk; rku;g;gpf;Fk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp Vida FOf;fs; fUj;;Jiu

$w topg;gLj;jTk;.
213
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• jiyg;Gf;Nfw;w nghUs;
• Ngr;rpd; ikaf;fUj;J
• Jizf; fUj;Jf;fs;
• epiy
• njhdp
• cr;rupg;Gj; njspT
• Neuk;
• mit mQ;rhik
• Ngr;Rtd;ik
• NgRk; ghzp
80 epkplq; f s
s;
• Ngr;nrhd;wpid epfo;j;Jk;NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; gw;wp

tpsf;Fthu;.
• mzpfs;> gbg;gpid jUk; tplaq;fs;> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jpr; rpwe;j nrhy;yhl;rpAld; Ngrpdhy; Nfl;Nghiuf;
ftuyhk; vd;gijj; njuptpg;ghu;.
• xU rpwe;j Ngr;rhsuhf tuf;$ba jpwid ,t;thwhd gapw;rpapd;

%yk; ngwyhk; vd;gij czu;j;Jthu;.
• re;ju;g;gk; Vw;gLk; Neuq;fspy; Ngr;Rj;jpwid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
214
gpd;dpizg;G I
gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; Ngr;irj; jahupj;Jg; NgRq;fs;.
• tpOkpag; gz;Gfs;
- tpl;Lf; nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ik
- kd;dpf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ik
- Neu;ik
- gpwu; eyd; Ngzy;
- cz;ik NgRjy;
- capu;fs; kPJ md;G fhl;Ljy;
• jfty; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs;
- fzpdp
- njhiyNgrp
- ,izak;
- gj;jpupif
- njhiyf;fhl;rp
- thndhyp
• ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;
- Rdhkp
- nts;sk;
- #whtsp
- epy eLf;fk;
- kz; rupT
- gdp cUFjy;
• jkpo;nkhop
- jkpopd; ,dpik
- jkpo; tsu;j;j Gytu;fs;
- jkpio tsu;j;j kd;du;fs;
- jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mwf;fUj;Jf;fs;
- Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fs;
- jw;fhyj;jkpo;
• mofpaw; fiyfs;
- Xtpak;
- ,ir
- eldk;
- rpw;gk;
- ehlfk;
215
gpd;dpizg;G 2
Ngr;irj; jahupg;gjw;fhd rl;lfk;
• tpspg;G
• jiyg;G tpsf;fk;
• ikaf;fUj;J } fUj;Jf;fis xOq;FgLj;jp
• Jizf;fUj;Jf;fs; Kd;itj;jy;
• njhFg;G
216

vOJthu;.
9.2 ghlg;gug;Gfspy; ,dq;fz;L tpsq;fpf;nfhz;l gad;ghl;L

nraw;ghL : fpufpj;J vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : xU gjptpuij rupj;jpuk; - ghlE}y;

gy thf;fpaq;fshfj; Jz;lhlg;gl;l xU fij
thf;fpaq;fs; xOq;fpd;wp mike;j fij

- gpd;dpizg;G 01
nrhw;fsQ;rpag; gbtk; - gpd;dpizg;G 02
gb 9.5.1
• gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s gy thf;fpaq;fshfj; Jz;lhlg;gl;l
fijg; gFjpfis khztu;fSf;F vOkhw;whf toq;fp fijapd; KjyhtJ
thf;fpaj;ij Muk;gpj;Jj; njhlu;rr
; pahf Vidatu;fs; thrpj;J fijia
KOikahf Kd; itf;fr; nra;jy;.
• fpufpj;jYf;fhff; Nfl;ly;
• fpufpj;jYf;fhf thrpj;jy;
• mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUis mwpjy;
• ,yf;fzf; $Wfis ,dq;fhZjy; cjhuzk;: ,ilr;nrw;fs;>
Ntw;Wik cUG
nrhw; Gzu;r;rp
• thf;fpa tiffis mwpjy;
• thf;fpaq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig mwpe;J fUj;jikTf;Nfw;g
xOq;FgLj;jy;.
20 epkplq; f s
s;
217
gb 9.5.2
• ~xU gjptpuij rupj;jpuk;| vd;w fijia khztu;fs; vy;NyhiuAk;
nksdkhf thrpf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• gpd;dpizg;G 2 ,y; cs;s nrhw;fsQ;rpag; gbtj;ij vy;yh

khztu;fSf;Fk; njupaf;$ba tpjkhff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• fijia thrpf;Fk; NghJ ,lu;gLk; nrhw;fSf;fhd nghUis

nrhw;fsQ;rpag; gbtj;jpd; %yk; mwpe;J fijiag; G+uzkhf tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
(nrhw;fsQ;rpag; gbtj;ij khztu; epug;g cjTq;fs;.)
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtj;jpid toq;fp mjidg; G+uzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg;

gzpf;fTk;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.5.3
• epug;gg;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;fs; jdpj;jdpahf
Kd;itf;fj; jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.
• vOkhw;whf khztu;fis vOg;gp; epug;gg;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij

Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• khztu;fs; rku;g;gpj;j tplaq;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid ,dq;fz;L

fPo;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
1. ,f;fij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; gbg;gpidfs;

- Kaw;rp nra;jhy; ntw;wpAz;L.
- ~ehd;| vd;w mfe;ijia ePf;Fjy;.
- njhopypd; kfj;Jtk;
- fw;Gila ngz;zpd; cau;T
- flik czu;tpd; Nkd;ik
- nra;tijj; jpUj;jkhfr; nra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; rpwg;G
2. ,f;fijapy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s tlnrhw;fs;

cjhuzk; : [{thiy> F\pghij> g\p> mtyf;\zk;> fpUf];jd;...
re;epahrp> Nfhgk;
3. ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzg;gz;G
re;epahrp : ehd; vd;Dk; mfe;ij cilatu; vdpDk; cz;ik
Qhdj;ij mwpa Mty; cilatu;.
218
ngz; : vg;NghJk; jdJ flikia rupahfr; nra;gts;.
gzpTs;sk; nfhz;lts;.
fw;G newpahy; rfyijAk; mwpAk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lts;.
frhg;Gf;filf;fhud; :
ngw;Nwhiu kjpj;J md;ghfg; gzptpil nra;gtd;.
nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk; vd;w nfhs;if cilatd;.
4. gpujhd fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $bajw;fhd fhuzk;

nra;tdtw;iwj; jpUj;jkhfr; nra;jhy; Nkd;ik fpilf;Fk; vd;gJ
cz;ikj; jd;ikahd fUj;J vd;gjhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf
cs;sJ.
5. jw;fhy nkhopeil
cjhuzk; : ~nra;td jpUe;jr; nra;| vd;gJ ehk; cau;T
ngWtjw;fhd top> tpUg;Gld; Ntiyiaj; jpUj;jkhfr;
nra;tjhFk;.
6. ,yf;fzf; $Wfs;
• ,ilr; nrhw;fs;
1. my;yth (M)
2. vd;gijNa (V)
(,t;thW rpytw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Fq;fs;)
• Ntw;Wik cUGfs;
Ntiyia (I) 2Mk; Ntw;Wik cUG
tPl;by; (,y;) 7Mk; Ntw;Wik cUG
(,t;thW Ntw;Wik cUGfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;. Ntw;Wik
cUGfs; midj;Jk; ,ilr; nrhw;fs; vd;gijAk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;fhl;Lq;fs;)
• nrhy;YUG - ck;Kila (cila)
• nrhw;Gzu;rr
; p
tu + fz;L - tuf;fz;L
tUgtu; + ,lj;jpy; - tUgtuplj;jpy;
(NkYk; rpy cjhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;;)
• njhfh epiyj; njhlu;fs;

tpspj;njhlu;
cjhuzk;: mk;kzp > nfhQ;rk; md;de;jh
vOtha;j;njhlu;
ehd; Xu; vspa ngz; Ngij
(,t;thW njhlu;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lTk;)
219
7. gy;NtWgl;l thf;fpa tiffs;
cjhuzk;: 1. jdpthf;fpak;
m. $w;W thf;fpak;
c+k;: ehis ghlrhiy ,y;iy.
M. tpdhthf;fpak;
c+k; : mk;kh mij eP vt;tpjk; mwptha;?
,. Vty; thf;fpak;
c+k; : frhg;Gf; fhuidg; ghu;
<. tpag;G thf;fpak;
c+k; : ~~X nja;tNk> ehd; Qhdj;ij czu;tJ
,f; nfhiyg; ghjdplj;;jpNyNah!
c. tpaq;Nfhs; thf;fpak;
c+k; : xt;nthUtUk; thzhis tPzhs;
Mf;fhky; Qhdk; ifty;ypakhFk;
Kaw;rpapy; epw;Nghkhf.
2. fyg;G thf;fpak;
cjhuzk;: ~~X nja;tNk> ehd; Qhdj;ij czu;tJ

,f; nfhiyg;ghjfdplj;jpNyNah ed;whapUf;fpwJ!
,tidg; ghu;j;jhy; G+jNk kdpj &gk; vLj;J te;jJ
Nghy ,Uf;fpwNj!|| vd;W vz;zpdhu;.
3. $l;L thf;fpak;
cjhuzk; : frhg;Gf;fhud; jd; gpurq;fj;ij Kbj;jJk; re;jpahrpf;F
cz;lhfpa Mde;jj;jpd; msit ek;khy; nrhy;yKbahJ.
80 epkplq; f s
s;
• fijapy; fhzg;gLk; tpOkpag; gz;Gfis> gbg;gpidfis vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.
• Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhy;iy ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• gad;ghl;L ,yf;fzq;fis ,dq;fz;L gpuNahfpf;Fk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
• fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzg;gz;Gfis vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.
• fijapD}lhfg; ngw;w mDgtk;> kdgg;ghq;F vd;gtw;iw

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
• goe;jkpo; ciueiliaj; jw;fhy eilapy; vOJthu;.
220
gpd;dpizg;G 1
gpr;ir vLj;J cz;gtu;
• nrz;gfg; ghz;bad; vd;Dk; kd;dd; mitapy; ef;fPuu; jiyikg; Gytuha;

,Ue;jhu;.
• ghz;ba kd;dDf;F xU re;Njfk; Vw;gl;lJ.
• ~~ngz;fspd; $e;jYf;F ,aw;ifapy; kzk; cz;lh? md;wpr; nraw;ifahy;

jhd; thrid Vw;gLfpd;wjh? vd;gNj me;jr; re;Njfk;.
• jd;Dila re;Njfj;ijj; njspa itg;gtUf;F Mapuk; nghw;fhRfs;

guprspf;fg;gLk; vd;W mwptpj;jhd;.
• ,jidj; jUkp mwpe;jhd;.

• mtd; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; tpUg;gk; cilatdhf ,Ue;jhd;.
• ,Ug;gpDk; mtdplk; nghUs; ,y;iy. guk Vio.
• jd;Dila vz;zj;ij kJiuapy; cs;s nrhf;fehjg; ngUkhdplk; nrd;W

njuptpj;jhd;.
• mtUk; clNd Gytu; tbtk; jhq;fpj; jUkpapd; Kd; Njhd;wpdhu;.
• jUkp tpUk;gpa tz;zk; mUikahd ftpij xd;iw vOjp mijj; jUkpaplk;

nfhLj;jhu;.
• ~~kd;dd; kdjpy; cs;s re;Njfk; jPUk; nghUl;L vOjg;gl;l ghly; ,J@ vdNt
Mapuk; nghd; gupR fpl;Lk;|| vd;W $wp mDg;gpdhu;.
• ~~nfhq;F Nju; tho;f;if|| vdj; njhlq;Fk; mg;ghliyg; gbj;Jf; fhl;bdhd;.
• ngz;fspd; $e;jYf;F ,aw;ifapNyNa kzk; cz;L vd;gij El;gkha;

czu;j;Jk; mg;ghliyf; Nfl;L kd;dd; kfpo;r;rpaile;jhd;.
• clNd jUkpf;F Mapuk; nghw;fhRfis toq;f cj;jutpl;lhd;.
• mg;nghOJ me;j mitapd; jiyikg; Gytuha; ,Ue;j ef;fPuu; murdpd;

nraiyj; jLj;jhu;.
• ~~ghly; Fw;wk; cilaJ@ ngz;fspd; $e;jYf;F ,aw;ifapy; kzk; ,y;iy||
vd;W $wpdhd;.
221
• kd;dDk; jUkpf;Fg; gupR toq;fhky; twpNj mDg;gp tpl;lhd;.
• guprpd;wp kdk; thbj; jpUk;gpa jUkp NeNu nrhf;fehjg; Gytuplk; te;jhd;.

ele;jijj; njuptpj;jhd;.
• Gytuha; te;j ,iwtd; Nfhgk; nfhz;l kd;ddpd; mitia mile;jhu;.
• ~~vd;Dila ghlypy; Fw;wk; cs;snjd;W $wpaJ ahu;?|| vd;W Nfl;lhu;.
• clNd ef;fPuu; ~~ehd;jhd;|| vd Kd; te;jhu;. jhd; ,iwtd; vd;gij

ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• ghliyg; gw;wpa thf;Fthjk; ,UtUf;Fk; Vw;gl;lJ.
• ~~ngz;fspd; $e;jYf;F ,aw;ifapy; kzk; ,y;iy|| vd;W njhlu;e;J ef;fPuu;

thjpl;lhu;.
• ,aw;ifapy; kzk; cz;L vd;W ,iwtdhy; ep&gpf;f Kbatpy;iy. mjdhy;

ef;fPuu; Nky; mstw;w Nfhgk; nfhz;lhu;.
• vdNt ef;fPuupd; ,opepiyiaAk; njhopiyAk; ,opj;Jj; jpl;lj;njhlq;fpdhu;.
• cliyf;fhg;ghw;Wk; nghUl;L rq;fWf;fpd;w thspy; nea;apidj; jltp> gpwu;

Fiw $Wk; gbahf ,uz;L fuq;fisAk; tpupj;J cl;fhu;e;J nfhz;L
rq;Ffisf; fpUfPu; vd;W xyp Nfl;Fk; gbahf ntl;b mWf;fpd;w ef;fPuNdh
vd;Dila ghl;bidg; gpio cs;snjd;W ,t;Tyfpy; $wj; jFjpAilatd;?
• ,t;thW ,iwtd; $wpaTld; ef;fPuu; Mj;jpukile;jhu;.
• jd;Dila Fyj;ijAk; njhopiyAk; Fiw $wpa ,iwtd; Nky; tir

Vw;gl;lhYk; ek;ikf; fhf;f Ntz;ba nghWg;G mtDilaNj.
• neQ;rNk! nfhQ;rk; $l ,jd; nghUl;L eP mQ;rNtz;bajpy;iy.
jdpg;ghly; jpul;L - tirg;ghly;fs;.
gpd;dpizg;G 2
222
nrhw;fsQ;rpag; gbtk;
gjptpuij
Ngjha;
Nyhgk;
mutk;
nastdk;
jtrp
re;epahrp
khJ
Nahfgyk;
kjyha;
rpuR
frhg;Gf;fhud;
mf;fpdp [{thiy
mfe;ij
g~p
&gk;
rhk;gu;
<dk;
F\pghij
mty~zk;
mk;kzP
fpUf;]j ; d;
md;dk;
cyfPu;
Nt\k;
ifty;ypak;
gpd;dpizg;G 3
223
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
1. ,f;fijapy; fhzg;gLk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs;> gbg;gpidfs; vit?
2. fijapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tlnrhw;fisj; jUf.
3. fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzg;gz;G
4. ,f;fijapy; $wg;gLk; gpujhd fUj;ij cq;fshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s

Kbfpwjh? fhuzk; jUf.
5. ,f;fijiaj; jw;fhy nkhopeilapy; khw;wp vOJf.
6. ,f;fijapy; fhzg;gLk; gpd;tUk; ,yf;fzf; $Wfis ,dq;fz;L

vOJf.
1. ,ilr;nrhw;fs;
2. Ntw;Wik cUGfs;
3. nrhy;YUGfs;
4. nrhw;Gzu;r;rp
5. njhfhepiyj; njhlu;fs;
7. thf;fpa tiffis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
224
Nju;r;rp myF 8.2 : Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jg; ngw;w mDgtq;fis

VidNahu;fSld; gfpu;eJ
; nfhs;thu;.
nraw;ghL : thrpj;Jg; gfpu;e;J kfpo;Nthk;.
ju cs;sPL : nra;As;fs; - gpd;dpizg;G 01

vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp

gb 8.2.1
• ghly; xd;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.
~~Kfpypdq;fs; miyfpwNj
Kftupfs; jtwpaNjh
Kftupfs; jtwpajhy;
mOjpLNkh mJ kioNah||
• ,g;ghliy ePq;fs; urpf;fpwPu;fsh? vd;W tpdtp> mjw;fhd fhuzq;fis

Kd;itf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• ghly; xd;iwf; fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; mwptjw;Fk; ,urpg;gjw;Fk; ifahsj;jf;f

cj;jpfs; El;gq;fs; gw;wp khztUld; fye;Jiuahb> gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;
gw;wpj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
• nra;Ais re;jpgpupj;Jk; nfhz;L $l;bAk; thrpj;jy;

• thrpj;jtw;iwr; nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; tpsf;Fjy;
• ghlypy; $wg;gl;Ls;s fUj;ij VidNahUf;F vLj;Jf; $wp eaj;jy;
• thrpj;j gFjpapy; jhk; ,urpj;j tplaq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;
• mzpfs;> tu;zidfs; vd;gtw;iw vLj;Jf; fhl;b mtw;iw eaj;jy;
• thrpj;j gFjpapYs;s gbg;gpidfis/tpOkpaq;fis ,dq;fhzy;
15 epkplq; f s
s;
225
gb 8.2.2
• khztu;fis FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpd; xU ghlw;gFjpia

toq;Fq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTk; nra;Ais re;jpgpupj;J> nfhz;L $l;bg; nghUs;

eaf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd mwpf;ifiaj; jahupf;f

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
65 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 8.2.3
• xt;nthU FOTk; jhk; jahupj;j mwpf;ifia Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;gg
; k;
toq;Fq;fs;.
• VidNahu;> tplaj;ijf; Nfl;L tpku;rpj;J fUj;Jf;$w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
1. nra;Aisr; re;jpgpupj;J vOJjy;.

i. tz;z khiyf; if gug;gp
cyif tise;j ,Us; vy;yhk;
cz;z vz;zp jz; kjpaj;J
cjaj;J vOe;j epyhf; fw;iw
tpz;Zk; kz;Zk; jpir midj;Jk;
tpOq;fpf;nfhz;l tpup ed;dPu;g;
gz;iz ntz;nza;r; rilad; jd;
Gfo;Nghy; vq;Fk; gue;J csjhy;
2. nra;ASf;fhd nghUs; tpsf;fk;.

tpz;Zk; kz;Zk; jpiraidj;Jk; gutp epw;fpd;w rilag;g
ts;sYila Gfo;Nghy@ cyifr; #o;ej ; pUf;Fk; ,Uis tpOq;f
vz;Zk; Fspu;r;rp nghUe;jpa epynthsp gutpaJ.
3. rilag;gts;sYila GfOf;F xg;gpl;L tu;zpf;fpwhu;.
4. ctik
~~gz;iz ntz;nza;r; rilad; jd; Gfo; Nghy;...||
Fspu;r;rp nghUe;jpa epytpd; xspahdJ vq;Fk; gutpw;W.
ctkhdk; : rilad; Gfo;
ctNkak; : epytpd; xsp
nghJj; jd;ik : vq;Fk; gutpaik
226
ii. fhd; vyhk; kyu;e;j Ky;iy
ffdk; kPJ vOe;jJ vd;d
thd; vyhk; taq;F jhiu
epiu epiu kyu;e;J Njhd;w
Ntdpyhd; tpotpy; itj;j
nts;sp ntz; Fk;gk; vd;d
J} epyh kjpak; te;J
Fz jpir Njhd;wpw;W mk;kh
2. fhnly;yhk; kyu;ej ; pUf;Fk; Ky;iyg;G+ Nghd;W thdj;jpy; el;rj;jpuq;fs;
epiu epiuahf kyu;eJ ; Njhd;w> kd;kjDila tpohtpy; itj;j nts;spf;
Fk;gk; Nghy; J}a;ikahd ntz;zpyh fpof;Fj; jpirapy; te;J Njhd;wpaJ.
3. ,aw;if tu;zid> el;rj;jpuq;fis Ky;iyg; G+Tf;F xg;gply;>
ctikazp ifahsg;gl;Ls;s tpjk;
4. ~~fhndyhk; kyu;e;j Ky;iy> ffdkPnjOe;j njd;d...||
~~Ntdpyhd; tpotpy; itj;j nts;sp ntz;Fk;gnkd;d...||

iii. vz; mupa kiwapd; xL fpd;duu;fs;
,ir ghl cyfk; Vj;j
tpz;ztUk; Kdptu;fSk; NtjpaUk;
fuk; Ftpg;g Ntiy vd;Dk;
kz;Zk; kzp KoT mjpu thd; muq;fpy;
elk; Gupthd; ,utp vd;Dk;
fz; Ejy; thdtd; fdf ril tpupj;jy;
vd tpupe;j fjpu;fs; vy;yhk;.
2. vz;Zjw;F mupa Ntjq;fNshL ,irapy; ty;y Ntjhrpupau;fs; ,irghl>
cyfk; Nghw;w> Njtu;fSk; Kdptu;fSk; Ntjk; XJgtu;fSk; fuk;
Ftpj;J tzq;f> fly; xyp vOg;gpf; nfhz;bUf;f> thdk; vDk;
muq;fj;jpy;> new;wpf;fz;Zila rptngUkhd; jdJ rilia tpupj;jhw;
Nghy #upaf; fjpu;fs; gutpd.
3. vz; tpz;/; kz;> fz; Nghd;w vJifr; nrhw;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sd.
4. #upad; Njhd;Wk; fhl;rpia ftpQu; tu;zpj;Js;s tpjk;
40 epkplq; f s
s;
227
• nra;Ais re;jp gpupj;J> nfhz;L $l;b thrpg;ghu;.
• nra;ASf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;.
• jhk; thrpj;Jr; Ritj;j gFjpia vLj;Jf;$wp kfpo;thu;.
• tu;zidg; gFjpfis tpku;rpj;J eag;ghu;.
• ifahsg;gl;Ls;s mzpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b Ritglf; $Wthu;.

228
gpd;dpizg;G 1
nra; A s; f s;
1. tz;z khiyf; ifgug;gp

cyif tise;j ,Unsy;yhk;
cz;z vz;zpj; jz;kjpaj;
Jjaj; njOe;j epyhf;fw;iw
tpz;Zk; kz;Zk; jpiraidj;Jk;
tpOq;fpf; nfhz;l tpuped;dPu;g;
gz;iz ntz;nza;r; riladwd;
Gfo;Ngh nyq;Fk; gue;Jsjhy;..
2. fhndyhk; kyu;e;j Ky;iy

ffdkP njOe;j njd;d
thndyhk; taq;F jhiu
epiuepiu kyu;e;J Njhd;w

Ntdpyhd; tpotpy; itj;j
nts;spntz; Fk;g nkd;dj;
J}epyh kjpak; te;J
Fzjpirj; Njhd;wpw; wk;kh.
3. vz;zupa kiwapndhL fpd;duu;fs;

,irghl cyf Nkj;j
tpz;ztUk; Kdptu;fSk; NtjpaUk;
fuq;Ftpg;g Ntiy nad;Dk;
kz;Zkzp Kotjpu thduq;fpy;
elk;Gupthd; ,utp nad;Dk;
fz;Zjy;th dtd;fdfr; riltpupj;jh
nyd tpupe;j fjpu;f nsy;yhk;.
229
gpd;dpizg;G 2
1. ~~tz;zkhiyf; ifgug;gp...|| vd;w nra;Aisr; re;jpgpupj;J vOJq;fs;.
2. ,r;nra;Aspd; nghUisf; $Wq;fs;.
3. re;jpud; Njhd;Wk; epfo;r;rpiag; Gytu; vt;thW tu;zpf;fpd;whu;?
4. ,jpy; cs;s ctikazpapid vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

II
1. ~fhndyhk; kyu;e;j Ky;iy...|| vd;w nra;Aisr; re;jpgpupj;J vOJq;fs;.
3. ,r;nra;Aspy; ePq;fs; ,urpj;j tplak; ahJ?
4. ,r;nra;Aspy; ifahsg;gl;l ctik mzpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
III
1. ~~vz;zupa kiwapndhL...|| vd;w nra;Aisr; re;jpgpupj;J vOJq;fs;.
3. ,r;nra;Aspy; te;Js;s vJifr; nrhw;fs; ahit?
4. ,r;nra;Aspy; ePq;fs; thrpj;Jr; Ritj;j mk;rj;ij tpsf;Fq;fs;.
230
Nju;r;rp myF 9.6 : vOj;jhf;fj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd El;gq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.
9.2 ghlg;gug;Gf;fspy; ,dq;fz;L tpsq;fpf;nfhz;l gad;ghl;L

nraw;ghL : thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J ehlfk; jahupg;Nghk;.
ju cs;sPL : flTSk; fe;jrhkpg; gps;isAk; - fij - gpd;dpizg;G 1

vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
gb 9.2.1
• Fwpg;gpl;l thug; gj;jpupif xd;iwf;nfhz;LtUkhW mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.
khztu; nfhz;Lte;j gj;jpupifapy; cs;s rpWfijia thrpj;Jf;
fhl;Lq;fs;. mjpy; tUk; ghj;jpuk; xd;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;L mg;ghj;jpuj;ijNaw;W
ebf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• ,t;thW fijia ehlfkhf;f KbAk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.
• ehlfk; xd;iw vOJk; NghJ mtjhdpf;fNtz;ba tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• fUj;ijr; nrhy;Ytjw;Fupa Clfq;fspy; xd;W ehlfk;

• fijf;fU
• fjhghj;jpuk; (,ay;G)
• nkhopeil (Ngr;R tof;F> vOj;J tof;F)
• ehlf cj;jpfs;
1. nka;g;ghl;Lzu;Tfs;
2. fhl;rpfis tifg;gLj;Jjy;
3. fsk;
4. FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jy;
20 epkplq; f s
s;
231
gb 9.2.2
• fijia khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• fUj;J}d;wp thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• khztu;fis ehd;FNgu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.
• FOtpdu; jkf;Fs; fye;Jiuahb fijia KOikahf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s

cjtp GupAq;fs;.
• mtu;fs; thrpj;j fijg;gFjpia ehd;F fhl;rpfshf tifg;gLj;j

topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• ehd;F NgUk; xt;nthU fhl;rpia ehlf tbtpy; vOJtjw;F

newpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
100 epkplq; f s;
gb 9.2.3
• xt;nthU FOtpdUk; jhk; vOjpa ehlff; fhl;rpiag; ghj;jpuNkw;W
thrpj;Jf; fhl;l topnra;Aq;fs;.
• Vida FOtpdu; tpku;rpj;J fUj;Jf;fs; $wr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• ehlfg; ghj;jpuk; ntspg;gL;j;jpa nkhopeilapd; nghUj;jg;ghL

• ghj;jpuq;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; nka;g;ghl;Lzu;T
• ifahsg;gl;l FwpaPLfs;
• ghj;jpuq;fspd; ,ay;G : fijf;fUj;J mopahky; ghj;jpuq;fisg;
gilj;jy;
80 epkplq; f s
s;
• ehlfj;Jf;fhd nkhopeilia mwpe;J jkJ Mf;fj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• ghj;jpuq;fs; vt;thW Njhw;Wtpf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gij czu;e;J

jkJ ehlf Mf;fj;ijj; jahupg;ghu;.
• nka;g;ghl;Lzu;Tfisf; fhl;lf; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• xU fijapid ehlfkhfj; jahupf;Fk; jpwd; ngw;W ehlfk;

xd;iw vOJthu;.
232
gpd;dpizg;G : 1
flTSk; fe;jrhkpg; gps;isAk;
Nkyfuk; Nk. f. uhkrhkpg; gps;is mtu;fspd; VfGj;jpuDk; nry;yg;gh

vd;gtUkhd Nkyfuk; Nk. f. uh. fe;jrhkpg; gps;isatu;fs;.“gpuhl;Nt”Ak;
“v];gpsNdL”k; $Lfpw re;jpapy; Mgj;jpy;yhj Xuj;jpy; epd;Wnfhz;L ntF jPtpukhf
Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. “buhkpy; Vwpr;nrd;why; xd;Nw fhyzh. fhyzh kpQ;Rk;
gf;fj;Jf; filapy; ntw;wpiy ghf;Fg; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L tPl;Lf;F ele;Jtplyhk;.
g];]py; Vwpf; fz;lf;liu Vkhw;wpf;nfhz;Nl n]d;l;uiyf; fle;Jtpl;L mg;Gwk;
bf;fl; thq;fpj; jpUty;ypf; Nfzpf;Fg; Nghdhy; miuf; “fg;”fhg;gp Fbj;Jtpl;L
tPl;Lf;Fg; Nghfyhk;: Mdhy; ntw;wpiy fpilahJ...
‘fz;lf;lu;jhd; vd;id Vkhw;W Vkhw;W vd;W ntw;wpiy itj;J miof;Fk;

NghJ mtid Vkhw;WtJ> mjhtJ mtid Vkhwhky; Vkhw;WtJ ju;k tpNuhjk;.
New;W mtd; mg;gbf; Nfl;lgb n]d;l;uypypUe;J kl;Lk; nfhLj;jpUe;jhy; fhg;gp
rhg;gpl;bUf;fyhk;’
~,g;nghOJ fhg;gp rhg;gpl;lhy; nfhQ;rk; tpWtpWg;ghfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.|
,g;gbahf Nkw;gba+u; Nkw;gb tpyhrg; gps;isatu;fs; ju;k tprhuj;jpy;

<Lgl;bUf;Fk;nghOJjhd; mtUf;Ff; flTs; gpurd;dkhdhu;.
jpBnud;W mtUila Gj;jp gutrj;jhy; kUSk;gbj;Njhd;wp> “,e;jh> gpb tuj;ij”

vd;W tw;GWj;jtpy;iy.
“Iah> jpUty;ypf;Nfzpf;F vg;gbg; NghfpwJ” vd;Wjhd; Nfl;lhu;.
“buhkpYk; Nghfyhk;> g];]pYk; Nghfyhk;> Nfl;Lf; Nfl;L ele;Jk; Nghfyhk;@

kJiuf;F top thapNy” vd;whu; = fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“ehd; kJiuf;Fg; Nghftpy;iy@ jpUty;ypf;Nfzpf;Fj;jhd; top Nfl;Nld;@ vg;gbg;

Nghdhy; RUf;f top” vd;whu; flTs;. ,uz;L NgUk; tpOe;JtpOe;J rpupj;jhu;fs;.
rhb Nkhjpj; js;spf;nfhz;L elkhLk; [df; $l;lj;jpypUe;J tpyfp> nrUg;G

upg;Ngu; nra;Ak; rf;fpypad; gf;fkhf ,UtUk; xJq;fp epd;whu;fs;.
Nkyfuk; uhkrhkpg; gps;isapd; thupRf;F ehw;gj;ije;J taR@ ehw;gj;ije;J

tU\q;fshf md;d Mfhukpy;yhky; tsu;e;jtu; Nghd;w Njff; fl;L@ rpy fWg;G
kapu;fSk; cs;s eiuj;j jiy@ ,uz;L thuq;fshf ~~tuk; nra;ahj Kfntl;L@
ve;j [df; Fk;gypYk;> vt;tsT J}uj;jpYk; NghFk; ez;gu;fisAk; nfhj;jpg;
gpbf;Fk; mjpjPl;rz;akhd fz;fs;@ fhupf;fk; \u;l;> fhupf;fk; Nt\;b> fhupf;fk; Nky;
mq;ft];jpuk;.
233
top Nfl;ltiuf; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is $u;e;J ftdpj;jhu;. tair epu;zakhfr;
nrhy;y Kbatpy;iy. mWgJ ,Uf;fyhk;@ mWgjpdhapuKk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy;
mj;jid tU\Kk; rhg;ghl;Lf; ftiyNa ,y;yhky; nfhOnfhO vd;W tsu;e;j
Nkdp tsg;gk;.
jiyapNy Jspf;$lf; fWg;gpy;yhky; eiuj;j rpif> Nfhjpf;fl;lhky; rpq;fj;jpd;

gplupkapu; khjpup fOj;jpy; tpOe;J rpypu;j;Jf;nfhz;L epd;wJ. fOj;jpNy el;leLtpy;
ngupa fWg;GkW. fz;Zq; fd;dq;fNwnyd;W. ehY jpirapYk; Rod;W> Rod;W
ntl;baJ. rpy rkak; ntwpaDilaJ Nghyf; fdpe;jJ. rpupg;G? me;jr; rpupg;G>
fe;jrhkpg; gps;isiar; rpy rkak; gaKWj;jpaJ. rpy rkak; Foe;ijAilaijg;
Nghyf; nfhQ;rpaJ.
“nuhk;gj; jhfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ” vd;whu; flTs;.
“,q;Nf [yk; fpyk; fpilf;fhJ@ NtZnkd;why; fhg;gp rhg;gplyhk;@ mNjh

,Uf;fpwJ fhg;gp N`hl;ly;” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“thUq;fNsd;> mijj;jhd; rhg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;Nghk;” vd;whu; flTs;.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;is ngupa mNgjthjp. md;dpau;> njupe;jtu; vd;w mw;g Ngjq;fisg;

ghuhl;Lfpwtu; my;yu;.
“rup> thUq;fs; NghNthk;” vd;whu;. ~gpy;iy ek; jiyapy; fl;btplg; ghu;j;jhy;?’

vd;w re;Njfk; jl;baJ. ~Jzpr;ry; ,y;yhjtiuapy; Jd;ge;jhd;’ vd;gJ fe;jrhkpg;
gps;isapd; rq;fw;gk;.
,UtUk; xU ngupa N`hl;lYf;Fs; Eioe;jdu;. flTs;> fe;jrhkpg; gps;isapd;

gpd;Gwkhf xz;bf;nfhz;L gpd;njhlu;e;jhu;.
,UtUk; xU Nki[aUfpy; cl;fhu;e;jhu;fs;. igaDf;F kdg;ghlk; xg;gpf;f

,lq; nfhLf;fhky; “#lhd> ];lu; hq;fh ,uz;L fg; fhg;gp” vd;W jiyia cYf;fpdhu;
fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“jkpio kwe;JtplhNj. ,uz;L fg; fhg;gpfs; vd;W nrhy;” vd;whu; flTs;.
“mg;gb my;y@ ,uz;L fg;fs; fhg;gp vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;” vd;W jkpo;f;
nfhb ehl;bdhu; gps;is.
Kwpabf;fg;gl;l flTs; mz;zhe;J ghu;j;jhu;. “ey;y caukhd fl;blkhf

,Uf;fpwJ@ ntspr;rKk; ed;whf tUfpwJ” vd;whu;.
“gpd;Nd ngupa N`hl;ly; Nfhopf; Fby; khjpup ,Uf;FNkh? Nfhtpy; fl;LfpwJ

Nghy vd;W epidj;Jf;nfhz;Buhf;Fk;! Rfhjhu cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; tplkhl;lhu;fs;”
vd;W jkJ ntw;wpiaj; njhlu;e;J KLf;fpdhu; gps;is.
234
Nfhtpy; vd;w gjk; fhjpy; tpOe;jJk; flTSf;F clk;ngy;yhk; eLeLq;fpaJ.
“mg;gb vd;why;...” vd;whu; flTs;. Njhw;whYk; tpltpy;iy. “Rfhjhuk; vd;why;

vd;d vd;W nrhy;Yk;” vd;W Nfl;lhu; flTs;.
“X! mJth? Nki[ia Nyh\d; Nghl;Lf; fOtp> cj;jpNahf];ju;fs; mguhjk;

Nghlhky; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;tJ. gs;spf;$lj;jpNy> guPl;irapy; igad;fs; Njhw;Wg;
Nghtjw;nfd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhLf;Fk; xU ghlk;@ mjd;gb ,e;j <> nfhR vy;yhk;
uh~ru;~fSf;Fr; rkhdk;. mjpYk; ,e;jkhjpup N`hl;ly;fSf;Fs;Ns te;Jtpl;lhy;
Mgj;Jj;jhd;. capu; jg;ghJ vd;W vOjpapUf;fpwhu;fs;”; vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
mtUf;Nf mjprakhf ,Ue;jJ ,e;jg; Ngr;R. ehf;fpy; ru];tjp flhl;rk; Vw;gl;L
tpl;lNjh vd;W re;Njfpj;jhu;.
flTs; mtiuf; ftdpf;ftpy;iy. ,tu;fs; tUtjw;F Kd; xUtu; rpe;jptpl;Lg;

Nghd fhg;gpapy; rpf;fpf;nfhz;L jtpf;Fk; < xd;iwf; flTs; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;Nl
,Ue;jhu;. mJ Kf;fpKdfp <uj;ijtpl;L ntspNatu Kad;Wnfhz;bUe;jJ.
“,Njh ,Uf;fpwNj!” vd;whu; flTs;. cjtp nra;tjw;fhf tpuiy ePl;bdhu;.

mJ gwe;Jtpl;lJ. Mdhy; vr;rpy; fhg;gp mtu; tpuypy; gl;lJ.
“vd;d Iah> vr;rpiyj; njhl;Ltpl;BNu! ,e;j [yj;ij vLj;J Nki[f;Ff;

fPNo fOTk;” vd;whu; gps;is.
“<ia tutplf;$lhJ. Mdhy; Nki[apd; fPNo fOt Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Rfhjhuk;”

vd;W Kdfpf;nfhz;lhu; flTs;. igad; ,uz;L ‘fg;’ fhg;gp nfhz;Lte;J itj;jhd;.
flTs; fhg;gpia vLj;Jg; gUfpdhu;. Nrhkghdk; nra;j Njtfis Kfj;jpy;
njwpj;jJ.
“ek;Kila yPiy” vd;whu; flTs;.
“ck;Kila yPiy ,y;iyq;fhZk;> N`hl;ly;fhud; yPiy mtd; rpf;fupg;

gTliug; Nghl;L itj;jpUf;fpwhd;@ ck;Kila yPiy vy;yhk; gpy; nfhLf;fpw
glyj;jpNy” vd;W fhNjhL fhjha;r; nrhd;dhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is. #rfkhfg; gpy;
gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;j;Jtpl;ljhf mtUf;F Xu; vf;fspg;G.
“rpf;fupg; gTlu; vd;why; ...” vd;W rw;Wr; re;Njfj;Jld; jiyia epkpu;j;jpdhu;

flTs;.
“rpf;fupg; gTlu;> fhg;gp khjpupjhd; ,Uf;Fk;@ Mdhy; fhg;gp my;y@ rpyNgu;

nja;tj;jpd; ngaiur; nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L Ciu Vkhw;wptUfpw khjpup” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg;
gps;is.
nja;tk; vd;wJk; jpLf;fpl;lhu; flTs;.
ngl;babapy; gpy;iyf; nfhLf;Fk; nghOJ flTs; Gj;jk; Gjpa E}W &gha;

Nehl;L xd;iw ePl;bdhu;@ fe;jrhkpg; gps;is jpLf;fpl;lhu;.
235
“rpy;yiw Nfl;lhy; jukhl;Nldh? mjw;fhf %d;wzhgpy; vjw;F? fz;izj;
Jilf;fth> kdirj; Jilf;fth?” vd;whu; N`hl;ly; nrhe;jf;fhuu;.
“ehq;fs; fhg;gp rhg;gplj;jhd; te;Njhk;” vd;whu; flTs;.
“mg;gbahdhy; rpy;yiwia itj;Jf;nfhz;L te;jpUg;guP f; Ns?” vd;whu; N`hl;ly;

Kjyhsp. mjw;Fs; rhg;gpl;Ltpl;L ntspNa fhj;jpUg;Nghu; $l;lk; [h];jpahf> tPz;
fyhl;lh Ntz;lhk; vd;W rpy;yiwia vz;zpf;nfhLj;jhu;. “njhz;Z}w;W xd;gJ
&gha; gjpd;%d;W. rupah? ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; rhkpahNu!”
“ePq;fs; nrhy;yptpl;lhy; ekf;Fk; rupjhd;@ vdf;Ff; fzf;F tuhJ” vd;whu;

flTs;.
xU Nghypg; gj;J &gha; Nehl;ilj; js;sptpl;ljpy; filf;fhuUf;F xU jpUg;jp.
ntspNa ,UtUk; te;jhu;fs;. thrypy; mt;tsT $l;lkpy;iy. ,UtUk;

epd;whu;fs;.
flTs;> jk; ifapy; fw;iwahf mLf;fpapUe;j Nehl;Lf;fspy; Ie;jhtij kl;Lk;

vLj;jhu;. Rf;FE}whff; fpopj;Jf; fPNo vwpe;jhu;.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;isf;F> gf;fj;jpy; epw;gtu; igj;jpaNkh vd;w re;Njfk;> jpLf;fpl;L

thiag; gpse;Jnfhz;L epd;whu;.
“fs;s Nehl;L@ vd;id Vkhw;wg; ghu;j;jhd;@ ehd; mtid Vkhw;wptpl;Nld;”

vd;whu; flTs;. mtUila rpupg;G gakhf ,Ue;jJ.
“vd; ifapy; nfhLj;jhy;> ghg;ghd; FLkpiag; gpbj;J khw;wpf;nfhz;L

te;jpUg;NgNd!” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“rpf;fupg; gTlUf;F ePu; cld;gl;Buh ,y;iyah? me;jkhjpup ,jw;F ehd;

cld;gl;Nld; vd;W itj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. mtDf;Fg; gj;J &gha;jhd; ngupR@
mjdhy;jhd; mtid Vkhw;Wk;gb tpl;Nld;” vd;whu; flTs;.
typa te;J fhg;gp thq;fp nfhLj;jtuplk; vg;gb tpilngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd;W

gl;lJ fe;jrhkpg; gps;isf;F.
“jpUty;ypf;Nfzpf;Fj;jhNd? thUq;fs; buhkpy; VWNthk;” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg;

gps;is.
“mJ Ntz;lNt Ntz;lhk;@ vdf;Fj; jiy Rw;Wk;@ nkJthf ele;Nj

Ngha;tplyhNk” vd;whu; flTs;.
236
“Iah> ehd; gfnyy;yhk; fhyhy; ele;jhr;R. vd;dhy; mb vLj;J itf;f
KbahJ@ upf;\htpNy Vwpg; NghfyhNk” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is. ~ehk;jhk;
topfhl;LfpNwhNk@ gj;J &gha; Nehl;ilf; fpopf;ff; $batu; nfhLj;jhy; vd;d?’
vd;gJjhd; mtUila fl;rp.
“eu thfdkh? mJjhd; rpyhf;fpakhdJ” vd;whu; flTs;.
,uz;L NgUk; upf;\htpy; Vwpf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. “rhkp> nfhQ;rk; ,Uq;f@ ntsf;if

Vj;jpf;fpNwd;” vd;whd; upf;\hf;fhud;.
nghOJ kq;fp> kpd;rhu ntspr;rk; kpQ;rpaJ.
“,t;tsT rPf;fpuj;jpy; md;dpNahd;dpakhfp tpl;NlhNk! ePq;fs; ahu; vd;W$l

vdf;Fj; njupahJ@ ehd; ahu; vd;W cq;fSf;Fj; njupahJ. gl;lzj;Jr; re;ij
,iur;rypNy ,g;gbr; re;jpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why;...”
flTs; rpupj;jhu;. gy;> ,Ul;by; Nkhfdkhf kpd;dpaJ. “ehd; ahu; vd;gJ

,Uf;fl;Lk;. ePq;fs; ahu; vd;gijr; nrhy;Yq;fNsd;” vd;whu; mtu;.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;isf;Fj; jk;ikg; gw;wpr; nrhy;ypf; nfhs;tjpy; vg;nghOJNk

xU jdp cj;]hfk;. mjpYk; xUtd; XLfpw upf;\htpy; jk;kplk; mfg;gl;Lf; nfhz;lhy;
tpl;Litg;ghuh? fidj;Jf;nfhz;L Muk;gpj;jhu;.
“rpj;j itj;jpa jPgpif vd;w itj;jpag; gj;jpupifiag; ghu;j;jJz;lh?” vd;W

Nfl;lhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“,y;iy” vd;whu; flTs;.
“mg;nghOJ itj;jpa rh];jpuj;jpy; guprakpy;iy vd;Wjhd; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;”

vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“guprak; cz;L” vd;whu; flTs;.
‘,njd;dlh rq;flkhf ,Uf;fpwJ?’ vd;W Nahrpj;jhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.

“cq;fSf;F itj;jpa rh];jpuj;jpy; gupraKz;L@ Mdhy; rpj;j itj;jpa jPgpifAld;
gup;rakpy;iynad;W nfhs;Nthk;: mg;gbahapd; cq;fs; itj;jpa rh];jpu Qhdk;
gupg+u;zkhftpy;iy. ek;kplk; gjpNdO tU\j;J ,jo;fSk; igz;L thy;a+k;fshf
,Uf;fpd;wd. ePq;fs; mtrpak; tPl;Lf;F xUKiw te;J mtw;iwg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;:
mg;nghOJ jhd;...”
gjpNdO tU\ ,jo;fsh! ‘gjpNdO gd;dpuz;L ,UE}w;W ehY’ flTspd;

kdR eL eLq;fpaJ. ‘xUNtis fhy; tU\k; xUKiwg; gj;jpupifahf ,Uf;fyhk;’
vd;w Xu; mw;g ek;gpf;if Njhd;wpaJ.
237
“jPgpif khjk; xUKiwg; gj;jpupif. tU\ re;jh cs; ehl;Lf;F &gha; xd;W:
ntspehL vd;why; ,uz;Nl Kf;fhy;@ [Ptpa re;jh &gha; 25. ePq;fs; re;jhjhuuhfr;
Nru;e;jhy; nuhk;gg; gpuNah[dk; cz;L@ Ntz;Lkhdhy; xU tU\k; cq;fSf;F
mDg;GfpNwd;. mg;Gwk; [Ptpa re;jhitg; ghu;ff
; yhk;” vd;W flTisr; re;jhjhuuhfr;
Nru;f;fTk; Kad;whu;.
‘gjpNdO thy;a+k;fs; jtpu> ,d;Dk; ,Ugj;ije;J &ghia thq;fpf;nfhz;L

Xl Xl tpul;lyhk; vd;W epidf;fpwhuh? mjw;F xU ehSk; ,lk; nfhLf;ff;$lhJ’
vd;W Nahrpj;Jtpl;L “ahUila [Ptpak;” vd;W Nfl;lhu; flTs;.
“cq;fs; MAs;jhd;. vd; MASk; my;y. gj;jpupif MASk; my;y@ mJ

mopahj t];J ehd; NghdhYk; NtW xUtu; rpj;j itj;jpa jPgpifia elj;jpf;
nfhz;Ljhd; ,Ug;ghu;: mjw;Fk; Vw;ghL gz;zpahr;R” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
,e;jr; rkak; ghu;j;J upf;\hf;fhud; tz;b Ntfj;ij epjhdkhf;fptpl;Lg;

gpd;Gwkhfj; jpUk;gpg; ghu;j;jhd;.
Ntfk; Fiwe;jhy; vq;Nf tz;bapy; ,Uf;fpw Mrhkp Fjpj;J Xbg;NghthNuh

vd;W fe;jrhkpg; gps;isf;Fg; gak;.
“vd;dlh jpUk;gpg; ghu;f;fpNw? Nkhl;lhu; tUJ> Nkhjpf;fhNj@ Ntfkhfg; Ngh”

“vd;d rhkp> ePq;f vd;d kDrg;ngwtpah my;yJ gprhRq;fsh? tz;bNy

MNs ,y;yhj khjpup fhj;jhl;lk; ,Uf;F” vd;whd; upf;\hf;fhud;.
“thlifAk; fhj;jhl;lNk NjhZk;gb FLf;fpNwhk;@ eP tz;bNa ,];Jf;fpD

Ngh” vd;W mjl;bdhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“jtpuTk; ehd; itj;jpaj; njhopYk; elj;jp tUfpNwd;: rpj;j Kiwjhd;

mE\;lhdk;. itj;jpaj;jpNy tUtJ gj;jpupiff;Fk;> FLk;gj;Jf;Fk; nfhQ;rk; Fiwag;
NghJk;. ,e;j ,jopNy urf; fl;il gw;wp xU fl;Liu vOjpapUf;fpNwd;: ghUq;Nfh.
ekf;F xU gioa Rtb xd;W fpilj;jJ: mjpNy gy mg+u;tg; gpuNahfk; vy;yhk;
nrhy;ypapUf;F” vd;W Muk;gpj;jhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
‘VNjJ> kfd; Xa;fpw topaha;f; fhzNk’ vd;W epidj;jhu; flTs;. “jpdk;

ruhrup vj;jid Ngiu Ntl;L itg;gPu;?” vd;W Nfl;lhu;.
“ngUikahfr; nrhy;ypf;nfhs;Sk;gb mt;tsT xd;Wkpy;iy@ NkYk; cq;fSf;F.

ehd; itj;jpaj;ij [PtNdhghakhf itj;jpUf;fpNwd; vd;gJ Qhgfk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tpahjpAk; $Lkhdtiuapy; mfd;Wtplf; $lhJ. MrhkpAk; jPu;e;Jtplf;$lhJ.
mg;nghOJjhd;> rpfpr;irf;F te;jtdplk; tpahjpia xU tpahghukhf itj;J
elj;jKbAk;. Ms; my;yJ tpahjp vd;W Kul;Lj;jdkhfr; rpfpr;ir gz;zpdhy;>
njhopy; elf;fhJ. tpahjpAk; Ntfk; Fiwe;J gbg;gbahff; Fzkhf Ntz;Lk;.
238
kUe;Jk; tpahjpf;Nfh kD\Df;Nfh nfLjy; je;Jtplf; $lhJ. ,Jjhd; tpahghu
Kiw. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; ,e;jg; gjpNdO tU\q;fshfg; gj;jpupif elj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;f
KbAkh?” vd;W Nfl;lhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
flTs; tp\ak; Gupe;jtu; Nghyj; jiyia Ml;bdhu;.
“,g;gb cq;fs; ifiaf; fhl;Lq;fs;. ehb vg;gb mbf;fpwJ vd;W ghu;g;Nghk;”

vd;W flTspd; tyJ ifiag; gpbj;jhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“XLfpw tz;bapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;lh?” vd;W rpupj;jhu; flTs;.
“mJ itj;jpaDila jpwikiag; nghWj;jJ” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
ehbiar; rpy tpehbfs; ftdkhfg; ghu;j;jhu;. “gpj;jk; Vwp mbf;fpwJ@ tp\g;

gpuNahfKk; gof;fk; cz;Nlh?” vd;W nfhQ;rk; tpeaj;Jld; Nfl;lhu; gps;is.
“eP nfl;bf;fhud;jhd;@ NtWk; vj;jidNah cz;L” vd;W rpupj;jhu; flTs;.
“Mkhk;> ehk; vd;dj;ijnay;yhNkh Ngrpf;nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;: mjpUf;fl;Lk;>

jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; vq;Nf?” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“Vohk; ek;gu; tPL. MgP]; Ntq;flhry Kjyp re;J” vd;whu; flTs;.
“mnlnl! mJ ek;k tpyhrkhr;Nr@ mq;Nf ahiug; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;”
“fe;jrhkpg; gps;isia!”
“rupaha;g; Nghr;R> Nghq;f@ ehd;jhd; mJ. nja;te;jhd; ek;ik mg;gbr; Nru;j;J

itj;jpUf;fpwJ. jhq;fs; ahNuh? ,dk; njupatpy;iyNa” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“ehdh? flTs;!” vd;whu; rhtfrkhf> nkJthf. mtu; thdj;ijg; ghu;j;Jf;

nfhz;L jhbia neUbdhu;.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;is jpLf;fpl;lhu;. flTshtJ> tUtjhtJ!
“g+Nyhfj;ijg; ghu;f;f te;Njd;@ ehd; ,d;Dk; rpy ehl;fSf;F ck;Kila

mjpjp ”
fe;jrhkpg; gps;is gjw;wj;Jld; Ngrpdhu;. “vj;jid ehs; Ntz;LkhdhYk;

,Uk;@ mjw;F Ml;Nrgk; ,y;iy. ePu; kl;Lk; ck;ikf; flTs; vd;W jaTnra;J
ntspapy; nrhy;ypf;nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;@ ck;ikg; igj;jpaf;fhud; vd;W epidj;jhYk;
guthapy;iy. vd;id vd; tPl;Lf;fhup mg;gb epidj;Jtplf;$lhJ” vd;whu;
239
“me;j tpsf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; epWj;Jlh” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
tz;b epd;wJ. ,UtUk; ,wq;fpdhu;fs;.
flTs; me;j upf;\hf;fhuDf;Fg; gsgsg;ghd xw;iw &gha; Nehl;L xd;iw

vLj;Jf; nfhLj;jhu;.
“ey;yh ,Uf;fZk; rhkp” vd;W cs;sk; Fspur; nrhd;dhd; upf;\hf;fhud;.
flTis MrPu;thjk; gz;ZtjhtJ!
“vd;dlh> ngupatiug; ghu;j;J eP vd;dlh MrPu;thjk; gz;ZtJ” vd;W

mjl;bdhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“mg;gbr; nrhy;ylh mg;gh@ ,j;jid ehsh> fhJ Fspu kdR Fspu ,e;j
khjpup xU thu;j;ij Nfl;ljpy;iy. mtd; nrhd;dhy; vd;d?” vd;whu; flTs;.
“mtd;fpl;l ,uz;lzhf; nfhwr;Rf; FLj;Jg; ghu;jj

; hy; mg;Ngh njupAk;” vd;whu;
fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“vrkhd;> ehd; ehaj;Jf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;ltd;> mepahaj;Jf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;ltdpy;ny>

rhkp! ehd; vg;gTk; md;dh me;j nyf;fpNyjhd; Fe;jpf;fpl;L ,Ug;Ngd;@ te;jh fz;
ghf;fZk;” vd;W Vu;f;fhiy cau;j;jpdhd; upf;\hf;fhud;.
“kfh epahaj;Jf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;ltd;jhd;! njupAk; Nghlh@ fs;Sj; jz;zpf;fpf;

fl;Lg;gl;ltd;” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“thlif tz;bNa ,];Jfpl;L ehd; %r;#Lk; ntapypNy Xbdhj; njupAk;.

cd;id vd;d nrhy;y? flTSf;Ff; fz;zpy;Ny@ cd;dpNa nrhy;y tr;rhd;>
vd;dpNa Nff;ftr;rhd;” vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl tz;bia ,Oj;Jr; nrd;whd;.
flTs; tha;tpl;L cuf;fr; rpupj;jhu;. tpOe;JtpOe;J rpupj;jhu;. kdrpNy kfpo;rr

; p>
Fspu;r;rp.
“,Jjhd; g+Nyhfk;” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“,t;tsTjhdh!” vd;whu; flTs;.
,UtUk; tPl;il Nehf;fp ele;jhu;fs;.
tPl;Lf;F vjpupy; cs;s yhe;jy; fk;gj;jpd; gf;fj;jpy; te;jJk; flTs; epd;whu;.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;isAk; fhj;J epd;whu;.
240
“gf;jh!” vd;whu; flTs;.
vjpupy; fpotdhu; epw;ftpy;iy.
Gypj;NjhyhilAk;> rlh KbAk;> khDk;> kOTk;> gpiwAkhff; flTs;

fhl;rpaspj;jhu;. fz;zpNy kfpo;r;rp ntwpJs;spaJ. cjl;bNy Gd;rpupg;G.
“gf;jh!” vd;whu; kWgbAk;.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;isf;F tp\ak; Gupe;Jtpl;lJ.
“Xa; flTNs> ,e;jh gpb tuj;ij vd;fpw tpj;ij vy;yhk; vq;fpl;lr; nry;yhJ.
ePu; tuj;ijf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L ck;ghl;Lf;Fg; NghtPu@; ,d;ndhU nja;tk; tUk;. jiyiaf;
nfhL vd;W Nfl;Fk;. ck;kplk; tuj;ij thq;fpf;nfhz;L gpwF jiyf;F Mgj;ijj;
Njbf;nfhs;Sk; Vkhe;j Nrhzfpup ehd; my;y. VNjh g+Nyhfj;ijg; ghu;f;f te;jPu;@
ek;Kila mjpjpahf ,Uf;f Mirg;gl;Bu;@ mjw;F Ml;Nrgk; vJTk; ,y;iy.
vd;Dld; gof Ntz;Lkhdhy; kD\idg; Nghy> vd;idg; Nghy ele;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;@ kD\ mj;Jf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;@ ehd; Ke;jpr; nrhd;dij
kwf;fhky; tPl;Lf;F xOq;fhf thUk;” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
flTs; nksdkhfg; gpd;njhlu;e;jhu;. fe;jrhkpg; gps;isapd; thjk; rup vd;W

gl;lJ. ,Jtiuapy; g+Nyhfj;jpNy tuk;thq;fp cUg;gl;l kD\d; ahu; vd;w Nfs;tpf;Fg;
gjpNy fpilahJ vd;Wjhd; mtUf;Fg; gl;lJ.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;is thryUfp;y; rw;W epd;whu;. “rhkp> cq;fSf;Fg; gukrptk;

vd;W Ngu; nfhLf;fth? mk;ikag;gg; gps;is vd;W $g;gplth?” vd;whu;.
“gukrpte;jhd; rup@ gioa gukrptk;.”
“mg;Ngh> cq;fis mg;gh vd;W cwTKiw itj;Jf; $g;gpLNtd;@ cld;gl

NtZk;” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg;gps;is.
“mg;gh vd;W Ntz;lhkg;gh@ ngupag;gh vd;W $g;gpLk;. mg;NghJjhd; vd;

nrhj;Jf;F Mgj;jpy;iy” vd;W rpupj;jhu; flTs;. g+Nyhf tsKiwg;gb elg;gJ
vd;W jPu;khdpj;jgb rw;W [hf;fpuijahf ,Ue;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Wgl;lJ
flTSf;F.
“mg;gb cq;fs; nrhj;J vd;dNth?” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg;gps;is.
“,e;jg; gpugQ;rk; KOtJe;jhd;” vd;whu; flTs;.
“gag;gl Ntz;lhk;@ mt;tsT Nguhir ekf;F ,y;iy” vd;W $wpf;nfhz;Nl

eilg;gbapy; fhiy itj;jhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
241
tPl;L Kd;$lj;jpy; xU jfu tpsf;F mt;tplj;ijf; Nfhtpypd; fu;g;gf; fpUf
khf;fpaJ. mjw;F me;jg; Gwj;jpy; ePz;L ,Uz;Lfplf;Fk; gl;lfrhiy. mjw;fg;Gwk;
vd;dNth? xU Foe;ij> mjw;F ehY taR ,Uf;Fk;. kdrpNy ,d;gk; gha;r;Rk;
moF. fz;zpNy vg;nghOJ ghu;j;jhYk; fhuzkw;w re;Njh\k;. gioafhyj;J
Mrhug;gb cr;rpapy; FWf;fhf tfpL vLj;J Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkhfg; gpd;dpa vypthy;
ril thiy tisj;Jf; nfhz;L epd;wJ. Kd;Gwk; riliaf; fl;ba thioehu;>
flikapy; tOtpj; njhq;fp> Foe;ij FdpAk; Nghnjy;yhk; fz;zpy; tpOe;J
njhe;juT nfhLj;jJ. Foe;ijapd; ifapy; xU fupj;Jz;Lk;> Xu; xl;Lj;Jz;Lk;
,Ue;jd. ,ilapy; Koq;fhiyf; fhl;bf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; fpopry; rpw;whil Fdpe;J
jiuapy; NfhLNghl Kad;W> thioehu; fz;zpy; tpOe;jjdhy; epkpu;eJ
; epd;Wnfhz;L>
,uz;L iffshYk; thio ehiug; gpbj;Jg; gyq;nfhz;l kl;Lk; ,Oj;jJ. mjd;
Kaw;rp gypf;ftpy;iy. typj;jJ. mONthkh my;yJ ,d;Dk; xU jlit ,Oj;Jg;
ghu;g;Nghkh vd;W mJ ju;f;fpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ mg;gh cs;Ns Eioe;jhu;.
“mg;gh!” vd;w $r;rYld; fe;jrhkpg; gps;isapd; fhiyf; fl;bf; nfhz;lJ.

mz;zhe;J ghu;j;J> “vdf;F vd;dh nfhz;lhe;Nj” vd;W Nfl;lJ.
“vd;idj;jhd; nfhz;lhe;Njd;” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“vd;dg;gh> jpde;jpdk; cd;dpNaj;jhNd” vd;W rpZq;fpaJ Foe;ij.
“nghup fliy clk;Gf;fhfhJ@ ,Njh ghu;. cdf;F xU jhj;jhitf; nfhz;L

te;jpUf;fpNwd;” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“,Jjhd; ck;Kila Foe;ijNah?” vd;W Nfl;lhu; flTs;. Foe;ijapd;

Ngupy; tpOe;j fz;fis khw;w Kbatpy;iy mtUf;F.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;is rw;Wj; jaq;fpdhu;.
“Rk;kh nrhy;Yk;@ ,g;Nghnty;yhk; ehd; Rj;j irtd;@ kz;ghidr; rikay;jhd;

gpbf;Fk;. ghy;> japu;$lr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;Stjpy;iy” vd;W rpupj;jhu; flTs;.
“Mirf;F vd;W fhyk; jg;gpg; gpwe;j fUNtg;gpiyf;nfhOe;J” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg;

gps;is.
“,g;gb cl;fhUq;fs;@ ,g;Ngh FohapNy jz;zPu; tuhJ@ Flj;jpNy vLj;Jf;

nfhz;L tUfpNwd;” vd;;W cs;Ns ,Ul;by; kiwe;jhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
242
flTs; Jz;il cjwpg;Nghl;Ltpl;Lf; $lj;jpy; cl;fhu;e;jhu;. kdrpNy xU
JWJWg;Gk; vy;iyaw;w epk;kjpAk; ,Ue;jd.
“thbak;kh fUNtg;gpiyf; nfhOe;Nj?” vd;W iffis ePl;bdhu; flTs;.
xNu Fjpapy; mtUila kbapy; te;J Vwpf;nfhz;lJ Foe;ij.
“vk;NgU fUNtg;gpy;iyf; nfhOe;jpy;Ny@ ts;sp. mg;gh khj;jpuk; vd;idf;

fWg;gp fWg;gpd;D $g;gpLjh@ ehd; vd;d mg;gpbah?” vd;W Nfl;lJ.
mJ gjpiy vjpu;ghu;f;ftp;y;iy. mjd; fz;fSf;Fj; jhj;jhtpd; fz;lj;jpy;

,Ue;j fWg;G kW njd;gl;lJ.
“mnjd;d jhj;jh> fd;dq;fNwYd;D et;thg; gok; khjpup fOj;jpNY ,Uf;F?

mijf; fbr;Rj; jpq;fZk; NghNy ,Uf;F” vd;W fz;fisr; rpkpl;bg; Ngrpf;nfhz;L
kbapy; vOe;J epd;W> fOj;jpy; g+g;Nghd;w cjLfis itj;J mOj;jpaJ. ,sk;
gy; fOj;jpy; fpSfpSj;jJ. flTs; clNy FSFSj;jJ.
“$r;rkh ,Uf;F” vd;W clk;ig nespj;jhu; flTs;.
“Vd; jhj;jh> fOj;jpNy neUg;G fpUg;Gg; gl;L nghj;Jg;Nghr;rh? vdf;Fk;

,e;jh ghU” vd;W jd; tpuy; Edpapy; fd;wpf; fWj;Jg;Nghd nfhg;Gsj;ijf; fhl;baJ.
“ghg;gh> mJ ehfg;gse;jhz;bak;kh@ Ke;jp xU juk; vy;yhUk; nfhLj;jhNsd;D

thq;fp thapNy Nghl;Lf;nfhz;Nld;. vdf;Fg; gq;fpy;ypahd;D fOj;njg; Gbr;Rg;
Gl;lhq;f. mjpNy ,Ue;J mJ mq;fpNa rpf;fpf;fpr;R@ mJ nflf;fl;Lk; cdf;F
tpisahlj; Njhopg; gps;isfs; ,y;ypah?” vd;W Nfl;lhu; flTs;.
“tl;Lk; fupj;Jz;Lk; ,Uf;Nf@ eP tl;lhl tUjpah?” vd;W $g;gpl;lJ.
Foe;ijAk; flTSk; tl;L tpisahl Muk;gpj;jhu;fs;.
xw;iwf; fhiy klf;fpf;nfhz;Nl nehz;babj;J xU jhTj; jhtpdhu; flTs;.
“jhj;jh> Njhj;Jg; NghdPNa” vd;W ifnfhl;br; rpupj;jJ Foe;ij.
“Vd;?” vd;W Nfl;lhu; flTs;.
fhy; fupf;Nfhl;by; gl;Ltpl;ljhk;.
“Ke;jpNa nrhy;yg;glhjh?” vd;whu; flTs;.
243
“Ml;lk; njupahNk Ml tuyhkh” vd;W ifia klf;fpf;nfhz;L Nfl;lJ
Foe;ij.
me;jr; rkaj;jpy; = fe;jrhkpg; gps;is Kd;Nd tu> =kjp gpd;Nd FlKk;

,Lg;Gkhf ,Ul;bypUe;J ntspg;gl;lhu;fs;.
“,Tq;fjhd; ifyhrtuj;Jg; ngupag;gh@ fuprq;nfhsj;Jg; nghz;iz ,Tq;fSf;F

xz;Ztpl;l mz;zhr;rp kfDf;Fj;jhd; nfhLj;jpUf;F. njupahjh?” vd;whu;.
fe;jrhkpg;gps;is.
“vd;dNkh Njrhe;jpupahfg; Nghapl;ljhfr; nrhy;YthfNs> me;j khkhth?

thUq;f khkh> Nrtpf;fpNwd;” vd;W Flj;ij ,wf;fp itj;Jtpl;L tpOe;J ek];
fupj;jhs;. fhJ epiwe;j goq;fhyg; ghk;glk; fd;dj;jpy; ,bgl;lJ.
“gj;Jk; ngUf;fKkhfr; Rfkhf thoNtZk;” vd;W MrPu;tjpj;jhu; flTs;.

fhe;jpkjp mk;ikahUf;F (mJjhd; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is kditpapd; ngau;)

vd;Wk; mEgtpj;jpuhj cs;s epiwT Vw;gl;lJ. kdKk; Fspu;ej
; J. fz;Zk; eide;jJ.
“thrypy; ,Uf;fpw muprp %l;ilia mg;gbNa Nghl;Ltr;rpUe;jh?” vd;W

Qhgf%l;bdhu; flTs;.
“,TfSf;F kwjpjhd; nrhy;yp KbahJ. muprp thq;fpahr;rhd;D ,g;gjhd;

Nfl;Nld;. ,y;iyd;D nrhd;dhf> CUf;nfy;yhk; kUe;J nfhLf;fhf@ ,Tf
kwjpf;Fj;jhd; kUe;ijf; fhq;fny. gnlr;r flTs;jhd; gf;fj;jpNy epz;Zjhd;
ghu;f;fZk; ” vd;whs; fhe;jpkjp mk;khs;.
“ghj;Jf;fpl;Lj;jhd; epf;fhNw” vd;whu; flTs; fpuhkpakhf.
“ghj;Jr; rpupf;fZk;. mg;gjhd; Gj;jp tUk;” vd;whs; mk;ikahu;.
flTs; rpupj;jhu;.
flTSk; fe;jrhkpg; gps;isAk; thrYf;Fg; Nghdhu;fs;.
“,e;jr; nrg;gpLtpj;ij vy;yhk; $lhJ vd;W nrhd;NdNd” vd;whu; gps;is

fhNjhL fhjhf.
“,dpNky; ,y;iy” vd;whu; flTs;.

fe;jrhkpg; gps;is Kf;fp Kdfpg; ghu;j;jhu;@ %l;il miraNt ,y;iy.
“ey;y ,stl;lk;” vd;W rpupj;Jf; nfhz;Nl %l;ilia ,Lg;gpy; ,Lf;fpf;

nfhz;lhu; flTs;.
244
“ePq;f vLf;fjhtJ. cq;fisj; jhNd> xU gf;fkhfj; jhq;fpg; gpbAq;f@ Rk;kh
ghu;j;Jf;fpl;Nl epf;fpaNs!” vd;W gijj;jhs; fhe;jpkjpak;khs;.
“eP Rk;kh ,uk;kh@ vq;Nf NghlZk;Z nrhy;Ynj?” vd;whu; flTs;.
“,e;jf; $lj;jpNyNa nflf;fl;Lk;@ ePq;f ,q;Nf Rk;kh tr;rpUq;f” vd;W

topkwpj;jhs; fhe;jpkjpak;khs;.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;isAk; flTSk; rhg;gpl;Ltpl;L thry; jpz;izf;F tUk;nghOJ

,uT kzp gjpndhd;W.
“,dpNky; vd;d Nahrid?” vd;whu; flTs;.
“J}q;fj;jhd;” vd;whu; gps;is nfhl;lhtp tpl;Lf;nfhz;Nl.
“jhj;jh> ehDk; xq;$lj;jhd; gLj;Jf;FNtd;” vd;W Xbte;jJ Foe;ij.

“eP mk;iknaf; $g;gpl;Lg; ghAk; jiyaizAk; vLj;Jg;Nghlr; nrhy;Y” vd;whu;

fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“vd;idAkh J}q;fr; nrhy;YfpwPu;?” vd;W Nfl;lhu; flTs;.
“kD\hs; $lg; gofpdhs; mtu;fisg; Nghyj;jhd; ele;jhfZk;. J}q;f

,\;lkpy;iy vd;why; Ngrhky; gLj;Jf;nfhz;bUq;fs;. uhj;jpupapy; elkhbdhy;
mgthjj;Jf;F ,lkhFk;” vdwhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;is gtof;fhuj; njU rpj;jhe;j jPgpif MgPrpy; jiuapy;

cl;fhu;e;Jnfhz;L gjTiu vOjpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. Nghfu; E}Yf;F tpsf;fTiu
gps;isatu;fs; gj;jpupifapy; khjkhjk; njhlu;r;rpahfg; gpuRukhfp tUfpwJ.
“Mr;rg;gh ,d;dnkhd;W nrhy;yf; NfS. mg;gNd takhd nrq;fUk;G. fhr;rpa

nte;ePUlNd fUlg; gpr;R> fy;YUtp Gy;YUtp ey;Y}kj;ij (fUlg;gr;ir vd;Wk;
ghlk;)...” vd;W vOjptpl;L> thry; topahfg; NghFk; jghw;fhud; cs;Ns Eioahky;
Neuhfg; Nghtijg; ghu;j;Jtpl;L> “,d;iwf;Fk; gj;jpupif NghfhJ” vd;W Kdfpagb>
vOjpaijr; RUl;b %iyapy; itj;Jtpl;L tpuy;fisr; nrhLf;F Kwpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
thrypy; upf;\h te;J epd;wJ. flTSk; Foe;ijAk; ,wq;fpdhu;fs;. ts;spapd;
,Lg;gpy; gl;Lr; rpw;whil@ if epiwa kpl;lha;g; nghl;lyk;.
245
“jhj;jhTk; ehDk; nrj;j fhNy[; crpu; fhNyn[y;yhk; ghu;j;Njhk;” vd;W
Js;spaJ Foe;ij.
“vjw;fhf Xa; xU fl;llj;ijf; fl;b> vYk;igAk; NjhiyAk; nghjpe;J nghjpe;J

itj;jpUf;fpwJ? vd;idf; Nfypnra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w epidg;Ngh?” vd;W Nfl;lhu;
flTs;. Fuypy; fLfLg;Gj; njhdpj;jJ.
“mt;tsT Qhdj;NjhNl ,q;Nf ahUk; nra;JtpLthu;fsh? rpU\;bapd; mg+ut ; j;ijf;

fhl;Ltjhf epidj;Jf;nfhz;Ljhd; mij vy;yhk; mg;gb itj;jpUf; fpwhu;fs;. mJ
fplf;fl;Lk;@ ePqf
; ,g;gb Xu; ,Ugj;ije;J &gha; nfhLq;fs;@ cq;fis [Ptpare;jhjhuuhfr;
Nru;jJ
; tpLfpNwd;@ ,d;W gj;jpupif Ngha; MfNtZk;” vd;W ifia ePlb ; dhu; gps;is.
“,J ahiu Vkhw;w? ahu; ed;ikf;F?” vd;W rpupj;jhu; flTs;.
“jhdk; thq;fTk; gpupakpy;iy@ fld; thq;Fk; NahridAk; ,y;iy@ mjdhy;

;jhd; tpahghuhu;j;jkhf ,Uf;fl;Lk; vd;fpNwd;. ed;ikiag; gw;wpg; gpukhjkhfg;
Ngrptpl;Bu;fNs! ,e;jg; g+Nyhfj;jpNy nea; Kjy; ey;nyz;za; tiuapy; vy;yhk;

fyg;glk;jhd;. ,J cq;fSf;Fj; njupahjh?” vd;W xU NghLNghl;lhu; fe;jrhkpg;
gps;is.
flTs; Nahridapy; Mo;e;jhu;.
“mjpUf;fl;Lk;> NghfupNy nrhy;ypapUf;fpwNj> fUlg;gr;ir@ mg;gb xU %ypif

cz;lh? my;yJ fUlg;gpr;Rjhdh?” vd;W Nfl;lhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“gpwg;gpj;j nghWg;Gjhd; vdf;F@ ngaupl;l gopiaAk; vd;Nky; NghLfpwPNu> ,J

epahakh? ehd; vd;dj;ijf; fz;Nld;? ck;ik cz;lhf;fpNdd;@ ckf;Ff; fe;jrhkpg;
gps;isnad;W cq;f mg;gh ngau; ,l;lhu;@ mjw;Fk; ehd;jhd; gopah? vd;W thia
klf;fpdhu; flTs.
“ePq;fs; ,uz;L NgUk; ntapypy; miye;Jtpl;L te;jJ Nfhgj;ij vOg;GfpwJ

NghypUf;fpwJ. mjw;fhf vd;id kpul;b klf;fptpl;ljhf epidj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;@
mtruj;jpy; jpLjpg;ngd;W rhgk; nfhLj;juP hdhy;> ,Ugj;ije;J &gha; tPzhf e\;lkha;
NghFNk vd;gJjhd; vd; ftiy” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
nghl;lyj;ij mtpo;jJ
; j; jpd;W nfhz;bUe;j Foe;ij> “Vd; jhj;jh mg;ghfpl;lg;
NgRNj? mTq;fSf;F xz;ZNk njupahJ@ ,ijj; jpd;D ghU> ,dpr;Rf; nflf;F”
vd;W flTis mioj;jJ.
Foe;ij nfhLf;Fk; yl;Lj; Jz;Lfisr; rhg;gpl;Lf; nfhz;Nl> “ghg;gh> cJe;jJ

vdf;F> KOR cdf;F!” vd;whu; flTs;.
Foe;ij xU yl;il vLj;Jr; rw;W Neuk; ifapy; itj;Jf; nfhz;Nl Nahrpj;jJ.
246
“jhj;jh> KOR tha;f;Fs;Ns nfhs;shNj. cJj;jh cdf;Fd;D nry;YjpNa.
mg;Ngh vdf;F ,y;iyah?” vd;W Nfl;lJ Foe;ij.
flTs; tpOe;JtpOe;J rpupj;jhu; “mt;tsTk; cdf;Nf cdf;Fj;jhd;” vd;whu;;.
“mt;tsTkh! vdf;fh!” vd;W Nfl;lJ Foe;ij.
“Mkhk; cdf;Nf cdf;F” vd;whu; flTs;.
“mg;Gwk; grpf;fhNj! rhg;gplhl;lh mk;kh mbg;ghq;fNs! mg;gh Nytpak;

FLg;ghq;fNs!” vd;W ftiyg;gl;lJ Foe;ij.
“grpf;Fk;@ gag;glhNj!” vd;whu; flTs;.
“jhq;fs; thq;fpf; nfhLj;jpUe;jhYk;> mJ N`hl;ly; gl;rzk;. Qhgfk; ,Uf;fl;Lk;”

“ehd;jhd; ,Uf;fpNwNd!” vd;whu; flTs;.
“ePq;fs; ,y;iynad;W ehd; vg;nghOJ nrhd;Ndd;?” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg;gps;is.
rpy tpehbfs; nghWj;J> “,d;iwr; nryT Nghf> me;j E}W &ghapy; vt;tsT
kpr;rk;?” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“ckf;F &gha; ,Ugj;ije;J Nghff; ifapy; Ik;gJ ,Uf;fpwJ” vd;W rpupj;jhu;

flTs;.
“mjw;Fg; gpwF vd;d Nahrid?”
“mJjhd; vdf;Fk; Gupatp;y;iy”
“vd;idg; Nghy itj;jpak; nra;ayhNk?”
“ck;Kld; Nghl;bNghl ekf;F ,\;lk; ,y;iy”
“mg;gb epidj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;. vd;NdhNl Nghl;bNghly;Ny@ Nyhfj;J

Kl;lhs; jdj;NjhNl Nghl;b NghLfpwPuf
; s;@ gpupakpy;iy vd;why; rpj;jhe;j cge;epahrq;fs;
nra;ayhNk?”
“ePu; vdf;Fg; gpiof;fpwjw;fh top nrhy;YfpwPu;@ mjpy; Jl;L tUkh?” vd;W

rpupj;jhu; flTs;.
247
“mg;Ngh?”
“vdf;Fj;jhd; $j;J Ml ed;whf tUNk@ vd;d nrhy;YfpwPu;? Njtpia

Ntz;LkhdhYk; jUtpf;fpNwd;”
fe;jrhkpg; gps;is rpwpJ Nahrpj;jhu;. “vdf;F vd;dNth gpupakpy;iy” vd;whu;
“gpwF gpiof;fpw top? vd;dq;fhZk;> gpugQ;rNk vq;fs; Ml;lj;ij itj;Jj;

jhNd gpiof;fpwJ?”
“cq;fs; ,\;lk;” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;is kWgbAk; rpwpJ Neuk; rpupj;jhu;.
“thUq;fs; NghNthk;” vd;W Mzpapy; fple;j Nky;Ntl;bia vLj;J cjwpg;

Nghl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.
“Foe;ij” vd;whu; flTs;.
“mJjhd; cwq;FfpwNj@ tUfpw tiuapYk; cwq;fl;Lk;” vd;;whu; gps;is.
fhy;kzpg; NghJ fopj;J %d;W Ngu; jpthd; gfJ}u; gpufjPRtu rh];jpupfs;

gq;fshTf;Fs; Eioe;jdu;. xUtu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is@ kw;nwhUtu; flTs;@ %d;whtJ
ngz; Njtp.
“ehd; ,tUf;Fj; jq;fg];gk; nra;J nfhLj;J tUfpNwd;. ehd; nrhd;dhy;

Nfl;ghu;” vd;W tpsf;fpf;nfhz;Nl Kd;tuhe;jhg; gbf;fl;Lfspy; Vwpdhu; gps;is@
,UtUk; gpd; njhlu;e;jdu;. Njtpapd; ifapy; xU rpW %l;il ,Ue;jJ.
“rhkp ,Uf;fhq;fsh@ ehd; te;jpUf;Nfd; vd;W nrhy;Y” vd;W mjpfhuj;NjhL

Ntiyf;fhudplk; nrhd;dhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“gps;isatu;fsh? tuNtZk;> tuNtZk; g];gk; Nej;NjhNl jPu;e;J Nghr;Nr>

cq;fisf; fhztpy;iyNa vd;W ftiyg;gl;Nld;” vd;w fyfyj;j Ngr;Rld; ntk;gpa
ruPuKk;> ky;Nt\;bAk;> jq;f tpspk;Gf; fz;zhbAkhf xU jpthd; gfJ}u; Xb te;J
vy;NyhiuAk; Fk;gpl;Lf;nfhz;Nl mJ rha;T ehw;fhypapy; cl;fhu;e;J nfhz;lJ.
“cl;fhUq;fs;> cl;fhUq;fs;;” vd;whu; jpthd; gfJ}u;.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;is mtuJ ehbiag; gpbj;Jg; ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;Nl> “guthapy;iy@

rhaq;fhyk; g];kj;ij mDg;gp itf;fpNwd;.@ ehd; te;jJ ,this cq;fSf;Fg;
guprak; gz;zpitf;f. ,ths; nuz;L NgUk; ehl;ba rh];jpu rhfuk;@ cq;fs; epUj;jpa
fyhkz;lypapy; trjp gz;zpdh nfsfupakhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg;gps;is.
248
jpthd; gfJ}upd; cj;]hfk; vy;yhk; Mikapd; fhYk; jiyAk; Nghy cs;thq;fpd.
iffisf; Ftpj;J Ms;fhl;b tpuy;fisAk; fl;il tpuy;fisAk; KiwNa %f;fpYk;
Nkhtha;f;filapYkhf itj;Jf; nfhz;L “ck;” “ck;” vd;W jiyia mirj;Jf;
nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
“,tu; ngau; $j;jdhu;. ,e;j mk;khdpd; ngau; ghu;tjp. ,UtUk; jk;gjpfs;”

vd;W cwitr; rw;W tpsf;fpitj;jhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“ehd; Nfs;tpg;gl;lNj ,y;iy@ ,jw;F Kd; ePq;fs; vq;NfahtJ MbapUf;fpwPu;

fsh?” vd;W Njtpiag; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;L $j;jdhuplk; jpthd; gfJ}u; Nfl;lhu;.
flTSf;F tha; jpwf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; nfhLf;fhky; “ehq;fs; Mlhj ,lk;

,y;iy” vd;whs; Njtp;.
“vd;dNth vd; fz;zpy; gltpy;iy ,Uf;fl;Lk;@ mk;kh nuhk;gf; fWg;gh

,Uf;fhq;fNs rj]pNy Nrhgpf;fhNj vd;Wjhd; Nahrpf;fpNwd;” vd;whu; tu;zNgj
jpthd; gfJ}u;.
“ngz; ghu;f;f te;jPuh my;yJ ehl;bak; ghu;f;fpwjh NahridNah?” vd;W

Nfl;lhs; Njtp.
“mk;kh> Nfhtpr;Rf;fg;glhJ xd;W nrhy;YfpNwd; NfSq;f. fiyf;Fk; fWg;Gf;Fk;

fhdhTf;F NkNy rk;ge;jNk fpilahJ. ehDk; Kg;gJ tU\kh ,e;jf; fyhkz;lypapNy
gpu]pnlz;lhf ,Ue;J tUfpNwd;. rigf;F te;jtu;fs; vy;yhUf;Fk; fz;fs; jhd;
fWj;jpUf;Fk;”
“ck;k kz;lypAkhr;R> Rz;nlypAkhr;R” vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Nl Njtp

vOe;jpUe;jhs;.
“,g;gb Nfhtpr;Rf;fg;glhJ” vd;W Vffhyj;jpy; jpthd; gfJ}Uk; fe;jrhkpg;

gps;isAk; vOe;jpUe;jhu;fs;.
“,tu;fs; GJg; GJg; ghzpapNy ehl;bakhLthu;fs;. me;jkhjpup ,e;jg;

gf;fj;jpNyNa ghu;j;jpUf;f KbahJ. rh];jpuk; ,tu;fsplk; gpr;irthq;fNtZk;.
xUKiwjhd; rw;Wg;ghUq;fNsd;” vd;W kPz;Lk; rpghu;R nra;jhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“rup. ghu;f;fpwJ@ ghu;f;fpwJf;F vd;d Ml;Nrgk;?” vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L

rha;T ehw;fhypapy; rha;e;jhu;. “rup> elf;fl;Lk;!” vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L ,ikfis
%bdhu;.
“vq;Nf ,lk; tprhykhf ,Uf;Fk;” vd;W Njtp vOe;J epd;W Rw;WKw;Wk;

ghu;j;jhs;.
249
“me;j eL`hYf;Fs;NsNa NghNthNk” vd;whu; flTs;.
“rup” vd;W cs;Ns Ngha;f; fjitr; rhj;jpf;nfhz;lhu;fs;.
rpy tpehbfSf;nfy;yhk; cs;spUe;J fzPnud;W fk;gPukhd Fuypy; ,ir

vOe;jJ.
kahd Uj;jpudhk; ,td;

kahd Uj;jpudhk;
fjTfs; jpwe;jd
flTs; Gypj;NjhYilAk; jpup#yKk; ghk;Gk; fq;ifAk; rilAk; gpd;dpg; Gus>

fz;%br; rpiyahf epd;wpUe;jhu;.
kWgbAk; ,ir. kpd;diyr; rpf;fnyLj;J cjwpaJ Nghy> xU ntl;L ntl;bj;

jpUk;Gifapy; flTs; ifapy; #yk; kpd;dpf; Fjpj;jJ. fz;fspy; ntwpAk; cjl;by;

rpupg;Gk; Guz;Nlhl fhiyj; J}f;fpdhu;.
fe;jrhkpg; gps;isf;F neQ;rpy; cijg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. flTs; nfhLj;j

thf;if kwe;Jtpl;lhu; vd;W epidj;Jg; gjwp vOe;jhu;.
“Xa; $j;jdhNu> ck; $j;ijf; nfhQ;rk; epWj;Jk;”
“rl;! ntWk; njUf;$j;jhf ,Uf;F@ vd;dq;fhZk;> Nghu;dpNah fhl;Lkpuhz;b

khjpup Nt\k; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;L” vd;W mjl;bdhu; jpthd; gfJ}u;.
Mba ghjj;ij mg;gbNa epWj;jp> #yj;jpy; rha;e;jgb ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;Nl

epd;whu; flTs;.
“Xa;! fiyd;dh vd;dd;D njupAkhq;fZk;? Gypj;Njhiyj;jhd; fl;bf; nfhz;BNu.

ghk;Gd;dh ghk;igah Gbr;Rf;nfhz;L tUth? ghk;G khjpup Mguzk; Nghl;Lf;nfhs;s
NtZk;@ Gypj;Njhy; khjpup gl;Lf; fl;bf;nfhs;sNtZk;@ fiyf;F Kjy; mk;rk;
fz;Zf;F moFq;fhZk;! th];jtkhfg; ghu;tjp guNkRtuhNs ,g;gb MdhYk;
,J ehl;ba rh];jpuj;Jf;F xj;JtuhJ. mjpNy ,g;gbr; nrhy;yNy. Kjy;Ny
me;jg; ghk;Gfisnay;yhk; gj;jpukhfg; Gbr;Rf; $ilapNy Nghl;L tr;Rg;Gl;L
Nt\j;ijf; fiyAk;. ,J rpWRfs; elkhlw vlk;> [hf;fpuij!” vd;whu; jpthd;
gfJ}u;.
= fe;jrhkpg; gps;isiaAk; mtu; Nyrpy; tpl;Ltpltpy;iy. “fe;jrhkpg;

gps;isths;> ePu; VNjh kUe;J nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwPu; vd;gjw;fhf ,e;jf;;
$j;Jg;ghu;ff
; KbahJ@ fr;NrupAk; itf;f KbahJ@ mg;Gwk; ehY NgNuhNl njUtpNy
250
ehd; elkhl thz;lhk;?”
fhy; kzp Neuq; fopj;Jr; rpj;j itj;jpa jPgpif MgPrpy; ,uz;L Ngu;
cl;fhu;e;Jnfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;> Njtpiaj; jtpu. Foe;ij ghapy; gLj;Jj; J}q;fpf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ.
,uz;L NgUk;nksdkhf ,Ue;jhu;fs;. “njupe;j njhopiyf; nfhz;L Nyhfj;jpy;

gpiof;f KbahJ Nghy ,Uf;Nf!” vd;whu; flTs;.
“ehd; nrhd;dJ cq;fSf;Fg; gpbf;ftpy;iy@ cq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;jJ Nyhfj;

Jf;Fg; gpbf;ftpy;iy@ NtZk; vd;why; Njthug; ghlrhiy elj;jpg; ghu;ff
; pwJjhNd!”
flTs; ‘r;R’ vd;W ehf;ifr; #s; nfhl;bdhu;.
“mJf;Fs;NsNa g+Nyhfk; Gspr;Rg; Nghr;Nrh!”

“ck;ikg; ghu;j;jhy; cyfj;ijg; ghu;j;jJNghy” vd;whu; flTs;.
“cq;fisg; ghu;j;jhNyh?” vd;W rpupj;jhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“cq;fsplnky;yhk; vl;b epd;W tuk; nfhLf;fyhk;@ cld; ,Ue;J tho KbahJ”

vd;whu; flTs;.
“cq;fs; tu;f;fNk mjw;Fj;jhd; yhaf;F” vd;whu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
mtUf;Fg; gjpy; nrhy;y mq;Nf ahUk; ,y;iy. Nki[apd; Nky; [Ptpa re;jh
&gha; ,Ugj;ije;J Nehl;lhff; fple;jJ.
“ifyhrGuk; gioa gukrptk; gps;is> [Ptpa re;jh tuT &gha; ,Ugj;ije;J”

vd;W fzf;fpy; gjpe;jhu; fe;jrhkpg; gps;is.
“jhj;jh CUf;Fg; Nghahr;rh> mg;gh?” vd;W Nfl;Lf;nfhz;Nl vOe;J cl;fhu;ej

; J
Foe;ij.
- GJikg;gpj;jd; -
fiykfs;> mf;Nlhgu;@ etk;gu; 1943
251
gpd;dpizg;G 2
jug;gl;Ls;s rpWfijia thrpj;J

fijf;fU
ghj;jpuq;fspd; jd;ik
fijf;fsk;
vd;gtw;iw kdjpy; nfhz;L ehd;F fhl;rpfs; nfhz;ljhf

ehlfg; gpujp xd;W jahupf;Ff.
252
Nju;r;rp myF 11.3 : Ra mDgtq;fs;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> mtjhdpg;G vd;gtw;wpd;

Clhff; fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jp vOJthu;.
nraw;ghL : rpWfij vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : ~Mykuk;| vd;Dk; rpWfij - gpd;dpizg;G 01

vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
gb 11.3.1
• rpWfijg; gFjpfs; rpytw;iw khztu;fisj; NjbtUkhW Kd;ida
tFg;Gf;fspNyNa $Wq;fs;.
• mt;thW nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rpWfijfspd; jiyg;Gf;fisf; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.
• nfhz;L tug;gl;l rpWfijfspy; xd;W> ,uz;bid tpku;rpf;f tha;g;G

mspAq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngwf; $bathW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jq;fs;.
• rpWfij mstpw; rpwpaJ@ FWfpa fhyj;Js; thrpj;J Kbf;ff;

$bajhapUj;jy;.
• Fiwe;jsthd fjhghj;jpuq;fNs ,lk;ngWjy;
• fijf;fU@ mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fijf;fsk; ,Uj;jy;
• nkhopeil> gpuNjrr; nry;thf;F> Ngr;R tof;F> vOj;J tof;F>
thrfiuf; ftUk; eil
• ajhu;j;jg; gz;Gfs;
• gbg;gpidfs;
20 epkplq;fs;
253
gb 11.3.2
• gpd;dpizg;ghfTs;s ~Mykuk;| vd;Dk; rpWfijg; gFjpapid thrpf;fTk;

fye;JiuahlTk; topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtk; 1 ,id midtUf;Fk; toq;fp mwpTWj;jypd;gb

nraw;gl topfhl;Lq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 11.3.3
• FO epiyapy; mwpf;iffis Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• vy;yhf; FOtpdUk; mwpf;iffis Kd;itg;gjw;Fk;> tpil njhlu;ghff;

fye;JiuahLtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• tpilfspd; nghUj;jg;ghL njhlu;ghfg; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fspy; ftdk;

nrYj;Jq;fs;.
fijf;fU
• Vio mehijr; rpWkpapd; mtyk; epiwe;j tho;f;if
fijf;fsk; :
• Mykuj;jbAk;> mts; gpr;irNaw;Fk; njUTk;
rk;gtq;fs; :
• gpr;irf;fhupahd mtSf;F eha; JizahfTk; eha;f;F mts;
JizahfTk; Mykuj;jbapy; tho;jy;
• jPafdT fz;ljhy; kdr;rQ;ryj;Jld; gpr;irf;Fr; nry;yy;
• nuapy; ghijf;fhf mts; thoplk; md;Nw mopf;fg;gLjy;
• mtsJ cilikfisf;fhf;fg; Nghuhba eha; nfhy;yg;gLjy;
• Mykuj;jpd; ,og;igg; nghWf;fKbahJ mjd;Nkw; gha;e;J mtSk;
,wj;jy;
ghj;jpug;gilg;G
• Vo;ik> mehij> mtyk; vd;gtw;wpd; rhay;
• ,yFthd nkhopeil> rpwpa trdq;fs;> tu;zidfs;> nka;g;ghl;bidj;
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; ghq;F> Jd;gj;ijAk; mtyj;ijAk; cz;Lgz;Zk; Nghf;F
jiyg;Gk; fijj; njhlu;Gk;
• mehijr; rpWkpapd; tho;f;if ,Wjptiuapy; Mykuj;ijr; Rw;wpNa
mike;jjhy;> Mykuk; vd;w jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jk;
gbg;gpid
• jd;Dapu; Nghy; Vida capiuAk; Nerpj;jy;
rpWkp ehapidg; NgZtJ
• jpf;fw;wtDf;Fj; nja;tNk Jiz
• vijAk; rw;W Muha;e;J nra;tNj ey;yJ
40 epkplq; f s;
254
gb 11.3.4
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; II I khztu;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
• xt;nthU khztDk; jdpj;jdpNa fijia vOJkhW $Wq;fs;.
• fijia vOJKd; fijf;fhd rl;lfj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F

xt;nthUtUf;Fk; cjtp nra;Aq;fs;.
20 epkplq; f s;
gb 11.3.5
• khztu; rpyiu vOkhw;whfj; njupTnra;J vOjpa fijfis thrpf;fr;
nra;Aq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L khztu;fSld;

fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
khztu; vOjpa rpWfijfspy;>

fU
fsk;
ghj;jpuq;fs;
nkhopeil
cj;jpfs;
fw;gid/ajhu;j;jg;gz;G
gbg;gpid
jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jk;
Mfpa mk;rq;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL
20 epkplq; f s
s;
• xU rpWfijapy; mika Ntz;ba mk;rq;fis mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• rpWfij xd;wpd; ntw;wpf;F nkhopeil ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gij czu;eJ

;
nghUj;jkhd nkhopeiliaf; ifahs;thu;.
• jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhfr; rpWfijapid vOJthu;.
• rpWfijfis thrpj;J ,urpg;ghu;.
255
gpd;dpizg;G 1
Mykuk;
mtSila %jhijfs; mtSf;nfd;W itj;Jtpl;Lg;NghdJ me;j Mykunkhd;iwj;
jhd;. me;j cile;j rl;b> tpspk;gpy;yhj ghid> mLg;ghf cgNahfpf;Fk; %d;W
fw;fs;> njd;dk;ghis ahTk; mtshfj; Njbf;nfhz;lit. mts; mwpe;jkl;by;
mtSf;F ,dge;Jfs; ahUk; ,Ug;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy. vYk;gpdhYk; NjhypdhYk;
khj;jpuNk Mf;fg;gl;lJ Nghd;w xU eha;jhd; mtSila ge;J@ capUf;Fapuhd
fhtyhspAq; $l.
fhiyapy; vOe;jTld; njd;dk;ghisapdhy; mk;kuj;ijr; Rw;wp ed;whfr; Rj;jk;

nra;ths;. mUNf ,Uf;Fk; ePNuhilf;Fr; nrd;W ghidapy; ePu; nfhz;Lte;J jhd;
$l;ba ,lq;fspw;Fj; njspg;ghs;. gpd; gioa NrhW VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy; jhDk; cz;L
jd; eha;f;Fk; nfhLg;ghs;. nghOJ ed;whfg; Gyu;e;jJk; mt; cile;j rl;bia
ifapy; vLj; J f; n fhz; L gpr; i rf; F g; Gwg; g Lths; . NghFk; N ghJ> jd; ehia
thj;ry;aj;NjhL jltp tpl;Lr; nry;ths;. mJTk; jd; thiyf; Fioj;J ,Uja
G+u;tkhd ed;wpiaf; fz;fs; %yk; njuptpf;Fk;.
njUj; njUthf miyths;. %iy KLf;nfy;yhk; Nghths;. ahuhtJ ,uq;fp VjhtJ

czT nfhLj;jhy; mijg; gj;jpukhf cz;zhky; gj;jpukhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;ths;.
||Vd; rhg;gplhky; nfhz;L Nghfpwha;|| vd;W ahuhtJ Nfl;lhy;> ||elf;f Kbahj xU
fpotDf;Ff; nfhz;L NghfpNwd;.|| vd;W $Wths;. mts; tuit MtNyhL
vjpu;ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;L Vq;fpapUf;Fk; me;j ehapd; mUik mtSf;fy;yNth njupAk;.
Mykuj;jbapy; kiwj;J itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fe;jy;fisAk; kw;wg; nghUl;fisAk;
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fhtyhspay;yth mJ!
Rkhu; ,uz;L> %d;W kzpf;F ,Ug;gplk; Nehf;fp tpiue;J nry;ths;. mtSf;F

Kd;dhy; mtSila cs;sk; gwe;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk;. J}uj;jpy; tUk;nghONj fupa
Kfpy; $l;lj;ijg;Nghy Myk; ,iyfspd; $l;lk; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. mtSila cUtk;
fz;zpw;gl;lJk; jhiaf; fz;lTld; Js;spf;Fjpj;NjhLk; gRf;fd;iwg;Nghy; me;j
eha; Xbr;nrd;W mtisr; Rw;wpr; Rw;wp thiyf; Fiof;Fk;. mtSk; md;NghL
mijj; jltpf;nfhLg;ghs;.
Mykuj;jpd; fPNo cl;fhu;e;jJk; mtSila fisg;ngy;yhk; khakha; kiwe;JtpLk;.

nfhz;Lte;jij ehNahL gfpu;e;J cz;ghs;. rpwpJ Neuk; nrd;wgpd; gf;fj;jpYs;s
ePNuhilf;Fr; nrd;W Fspg;ghs;. Rkhu; MW> VO kzpastpy; muprp ,Ue;jhy; NrhW
Mf;Fths;. ,jw;fpilapy; mtSila ez;gu;fs; - fhfq;fs;> Fapy;fs; Kjypad -
fh $ vd;W Muthupj;Jj; jhq;fs; te;jpUg;gij mtSf;Fj; njuptpg;ghu;fs;. vy;NyhUk;
cwq;fpagpd; mtSk; me;j Ntupy; jd; jiyiar; rha;g;ghs;. me;j Myk; Ntu;jhd;
mtSila jiyaiz. mtSila FUl;Lj; jhj;jh cwq;fpaJk; me;j Ntupy;
jiyitj;Jj;jhd;. rPnke;jhy; nkOfg;gl;l Rtiug;Nghy; me;j Ntu; mOj;jkhf
,Ue;jJ.
md;Wk; mts; mNj NtupNy jhd; jiy itj;Jf;nfhzL epk;kjpahfj; J}q;fpdhs;.

me;j ehAk; mtspd; fhybapy; J}q;fpf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. jpBnud;W xU gaq;fukhd
fdT fz;L Jbj;J vOe;jhs;. tha; vd;dNth $wp cswpaJ. kuj;ijr; Rw;wp xU
Kiw te;jhs;.
256
mg;nghOJk; mtSf;Fj; jpUg;jp cz;lhftpy;iy. ed;whf xUKiw mz;zhu;e;J
ghu;j;jhs;. kuk; kukhfj;jhd; ,Ue;jJ> mJ Kwpe;J tPo;e;Jtpotpy;iy. fz;lJ
ntWk; fdthf ,Ue;jhYk; mts; cs;sj;jpy; rfpf;fKbahj Ntjid Fb nfhz;lJ.
nghq;fptUk; fz;zPiu mlf;fpdhs;. Mdhhy; mlf;fKbatpy;iy. mUNf ftiy
Njq;fpa Kfj;NjhL epd;w ehia mUfpy; ,Oj;J mizj;Jf;nfhz;lhs;. mJTk;
jd;Dila ehthy; mtSila fuj;ij ef;fpaJ. ,uT KOJk; J}q;fhky; tpopj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jhs;.
nghOJ Gyu;e;jJk; tof;fk;Nghy; rl;biaf; ifapy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L Gwg;gl;lhs;.

mtSila kdk; rQ;ryg;gl;lJ. jhd; fz;l gaq;fukhd fdit xUKiw epidj;Jg;
ghu;j;jhs;. xU Ntis mg;gb ele;jhy;... epidf;fNt mtSly; eLq;fpaJ. fhy;fs;
nry;y kWj;jd. vj;jid ehl;fSf;Fg; Nghfhky; ,Uf;f KbAk;? xU ehs; gpr;irf;Fr;
nry;yhtpl;lhy; mtSila fjp vd;d? mtisNa ek;gpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehapd;
fjpjhd; vd;d? kdf;fyf;fj;NjhL Gwg;gl;lhs;. kuj;jpypUe;J ,uz;L %d;W gdpj;Jspfs;
mtspd; Nky; tPo;e;jd. mts; mijf; Nftyk; gdpj;Jspfshf epidf;ftpy;iy.
~~epuhjuthf vd;id tpl;Lg;Nghfpwhah?|| vd;W me;j Mykuk; fjwpg;ngUf;Fk; fz;zuP j
; hd;
mj;Jspfs; vd;W epidj;jhs;. mts; fz;fSk; ePiur; nrhupe;jd.
mts; gpr;irf;Fr; nrd;Wtpl;lhs;. Mdhy; kdk; kl;Lk; epk;kjpaha; ,y;iy. tof;fj;Jf;F

tpNuhjkhf gd;dpuz;L kzpf;Nf ,Ug;gplj;ij Nehf;fp ele;jhs;. vy;NyhUk; $l;lk;
$l;lkhf epd;W vijNah gw;wp Mde;jj;NjhL Ngrpf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. mij vd;dntd;W
mwpa mtSf;Fk; Mirjhd;. Mdhy; mtu;fsplk; nrd;W mwpaf;$ba jFjp
mtSf;fpy;iy. mt;topahy; te;j rpWkpaplk; tprhupj;jnghOJ vq;fs; fpuhkj;Jf;F
~~nuapy; ghij Nghlg;Nghfpwhu;fshk;. ,d;Dk; ,uz;L khrj;jpy; nuapy; Xl Muk;gpj;JtpLk;
vd;W mg;gh nrhd;dhu;.|| vd;whs; rpWkp.
nuapy; te;jhy; vd;d?> Mfhaf;fg;gy; te;jhy; vd;d? gpr;irf;fhupahfpa mtSf;F

,uz;Lk; rupjhNd. ,Ug;gplj;ijNehf;fp mts; tpiuthf ele;jhs;.
~~,J vd;dlh rdpad;! Ntiy nra;a tplkhl;Nld; vd;fpwNj!|| vd;whd; xUtd;.

Mq;fpy cilapy; epd;w vd;[pdpaupd; ifj;Jg;ghf;fp ~~LkPy|; | vd;w rj;jj;NjhL ntbj;jJ.
,t;tsT NeuKk; kuj;ijr; Rw;wpr; Rw;wp jd; v[khdpapd; nghUl;fSf;fhfg; Nghuhba
me;j eha; kz;zpw; rha;e;jJ.
Rkhu; fhy; iky; J}uj;jpy; tUk;nghOJ njd;gLk; Mykuk; ,d;W> ntFrkPgj;jpy;

te;Jk; mts; fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;gltpy;iy. Mykuk; ,Ue;j ,lk; ntWk; ntspahf
,Ue;jJ. ,uT fz;l fdT mts; Qhgfj;jpw;F te;jJ. ifapypUe;j rl;b ~~jlhy;||
vd;W tpOe;jJ. kuj;jbia Nehf;fp Xbdhs;. mtSila rhkhd;fs; xU gf;fj;jpy;
vwpag;gl;Lf; fple;jd. ,d;ndhU gf;fj;jpy; mtSila eha; capuw;Wf; fple;jJ.
kWgf;fk; jpUk;gpdhs;. khwp khwp tpOk; Nfhlupf; nfhj;ijj; jhq;f khl;lhky; jtpf;Fk;
kuj;jpypUe;J cjpuk; ngUFtJ Nghy; ,Ue;jJ mjpypUe;J tbe;j ghy;. ~~ma;Nah||
vd;W mywpf;nfhz;L Xbg;Ngha; tPo;e;jhs;. jpBnud;W xU Nfhlupf;nfhj;J mts;
jiyapy; tPoe; j
; J. vy;NyhUk; jpifj;Jg;Ngha; epd;whu;fs;. ntz;zpuj;jKk;> nrt;tpuj;jKk;
fye;J mbkuj;ijf; fOtpf;nfhz;ld.
jhioab rghuj; j pdk; .
257
gpd;dpizg;G 2
• FO epiyapy; nraw;gLq;fs;
1. ~Mykuk;| vd;w rpWfijapid thrpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; jdpj;jdpNa mwpf;if jahupAq;fs;

(m) fijf;fU
(M) fijf;fsKk; rk;gtq;fSk;
(,) fjhghj;jpug; gilg;G
(<) nkhopeilAk; cj;jpAk;
(c) jiyg;Gf;Fk; fijf;Fkpilapyhd nghUj;jg;ghL
(C) gbg;gpidfs;
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; II
gpd;tUk; jiyg;gpy; 250 nrhw;fSf;Ff; FiwahJ rpWfij vOJf.

~jha;ik|
(nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s 6 jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPOk; cq;fs; fijf;fhd
tplaq;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.)
258
Nju;r;rp myF 9.7 : fpufpj;j tplaq;fis tpku;rpj;J vOJthu;.
nraw; g hL : ftpijfis thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J rpwg;Gf;fis tpku;rpg;Nghk;.
ju cs;sPL : nra;As;fs; - gpd;dpizg;G 1

vOJ jhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
gb 9.7.1
• gpd;tUtd Nghd;w ghly;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp ,irAld; ghLq;fs;
~~kPdpdk; Xbg; guf;Fjk;kh CNl

nts;sp Xlk; xd;W nry;Yjk;kh
thDk; flyhf khWjk;kh - ,e;j
khl;rpapYs;sk; KOFjk;kh||
- ftpkzp
~~kPd;fs; Nfhb Nfhb #o ntz;zpyhNt - xU

nts;spNahlk; Nghy; tUtha; ntz;zpyhNt||
- ftpkzp
~~japu;f;flypy; ntz;nza; Nghy -

ntz;zpyhNt
jdp tpRk;gpy; jto;e;jpLtha; ntz;zpyhNt||
- NrhkRe;jug;Gytu;
~~rPj kzp thdf; Fsj;jpil ntz;zpyhNt - xU

NjR kpFe;j ntz;jhkiu Nghy;tha; ntz;zpyhNt.||
- ghujpahu;
259
• gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis vOg;gp khztiuf; ftpijapy; <LghL nfhs;sr;
nra;Aq;fs;.
1. ,g;ghly;fspy; vijg; gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. ehd;F ghlybfspYk; epyT njhlu;ghd ftpQu;fspd; fw;gidr;
rpwg;Gg; gw;wp vd;d $WtPu;?
3. ,g;ghly;fspy; cq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;j ghlybfs; vit? fhuzk;
vd;d?
• fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLk; NghJ gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fspy; ftdk;

nrYj;Jq;fs;.
• ftpijapy; <LghL
• ftpijapd; fUg;nghUs;
• ftpQdpd; fw;gid
• ftpijapd; mikg;G
• ftpijapd; ftu;r;rp Mw;wy;
• cj;jpfs; (nrhy;yhl;rp> mzpfs;)
• <u;g;G
20 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.7.2
• khztu;fis 5 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij vy;yh khztUf;Fk; toq;fp mwpTWj;jypd;gb

nraw;gl topfhl;Lq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.7.3
• FOf;fshf khztu;fs; nraw;gLtjw;Fk; mwpf;if rku;g;gpg;gjw;Fk;
• tpilapd; nghUj;jg;ghL fhz;gjw;Fk; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLtjw;Fr;

• gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;
• cjhuzkhf xU nra;As;
fUg;nghUs; : kfid ,oe;j kz;Nlhjupapd; Jauk;
• nrhy;yhl;rpAk; cj;jpAk; :
ghliy thrpf;Fk; NghNj> Jauepiy ntspg;glj;jf;f tifapy; ftpQu;
nrhw;fis vLj;jhz;Ls;shu;. kfid ,oe;j jhahdts; gLk; mty
epiyiar; rpj;jpupg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ctikfis cj;jpfshff;
ifahz;Ls;shu;.
260
~~joypd; Nky; kpjpf;fpd; whs; Nghy;
epiyapd; Nky; gijf;Fk; jhss;||
~~nfhiyapd; Nkw; Fwpj;jNtld;

$u;q;fiz capiuf; nfhs;s
kiyapd; Nky; kapy; tPo;e;njd;d
ike;jd; Nky; kWfp tPo;e;jhs;.||
• czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL
jha;> jd; kfid ,oe;jhy; gLk; Jauk; thu;j;ijfspy; tbf;fKbahJ.
me;j mty czu;rr ; pia ehKk; czuj;jf;f tifapy; fk;gu; ghbAs;shu;.
kz;Nlhjupapd; if> ghjk;> neQ;rk; ghLk;ghl;il nef;FUfg; ghbAs;shu;.
Jd;gNkyPll; hy; iffisj; jiyNkw; Ftpj;J neUg;gpd; kPJ epw;gJNghd;W
fhy;fs; jiuapy; ghl;Lk; glhkYk; JbJbf;f> fdj;j neQ;rj;jshfp
kz;Nlhjup kaq;Ffpwhs;. NtldJ mk;Ggl;L capu; ,oe;j kapy; kiyapy;
tPo;tJ Nghy capuhd ,jpur;rpj;ij ,oe;j kz;Nlhjup kiyNghd;w
kfd; kPJ Rod;W (kWfp) tPo;e;jhs;. capiu ,oe;j kapy; Nghd;W

kfid ,oe;j kz;Nlhjupapd; czu;r;rpia cUf;fkhf fhl;bAs;shu;.
fk;gu;.
• Ie;J ghj;jpuq;fspd; Jauepiy ntspg;ghl;il xg;gl

P L
; uPjpahff; fhl;ly;.
jhk; Fwpg;gpLk; ghj;jpuj;jpd; Jauepiyia ftpQu; jj;&gkhfr;
rpj;jpupj;Js;shu; vd;W epWTjy;
80 epkplq; f s
s;
• nra;As;fis thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jf; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.
• Fwpg;ngLj;jtw;iw itj;Jg; nghUs; vOJthu;.
• nra;As;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;Gf;fis ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.
• nra;As;fis xg;gpl;L tpku;rpg;ghu;.
261
gpd;dpizg;G 1
nra; A s; f s;
kz; N lhjup
kz;Nlhjup kfd; Nky; tPo;jy;
jiyapd;Nkw; Rke;j ifa

loypd;Nkd; kpjpf;fpd; whs;Nghy;
epiyapd;Nkw; gijf;Fe; jhs
Nsfj;jh dpiwe;j neQ;rs;
nfhiyapd;Nkw; Fwpj;j Ntld;
$u;q;fiz Aapiuf; nfhs;s
kiyapd;Nkd; kapy;tPo;e; njd;d
ike;jd;Nkd; kWfptP oe;jhs;.
nghUs;
kz;Nlhjup jiyapd; Nky; itj;j ifia cilatsha;> neUg;gpd; Nky; kpjpg;gtisg;
Nghy epiyahfTs;s jiu Nky; itj;Jg; gijf;Fk; ghjq;fis cilatsha;>
Vf;fj;jhy; epiwe;j neQ;rpid cilatsha; te;J nfhiy Nky; nrd;w Fwpg;Gila
NtLtdJ $upa mk;G jd; capiu thq;f xU iky;> kiyapd; Nky; tPo;e;jhw; Nghy
kfdJ clk;gpd; Nky; Rod;W tPo;e;jhs;.
re; j pukjp
fz;ldd;> fjwp tPo;e;jhs;> fOnfyhk; ,upay; Nghff;

nfhz;lNjhu; kftpd; Mir Mtpiaf; nfhs;is nfhs;s>
Kz;lff; fuj;jhy; Ve;jp> KUfid kbNky; itj;Nj>
mz;lUk; kWfp Vq;f> tha;jpwe; juw;w Yw;whs;.
nghUs;
(,we;J fple;j) jd; kfidf; fz;lhs;@ fjwp tPo;e;jhs;@ fOFnfy;yhk; mQ;rp XlTk;>
jd; kfd; kPJ jhd; nfhz;l ghrk; capiuf; nfhs;is nfhs;sTk;> jhkiuNghd;w
fuj;jhy; kfdpd; cliy Ve;jp kbNky; itj;J> NjtUk; kaq;fp Vq;f> tha;tpl;Lg;
ngUk; rj;jkha; mOjhs;.
262
jkae; j p
moy;ntQ; rpiyNtld; mk;GUt Mw;whJ

coYq; fspkapy;Nghy; Xbf; - Foy;tz;L
vOe;Njhl tPo;e;jhs; ,UFioNkw; fz;zPu;f;
nfhOe;Njuhl tPkd; nfhb.
nghUs;
Ntld; xUtDila nfhba tpy;ypy; njhLj;Jtplg;gl;l jPiag;Nghd;w mk;ghdJ>
ijj;jyhy; mijg; nghWf;f Kbahky; Jbf;fpd;w ,sikahd ikiyg; Nghd;W tPk
uhrd; ngw;nwLj;j nfhbNghd;wtshfpa jkae;jp Jbj;jhs;. $e;jypy; nkha;jj
; pUf;fpd;w
tz;Lfs; gwe;J Nghf Xb mioe;jhs;. ,uz;l nrtpfspd; gf;fq;fspYk; fz;zPu;g;
ngUff; fPNo tpOe;J mOjhs;.
fz; z fp
miuRiw Nfhap yzpahu; nQfok;

fiuahky; thq;fpa fstdh nkd;Nw
fiuahky; thq;fpa fs;tdh nkd;Nw
Fiwfod; khf;fs; nfhiyFwpj; jdNu
vdf;Nfl;L>
nghq;fp naOe;jhs; tpOe;jhs; nghopfjpu;j;

jpq;fs; KfpNyhLQ; Nrzpyq; nfhz;nldr;
nrq;fz; rptg;g tOjhld; Nfs;tid
vq;fzhm ntd;dh tpide;Njq;fp kho;Fthd;
rP i j
tpOjy;> tpk;Kjy;> nka;Aw ntJk;gy;> ntUty;

vOjy;> Vq;Fjy;> ,uq;Fjy;> ,uhkid vz;zpj;
njhOjy;> NrhUjy;> Jsq;Fjy;> JaUoe;J capu;j;jy;>
mOjy;> md;wp kw;W may; xd;Wk; nra;FtJ mwpahs;.
nghUs;
rPjhg; gpuhl;b ,uhk gpuhid vz;zp mtd; ,Ue;j jpir Nehf;fp njhOjy;> fPNo
tpOjy;> tha;tpl;Lg; Gyk;Gjy;> clk;G kpfTk; ntg;gk; nfhs;Sjy;> mQ;Rjy;>
tpOe;j gpd; vOjy;> ,uhk gpuhid vz;zp kdq;fyq;Fjy;> gupjtpj;jy;> jsu;tiljy;>
eLq;Fjy;> Jd;gj;jpd; fhuzkhf ngU%r;R tpLjy;> fz;zPu; tpl;L mOjy; Mfpa
,r;nray;fisr; nra;tJ jtpu NtW ve;jr; nra;aj;jf;f nray;fisAk; nra;a
mwpahjts; Mdhy;
263
gpd;dpizg;G 2
• jug;gl;Ls;s 5 nra;As;fisAk; jdpj;jdpNa thrpj;J (xt;nthU FOtpYs;s

xt;nthU khztDk; xU nra;Aisj; njupe;J) gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; fPo;
Fwpg;Gfis vOJq;fs;.
(m) ftpijapd; fUg;nghUs;
(M) nrhy;yhl;;rpAk; cj;jpAk;

(,) czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL
• vLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tpdhTf;fhd mwpf;ifia

FOuPjpahf Kd;itAq;fs;.
• jhd; gilj;j ghj;jpuj;jpd; Jauepiyia ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjpy; ntw;wp

ngw;Ws;s ftpQu; ahnud;W ePq;fs; epidf;fpwPu;fs;. tpku;rpAq;fs;.
264
Nju; r ; r p 6.0 : eilKiwj; N jitfSf; f hf thrpg; g hu; .
Nju;r;rp myF 6.1 : gy;NtWgl;l Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
nraw;ghL : tu;j;jkhdp> Rw;wwpf;iffs;> mfuhjp> fiyf;fsQ;rpak;

vd;gtw;iw thrpj;Jj; Jyq;FNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : mfuhjp> fiyf;fsQ;rpak; - gpd;dpizg;G 01

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuq;fs; - gpd;dpizg;G 02
tu;j;jkhdp - gpd;dpizg;G 03
ghly;fs; - gpd;dpizg;G 04
fiyf;fsQ;rpak; - gpd;dpizg;G 05
,izag; gpujp - gpd;dpizg;G 06
Rw;wwpf;if - gpd;dpizg;G 07
vOJjhs;
gb 6.1.1
• gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis khztuplk; Nfl;Lf; fye;Jiuahliy Muk;gpAq;fs;.
(m) vt;ntt; topfspy; ehk; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;?
(M) vj;jifa Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf thrpg;ig Nkw;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;?
(,) mfuhjpf;Fk; fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;jpw;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?
(gpd;dpizg;G - 01 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s mfuhjp> fiyf;fsQ;rpag; gpujpfisf;
fhl;b ciuahLq;fs;.)
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ikag;gLj;jp khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

• vt;ntt; topfspy; jfty;fisg; ngWjy;.
• gy;NtWgl;l gbtq;fis thrpj;jy;
• gytpjkhd Mf;fq;fis thrpj;jy;
• gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Mf;fq;fis thrpj;jy;
• ey;ytw;iwj; Nju;e;njLj;J thrpj;jy;
• vj;jifa Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf thrpj;jy;
• gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf thrpj;jy;
- gytpjkhd jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf
- MSikia tpUj;jp nra;a
- mwpitg; ngUf;f
- Ntiy tha;g;igg;ngw
- nghUs; mwpa
- gy;NtW Jiwfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s
265
NtWghL: mfuhjp nrhw;fspd; nghUis khj;jpuk; jUfpwJ. Mdhy; fiyf;
fsQ;rpak; xU tplak; rk;ge;jkhd rfy tpsf;fq;fisAk; jUfpwJ.
20 epkplq; f s;
gb 6.1.2
• gpd;dpizg;gpYs;s tu;jj
; khdp> mfuhjp> fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> ,izag;gpujp>
Rw;wwpf;if vd;gtw;iwf; FOf;fSf;F toq;fpf; fye;Jiuahlr;
nra;Aq;fs;.
• FOf;fspilNa nrd;W Njitahdtplj;J topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• gpd;dpizg;gpYs;s nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ijf; FOf;fSf;F toq;fp>

mwpf;ifiaj; jahupf;f topfhl;Lq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 6.1.3
• FO epiyapy; khztu; jahupj;j mwpf;ifia Kd;dpiyg;gLj;j tif
nra;Aq;fs;.
• Vida khztu; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;f Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
01. m. tu;j;jkhdp tplaq;fs;:

cjhuzk; : gjtp ntw;wplk;
,yq;ifj; jiug;gil> epue;jug;gil ntw;wplq;fs;
- ve;jpupfs; mzpf;fhd Nruhl;fs;
- vOJeu; gjtp
- rhujp
njhopy; jifikfs; Nghd;W midj;J Kf;fpa
mk;rq;fisAk; Fwpg;gply;
M. thrpg;gjd; Nehf;fk; :
Ntiytha;g;G
guPl;irj; jfty;fs;
mikr;Rf;fshy; ntspaplg;gLk; tplaq;fs;
266
02. rPtfrpe;jhkzp
nghUs;
1) Njd;$Lfs; epuk;gpa cau;e;j kiyapd; cr;rpapy; Kfpy;fs;
xd;W$b> nts;spahw; nra;ag;gl;l nts;spf;Nfhy;fis thd;
KOtJk; nrhupe;jhw; Nghy tskhd ePu;j;Jspfisg; nga;J
kzq;nfhz;L nghope;jd.
2) cau;e;j kiyapy; cs;s Njd;$l;bid gpiwr;re;jpud;

cOtjhy; tz;bdq;fs; fiye;J Muthupg;gJ Kotjpu;it
xj;jpUe;jJ. mk;kiy cr;rpapypUe;J ghAk; ePuUtpj;jpus;
khlj;jpd; Jfpw;nfhb Nghd;W tpsq;fpw;W.
3) kiyapypUe;J mUtp tpOtJ ePzl ; KbiaAila ,e;jpudpd;

khu;gpd; Nky; tpsq;Fk; gpizf;fg;gl;l Kj;J khiy Nghd;Wk;>
mit mofhd nghd;idAk; kzpfisAk; rpe;Jtjhy;
,e;jpudpd; mzpfyg; ngl;biaf; ftpo;j;jJ Nghd;WkpUe;jJ.
fiyf;fsQ;rpak;
• cyfshtpa Kiwapy;> $b jkpo; tsu;r;rp gw;wpa Muha cUthf;fg;
gl;litfs; cyfj;jkpo; khehLf;s. mwpQu;fs; rpyu; Nru;e;J jkpo;
tsu;r;rpf;fhf cyfj; jkpo; Muha;r;rpf;fofk; vd;w ngaupy;
mikg;nghd;iw mikj;jdu;. ,jd; KjyhtJ khehL 1966 Mk;
Mz;L Nfhyhyk;G+upy; eilngw;wJ. 1989 tiu VO khehLfs;
eilngw;Ws;d.
• jkpopYs;s Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy>

rPtfrpe;jhkzp> tisahgjp> Fz;lyNfrp vd;gdthFk;. ,tw;Ws;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp> kzpNkfiy Mfpa %d;Wk;
KOikahff; fpilj;Js;sd. Vida ,uz;bYk; rpyNt fpilj;Js;sd.
rpyk;G gw;wpa epfo;r;rpfisf; $Wtjhy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;W ngau;
ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jid ,aw;wpatu; rhj;jdhu;. jpUj;jf;fNjtu; ,aw;wpa
rPtfrpe;jhkzp rPtfd; vd;w muridg; ghl;Lilj;jiytdhff;
nfhz;lJ.
• Mz;LNjhWk; cyfpy; xt;nthU JiwapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk;

rhjidahsUf;F toq;fg;gLk; cyfg;gupR Nehgy;gupR MFk;. Nehgy;
vd;w mwptpay; mwpQupd; ngauhy; ,g;gupR toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
RtPld; ehl;L my;gpul; Nehgy; ntbkUe;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;J mjd;
%yk; mjpf nry;tk; ngw;whu;. mr;nry;tj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk;
tUkhdj;ij rhjidahsUf;Fg; guprspf;f Vw;ghL nra;jhu;.
267
• ,izaj;jsj;jpd; Kftup
- gpujhd gf;fj;jpy; (Homepage) ,Ue;J jfty;fisg; ngWjy;
- jpUf;Fwy; gw;wpa jsq;fis mwpAk; top
- Fwpj;j xU jsj;Jl; gpuNtrpj;jy;
- Njitahd jfty;fisg; ngWjy;
• Rw;wwpf;if
- fy;tp cau;fy;tp mikr;rpd; Nkyjpfr; nrayhsu;
- khfhz fy;tp mikr;rpd; nrayhsUf;F
khfhz fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsUf;F
tya fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsUf;F
ghlrhiy mjpgu;fSf;F
- jkpo;nkhopj;jpdk; gw;wpaJ.
- khjpup tpz;zg;gg;gbtk;
- jkpo;nkhopj;jpdg; Nghl;b tpguq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
80 epkplq; f s
s;
• gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;jtw;iwf; $Wthu;.
• jhk; thrpj;Jg; ngw;w tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• mfuhjpiag; gad;gLj;jp mUQ;nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vOJthu;.
• jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• jkJ mwpit tpUj;jp nra;ag; gytpjkhd Mf;fq;fis thrpf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;w kdg;ghq;if tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;thu;.
268
269
270
271
272
cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tu;j;jkhdp> ghly;fs;> Rw;wwpf;if> fiyf;fsQ;rpak;>

,izag;gpujp vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil
vOJq;fs;.
01. (m) tu;j;jkhdpapy; ePq;fs; mtjhdpj;j tplaq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jq;fs;.
(M) tu;j;jkhdpia thrpg;gjd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?
02. rPtfrpe;jhkzpg; ghly; %d;wpDf;Fk; nghUs; vOJf.

(mfuhjpiag; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.)
03. fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp>

I cyfj; jkpo;khehLfs;
II. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;
III Nehgy; gupR

vd;gtw;wpd; tpsf;fj;ij nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; RUf;fpf; $Wf.
04. ,izag; gpujpapy; ePq;fs; mtjhdpj;j tplaq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jq;fs;.
05. Rw;wwpf;ifia thrpj;J gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil $Wf.

ahuhy; mDg;gg;gl;lJ -
ahUf;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ -
vt;tplak; njhlu;ghdJ -
Rw;WepUgj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s gbtk; vd;d?
,izf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d?
273
274
gpd;dpizg;G - 4
ghly;fs;
rPtfrpe;jhkzp
Njdp iuj;Jau; nkha;tiur; nrd;dpapd;

Nkdp iuj;J tpRk;Gw nts;spntz;
Nfhdp iuj;jd Nghw;nfhOe; jhiufs;
thdp iuj;J kze;J nrhupe;jNt.
(, - s;) thd;Nky; epiuj;J - Kfpy;fs; xd;wpd;Nky; xd;whf NkNy tupirahfj;

jk;kpw; $b@ Njd; epiuj;J cau; nkha;tiur; nrd;dpapd; - Njd;,why; epiuj;J
cau;e;j kiyapd; neUq;fpa cr;rpapy;@ nts;sp ntz;Nfhy; tpRk;Gcw epiuj;jd
Nghy; - nts;spahw; nra;j nts;spa Nfhy;fis thndq;Fk; epiuj;jhw;Nghy@
nfhOe; jhiufs; epiuj;J kze;J nrhupe;j - tskhd ePu;j;jhiufis epiuj;J
kzq;nfhz;L nrhupe;jd.
(tp - k;) thd; Kfpiy Azu;j;JtJ ,lthFngauhy;> kze;J@ ePu;j;Jsp

kz;zpw; gl;lTld; vOk; kzj;ijg; ngw;W> nrhupe;j@ gytpd;ghy; tpidKw;W. Njd;
,why; - Njd;$L.
Fotp ntz;kjpf; NfhLof; fPz;L Njd;

Kotp dpd;wjpu; nkha;tiur; nrd;dpap
dpopAk; nts;sU tpj;jpus; ahitAq;
FOtpd; khlj; Jfpw;nfhb Nghd;wNt.
(, - s;) nkha;tiur; nrd;dpapd; ,opAk;> Kotpd; epd;W mjpu;nts; mUtpj;jpus;

ahitAk; - kiyapd; neUq;fpa Kbfspy; epd;W ,opAk; Kontd epiyngw;W
Koq;Fk; ntz;ikahd mUtpf; $l;lq;fs; vy;yhKk;@ Fotp ntz;kjpf;NfhL
cof;fPz;L ,opAk;> (Kotpd; epd;W mjpu;) Njd; (jpus; ahitAk;) - nts;spa
gpiwj;jpq;fspd; Edp cOjyhy; ,why; fpope;J ,opAk; Kontd epiyngw;W>
Koq;Fk; Njd;$l;lq;fs; vy;yhKk;@ FOtpd;khlj; Jfpy; nfhb Nghd;w - $l;lkhd
khlq;fspy; Jfpw;nfhbia xj;jd.
(tp - k;) KoT Nghy mjpu;jy; ,uz;bw;Fk; Vw;Wf. ‘ntz;Lfpy;’ vd;Wk;

‘Nfhgj;jd;d Njhahg; g+e;Jfpy;’ (KUF - fU) vd;Wk; $wypd; Jfpy; ntz;ik
nrk;ik ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJ. NjdUtpf;Fr; nre;Jfpy; ctik. Fotp ntz;kjpf;NfhL
cOjYk; NjdUtp Kontd Koq;fp ,opjYk; cau;T etpw;rp.
,yq;F ePz;Kb ape;jpud; khu;gpd;Nky;

tpyq;fp tPo;e;jKj; jhuKk; Nghd;wit
eyq;nfhs; nghd;ndhL ed;kzp rpe;jyhw;
fyd;nga; Ngio ftpo;j;jTk; Nghd;wNt.
275
(, - s;) (mit) ,yq;F ePs;Kb ,e;jpud; khu;gpd; Nky; tpyq;fp tPo;e;j
Kj;jhuKk; Nghd;W - mt;tUtpfs; jhNk tpOk;nghOJ tpsq;Fk; ePz;l Kbia
Aila ,e;jpuDila khu;gpd;NkNy gpizj;J tPo;e;j Kj;JkhiyiaAk; Nghd;W@
mit eyk;nfhs; nghd;ndhL ed;kzp rpe;jyhy; - mit eye;jUk; nghd;idAk;
mofpa kzpfisAk; rpjWtjhy;@ fyd;nga; Ngio ftpo;jj
; Tk; Nghd;w - (,e;jpuDila)
mzpfyg; ngl;biaf; ftpo;j;Jf; fhl;lg;ngw;w mzpfyd;fisAk; xj;jd.
(tp - k;) tpyq;fp tPo;jy; - gpizj;jpl;l khiyNghNy tPo;jy;. (tpyq;fy; -

FWf;fply;) ftpo;j;j@ njhopw;ngau;> rpe;Jjy; - cs; epiwjypd; njwpj;jy;.
,J ePupw;F ctik $wpw;W.
Kw;nra;Aspy; NjdUtp ePuUtp vd ,Utif mUtpfs; $wg;gl;ld. mtw;wpy;
ePuUtpf;Fkl;Lk; <z;L ctik $wpw;W vd;fpwhu; er;rpdhu;ff
; pdpau;. ,dp> Kw;nra;Aspy;
ePuUtpia kl;LNk nfhz;L> Fotp ntz;kjpf;NfhL cOtjhy; Njd; ,why; fPz;L>
tz;Lfs; Muthupg;gJ Kontd mjpu;fpd;w njd;Wk; mj;jifa kiy Kbapdpd;Wk;
,opAk; ePuUtpj;jpus; ahitAk; khlj;jpd; Jfpw; nfhbNghy; tpsq;F fpd;wd vd;Wk;
$WtNj nghUj;jkhff; fhz;fpwJ. Njd; - tz;Lfspy; xUtif. mt;thW nfhs;tJ
Mw;nwhOf;fhfg; nghUs;gLtijAk; NjdUtp nfhs;s Ntz;bd; nfhz;L $l;Lg;nghUs;

Nfhs; nfhs;s Ntz;b tUtijAq; fhz;f.
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
%d;whk; jtiz
Nju; r ; r p 3.0 : vz; z f; f Uj; J f; f isAk; mgpg; g puhaq; f isAk;
Gyg; g Lj; j pg; NgRthu; .
Nju;r;rp myF 3.2 : ghtid nra;J NgRthu;.
nraw; g hL : ghtid nra;J NgRNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
gpup];ly; Nghl;
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - gpd;dp;izg;G 3
vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp
gb 3.2.1
• khjpupr; nra;jp xd;iw Kd;itj;J ghlj;ij Muk;gpAq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; nra;jpia> cuj;j njhdpapy; vy;yh khztu;fSk; Nfl;Fk; tpjkhf

nkhopr; nrk;ikAld; thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
my;yJ
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp xd;wpy; thndhypr; nra;jp xd;iw xypg;gjpT nra;J
khztu;fis nrtpkLf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
my;yJ
• gpup];ly; Nghl; xd;wpy; rpy nra;jpj;jiyg;Gf;fis vOjp thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
khjpupr; nra; j p
tzf; f k;
,J ,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;.
nra;jpfs;. thrpg;gtu; n[afpU\;zh.
Kjypy; jiyg;Gr; nra;jpfs;.
• ,yq;ifapd; rkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; ntw;wpg; ghijapy;...
• ,t;thz;L fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpy;
$Ljyhd epjp xJf;fPL
• ehl;by; kPz;Lk; rPuw;w fhyepiy
291
njhlu; e ; J nra; j pfs; . ..
,yq;ifapd; rkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; kPzL ; k; ntw;wpg; ghijapy; nrd;W nfhz;bUg;gJ
Fwpj;J rfyUk; ghuhl;Lj; njuptpj;Js;sdu;. rfy ,d kf;fSk; xw;WikNahL
ifNfhu;j;J thof;$ba fhyk; kpf tpiutpy; Vw;glg; NghfpwJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J
,yq;ifapd; [dhjpgjp kfpo;r;rp njuptpj;Js;shu;. ntspehl;Lj; jiytu;fSk;
,yq;ifapd; rkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; ntw;wpailtijf; Fwpj;J mjw;F
cioj;j rfyUf;Fk; ghuhl;ilj; njuptpj;Js;sdu;.
,t;thz;Lf;fhd fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;nfd 2005Mk; Mz;bd; tuT nryTj;

jpl;lj;jpy; $Ljyhd epjp xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf khztu;fspd; fy;tp
mgptpUj;jpf;fhfNt ,e;epjp xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Muk;gf;fy;tp khztu;fSf;Fk;
fzpdp %yk; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspj;jy;>
cgfuzq;fs; toq;Fjy;> ghlE}y;fs kw;Wk; topfhl;lw; Fwpg;Gf;fs; jahupj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhf ,e;epjp gad;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ.
ePqf
; s; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUg;gJ ,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; nra;jpfs;.
nra; j pfs; njhlu; f pd; w d.
,yq;ifapy; kPz;Lk; rPuw;w fhyepiy epyk; vd tspkz;lytpay;

jpizf;fsk; njuptpj;Js;sJ. ,g;NghJ njhlu;r;rpahfg; nga;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;
kio ,d;Dk; ,U thuq;fSf;Fj; njhlUnkd thdpiy mtjhd epiyak;
njuptpj;Js;sJ. njw;F> njd; Nkw;F> rg;gpufKt gpuNjrq;fspy; fLq;fhw;Wld;
$ba kio fhzg;gLk; vd thdpiy mtjhd epiyak; vr;rupf;if tpLj;Js;sJ.
nra; j pfspd; rhuhk; r k; .
• ,yq;ifapd; rkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; ntw;wpg;ghijapy;...
• ,t;thz;L fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpy;
$Ljyhd epjp xJf;fPL...
• ehl;by; kPz;Lk; rPuw;w fhyepiy
,j;Jld; ,r; nra;jpfs; Kbtile;jd.
- tzf;fk; -
,r;nra;jp mwpf;ifia Kd;itj;j gpd; Mrpupau; khztu;fsplk;>
,r;nra;jp mwpf;if njspthf tpsq;fpajh?
njspthf tpsq;fpaikf;fhd fhuzk; vd;d?
vd;w Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;Lf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.

NgRk;nghOJ
• nrk;ikahf>
• Nfl;Nghiuf; ftUk; tz;zk;>
• nghUj;jkhd Vw;w ,wf;fq;fSld;>
• fUj;Jg;Gyg;gl njspthf>
• jfty;fs;; tpsq;Fk; tz;zk;>
• epWj;jw; Fwpfis mDrupj;Jg; NgRjy;
15 epkplq; f s
s;
292
gb 3.2.2
• khztu;fis ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;l nraw;ghl;il toq;Fq;fs;.
• mt;tplaq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;b> njhFj;Jg; NgRtjw;F

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
25 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 3.2.3
• FOtpdu; nraw;ghl;il Kd;itf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;ig xUtu; Muk;gpj;Jg; Ngr> njhlu;e;J xUtu;gpd; xUtuhff;

FOtpYs;s VidNahUk; Ngrf;$ba tpjkhff; FOit top elhj;Jq;fs;.
• xU FOtpdu; tplaq;fis rku;g;gpf;Fk;NghJ> Vida FOtpdu; mtw;iwf;

Nfl;L tpku;rpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• ,t;thW vy;yhf; FOtpdUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fp FOtpYs;s

xt;nthUtUk; NgRtjw;F top nra;Aq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; mtu;fsJ nraw;ghl;by; ,lk;ngWkhw;iwf; ftdpj;J

fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
• jiyg;Gf;Nfw;w tplak;
• Ngr;Rj;njspT
• Vw;w ,wf;fk;
• Ntfk;
• njhdp NtWghL
• nkhopr; nrk;ik
80 epkplq; f s
s;
• mwptpg;ghsu; ifahz;l nkhopeil gw;wp khztu; tpsf;Fthu;.
• gapw;rpapD}lhf xU rpwe;j mwptpg;ghsuhf tuf;$ba jpwidg;

ngwyhnkd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
• fpilf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; Ngr;Rj; jpwid tsu;j;Jf;

nfhs;thu;.
• nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fs;> ctikfs;> gonkhopfs;> cjhuzq;fs;

Mfpadtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpg; NgRk; NghJ Nfl;Nghiuf; ftuyhk;
vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
293
gpd;dpizg;G 1
FO I • ckJ ghlriyapy; eilngw;w fl;llj; jpwg;G tpoh

- njhFg;Giu
• mwpKfk;
• eilngWk; ,lk;> fhyk;
• xOq;FKiw
• epfo;Tfs;
• Kf;fpa mjpjpfs;
• tuNtw;G xOq;F
• fyhrhu tplaq;fs;
• epiwT
FO II • thndhypr; nra;jp mwpf;if

• tpspg;G
• jiyg;Gr; nra;jpfs;
• tpupthd nra;jpfs;
• cs;ehl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
• ntspehl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
• tu;j;jf thzpgr; nra;jpfs;
• tpisahl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
• thdpiy mwpf;if
• nra;jpfspd; rhuhk;rk;
• KbT
FO III • njhiyf;fhl;rpr; nra;jpfs;

• tpspg;G
• jiyg;Gr; nra;jpfs;
• tpupthd nra;jpfs;
• cs;ehl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
• ntspehl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
• tpisahl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
• thdpiy mwpf;if
• nra;jpfspd; rhuhk;rk;
• epiwT
FO IV • ,yq;ifapd; 58 MtJ Rje;jpu jpd tpoh epfo;Tfs;

- Neu;Kf tu;zid
• mwpKfk;
• eilngWk; ,lk;> fhyk;
• xOq;F tpjpfs;
• myq;fhuk;
• Kd;Maj;jk;
• tuyhW
• gq;Fgw;Wtu;fs;
• epfo;rr
; pfs;
• epiwT
294
Nju;r;rp myF 7.2 : nkhopj;jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
nraw; g hL : ~njhiyAk; nghf;fprq;fs;| vd;w rpWfijia

thrpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ju cs;sPL : njhiyAk; nghf;fprq;fs; (rpWfij)

- gpd;dpizg;G 01
vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;

gb 7.2.1
• ~~r%fj;jpy; elkhLfpd;w egu;fisNa rpWfijfspy; ghj;jpuq;fshfj;
juprpf;fpd;Nwhk;. mjdhy; mf;fijfSld; vk;ikawpahkNy
xd;wptpLfpNwhk;.||
• ,f;$w;iwf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp> gpd;tUk; tpdh %yk; khztUld;

fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• rpWfijnahd;wpid vOJk;NghJ fjhrpupau; vt;ntt;tplaq;fs; kPJ

ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpwhu;?
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
fijapd; fU
fsk;
ghj;jpuq;fs;
r%fr; #oy;
nkhopeil - Ngr;R tof;F
(gpuNjr tof;F)
cj;jpfs;
10 epkplq; f s
s;
295
gb 7.2.2
• gpd;dpizg;G 01 ,y; cs;s ~njhiyAk; nghf;fprq;fs;| vd;w
fijg;gpujpia khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; toq;fp thrpf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• gpd;dpizg;G 02 ,y; cs;s nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij jdpj;jdpNa

G+u;j;jpnra;a tifnra;Aq;fs;.
• khztiu ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J Ngiuf; nfhz;l FOf;fs; Mf;Fq;fs;.
• khztu;fs; FOthf ,aq;fp KjyhtJ nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpd;

cjtpAld; ,uz;lhk; nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; njhlu;ghd mwpf;ifia
vOJtjw;F tif nra;Aq;fs;.
70 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 7.2.3
xt;nthU FOtpypUe;Jk; khztu; xUtiu vOkhw;whf vOg;gp
•
mwpf;ifia Kd;itg;gjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• Vida khztu;fs; jj;jk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F top

nra;Aq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis typAWj;jp khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
1. fijapd; fU
Gyk;ngau;e;J nrd;w tNahjpgu; xUtu; jd; kz;kPJ nfhz;l
khwhj gw;Wk; kjpg;gplKbahj nrhj;ij ,of;Fk;NghJ
Vw;gLk; kdtLTk;.
2. fsk; - tlkhfhzj;jpy; X&u;
3. ghj;jpuq;fs; - jk;gpaz;iz
nry;yj;Jiu
4. nkhopeil
vOj;Jtof;F
Ngr;Rtof;F - Fwpg;ghf tlf;fpy; aho;g;ghzg;
gpuNjr Ngr;R tof;F
cjhuzk; :
~~gps;is khkhTf;Ff; Fbf;f VjhtJ nfhz;L thiz.
eLntapYf;fhiy thwhu;.||
gpuNjr tof;Fr; nrhw;fs; -

GOf;nfhbay;> Cky;> gpdhl;Lf;fha;> cg;Gb> ,Q;ir
5. cj;jpfs;
• mzp - ctik - ky;up nguy;fsha; ,jak; ntbg;gJ.
cUtfk; - kdf;fly;
296
epidNthl;lkhf fijia efu;j;jpr; nry;Yjy;
thrfiuj; J}z;lf;$ba njhlf;fk;
• fijia efu;j;Jk; tpjk; - Nghupd;> tpisit

Fwpg;ghy; czu;j;Jjy;
• eilKiwapy; toq;Fk; ctikfs;
• nrhw;gpuNahfk;
• fijAk; jiyg;Gk;
1. gpujhd ghj;jpuk; Vw;gLj;jpa kdj;jhf;fk;.

• ntspehl;bypUe;J jd;tPl;ilg; ghu;g;gjw;F ntF Mtyha;
tUjy;> nghf;fprkhfg; Nghw;wg;gl;l gidkuq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;lik
fz;L jhq;fKbahJ JaUWjy;@ jsu;r;rpailjy;
• vj;jid ,og;gpYk; kPz;Lk; njhlq;Fk; kpLf;Fld;

gdq;nfhl;ilfis tsT G+uhTk; tpijf;f KbT nra;Ak;

kdTWjp.
• eilKiw tho;NthL njhlu;GWj;jy;

,e;j mbg;gilapy; ghj;jpuj;jpd; $w;Wf;fis ,izj;J
tpsf;fpf; fhl;Ljy;
40 epkplq; f s;
• fijapd; fUit ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• fijapd; fsk;> ghj;jpuq;fs; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.
• r%fg; gpur;rpidia ,dq;fz;L tpku;rpg;ghu;.
• nkhopeil gw;wp tpsq;Fthu;.
• fijia efu;jj
; pr; nry;tjw;F ifahsg;gl;l cj;jpfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• fijapd; gpujhd ghj;jpuj;ij tpku;rpg;ghu;.
297
gpd;dpizg;G : 1
njhiyAk; nghf;fprq;fs;
jd; kdj;ijg; NghyNt cr;rpr; jk;gpj;Jiu mz;iz vd;gJjhd;
#upad; ckpOk; ntapy; jfpj;Jf; ‘jk; g paz; i zapd; ’ tpupe; j tbtk;
nfhz;bUf;f> Kfnky;yhk; fUik vd;gJ gyUk; mwpahjNghjpYk; mtiu
Nghu;j;jp> kdk; Nrhu;e;J tpwhe;ijapy; ‘jk;gpaz;iz’ vd;Nw miog;gJ tof;
Nghlg; g l; l rha; k idf; fl; b ypy; fkhapw;W.
tPo;e;jhu; jk;gpaz;iz. ‘ky;up nguy;
fsha; ’ ,jak; ntbg; g J Nghd; w jk;gpaz;iz vd;Dila je;ij
czu;T. kdj;jpNy gy;yhapuk; Mzp apd; %j;jrNfhjup - ngupa khkpapd; -
fshy; miwe;j jtpg;G. cs;sj;Jg; kfd;> mj;jhd;. tajpNy %j;j ikj;
GOf;fk; clnyy;yhk; tpau;itahfp Jdu;fis mj;jhd; vd;gJjhd; toik.
Nrl;NlhL xl;b cly; ererj;Jtu vdf;F NeNu ,U taJfs; %j;jtu;
vy;yhNk ntWj;jJ Nghd;w czu;T. vd;gjdhy; vkf;fpilNa tajpdhy;
mYj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. cz; l hd NtWghLfs; vitAk;

,y;iy. mj;jhd; vd;whYk; xUtpj
fhiyr; rhg;ghl;il Kbj;Jf; neUf; f k; fUjp ‘mz; i z’ vd; W
nfhz;L ntspf;fpl;ltu; - xUkzpahfp nrhy;yptUk; gof;fk; vd;dplk; rpW
tpl;lJ - ,g;NghJ jhd; tUfpd;whu;. tajpypUe; N j KiwtOtikjpahf
mtuJ epiyikia vd;dhy; XusT te;J Nru;e;Jtpl;lJ.
czuKbe;jJ.
vq;fSila FLk;gj;jpy; Kjy;
“gps;is ... khkhTf;F Fbf;f gpwe;jtu; vd;gjhy; vdf;F ,isa
VjhtJ nfhz;L thiz. eL ntapYf; rNfhjupfs; mtiu ‘%j;jj;jhd;’ vd;W
fhiy thwhu;. Fspu VjhtJ jhd; miog; g hu; f s; . vd; D ila
Fnliz” filrpj; jq; i fapd; cwTKiw
,d;Dk; tpj;jpahrkhdJ. mts; mtiu
vdJ %j;jtSf;F $wpathNw ‘jk;gpaz;iz mj;jhd;’ vd;Wjhd;
jk;gpaz;izf;F Kd;dpUe;j fjpiu mioj;J tUfpwhs;.
apNy mku;e;J nfhs;fpNwd;.
me;jstpw;F vy;NyhUf;Fk; jk;gp
“vd;d jk;gpaz;iz nfhQ;rk; az;iz Mfptpl;lhu; mtu;.
Ntisf; F tuf; $ lhNj - ntapy;
VNwf;F Kd;dk; - ,e;j cr;rp ntapYf; eP z ; l fhyk; ‘jk; g paz; i z’
fhiy thwpas; ...” CupNy ,y;iy. New;Wf;fhiyapy; jhd;
gazj;jhy; te;jpUe;jhu;. fdlhtpNy
jk;gpaz;izia tULk; tif jd;Dila kfdpd; FLk;gj;NjhL MW
apy; VjhtJ Nfl;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf tUlkhf ,Ue;Jtpl;L ,g;NghJjhd;
xg;Gf;Ff; Nfl;Litj;Njd;. nrhe;j CUf;F te;jpUf;fpwhu;.
mtu; jd;id Rjhfupj;Jf; nfhs; “nry;yk;> Gjpjhf gpwe;j khjpupf;

fpd;whu;. vdpDk; cs;@u mtUf;fpUe;j fplf;flh vq;fil Cupiy jpUk;gpAk;
gjfspg;G ,d;Dk; Mwpaghby;iy. 298
fhiy itg;gd; vz;L fdtpYk; aha;gN; ghr;R. vq;fl tho;fi
; f FiyQ;
epidf;fNt ,y;iyalh. xU khr rJ Nghy Mw;iu tho;fi ; f FiyQ;rJ
nkz;lhYk; epz;Ljhd; Nghfg;Nghwd;. ...?”
cd;iu filrpg; ngbad; $l vd;iu jk;gpaz;iz vq;fs; tPlb; Nyjhd;
NjhSf;F Nkyhiy tsu;e;jpl;lhd;. jq;fp epw;fpd;whu;. mtUila tPL nrd;w
vy;yhiuAk; Neiu ghu;f;f vt;tsT thuk;tiu ‘Mkpf;fhk;g;’ ghfj;jhd;
re;Njhrkhf; fplf;Fj; njupANk ...?” ,Ue;jJ. mtUila tPLk;> mjw;F
mUfpYs;s ehd;F tPLfSk; Nru;e;J
vd;W jk;gpaz;iz New;W te;j ,uhZt Kfhq; f shfg; ghtpf; f j;
Tld; Mjq;fj;NjhL $wpa thu;ji
; jfs; njhlq;fp ,g;NghJ Vwj;jho Ie;J
,jaj;ij tUb epd;wd. tUlq; f shfp tpl; l d. Kf; f pakhd
,uz;L rhiyfs; FWf;fpLk; ehw;re;jp
nry;yj;Jiu vd;w vdJ nga apd; mUNf mike;j tPL vd;gjhy;
iur; RUf;fp ‘nry;tk;’ vd;W miog;gJ mjpNy ,uhZt Kfhk; ,Lkstpw;F
jhd; mtupd; thyhak;. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
“vd;dz;iz vd;d Kfnky;yhk; ,uhZtj;jpw;F kl;Lky;y> vq;fs;

xU khjpupf;fplf;F? NgawQ;rJ khjpup. tho;tpYk; fz;fSk; ghu;itAkhf

vd; d ntf; i f jhq; f Kbahky; ,ize;Jtpl;l ngUik me;j tPlb ; w;F
fplf;Nf ...? vd;d xNu ‘nud;\dh’ cz;L. vq;fs; FLk;gq;fspd; jha;tPL
,Uf;fpw khjpupf; fplf;F. cq;if mJ. vd;Dila je;ijAk;> ngupa
cq;fl kUNks; Njrpf;fha;j; jz;zp khkpAk;> rpd;dkhkpAk; gpwe;j ,lk; mJ.
itr;rpUf;fpwhs; FbAq;Nfh. Fbr;rpl;Lg; vq;fSila Ngud; Ngu;j;jp capNuhL
gpwF rhg;gpl;bl;L nfhQ;rk; ‘nw];w;’ ,Ue; j fhyj; j pNy vq; f s; %d; W
vLq;Nfh. fdfhyj;Jf;Fg; gpwF vq;fl FLk;gq;fspdJk; fUtiwahf me;j
ntapy; Rl;Lg;Nghr;R ... ” tPLjhd; tpsq;fpaJ. ehDk; vd; mLj;j
,U rNfhjupfSk; me;j tPl;bNyjhd;
vd; W vd; FuNyhL espdk; gpwe;Njhk;. rpd;dts; jhd; ehk; ,g;NghJ
Nru;j;J mtiu ,ay;Gf;Ff; ,Ue;JtUk; mk;khtpd; rPjd tPl;by;
nfhz;Ltu Kide;Njd;. gpwe;jts;. vq;fisg; NghyNt jk;gp
az;izAk;> mtuJ xU rNfhjupAk;
“vd;dj;ijf; Fbr;nrd;d rhg;gpl; mq;Fjhd; gpwe;jhu;fs;. rpd;dkhkpf;Fg;
nld;d vy;yhk; ...” gps;isfs; ,y;iy. mg;gh mk;khtpd;
tPl;bf;F nrd;wJNghy rpd;dkhkpAk;
jk;gpaz;izapd; thu;ji
; jfspy; rpd;dkhkhtpd; tPl;Lf;Fr;
ntspg;gLtJ Vkhw;wkh? ek;gpf;if nrd; W tpl; l hs; . jk; g paz; i zapd;
aPdkh? foptpuf;fkh? vd;dhy; gFj; FLk;gKk;> kr;rhs; FLk;gKk; ,e;j
jwpa Kbatpy;iy. ehl;iltpl;L ntspNaWk;tiu
mq;Fjhd; tho;e;J te;jdu;. ehd;F
“vd;dz;iz ...?” nkhl;ilah jiyKiwfs; eykhf tho;e;j me;j
fNt Nfl;Nld;. ehw;rhu; tPlb
; w;F xU tuyhW cs;sij
,e;j Cupy; ,d;W mwpe;jtu; rpyNu.
“vy;yhk; mopQ;RNghr;Rjlh. tPLk;
rup tho;f;ifAk; rup. tho Ntz;ba jk;gpaz;iz fdlhtpy; epd;w
Fbia tpl;bl;L ntspf;fpl;lJ gpio fhyj;jpy; vdf;F vOJk; fbjq;fspy;
299
xd;wpy;$l me;j tPl;bd; me;j tPL ,Uf;Fk; fhzp me;jf;
ngUikia czu;j;jp mjid fhyj;jpy; xU ngupa fl;lhe;jiuahf
tprhupf;fj; jtwpajpy;iy. ,Ue;jjhk;. mjpypUe;j %d;W gidfs;
khj;jpuk;jhd; me;j epyj;jpw;Fk; capu;gG
;
“nry;yk; vq;fl tPL vq;fl Ngud; ,Ue; j ij czu; j ; j p epd; w d. xU
Ngj;jp> mk;kh Iah> ehq;fs;> vq;fl Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; %d;W Gs;spfsha;
nghb ngl;il vy;yhk; rPtpr;R Xbahbj; epd;w me;jg; gidfs; jhd; me;jf;
jpupQ;r ,lk;. vq;fl Ngug;gps;isfSk; fhzpapNy tho; e ; j vq; f s; Ngud;
me;j Kw;wj;jpy; kpjpf;f NtZnklh. Ngu;jj
; papd; Fbiriaf; NfhGukhf;fpa
vq;fisg;Nghy tpisahlNtZklh. #l;Rkq;fs;.
ftdpr;Rf;nfhz;L ,U. xUfhyk; tUk;
jhNd. mtq;fs; vOk;gpd clNdNa tUlhtUlk; ghj;jpNghl;L tUk;
tPl;il gioakhjpup Mf;fpg; Nghl gdq;fpoq;F> xbay;> GOf;nfhbay;>
NtZk; ...” Cky;> gdhl;L> fq;Fkl;il tpw;w
Nrkpg;gpy; cUthdJjhd; me;j tPL
me;j tPli
; lg;gw;wp jk;gpaz;iz vd;gij ,d;W ahUNk ek;gptplg;
vOJk; tupfspy; vd;kdjpy; ePupy; tPoe
; j
; Nghtjpy;iy vd;whYk; cz;ik.
FUzpf;fy;yha; Gije;J epiyj;Js;s

tupfspit. “vd;d ePq;fs; ce;jg; ngupa
tPl;ilf; fl;bg;Nghl;L eLf;fhzpapy
jk; g paz; i z ,g; g bnay; y hk; gidais tpl; b Uf; f pwpas; . kio
vOJk; Ntisfspy; vd; D ila fhj;Jf;F tPl;Lf;F Nky rhQ;RNj
kdj;jpdbapNy Mog;Gije;j me;j naz;lhy; ...” vd;W tPL fl;ba Ntis
ehl;fspd; epidTfs; te;JNghFk;. apy; ‘eup’ KUNfR thj;jpahu; mg;Gitf;
Nfl;l Ntisapy;>
toikf;F khwhf tlf;F Nehf;fp
mike;j Kfg;gpid nfhz;l ehw;rhu;
“vdf;F Nky tpOe;J capu;
tPL. Kfg;G Kw;wj;jpy; ,uz;L me;jiy
NghdhYk; gwthapy; i y. mJfs;
fspYk; ,uz; L ngupa fha; j ; J j;
jq;flghl;biy epf;fl;Lk;”
js;Sk; gyhkuq;fs;. ,tw;wpdpilNa
mk; g ytp. fWj; j f; n fhOk; g hd; kh
vd;W cWjpglf; $wpa gjpy;
kuq;fs; ,uz;L. Kfg;Gthapypd; ,U
,d;Wk; vd; nrtpfspy; epiwe;Js;sJ.
GwKk; mse;J itf;fg;gl;l g+Q;nrb
fSk; rhbfSk;> Rw;wptuf; fOj;Jau
ehDk; jk;gpaz;izAk; rpWtu;
kjpw;Rtu;. gpujhd ntspthapypy; ,Ue;J
fshf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; khkhitf;
Kfg;Gtiu nghopag;gl;l ryitf;
nfhz;L ,uz;L gidfSf;F
fw;fs; nfhz;L Mf;fg;gl;l eilghij
FWf;fhf kuq;fl;b CQ;ry; fl;Ltpj;J
vd;gtw;NwhL $ba me;j tPlb ; d; moF
Mba epidTfs; vd;kdjpy;
thu;j;ijfspy; trg;glhjit.
gRikahf cs;sd. ehq;fs; ‘mbr;Rj;
njhl;L’ tpisahLk; Nghjpnyy;yhk;
me;j tPLjhd; ,g;NghJ vopy;
me; j %d; W gidfisAk; Rw; w p
Fiye; J RLfhLNghy fplf; f pwJ.
Misahs; Juj;jpf; nfhz;L XLtJ
epiy fjTfs; ,bf;fg;gl;L> kuq;fs;
tpWtpWg;igj; je;jJ.
jwpf;fg;gl;L> fplq;Ffs; Njhz;lg;gl;L>
Ks; tisaq;fs; Nghlg;gl;L> neUQ;rp
Ks; mg;gp... 300
%d; W gidfSk; fha; j ; J f; %d;W %d;whf ‘nfhl;ilfis’ gpupj;J
FYq;Fk; fhyj;jpy; tPLfis fl;Lk;. itj;J> NjhYupj;J ‘gog; Gspia’
mg;gpSf;F mT];jpNuypah vd;why; fopahf fiuj;J gdk; goj;jpy; thu;jJ
; >
gdk; goj;Jf;F aho;g;ghzk;. iffspdhy; Jk;igAk;> fopiaAk;
gpire;J ,Wf iffspdhy; mOj;jp
ehq;fs; XusT gUtkwpe;j rpWtu; ngUtpuiyAk; Ml;fhl;b tpuiyAk;
fshf ,Ue; j fhyj; j py; ‘gdhl; L tisakhf xd;W Nru;j;J gpire;j
gpidtJ’ mg;Gtpd; tPl;by; xU rlq; gdq; f op> tisakhd tpuypLf; F
fhNt eilngWk; . gdk; g oq; f is topNa nghq;fptu thia itj;J
gt;tpakhfr; Nru;j;Jitj;J ngupa me;jf; fopia cwpQ;rpf; Fbg;gjpy;
mz;lh Nghd;w ghj;jpuj;jpy; MSk; cs;s Rfk;. ‘nrhj;jypf; nfhl;ilia’
NgUkhfr; Nru;eJ
; ‘gpdhl;L gpidtjpy;’ Nju;e;njLj;J KOjhfthapNy js;sp
xt;nthU jlitAk; xt;nthU capu;gG ; . ‘ggps;fk;’ rg;GtJ Nghy ehs; KOf;f
Mr;rp jd;Dila gidapNyNa rhu; tha; Fjg;gpj; jpupe;j Rfk;.
Nthiy ntl; L tpj; J “ngUk; g id
Xiyg; gpdhl;Lg;gha;” ,iog;ghs;. ghj;jpfpz;b gilay; itj;jy;>
gpide;j gdq;fopia gdhl;Lg; ghapNy nel; b ntl; b rP u ; nra; J fpoq; F
jbg;ghf thu;j;J ntapypNy mtpj; j y; > nkhl; L ntl; b g+uhd;
fhaitj;J “fz;Nlh];” Nghd;w jpd;Djy;> GOf;nfhbay; fhatpl;L

fhty; fhj;jy; - ,e;j Rfq;fis
nay;yhk; tho;fi ; fahf je;jit me;j
%d;W gid kuq;fSk;jhd;. tho;tpy;
xt;nthU fzq;fSk; $b tho;jy;>
nfhLj;J cz;Zjy; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
thspg;Gfs; - trPfuq;fisj; - je;jit
,it. ,it vy;yhk; kdf;flypd;
mbapypUe; J kpjg; n gLf; F k; N ghJ>
,g;Nghija vq;fs; tho;Tfs; mu;jj ; q;
fs; ngha;j;J me;jupg;gJ Nghd;w Xu;
czu;T.
Jz;Lfsha; ntl;b> kz;ghid
apy; ‘fUg;gzp’ ghzpfha;r;rp thu;j;J ,e;jr; Rfq;fis vy;yhk; tho;f;
muprpg; nghupNahL gdhl;Lj; Jz;L ifahfj; je;jit me;j %d;W gid
fisg; Nghl;L> gy ehl;fs; Cwtpl;L kuq;fSk;jhd;.
‘gdhl;L fhb’ Nghl;L itg;ghu;fs;.
ghfpNy Njha;e;j me;jg; gdhl;Lj; “vNl mg; G mit> vq; f Sf; F
Jz;Lfis thapNy Nghl;L Kk;%u;jpfSk; ,e;j %z;L gidaSe;
‘nuhgpahf’ ctpe;j fhyk;. ,g;NghJ jhdlh.” vd;W vq;fs; Ngud; - mg;G -
ahupijr; nra;fpwhu;fs;.?... mbf;fb nrhy;tJ ,d;Wk; epidtpil
epiwe;Js;sJ.
gdhl;L gpoptjw;F Nrfupj;j gdk;
goq; f spy; kpf cau; e ; j jukhd jk;gpaz;iz tho;Nt njhiye;J
tw;iwj; njupe;J fy;yLg;G %l;b> tpl;ljhf czu;tJ vd; ,jaj;J
mLg;G thapy; gdk;goj;ij itj;J Jbg;NghL Nru;e;J mjpUk; ,og;gpd;
Njhy; fUFk; tiu vupj;J> Rl;lgpd;du; czu;Tfistpl NkyhdJ vd;gij
mwpe;Jk; vd;dhy; mtiu MWjy;
301 gLj;j Kbatpy;iy.
“m z ; i z vd;dz;iz cWjpNahL $wpf; n fhz; L
vq;fSf;F kl;LNk ... vy;yhUf;Fk; vOe;J jfpf;Fk; ntapypy; ,wq;fp ele;
,Q;ir cg;gpb xt;nthU Vf;fk;jhd; jhu;. mtUf;fhf itj;jpUe;j ‘Njrpf;
tho;fi; fahfpg; Ngha;ff ; plf;FJ. New;W fha; jz;zp’ mg;gbNa fple;jJ.
ePqf
; s; tPli
; lg; ghu;ff
; g; Nghfg;Nghwd;
- tjpup ,. ,uhN[]; fz;zd; -
vz;L nrhy;iyAf;ifNa nrhy;yNtZ
nkz;Ljhd; epidr;rd; Mdhy;...”
“vd;dlh Ngf;fij fijf;fpwha;

fbjj;jpiy xU nrhy;Y vOjpapUf;f
$lhNj ... cijg;ghf;fNt re;Njh\kh
Xb te;jdhd; ... nka;Na nrhy;Y ...”
mz; i zapd; vjpu; g hu; g ; G fs;

ngha;jj
; kdczu;Tfs; ntg;gprhukhf
ntspg;gl;lJ.
“mz; i z mtq; f s; mJf;

Fs;is ,Uf;f ehq;fs; vd;dz;iz
nra;apwJ. mWthq;fs; gq;fu; Nghlj;
jhdz;iz jwpr;rpUg;ghq;fs;.”
vd; ,jak; cilg;ngLj;jJ.

vd;dhy; jk;gpaz;iziaj; Njw;w
Kbahjij czu;j;jpw;W.
“ehrkha; Nghthq;fs;. vd;iu

tPl;ilg; mk;kzkhf;fpapUf;fpwhq;fs;
gwthapy;iy fl;bahjy; Nghlyhk;.
me;j %z;ilAk; mg;G vt;tsT gf;F
tkh tsu;j;J nghf;fprkh vq;fSf;F
tpl;bl;Lg; Nghdtu;. mij vg;gpb ,dp...”
mz;izapd; thu;ji; jfs; njhz;

ilf; FopNahL rpiwg;gl;ld. rw;W Neu
nksdj; i j Fiyj; J f; nfhz; L
vOe;jhu;.
“nry;yk; ... vq;ifahjy; ey;y

gdq;nfhl;il ghu;f;fg;Nghwd;. vd;iu
tprh KbQ; r hYk; gwthapy; i y
vj;jpid khrnkz;lhYk; rup
me;jtsT KOf;f tpijf;fg; Nghwd;
...”
302
gpd;dpizg;G 2
fijia thrpj;Jg; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; tplaq;fisj; njhFf;fTk;.
1. fijapd; fU
2. fijapd; fsk;
3. ghj;jpuq;fs;
4. nkhopeil
Ngr;Rtof;F> gpuNjr tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;
5. cj;jpfs;
KjyhtJ nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;jpd; Jiznfhz;L fPo;tUk; tpdhTf;fhd tpiliar;

rku;g;gpAq;fs;.
~njhiyAk; nghf;fprq;fs;| vd;w rpWfijapy; tUfpd;w gpujhd ghj;jpuk; cq;fs;

kdjpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ij vOJq;fs;.
Nkyjpf nraw;ghL
• ,e;jr; rk;gtk; Nghd;W tho;f;ifapy; ePq;fs; ,oe;j my;yJ kwf;f Kbahj

tplak; xd;iwf; fUthff; nfhz;L rpWfij xd;iw vOJq;fs;.
303
nraw; g hL : thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;j ehlfj;ij tpku;rpj;J vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp ehlfk; - ghlE}y;

vOJ jhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
gb 9.7.1
• cq;fs; ghlrhiyapy; eilngw;w xU ehlfk; my;yJ ehl;ba ehlfk;
xd;wpid epidTgLj;jp mJ njhlu;ghd fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLq;fs;.
my;yJ (jpiug;glk; xd;W gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahlyhk;.)
• gpd;tUtd Nghd;w tpdhf;fis khztuplj;J tpdhTq;fs;.

1. me;epfo;T rigNahiu <u;jJ ; f;nfhz;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
2. me;epfo;tpy; ckf;Fg; gpbj;j fhl;rpfs; vit? Vd;? gpbf;fhjit
vit? Vd;?
3. mit mbf;fb ckJ kdj;jpiuapy; te;J Nghfpd;wdth?
• ehk; Nfl;Fk;> my;yJ ghu;f;Fk; fiy epfo;Tfs; gw;wp xU tpku;rd

Nehf;fpy; rpe;jpg;gjd; Njit.
• Fiwfis kl;Lkd;wp mjd; epiwthd mk;rq;fisAk; kdjpw;nfhs;sy;
• tpku;rdq;fs; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; gw;wpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(m) fijf;fUTk; fiytbtKk;
(M) fhl;rpfSk; fjhghj;jpuq;fSk;
(,) nkhopg;gpuNahfk;
(<) thrfiu <u;f;Fk; jd;ik
(c) Mrpupaupd; fw;gid
(C) gbg;gpidfs;> KbT
10 epkplq; f s
s;
304
gb 9.7.2
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij midtUf;Fk; toq;fp mwpTWj;jypd;gb

nraw;gl topfhl;Lq;fs;
70 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.7.3
• FOepiyapy; njhFj;j tplaj;ij Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• vy;yhf; FOtpdUk; jj;jk; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Fq;fs;.

1. ehlfj;jpd; nghJthd mk;rq;fs;

• fijf;fU> fijf;fsk;> rk;gtq;fspd; njhlu;r;rp.
• fjhghj;jpuq;fs;> czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL> ghj;jpug;gilg;G
• fhl;rp khw;wk;> Nkilaikg;G
• tpWtpWg;G> mthepiyapidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;
• jiyg;Gk; KbTk;> gbg;gpidfs;
2. Nrhod;> murp> fk;gu;> $j;ju;> rilag;gts;sy; Nghd;w gpujhd
fjhghj;jpuq;fisAk; Fztpay;GfisAk; tpsf;Fjy;
3. fhyj;Jf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fk; Vw;w nkhopeil> tpWtpWg;G> czu;r;rp
ntspg;ghLfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
4. fk;gu;> xl;lf;$j;ju; ,Utupd; ftpj;jpwikapid cjhuzq;fs; %yk;
Kd;itj;jy;
5. jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wp fUj;Jf;fis Vw;GilajhfTk;>
KiwikahfTk; Kd;itj;jy;@ fhuzq;fs; $Wjy;
40 epkplq; f s
s;
• ehlfj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.
• jj;jkf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd ghj;jpuq;fisAk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk;

tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
• fk;gdpd; ftp Mw;wiyj; njhFj;Jf; $Wthu;.
• ~ty;ytDf;F ty;ytd; itafj;jpy; cz;L| vd;w fUj;Jg; Gyg;gLk;

tifapid mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• ghu;jj
; /Nfl;l ehlfq;fis tpku;rpg;ghu;.
305
Nkyjpf nraw; g hLfs;
(m) tFg;giwapy; khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf ebf;f itj;jy;
(M) khztu;fis ,dq;fz;L rpwe;j gapw;rpAld; ghlrhiy tpNrl

epfo;Tfspy; ,e;ehlfj;jpid NkilNaw;Wjy;
gpd;dpizg;G 1
FOf;fshfr; nraw;gLq;fs;
1. ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp ehlfj;jpid thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;j mwpitf; nfhz;L gpd;tUk;

tplaj; jiyg;Gfspy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
(m) nghJthf xU ehlf ,yf;fpaj;Jf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs;
(M) ftpr;rf;futu;jj
; p - ehlfj;jpy; tUk; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fSk; Fztpay;GfSk;
(,) ftpr;rf;futu;j;jpfs; ,UtupdJk; ftpjh rhku;j;jpak;
(<) Mrpupaupd; nkhopeilAk; cj;jpfSk;
(c) jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL
306
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : Mf;fj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp myF 7.1 : gy;NtW gilg;Gf;fis EZfp thrpj;J

mtw;wpNy ifahsg;gl;Ls;s cj;jpfs;>
fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;iw tpku;rpg;ghu;.
nraw;ghL : Kj;njhs;shapug; ghly;fis eae;J fUj;Jf;fis

ntspg;gLj;JNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : Kj;njhs;shapug; ghly;fs; - ghlE}y;

vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
gb 7.1.1
• ~Fil epoypypUe;J FQ;ru %u;e;Njhu;
eilnkype; Njh&u; ez;zpDk; ez;Ztu;.||
• ,t;tbfisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tpdhit tpdtp khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• ,JNghd;w ghliy ehk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F vt;thwhd mk;rq;fis

mtjhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;?
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
ghly;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;F>
• re;jpgpupj;J thrpj;jy;
• nfhz;L $l;Ljy;
• mUk;gjq;fis mwpjy;
• nghUis tpsq;Fjy;
• cj;jpfs;> rpwg;Gf;fis mwpjy;
20 epkplq; f s
s;
307
gb 7.1.2
• khztu;fis Ie;J Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• jug;gl;l Kj;njhs;shapug; ghly;fs; Ie;ijAk; midtUk; thrpf;f

top nra;Aq;fs;.
• FOtpYs;s xt;nthUtUk; xt;nthU ghliyj; njupTnra;J> gpd;dpizg;

gpYs;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 1I G+u;j;jp nra;a newpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• FOtpYs;s ItUkpize;J nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2I G+u;j;jp nra;J

mwpf;ifg;gLj;j re;ju;g;gk; mspAq;fs;.
80 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 7.1.3
• 5 khztu;fis vOkhw;whf vOg;gp KjyhtJ nraw;ghl;Lg;
gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd tpilfis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• ,uz;lhtJ nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd mwpf;ifiar; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F

xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• xU FOtpdu; jkJ mwpf;ifiar; rku;g;gpf;Fk;NghJ Vida FOtpdu;

jj;jk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisf; $wr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis khztUf;F tpsf;fpf; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLq;fs;.
1. Ma;kzpg; igk;G+z; myq;F jhu;f; Nfhijia

fhzpa nrd;W fjT mile;Njd;.
ngUQ; nry;tu; ,y;yj;J ey;$u;e;jhu; Nghy
vd; neQ;R ehzp> tUk; nry;Yk; NgUk;
2. Ma;kzp - Ma;e;njLj;j kzpfs;

myq;Fjhu; - mirfpd;w G+khiy
ey;$u;e;jhu; - twpNahu;
3. njupe;njLf;fg;gl;l kzpfs; gjpf;fg;gl;l Mguzq;fisAk; mirfpd;w

G+khiyiaAk; #b Nrukd;dd; tPjpAyh tUfpwhu;. mtidf; fhZk;
Mirahy; fjit mile;Njd;. xU fhyj;jpy; ed;whf tho;e;jpUe;j
xUtu; tWikg;gl;L ngUQ; nry;te;juplk; cjtp ngwr; nry;Yifapy;
ehzk; fhuzkhf jpUk;Gtjh nry;tjh vd;W jLkhWtJNghy vdJ
neQ;rk; fhjy; J}z;l nry;Yk; @ gpd; ehzj;jhy; jLkhwpj; jpUk;Gk;.
308
4. Nrukd;ddplj;J fhjy; nfhz;l jiytp mtd; cyhtUtij mwpe;jJk;
MtNyhL fjtbf;F XLfpwhs;. mr;rkak; ngz;Zf;NfAupj;jhd ehzk;
cz;lhfNt epd;W jLkhWfpwhs;. ,jid tpsf;fg;GFe;j Gytu; ifahSk;
ctikr; rpwg;ghy; ghly; nrOikngWfpd;wJ. mjhtJ ed;whf
tho;e;jpUe;j xUtu; tWikg;gl;L ngUQ; nry;tuplk; cjtp Nfl;Lr;
nry;fpwhu;. mr;rkak; mtu; kdk; gLk;ghL ,q;F jiytpapd; kdepiyf;F
xg;gplg;gLfpwJ. jLkhWk; kdq;fisg; Gytu; xg;gpl;Ls;s tpjk;
eaf;fj;jf;fJ.
1. kpfTk; gpbj;j ghly;

~~fhg;glq;nfd;wd;id...||
kd;du;fs; cyhtUk; nghOJ VO gUtj;Jg; ngz;fSk; mtd;Nky;
fhjy;nfhz;L jLkhWtjhf Gytu;fs; gyu; ghbAs;sdu;. ,q;Fk; ghz;ba
kd;dd; cyhg;Nghfpwhd;. ngz;nzhUj;jp mtd;Nkw; fhjy; nfhs;fpwhs;.
ngz;izg; ngw;wts; mtis miwnahd;wpDs; milj;Jf; fjTfisg;
G+l;b tpLfpwhs;. ngz; ghz;ba kd;du; vopiyf; fhzj; jtpf;fpwhs;.
Rw;WKw;Wk; ghu;j;jtSf;Ff; fjtpd; Jisfs; NgUtifia

mspf;fpd;wd. MirjPu kd;dd; cyhit urpj;Jg; ghu;j;JtpLfpwhs;.
~~kd;dd; cyhtUtijg; ghuf;Fk;gbahff; fjtpy; JisNghl;ltu;fSf;F
ehd; vg;gbf; ifkhW nra;Ntd;.|| vd;W kdk; epiwe;j ctifNahL
FJ}fypg;gJ mUikahfr; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jiytpapd;
kdkfpo;rr ; papd; cr;r ntspg;ghL> Jis Nghl;ltu;fSf;Fr; nra;af;$ba
ifk;khNw ,y;iy vd;W $Wtjhfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sik rpwg;ghf cs;sJ.
fhjy; tag;gl;l jiytpapd; kdTzu;T ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjNk
Vida ghly;fspdpd;Wk; ,jidr; rpwg;gpj;J epw;fpwJ.
Vida ghly;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gLk;NghJk; ,t;thwhd tplaq;fis

khztu;fsplk; ngWq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
• ghly;fis re;jpgpupj;Jk; nfhz;L$l;bAk; thrpg;ghu;.

• mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUisf; $Wthu;.
• ghlypd; nghUisj; jdJ nrhe;j eilapy; vOJthu;.
• ghlypd; rpwg;ig tpsf;Fthu;.
• jhd; ,urpj;j ghliyf; fhuzj;Jld; Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ghly;fis ghNthjy; Kiwg;gb XJthu;.
309
gpd;dpizg;G 1
01. ghliy re;jpgpupj;J> nfhz;L$l;b vOJf.

02. mUk;gjq;fis ,dq;fz;L mfuhjpapd; JizAld; nghUis vOJf.
03. ghlypd; nghUis ckJ nkhopeilapy; vOJf.
04. ghlypd; rpwg;G my;yJ ghlypw; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s cj;jpia tpsf;fp vOJf.
Ie;J ghly;fSs;Sk; cq;fs; FO kpfTk; ,urpj;j ghly; vJ? fhuzj;ij tpsf;fp

vOJf.
310
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : Mf;fj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.


ju cs;sPL : nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk; - gpd;dpizg;G 1

vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp

gb 7.3.1
• gpd;tUk; nra;As;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; gad;ghl;L
,yf;fzj;ij ,dq;fhz itAq;fs;.
• nra;As;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp tpjptUtpj;jy; %yk; tpidahyizAk;

ngaiu> ,ilr;nrhy;iy ,dq;fhz itAq;fs;.
1. ngupatid khatidg; NgUyf nky;yhk;

tpupfky ce;jpAil tpz;ztidf; fz;Zk;
jpUtbAq; ifAe; jpUthAQ; nra;a
fupatidf; fhzhj fz;nzd;d fz;Nz
fz;zpikj;Jf; fhz;ghu;jq; fz;nzd;d fz;Nz.
2. kle;jhO neQ;rj;Jf; fQ;rdhu; tQ;rk;

fle;jhid E}w;Wtu;gh dhw;wpirAk; Nghw;wg;
glu;e;jh uzKoq;fg; gQ;rtu;f;Fj; J}J
ele;jhid Naj;jhj ehntd;d ehNt
ehuha zhntd;dh ehntd;d ehNt
• ,g;ghlypy; mbf;Nfhbl;l nrhw;fis khztu;fis mtjhdpf;fr;

nra;Aq;fs;.
• mbf;Nfhbl;l nrhw;fSf;Fupa ,yf;fz tpsf;fq;fis cq;fshy; $w

,aYkh? NtW cjhuzq;fs; %yk; tpsf;fk; ju KbAkh? vd;w
tpdhf;fis tpdhtp> fye;Jiuahly; %yk; tpsf;fk; ngwj; J}z;Lq;fs;.
311
• gpd;tUk; nra;Aspy; mbf;Nfhbl;l nrhw;fspd; ,yf;fzj;ij ,yFthd
Kiwapy; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
1. mbf;Nfhblg;gl;l tplaq;fs;
1. ngupatid> khatid> fupatid
2. fle;jhid> ele;jhid
3. jpUtbAq; ifAq; jpUthAQ;
2. m. tpjptUtpj;jy; %yk; tpsf;fy;

1. ngUik> khak;> fUik epiwe;j jpUkhy;
2. ,r;nrhw;fs; gz;;Gfis czu;j;J Kfj;jhy;> Fwpg;ghy;
fhyj;ijf; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.
3. ,r;nrhw;fs; ghy;fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.
4. Ntw;Wik (I) cUig Vw;Ws;sd.
5. vdNt> ,r;nrhw;fs; Fwpg;G tpidahyizAk; ngau;fs;
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
M. 1. fle;jhd; + I> ele;jhd; + I ,r;nrhw;fs; tpidabahfg;

gpwe;J> ,we;jfhyk; fhl;b> ghy;fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.
2. tpidKw;Wf;fs; ~I| cUig Vw;gjd; %yk; ngau;jj ; d;ik
milfpd;wd.
3. vdNt> ,r;nrhw;fs; njupepiy tpidahyizAk;
ngau;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
3. jpUtbAq; ifAq; jpUthAQ;
,r; nra;As;mbiar; re;jp gpupj;jhy;
jpU mb ck;> if ck;> jpU tha; ck; vd mikAk;.
,q;F ~ck;| vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
,J jdpj;J epd;W nghUs;juhJ. ,ilapYk; ,lk;ngWk;. ngaNuhLk;
tpidNahLk; rhu;e;J epd;W nghUisj; jUk;.
nrhy;ypd; <w;wpy; tUk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;.

1. Ntw;Wik cUGfs; : I> My;> ,d; ...
2. tpFjpfs; : md;> Md;> my;> jy;
3. fhyq;fhl;Lk; tpFjpfs;
4. jj;jk; nghUs; czu;j;Jtd : X> V> ck;> nfhy;> M
5. ctikAUGfs; : Nghy> khjpup> khd> md;d
30 epkplq; f s
s;
312
gb 7.3.2
• khztu;fis ehd;F FOf;fshf mkur; nra;Aq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; gpd;dpizg;gpYs;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuq;fis

toq;Fq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTk; nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpYs;s tpdhf;fis fye;Jiuahl

cjTq;fs;.
• vy;yh khztu;fisAk; nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;Aq;fs;.
50 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 7.3.3
• xt;nthU FOTk; jkJ nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuq;fis (1> 2) Kd;itf;fr;
nra;Aq;fs;.
• vOkhw;whf khztu;fs; rpyiu tpdhTtjd; %yk; vy;yh

khztu;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Fq;fs;.
• khztu; fUj;Jf; $w topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;
tpidahyizAk; ngau; ,ilr;nrhy;

I
G+f;nfha;jtid ,y;
tpOe;jtid My;
ebj;jtu;fis NjhWk;
fsntLj;jhid F> ck;
jhd;
cld;
vd
jpBnud
1. ,ilr;nrhw;fs;
c-k; : F> ~X| ntd
2. Nghy> MfNt> nfhz;L
3. ,ilr;nrhw;fs;>ngaUk; tpidAk;Nghyj; jdpj;J ,aq;Fk;
Mw;wy; ,y;yhjdtha; mg;ngaiuAk; tpidiaAk; rhu;e;J
mtw;wpd; mfj;Jk; Gwj;Jk; xd;Wk; gyTkha; tUQ;nrhw;fshFk;.
mit ngaUkhfhJ> tpidAkhfhJ mtw;wpd; NtWkhfhJ>
,ilepfutha; epw;wypd; ,ilr;nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
40 epkplq;fs
s;;
313
• tpidahyizAk; ngaiu cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,ilr;nrhy; tiffisf; $Wthu;.
• ,ilr;nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.
• ,yf;fz tOtpd;wp vOJthu;.

314
gpd;dpizg;G 1
gpd;tUk; thf;fpaj;njhlu;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; tpidahyizAk; ngau;> ,ilr;nrhy;

vd;gdtw;iw vOJf.
1. G+f;nfha;jtid jkae;jp fz;lhs;.
2. khztu;fs; fy;tpapy; mjpf ehl;lk; fhl;l Ntz;Lnkd mjpgu; $wpdhu;.
3. kuj;jhy; tpOe;jtid khNlwp kpjpj;jJ.
4. khztu;fs; ehs;NjhWk; ghlrhiy nrd;W fy;tp gapyNtz;Lk;.

5. FkuDf;F Kd; ghyDk; gpd; tujDk; ,Ue;jhu;fs;.
6. mtd;jhd; ,t;Ntiyiar; nra;jjhff; $wpdhd;.
7. rpdpkhtpy; ebj;jtu;fisf; fz;Nld;.
8. fsntLj;jhid ifAk;nka;Akhff; fhty;Jiwapdu; gpbj;jdu;.
9. jpBnud> fhw;Wld; kio te;jJ.
~~Rk;kh myl;lhNj ehfk;kh... fle;j Kiwia epidj;Jg;ghu;. tay; tpise;J> ney;

%ilfisf; FkuDf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk;NghJ> eP ~X ntd mOjJ Qhgfkpy;iyah?
mjd;gpd;> tay;ntspg;gf;fNk Nghfhky; Klq;fpdij kwe;Jtpl;lhNah? vdf;F
kl;Lnkd;d... eP el;lkiltjpy; re;Njh\kh? rup> vJthapDk; ,Uf;fl;Lk;. Gwg;gL
Nghfyhk;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> fPo;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil

jUf.
1. ,ilr;nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L vOJf.
2. ,g;ge;jpapy; ,lk;ngwhj ,ilr;nrhw;fs; %d;W vOJf.
3. ,ilr;nrhy; vd;why; vd;d vd tpsf;Ff.
315
Nju;r;rp myF 11.2 : Fwpg;ngLj;j tplaq;fisj; Njitf;Fk; thrfUf;Fk;

nghUj;jkhd tbtj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
nraw;ghL : thrpj;Jf; Fwpg;ngLj;j tplaq;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jpg;

Ngr;R xd;W jahupg;Nghk;.
ju cs;sPL : xypg;gjpT ehlh

el;G gw;wpa Mf;fq;fs; - gpd;dpizg;G 1
jkpo;nkhop gw;wpa Mf;fq;fs; - gpd;dpizg;G 2
vOJjhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
gb 11.2.1
• xypg;gjpT nra;j nrhw;nghopT xd;wpid xypf;fr; nra;J Muk;gpAq;fs;.
• Kbahjtplj;J nrhw;nghopTg; gpujp xd;wpid nrhw;nghopT Kiwapy;

cuj;J thrpAq;fs;.
• Ngr;R xd;wpidj; jahupf;Fk;NghJk; mjidg; NgRk; NghJk; ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; ahit? vd khztuplk; tpdtpf;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztuplk; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• tpspg;G
• fUj;Jf;fspd; Nfhit
• cjhuzq;fs;/ Nkw;Nfhs;fs; Ngr;irj;
• nkhopr;nrk;ik/ nkhopahw;wy; jahupj;jy;
• Mw;nwhOf;fhd eil
• rigNahiuf; ftUk; tifapy; mikjy;
• KbTiu
316
• rigNahiu tpspj;jy;
• rigNahiuf; ftu;jy;
• nka;g;ghl;Lzu;T NgRk;
• Fuypy; Vw;w ,wf;fk; NghJ
• cr;rupg;Gj;njspT ftdpj;jy;
• KbTiu
• epiy
20 epkplq; f s;
gb 11.2.2
• khztu;fis ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• ,U FOf;fSf;F ~el;G| gw;wpa Mf;fq;fisAk; ,U FOf;fSf;F

~jkpo;nkhop| gw;wpa Mf;fq;fisAk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• FOepiyapy; fye;Jiuahbf; Fwpg;ngLf;f top fhl;Lq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 1 I toq;fpr; nraw;gl mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 11.2.3
• FOepiyapy; jahupj;j Ngr;rpid Kd;dpiyg;gLj;j tif nra;Aq;fs;.
(gpujpiag; Ngr;R Kiwapy; thrpj;jy;)
• Vidatu;fs; mJgw;wp tpku;rd uPjpahd fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpf;f

topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l rl;lfj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpapUj;jy;

• rigNahiuf; ftuj;jf;f tifapy; Muk;gpj;jy;
• njhlu;fSk; thf;fpaq;fSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;ghapUj;jy;/
fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jpf; $Wjy;
• nkhopr;nrk;ik
• Mw;nwhOf;fhd eil
• Fuypy; Vw;w ,wf;fk;/ cr;rupg;Gj; njspT
• nka;g;ghl;Lzu;T
• KbTiu
• epiy
40 epkplq; f s
s;
317
• gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;Jf; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.
• Fwpg;ngLj;j tplaq;fisf; nfhz;L Ngr;R xd;wpidj; jahupg;ghu;.
• jahupj;j Ngr;rpidg; NgRthu;.
• gilg;Gf;fisj; Njb thrpj;Jf; Fwpg;Gf;fis vOjpj; jkJ mwpit

tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;w vz;zj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
318
gpd;dpizg;G 1
jpUf; F ws;
el; G
,dp mg;gilNghy murDf;F tpidaplj;J cjTjha el;gpid Ie;J mjpfhuk;

tpjpKfj;jhDk; gd;dpuz;L mjpfhuk; vjpu;kiw Kfj;jhDk; njhlq;fp> tpjpKf mjpfhuk;
Ie;jDs;Sk; Kjw;fz; el;Gf;$Wfpd;whu;. m/jhtJ ,d;dJ vd;gJck; mjpfhu
KiwikAk; ,jDs; tpsq;Fk;.
1. nraw; F mupa ahTs; el; g pd; ? mJNghy;

tpidf; F mupa ahTs fhg; G ?
nghUs;: el;gpd; nraw;F mupa ah cs - el;Gg;Nghy nra;J Nfhlw;F mupa

nghUs;fs; ahit cs?> mJNghy; tpidf;Fmupa fhg;G ah cs -
nra;Jnfhz;lhy; mJNghyg; giftu; nra;Ak; tpidf;Fg;Gfw;F mupa
fhtyhtd ahit cs?
fUj;Jiu: el;Gg;Nghy; nra;Jnfhs;sj; jf;fdTk;> mJNghy; nraYf;Ff;

fhtyhtdTk; Mfpa mupa nghUs;fs; vit cs?
2. epiwePu ePutu; Nfz;ik@ gpiwkjpg;

gpd;ePu Ngijahu; el;G
nghUs; : ePutu; Nfz;ik gpiw epiw ePu - mwpTilahu; el;Gf;fs; gpiw epiwAk;
jd;ikNghy ehs;NjhWk; epiwAk; jd;ikathk;@ Ngijahu; el;G kjpg;gpd;
ePu - kw;iwg; NgijikAilahu; epiwe;j kjp gpd; FiwAk; jd;ikNghy
ehs;NjhWk; FiwAk; jd;ikathk;.
fUj;Jiu : mwpTilahu; el;G gpiwkjp Nghy; tsu;e;J tUk;. mwptpy;yhjtu; el;G

Nja;gpiwNghy; Fiwe;Jnfhz;Nl NghFk;.
3. etpy;njhWk; E}y;eak; NghYk; gapy;njhWk;

gz;Gil ahsu; njhlu;G.
nghUs; : gz;Gilahu; njhlu;G gapy;njhWk; - ew;FzKila kf;fs; jk;Ks;

nra;j el;G gapYk; NjhWk; mtUf;F ,d;gk; nra;jy;> E}y; etpy;
njhWk; etpy; njhWk; - E}w;nghUs; fw;Fk; NjhWk; fw;whUf;F ,d;gk;
nra;jiy xf;Fk;.
fUj;Jiu : E}w;nghUs; fw;Fk;NjhWk; ,d;gkspg;gijg; Nghy; ey;y FzKilatu;

el;G> goFk; NjhWk; ,d;gk; jUk;.
319
4. eFjw; nghUl;ld;W el;ly;@ kpFjpf;fz;
Nkw;nrd;W ,bj;jw; nghUl;L.
nghUs; : el;ly; eFjw; nghUl;ld;W - xUtNdhL> xUtd; el;Gr;nra;jy; jk;Ks;

eFjw;F ,iae;jd nrhy;yp eifahlw; nghUl;ld;W@ kpFjpf;fz;
Nkw;nrd;W ,bj;jw; nghUl;L - mtUf;F Ntz;lhj nra;if csjha
top Kw;gl;Lf; foUjw;nghUl;L
fUj;Jiu : el;Gr; nra;tJ ,UtUk; rpupj;Jg; nghOJNghf;Ftjw;F my;y. jtwhd

nray; nra;Ak;NghJ Kw;gl;L ,bj;jYf;fhFk;.
5. Gzu;r;rp goFjy; Ntz;lh: czu;r;rpjhd;

el;ghk; fpoik jUk;.
nghUs; : Gzu;r;rp goFjy; Ntz;lhk; - xUtNdhL xUtd; el;ghjw;F Gzu;r;rpAk;

goFjYk; Mfpa fhuzq;fs; Ntz;Ltjpy;iy. Gzu;r;rpjhd; el;ghk;
fpoik jUk;. - ,UtUf;Fk; xj;j czu;r;rpjhNd el;ghk; cupikiaf;

nfhLf;Fk;.
fUj;Jiu : xUtNdhL xUtd; el;ghtjw;F Njr xw;WikAk; gof;fKk; Ntz;lhk;.

,Utu; kdk; xj;j czu;r;rpia el;G vd;w cupikiaf; nfhLf;Fk;.
6. Kfk;ef el;gJ el;G md;W: neQ;rj;J

mfk;ef el;gJ el;G.
nghUs; : Kfk;ef el;gJ el;G md;W - fz;ltpop mfnkhopa Kfk; khj;jpuNk

kyUk; tif el;FkJ el;ghfhJ@ neQ;rj;J mfk;ef el;gJ el;G.
md;ghy; mfKk; kyu el;FkNj el;ghtJ.
fUj;Jiu : fz;lNghJ Kfk; kyu el;gJ el;G my;y. md;gpdhy; cs;sKk; kyu
el;gNj el;G MFk;.
7. moptp ditePf;fp MWca;j;J moptpd;fz;

my;yy; cog;gjhk; el;G.
nghUs; : moptpdit ePff ; p MW ca;jJ; - Nfl;bidj;jUk; jP newpfisr; nry;Yk;

fhy; tpyf;fp> Vid ed;newpfisr; nry;yhfhw; nrYj;jp moptpd; fz;
my;yy; cog;gJ el;ghk; - nja;tj;jhy; NjL te;Jop mJ tpyf;fg;glhik
apd; mj;Jld;gj;ij cld; mDgtpg;gNj xUtDf;F el;ghtJ.
fUj;Jiu : jtwhd topfspy; nry;Yk;NghJ jLj;J> ey;y topfspy; elf;fr;nra;J>

Jd;gk; te;jNghJ cld; ,Ue;J mij mDgtpg;gNj el;G.
320
8. cLf;if ,oe;jtd; ifNghy Mq;Nf
,Lf;fd; fistjhk; el;G.
nghUs; : cLf;if ,oe;jtd; ifNghy - mitapil Mil Fiye;jtDf;F

mg;nghONj if nrd;W cjtp mt;tpsptuy; fisAkhW Nghy> Mq;Nf
,Lf;fd; fistJ el;ghk;. - el;ltDf;F ,Lf;fd; te;Jop mg;nghONj
nrd;W mjidf; fistNj el;ghtJ.
fUj;Jiu : Mil Fiye;jtd; if mg;nghONj nrd;W cjtpf; fhg;gijg;Nghy;

ez;gDf;Fj; Jd;gk; te;jNghJ tpiue;J nrd;W mijg;Nghf;FtNj
el;G MFk;.
9. el; g pw; F tP w ; w pUf; i f ahnjdpd; > nfhl; G ,d; w p

xy;Yk;tha; Cd;Wk; epiy.
nghUs; : el;gpw;F tPw;wpUf;if ahnjdpd; - el;gpdpw;F murpUf;if ahnjdpd;>

nfhl;G ,d;wp xzy;Yk; tha; Cd;Wk; epiy - m/J vQ;Qhd;Wk;
jpUtpd;wp ,aYk; vy;iynay;yhk; mwk; nghUs;fspy; jsuhikj; jhq;Fk;

jpz;ik.
fUj;Jiu : el;gpw;Fr; rpwe;j murpUf;ifahtJ> vf;fhyj;Jk; khWgLjy; ,y;yhky;>

mwk; nghUs;fspy; jsuhky; jhq;Fk; jpz;ikahFk;.
10. ,idau; ,tu; vkf;F ,d;dk;ahk; vd;W

GidapDk; Gy;nyd;Dk; el;G
nghUs; : ,tu; vkf;F ,idau; ahk; ,d;dk; vd;W GidapDk; - ,tu; ekf;F
,j;Jiz md;gpdu; ahk; ,tu;fF; k; ,j;jd;ikak; vd;W xUtiunahUtu;
Gide;J nrhy;ypDk;> el;Gg; Gy;nyd;Dk; - el;Gg; Gy;ypjha; Njhd;Wk;.
fUj;Jiu : ~,tu; vkf;F ,j;Jiz md;gpdu;|> ~ahk; ,tu;f;F ,j;jd;ikak;| vd;W

Gide;Jiug;gpDk; el;Gr; rpwpjhfptpLk;.
321
ehybahu;
el; g huha; j y;
el;Gr; nra;jw;Fupahiu mtu; fy;tpawpT xOf;f Kjypatw;why; Muha;eJ

; nfhs;Sjy;.
fUj;Jzu;e;J fw;wwpe;jhu; Nfz;iknaQ; Qhd;Wq;

FUj;jpw; fUk;Gjpd; ww;Nw@ - FUj;jpw;
nfjpu;nryj;jpd; wd;d jifj;jNuh> vd;Wk;
kJu kpyhsu; njhlu;G
nghUs; : fUj;Jzu;eJ ; fw;wwpe;jhu; Nfz;ik vQ;Qhd;Wk; FUj;jpd; fUk;G jpd;ww;W

- fy;tpapd; gad; njupe;J cupa E}y;fisf; fw;Wj;njupe;j NkNyhUila
el;G vQ;Qhd;Wk; FUj;jpypUe;J fUk;G jpd;whw; Nghd;wJ. FUj;jpw;F
vjpu;nryj; jpd;wd;d jifj;J vd;Wk; kJuk; ,yhsu; njhlu;G - fy;tpapy;
,dpikapy;yhj fPNohUila njhlu;G vd;Wk; fUk;ig mjd; FUj;jpw;F
NeNu nry;Yk;gb mbapypUe;J jpd;W nrd;whw;Nghd;w jd;ikAiilaJ.
,w;gpwg; ngz;zp ,iljpupah nud;gNjhu;

ew;Gil nfhz;lik ay;yJ - nghw;Nfo;
GdnyhOfg; Gs;spupAk; G+q;Fd;w ehl:
kdkwpag; gl;lnjhd; wd;W.
nghUs; : nghd;Nfo; Gdy; xOfg; Gs; ,upAk; G+ Fd;w ehl - nghd;dpd; epwk;
mUtpapw; nghUe;jp tUjyhy; gwitfs; mQ;rp ePq;Ffpd;w nghyptpid
Aila kiyehlNd> ,y;gpwg;G vz;zp ,iljpupahu; vd;gNjhu;ey;Gil
nfhz;likay;yJ kdk; mwpag;gl;lnjhd;wd;W - Fbg;gpwg;Gf; fUjp
,tu; ,ilapy; NtWglhu; vd;gNjhu; rpwe;j tifia cl;nfhz;L
el;Gr; nra;jjy;yJ kdk; mwpe;j cz;ik Ntnwhd;wdhy; md;W.
ahid aidatu; ez;nghuP, ehaidahu;

Nfz;ik nfoP,f; nfhsy;Ntz;Lk; - ahid
mwpe;jjwpe;Jk; ghfidNa nfhy;Yk;> vwpe;jNty;
nka;ajh thy;Fiof;Fk; eha;.
nghUs; : ahidaidatu; ez;G xuP, - ahidia xj;j ,ay;GilahuJ Neaj;ij

ePf;fp> eha; midahu; Nfz;ik nfoP,f; nfhs;sy;Ntz;Lk;. - ehia
xj;j ,ay;GilahuJ Neaj;ij jOtpf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;@ Vndd;why;>
ahidawpe;jwpe;Jk; ghfidNa nfhy;Yk;. - ahid gyehs; gofpapUe;Jk;
jd;id tsu;j;j ghfidNa Fw;wq; fz;L nfhy;Yk; : vwpe;jNty;
nka;ajh thy; Fiof;Fk; eha; - Mdhy; ehNah jd;id tsu;j;td;
rpdj;jhy; jd;Nky; tPrpaNty; jd; clk;gpy; cUtp epw;f md;gpdhy;
mtd; ghy; thy; Fioj;J epw;Fk;.
322
gyehSk; gf;fj;jh uhapDk; neQ;rpy;
rpyehSk; xl;lhNuh nlhl;lhu;@ - gyehSk;
ePj;jh nudf;if tplYz;NLh> je;neQ;rj;
jpahdj;jhNuh bahj;j njhlu;T
nghUs; : gy ehSk; gf;fj;jhu; MapDk; neQ;rpy; rpy ehSk; xl;lhNuhL xl;lhu;

- gyehSk; mUfpy; ,Ue;J gyfpdhuhapDk; kdjpy; rpyehshapDk;
el;Gg; nghUe;jhjtNuhL njupe;Njhu; Nru khl;lhu;@ gy ehSk; ePj;jhu;
vdf; iftply; cz;Nlh jk; neQ;rj;J el;Gg; nghUe;jpatNuhL gpzpg;Gz;l
njhlu;G mtu; gy ehl;fs.; mUfpy;yhky; ePq;fpdhnud;W
iftplg;gLjYz;Nlh.
ed; n dwp
ey;yhu; nrAq;Nfz;ik ehNlhWk; ed;whFk;.

my;yhu; nrAq;Nfz;ik ahfhNj - ey;yha;Nfs;
fha;Kw;wpd; jdpjPq; fdpahk; ,se;jspu;ehs;

Ngha;Kw;wpd; vd;dhfpg; Nghk;.
gjTiu : ey;yha; Nfs; - ew;Fzj;ij AilatNs Nfl;ghahf> fha; Kw;wpd;

jpd; jPk; fdp Mk; - fhahdJ (ehs;nrd;W) Kw;wpdhy; jpd;Djw;Fupa
,dpa fdpahFk;. ,sk; jspu; ehs; Ngha; K;wwpd; vd; Mfpg;Nghk;. -
,se;jspuhdJ ehs;nrd;W Kw;wpdhy; ahjhfpg;Nghk;> (mJNghy) ey;yhu;
nrAk; Nfz;ik ehNlhWk; ed;W MFk; - ey;Nyhu; nra;Ak; el;ghdJ
ed;whfp tsUk;. my;yhu; nra;Ak; Nfz;ik MfhJ. - my;yhu; nra;Ak;
el;ghdJ ey;yjhfhJ vd;wthW.
fw;wwpahu; nra;Aq; fLel;Ge; jhq;$b

cw;WopAe; jPikepfo; Ts;sNj - nghw;nwhB!
nrd;W glu;e;j nrOq;nfhbnkd; G+kyu;e;j
md;Nw kzKila jhk;
gjTiu : nghd; njhB - nghd;dyhfpa tisay;fisAilatNs> nrd;W gle;j

nrOq;nfhb nkd;G+ - Ngha;g; glu;e;j nrOikahfpa nfhbapd; nky;ypa
G+thdJ kyu;e;j md;Nw kzKilaJ Mk; - kyu;e;j md;iwf;Nf
kzk; cilajhfp gpd; nfl;LtpLk;.> (mJNghy) fw;W mwpahu; nra;Ak;
fL el;Gk; - fw;wwpahjtu;fs; nra;fpd;w kpFjpahfpa el;Gk;> jhk; $b
cw;w copAk; - (neLq;fhyk;) jhq;fs; $bapUe;j tplj;Jk;> jPik
epfo;Nt cs;sJ. - jPq;F tpisjNy cs;sjhFk; vd;wthW.
323
rpWtu; nre;jkpo;
el; g pd; ngUik
Gytu;fs; nra;j capupsq;Fkud; vd;Dk; mupa nre;jkpo; ehlf E}ypypUe;J (m)

el;gpd; ngUik (M) ngz;fs; ge;J gapYk; fe;Jftupg; ghly; (<) G+Q;Nrhiy
tUzid vd;Dk; %d;W ghly;fSk; ,e;E}ypy; Nru;ff ; g;gl;Ls;sd. ,it jz;nzd;W
Fspu;eJ; nrtpf;fpd;gk; jUk; XiraoFk; nrQ;nrhy; eilaoFk; nghUsoFk; epiwe;J
kpspu;fpd;wd.
kz;Zy fj;jpd; khrW kdKil

md;gdpd; ngUik aiwFjw; nfspNjh!
mfef el;l ttdpay; $wpw;
Fwpg;gpdpy; Ntz;Lt newpg;gl Tjtp
Mjupj; jizj;jypd; md;idNa Nghd;Wk;
kpFjpf; fz;Nz Nkw;nrd; wpbj;Jj;
jFjp $wypw; we;ijNa Nghd;Wk;

cldh Aiwjypd; cld;gpwg; nghj;Jk;
,d;ge; jUjypd; Ve;jpio Nghd;Wk;
Vtpa Gupjypd; ,sQ;rpwhu; Nghd;Wk;
jPnewp tpyf;fp ed;ndwp Aa;jypy;
Nktpa tpUtpop kzpNa Nghd;Wk;
Jizah apUj;jypw; Nwhspizg; Nghd;Wk;
mUe;njhopy; Gupa tUFepd; whw;wypy;
tpUk;gpa nrq;ifg; ngUtpuy; Nghd;Wk;
mwpT nfhSj;jyp yUE}y; Nghd;Wk;
nrd;w tplnkyhk; rpwg;Gj; jUjypw;;
fd;wpa gyJiwf; fy;tp Nghd;Wk;
gad;Nfh lhikapd; tpad;Kfpy; Nghd;Wk;
,d;gpDe; Jd;gpDk; vd;dpay; fhl;lypw;
gd;dpa gspq;fpd; ghd;ik Nghd;Wk;
,d;wpaik ahikapd; dpd;Dapu; Nghd;Wk;
vd;dpid twpjyp dpiwatd; Nghd;Wk;
kd;dpa ez;gid tha;g;Gwg; ngw;Nwhu;
va;jh nthz;nghU spiynadg;
ngha;ah ehtpdu; Gfd;wprp NdhNu
capupsq; F kud; ehlfk;
324
gpd;dpizg;G 2
jkpo; n khop
vq;fs; jkpo;
,dpikj; jkpo; nkhop vkJ-vkf;

fpd;ge; jUk;gb tha;j;j ey; mKJ!
fdpiag; gpope;jpl;l rhW-vq; f s;
fjpapy; cau;e;jpl ahk;ngw;w NgW!
jdpikr; RitAs; s nrhy; i y-vq; f s;
jkpopDk; Ntnwq; F k; ahq; f z; l jpy; i y!
edpAz; L edpAz; L fhjy; - jkpo;
ehl; b du; ahtu;f;FNk jkpo; kPjpy; (,dpikj;)
jkpo; vq;fs; capu; vd;g jhNy-nty; Y e;

juKz; L jkpoUf; fpg;Gtp NkNy
jkpo; vd;dpy; vk;Kapu;g; nghUshk; - ,d; g j;

jkpo; Fd;WNky; jkpo; e hnlq; F k; ,Ushk;
jkpOz; L jkpo; kf;f Sz; L -,d; g j;
jkpOf; F ehSk; nra;Nthk; ey;y njhz;L
jkpo; vd;W Njhs; jl;b ML!-ey; y
jkpo; nty;f nty;f vd;Nw jpdk; ghL!
(,dpikj; )
- ghujpjhrd;
325
jkpo;j; jha;
jd; kf;fisg; Gjpa rhj;jpuk; Ntz;Ljy;

(jhAkhdtu; Mde;jf; fspg;Gr; re;jk;)
1. Mjprptd; ngw;W tpl;lhd; - vd;id

Mupa ike;jd; mfj;jpa ndd;Nwhu;
Ntjpad; fz;L kfpo;e;Nj - epiw
NkTk; ,yf;fzQ; nra;J nfhLj;jhd;
2. %d;W Fyj;jkpo; kd;du; - vd;id

Kz;ley; yd;nghL epj;jk; tsu;j;jhu;.
Md;w nkhopfsp Ds;Ns - cau;
Mupaj; jpw;F epfnud tho;e;Njd;.
3. fs;isAe; jPiaAQ; Nru;j;J - ey;y

fhw;iwAk; thd ntspiaAQ; Nru;j;Jj;

njs;S jkpo;g;Gy Nthu;fs; - gy
jPQ;Ritf; fhtpaQ; nra;J nfhLj;jhu;.
4. rhj;jpuq; fs;gy je;jhu; - ,e;jj;

jhuzp naq;Fk; Gfo;e;jpl tho;e;Njd;@
Nej;jpuq; nhl;ltd; fhyd; - jd;Kd;
Neu;e;j jidj;Je; Jilj;J Kbg;ghd;.
5. ed;nwd;We; jPnjd;Wk; ghuhd; - Kd;G

ehLk;nghUs;fs; midj;ijAk; thupr;
nrd;wpLq; fhl;Lnts; sk;Nghy; - itar;
Nru;f;if aidj;ijAq; nfhd;W elg;ghd;.
6. fd;dpg; gUtj;jpy; me;ehs; - vd;wd;

fhjpy; tpOe;j jpirnkhop nay;yhk;
vd;ndd;d Nthnga Uz;L - gpd;du;
ahTk; mopTw; wpwe;jd fz;Bu;!
7. je;ij mUs;typ ahYk; - Kd;G

rhd;w Gytu; jttyp ahYk;
,e;jf; fzkl;Lq; fhyd; - vd;id
Vwpl;Lg; ghu;f;fTk; mQ;rpapUe;jhd;.
8. ,d;nwhU nrhy;ypidf; Nfl;Nld;! - ,dp

VJnra; Ntd;? vd jhUapu; kf;fhs;!
nfhd;wply; NghnyhU thu;j;ij - ,q;F
$wj; jfhjtd; $wpdhd; fz;Bu;!
326
9. Gj;jk; Gjpa fiyfs; - gQ;r
G+jr; nray;fspd; El;gq;fs; $Wk;:
nkj;j tsUJ Nkw;Nf - me;j
Nkd;ikf; fiyfs; jkpopdpy; ,y;iy.
10. nrhy;yTq; $Lt jpy;iy - mit

nrhy;Ye; jpwik jkpo;nkhopf; fpy;iy!
nky;yj; jkpopdpr; rhFk; - me;j
Nkw;F nkhopfs; Gtpkpir Nahq;Fk;.
11. vd;we;jg; Ngij ciuj;jhd; - M!

,e;j tirnadf; nfa;jpl yhNkh!
nrd;wpLtP nul;Lj; jpf;Fk; - fiyr;
nry;tq;fs; ahTq; nfhzu;e;jpq;F Nru;g;gPu;!
12. je;ij aUs;typ ahYk; - ,d;W

rhu;e;j Gytu; jttyp ahYk;
,e;jg; ngUk;gop jPUk; - Gfo;

Vwpg; Gtpkpir knad;W kpUg;Ngd;.
jkpo;
1. ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhopNghy;

,dpjht njq;Fk; fhNzhk;.
ghkuuha;> tpyq;Ffsha;> cyfidj;Jk;
,fo;r;rpnrhyg; ghd;ik nfl;L
ehkkJ jkponudf; nfhz;bq;F
tho;e;jpLjy; ed;Nwh? nrhy;yPu;!
NjkJuj; jkpNohir cyfnkyhk;
guTk; tif nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. ahkwpe;j GytupNy fk;gidg;Nghy;

ts;Stu;Nghy;> ,sq;Nfh itg;Nghy;
G+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jjpiy.
cz;ik> ntWk; Gfo;r;rpapy;iy!
Cikauha;r; nrtplu;fsha;f; FUlu;fsha;
tho;fpd;Nwhk;: xUnrhw; NfsPu;!
NrkKw Ntz;Lnkdpy; njUnty;yhk;
jkpo;Kof;fk; nropf;fr; nra;tPu;!
327
3. gpwehl;L ey;ywpQu; rhj;jpuq;fs;
jkpo;nkhopapw; ngau;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;
,wthj GfOila GJE}y;fs;
jkpo;nkhopapy; ,aw;wy; Ntz;Lk;
kiwthf ekf;Fs;Ns goq;fijfs;
nrhy;tjpNyhu; kfpik apy;iy
jpwkhd Gyiknadpy; ntspehl;Nlhu;
mijtzf;fQ; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. cs;sj;jpy; cz;iknahsp Az;lhapd;

thf;fpdpNy xspAz;lhFk;.
nts;sj;jpd; ngUf;ifg;Nghw; fiyg;ngUf;fk;
ftpg;ngUf;Fk; NkT khapd;
gs;sj;jpy; tPo;e;jpUf;Fq; FUlnuyhhk;
tpopngw;Wg; gjtp nfhs;thu;
njs;Sw;w jkpoKjpd; Ritfz;lhu;
,q;fkuu; rpwg;Gf; fz;lhu;.
jkpo; n khop
kdpju; xUtUf;nfhUtu; jk; fUj;ij ntspapl;Lf;nfhs;Sk; fUtpNa nkhop vdg;gLk;.

cyfpYs;s vz;zw;w nkhopfSs; fhyj;jhy; goiktha;e;j nkhopfs; rpyNt.
mtw;Ws;Sk; ,yf;fpar; nry;tk; kpFe;Js;s nkhopfs; kfr;rpyNt. ,j;jifa rpwg;G
tha;e;j nkhopfSs; jkpOk; xd;W.
~jkpo;| vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F ~,dpik| vd;gJ nghUs;. jkpo; kpfTk; ,dpikAila

nkhop@ jpUe;jpa ,yf;fz mikjp epuk;gpa nkhop. MfNt> ,jid cau; jdpr;
nrk;nkhop vd;gu;.
jpuhtpl nkhopfSs; jkpo; jiyiktha;ej ; J. fd;dlk;> njYq;F> kiyahsk; Kjypa

nkhopfSs; jpuhtpl ,dj;ijr; nru;e;jtu;itfs;. ,it jkpopdpd;W gpupe;j nkhopfs;.
~fd;dlKk; fspnjYq;Fk; ftpd;kiyahsKk; JSTk; cd;Djuj; Jjpj;njOe;Nj
xd;Wgy thapbDk;| vd;W Re;juk;gps;is mtu;fs; $wpaJk; ,f;fUj;ij tpsf;FtjhFk;.
~ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhop Nghy; ,dpjhtnjq;Fk; fhNzhk;.| vd;W ghujpahu;
,jd; ,dpikiag; ghuhl;bf; $wpAs;shu;.
jkpo;nkhop %Nte;juhYk; tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> jkpiog; ngupJk; Nghw;wp tsu;j;j

ngUik ghz;ba kd;dUf;Nf cupaJ. ghz;ba kd;du;fs; jkpo;r;rq;fk; mikj;Jg;
Gytu; gyiu xUq;F $l;bj; jkpio ed;F tsu;j;jdu;. jkpo;r;rq;fk; : Kjw; rq;fk;>
,ilr; rq;fk;> filr; rq;fk; vd Kg;gpupthaike;jpUe;jJ. filr; rq;fk; Mapuk;
Mz;LfSf;FKd; ,Ue;jnjd;W mwpQu; $Wfpd;wdu;.
328
filr;rq;fk; itifahw;wpd; fiuapYs;skJiuapy; ,Ue;jJ. mr;rq;fj;jpy; Gytu;
gyu; ,Ue;J jkpo; E}y;fs; ,aw;wpdu;. mg;Gytu; midtUk; Xu; Cupdu; my;yu;@ Xu;
,dj;jpdu; my;yu;@ xU rkaj;jtUk; my;yu;. filr;rq;fj;jpy; ngz;ghw; Gytu; gyUk;
,lk;ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ,tu;fSs; xsitahu;> fhf;ifghbdpahu;> nts;sptPjpahu;
vd;gtu;fs; Fwpgp;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.
filr;rq;f fhyj;J E}y;fSs; vy;yh E}y;fSk; ekf;Ff; fpilj;jpy> nry;Yf;Fk;>

ePUf;Fk;> neUg;Gf;Fk;> ,iuahditNghf> Kg;gj;jhW E}y;fNs ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sd.
mk; Kg;gj;jhwpy; gjpndl;L E}y;fs; Nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; vdTk;> gjpndl;L E}y;fs;
fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; vdTk; $wg;gLk;. fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; kpfTk; rpwe;jJ
jpUf;Fws;.
filr;rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg;gpwF Njhd;wpa Gytu; vz;zpyu;. mtu;fs; ,aw;wpa E}y;fSk;

vz;zpy. gpw;fhyj;J E}y;fSs; rpe;jhkzp> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> tisahgjp>
Fz;lyNfrp vd;Dk; Ik;ngUq; fhtpaq;fSk; rpwe;jit. #shkzp> cjazd;fij>
ePyNfrp> ehfFkhu fhtpak;> aNrhjufhtpak; vd;Dk; IQ;rpW fhtpaq;fSk;>
fk;guhkhazk;> ngupa Guhzk;> Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;> jpt;ag;gpuge;jk; vd;gitAk;
rpwe;j E}y;fshk;. tPukhKdptu; Njk;ghtzpiaAk;> gy trd E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpdhu;.

gpd;Dk; mNef Gytu;fSs; mwpQu;fSk; Njhd;wpj; jkpiog; gytifapYk; rpwg;gilar;
nra;jdu;.
rPUk; rpwg;GKila ekJ jha;nkhopiag; Nghw;WtJ ekJ flikahFk;. ehk; goe;jkpo;

E}y;fisf; fw;wy; Ntz;Lk;. fhyj;jpw;Nfw;gg; Gjpa Gjpa E}y;fisj; jkpopy; Mf;fpj;
jkpio tsk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,dpikj; jkpo;nkhop vkJ
cyfpy; kf;fs; gy nkhopfisg; NgRfpd;wdu;. goq;fhyj;jpy; kf;fshy; Ngrg;gl;l

rpy nkhopfs; ,d;W Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,y;iy. rpy nkhopfs; goq;fhyk; Kjy; ,d;W
tiu Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. mtw;iwj; njhd;ikahd nkhopfs; vdf; $Wtu;. kpfj;
njhd;ikahd nkhopfSs; xd;W jkpo;nkhop. jkpo;nkhop Vwj;jho %thapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj Ngrg;gl;L tUfpwJ. mj;jkpo; nkhopNa ekJ jha;nkhop.
jkpo;nkhop kPJ jkpou;f;F mstw;w gw;W cz;L. jkpou; jk; jha;nkhopiaf; Fwpf;Fk;
nghOnjy;yhk; Xu; milnkhop nfhLj;Nj $Wtu;. Njd;jkpo; vd;Wk;>jPe;jkpo; vd;Wk;
$wp mjd; ,dpikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jtu;. ige;jkpo; vdg;ngaupl;L mjd; ,sikj;
jd;ikiar; Rl;Ltu;. nre;jkpo; vd mioj;J mjd; nrk;ikiaf; Fwpg;gu;.
ekJ Kd;Ndhu; jhk; Ngrpa nkhopf;Fj; jkpo; vdg; ngaupl;ldu;. ~j| ty;ypdj;ijr;
rhu;e;jJ. ~kp| nky;ypdj;ijr; rhu;e;jJ. o; ,ilapdj;ijr; rhu;e;jJ. ofu xyp gpw
nkhopfspy; ,y;yhj rpwg;ghd xyp. ,t;thW nkhopapd; ngaNu ,dpik vd;Dk;
nghUs; jUtjha;r; rpwg;gha; mike;Js;sJ.
329
jkpio Kj;jkpo; vdTk; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wtu;. ,J ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;whFk;.
,aw;wkpo; nra;As;> ciueil E}y;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,it vz;zj;ij ntspapl
cjTk;. ,irj;jkpo; ,irg;ghly;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,it cs;sj;ij cUf;Ftd.
kdj;ij nefpor; nra;td. ehlfj; jkpo; Ngr;rhYk;> ebg;ghYk; fUj;Jf;fisf;
$WtjhFk;. ,J kf;fspd; fz;nzjpNu fhl;rpfisf; fhl;b mtu;fis ey;topg;gLj;Jk;
Kj;jkpo;g; ghFghL jkpo;nkhopf;FupanjhU jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;.
jkpo;nkhopf;Fs;s rpwg;GfSs; nrhw;rpwg;G vd;gJk; xd;W. vOj;Jfs; xd;WNru;e;J

nrhy;yhfpg; nghUs; jUk;. ,uz;L > %d;W> ehd;F vOj;Jfshy; mike;j nrhw;fs;
kpfg;gy. Ie;J> MW vOj;Jfs; mike;j nrhw;fs; kpff;FiwT. Xu; vOj;jhy; Md
nrhw;fSk; cz;L. M> th> Ngh> jh> if> it vd;gd Xu; vOj;Jr; nrhw;fsd;Nwh?
jkpo;r;nrhy; xU nghUspd; ngaiur; Rl;bf;fhl;LtJld; mjd; gy;NtW gUtj;ijAk;

czu;j;Jk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,iyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;iyf; fhzyhk;. nfhOe;J
vd;gJ ,iy> Gjpjhfj; Njhd;wpa epiyiar; Rl;Lk;. jspu; rw;W tsu;e;j nkd;ikahd
jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,iy ed;F tsu;r;rpAw;w gUtj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. gOg;G vd;gJ
gOj;Jtpl;l ,iyapd; gUtkhFk;. rUF vd;gJ ,iy fha;e;Jtpl;l epiyiaf;
Fwpf;Fk;. ,JNghd;W NtW nghUs;fisr; Rl;Lk; nrhw;fs; gy gUtq;fisf;

Fwpg;gdthfTk; cs;sd. jkpopy; cs;s nrhw;fs; cUtk;> gUtk; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk;
xUq;Nf fhl;Lk; jd;ik tha;e;jd. ,JTk; jkpo;nkhopapd; jdpr; rpwg;ghFk;.
jkpo; kf;fSs; gyu; rpwe;j Gyik ngw;Wj; jpfo;ej ; du;. mtu;fs; gy rpwe;j E}y;fisg;
gilj;jdu;. mtw;wpd; %yk; cau;e;j fUj;Jfisf; $wpdu;. ~ahJk; CNu ahtUk;
Nfspu;| vd;W fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhu; ghbdhu;. Mk;> cyfkf;fs; midtiuAk; jkpou;
cwtpduhff; nfhz;ldu;. jkpo; ,yf;fpak; rpwg;Gkpf;fJ. cau;ej; fUj;Jf;fis moFglf;
$WtJ.
jkpo; vd;Dk; ngaNu ,dpik vd;Dk; nghUspy; mike;Js;sJ. mj;Jld; nrhy;

,dpik> nghUs; ,dpik> Xir ,dpik> ,yf;fz ,dpik> ,yf;fpa ,dpik vdg;
gy ,dpikfs; epiwe;j ,dpikj; jkpo;nkhop ekjhf ,Ug;gJ ekf;Fg; ngUikad;Nwh!
330
gpd;dpizg;G 3
(01) gpd;tUk; rl;lfj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Ngr;Rg; gpujp xd;wpidj;

jahupAq;fs;. (Vwf;Fiwa 50 tupfs;)
(m) ~~el;G||
• jiyg;G mwpKfk; (el;G)
• el;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; - mwpQu; $wpait
• el;gpd; gad;/kfpik/rpwg;G - mwpQu; $wpait
• nfhs;sj;jf;f el;G
• nfhs;sj;jfhj el;G
• njhFg;Giu / KbTiu
• ed;wp / tzf;fk;
(M) ~~jkpo;nkhop||
• jiyg;G mwpKfk; (jkpo;)
• jkpopd; njhd;ik
• jkpopd; rpwg;Gg;gw;wp mwpQupd; $w;Wf;fs;> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs;
• jkpo;nkhopiag; Ngzp tsu;j;jy;
• njhFg;Giu / KbTiu
• ed;wp / tzf;fk;
(02) jahupj;j Ngr;rpid NgRk; Kiwapy; thrpAq;fs; / NgRq;fs;.
331
Nju;r;rp myF 9.2: ghlg;gug;Gfspy; ,dq;fz;L tpsq;fpf;nfhz;l gad;ghl;L

nraw;ghL : fpufpj;J vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : nrhy;yl;ilfs;
vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp
gb 9.2.1
• khztu;fSf;F ,yf;fzf; $Wfs; mlq;fpa gpd;tUk; thf;fpaq;fis
nrhy;yl;ilfspy; vOjp> toq;Fq;fs;
thf;fpaq;fs;
• tPl;bd; vy;iy fly;.
• fkyd; jk;gpf;F gupnrhd;iwf; nfhLj;jhd;.
• jhAk; je;ijAk; kfSld; fiytpohtpw;Fr; nrd;wdu;.
• Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W
• ~~jha; jd; kfidf; $l;br;nrd;W tpisahl;Lg;nghUs; Ntz;Lkh||
vd;W Nfl;lhs;.
• ~~me;j ,dpikahd ghl;ilf;Nfs; jk;gP|| vd;W mf;fh $wpdhs;.
• ,Jjhd; rpwe;j g+q;fh
• Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l thf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s ,yf;fzf;$Wfis (ngau;> tpid>

,il> cup> Ntw;Wik> thf;fpa mikg;G) khztu;fsplNk tpdtpf;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• nrhy;yl;ilapy; ,lk;ngwhj ,yf;fzf; $Wfisj; njspTgLj;jpa

gpd; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf cjhuzq;fs; %yk; njspT
gLj;Jq;fs;.
332
- tPl;bd; - 5k; Ntw;Wik - vy;iyg;nghUs;
- jk;gpf;F - 4k; Ntw;Wik - nfhilg;nghUs;
- jhAk; je;ijAk; - ,ilr;nrhy; (ck;)
- kfSld; - cld; - nrhy;YUG (3Mk;)
- rhy - cupr;nrhy;
- ~~jha; jd;kfid ... || vd;W Nfl;lhs;. jiyikj;
njhlUk; rhu;Gj; njhlUk; - fyg;G thf;fpak;
- ~~me;j ,dpikahd ...|| vd;W mf;fh $wpdhs;
jiyikj;njhlu;> rhu;Gj;njhlu; - fyg;G thf;fpak;
- jhd; - ,ilr;nrhy;
30 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.2.2
• xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Fq;fs;.
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij nksdkhf thrpj;J> fpufpj;Jf;

nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTk; jq;fSf;Fs; jdpj;jdpahff; fye;Jiuahb mjd;

fPOs;s tpdhf;fisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
50 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.2.3
• xt;nthU FOTk; jq;fs; nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s tpilfis
• Kd;itf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghL njhlu;ghf khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F

,lkspAq;fs;.
• khztu; Kd;itj;j tpilfspd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid ,dq;fz;L fPot

; Uk;
tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• ,ilr;nrhw;fs;
cjhuzk; : xOq;iffspYk; re;JfspYk; (ck;)
%q;fpw; gy;yf;fpNyh khl;Ltz;bapNyh (X)
(Ntw;Wik cUGfisAk; ftdpf;f)
• cupr;nrhy; - fop kfpo;nta;jpdhd;
333
• nrhy;YUGfs; - nfhz;L
,Ue;J
• $l;L thf;fpak; - rpWtd;> FwtdUNf nrd;W ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhd;.
• fyg;G thf;fpak; - topaUNf ,Ue;j tpisahl;Lg; nghUs;fisg; ghu;jJ
; f;
nfhz;Nl te;jtid ~~th Foe;jha; mtrukhf th|| vdg; ngw;Nwhu;
mioj;jdu;.
• njhfhepiyj;njhlu; - epwq;fspd; mofpy;
xOq;iffspYk; re;JfspYk;
40 epkplq; f s
s;
• Ntw;Wik cUGfis ,dq;fz;L cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

• nrhy;YUgpid tpsq;fp thf;fpaq;fis mikg;ghu;.
• tpidahyizAk; ngau; tiffSf;F cjhuzq;fs; nfhLg;ghu;.
• njhlu;fisj; njspthf tpsq;fp czu;thu;.
• ,yf;fz tOf;fspd;wp vOJthu;.
334
gpd;dpizg;G 1
vdf;F mk;kh NtZk; vdf;F mg;gh NtZk;
md;W tre;jfhyg; gz;bif ehs;. gy tz;z Milfis mzpe;J kf;fs;> xLq;fpa

xOq;iffspYk; re;JfspYkpUe;J gy tz;z Kay;fs; jj;jk; tiyfis tpl;L
ntspNaWtijg; Nghd;W > gz;biff;F tpiue;J nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jdu;. rpyu;
ele;jdu;. rpyu; Fjpiu Nky; rthup nra;jdu;. NtW rpyu; %q;fpw; gy;yf;fpNyh> khl;L
tz;bapNyh nrd;wdu;. tpiue;J nrd;w kf;fs; $l;lj;jpDl; rpWtd; xUtDk; ,Ue;jhd;.
mtdJ Kfj;jpy; Cf;fKk; kfpo;r;rpAk; nghq;fpj; jJk;gpd.
topaUNf ,Ue;j tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;Nl te;jtid ~~th

Foe;jha; mtrukhf th|| vdg; ngw;Nwhu; mioj;jdu;.
rpWtd; ngw;Nwhuplk; tpiue;J nrd;whd;. Mdhy; mtdJ fz;fNsh gpd;Nd kiwAk;

tpisahl;Lg; nghUs;fisNa ghu;j;jd. ~~me;j tpisahl;Lf; fhu; Ntz;Lk;.|| vd;W
rpWtd; nfQ;rpf; Nfl;lhd;. mt;thW Nfl;ltidg; ghu;j;Jj; jha; ~~Kd;Nd ghu;j;J el||
vd;W vr;rupj;jhu;. gy fhl;rpfisAk; ,lq;fisAk; ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;L te;j rpWtd;>
ngw;Nwhu; Kd;Nd nry;y rw;Wg; gpd;Nd nrd;whd;.
,t;thwhff; $j;jhba gb nrd;w rpWtidg; ngw;Nwhu; mizj;Jf;nfhz;L> gz;biff;Fr;

nry;Yk; ghijia mile;jdu;. mq;Nf rpw;W}z;b tpahghupapd; filapypUe;j gy
tz;zkpl;lha;fisf; fz;L rpWtd; fop kfpo;nta;jpdhd;. G+f;fs; Ftpe;J fple;j
filapdUNf Ngha; ~~,e;jg; G+khiy NtZk;.|| vd;W KZKZj;jhd;. gY}d;fhud;
xUtdJ jbapy; kQ;rs;> gr;ir> rptg;G> Cjh vd;Dk; gy epw gY}d;fs; ,Ue;jd.
thdtpy;Yg; Nghd;w me;j epwq;fspd; mofpw; rpWtd; jd;idNa gwpnfhLj;J tpl;lhd;.
,t;thW nrd;W nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ ghk;ghl;Lk; Fwtd; xUtd; jhd; nfhz;L te;j
$ilf;Fs;Ns fple;j ehfghk;igg; ghu;jJ
; j; jd; Foiy Cjpdhd;. rpWtd; FwtdUNf
nrd;W ghu;jJ
; f; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. filrpahfr; rpWtd;> RoYk; ,uhl;bdj;jUNf te;jhd;.
,uhl;bdk; kpf Ntfkhfr; Rod;wJ. Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;> gps;isfs; ,uhl;bdj;jpypUe;J

$r;rypl;ldu;. rpWtdJ Kfj;jpy; Gd;KWty; glu;e;jJ> ~~mk;kh> mg;gh ehDk;
,uhl;bdj;jpy; Vw Ntz;Lk;|| vd;whd;. tpil vJTkpy;iy. ngw;Nwhiug; ghu;f;fj;
jpUk;gpdhd;. mtu;fs; mq;Nfapy;iy. mq;Fkpq;Fk; Njbaiye;jhd;. fhzNtapy;iy.
~~mk;kh> mg;gh|| vd;W fjwpaOjhd;. rpWtdpd; $r;riyf;Nfl;L xU kdpjd; mtDf;F
MWjy; $wpdhu;.
335
~~eP ,q;Nf ahUld; te;jha;|| vd;W me;j kdpjd; rpWtidf;Nfl;f> mtNdh vdf;F
~~mk;kh NtZk; vdf;F mg;gh NtZk;|| vd;W Kd;dupYk; ghu;f;f mOj tz;zNk
$wpdhd;. rpWtidr; rkhjhdg;gLj;j mk;kdpjd; gythwhf Kad;Wk; mit xd;Wk;
if$ltpy;iy. mr;rpWtNdh vdf;F ~~mk;kh NtZk; mg;gh NtZk;|| vd;Nw mlk;
gpbj;J mOjhd;. vijf; Nfl;lhYk; ~~vdf;F mk;kh NtZk; mg;gh NtZk;|| vd;Nw
mOjhd;.
NkNy jug;gl;l ge;jpia ed;F thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J fPo;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil

vOJf.
1. ,g;ge;jpapy; ,lk;ngWk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; vit?
2. ge;jpapy; cs;s cupr;nrhy; xd;W jUf.
3. ge;jpapy; cs;s nrhy;YUGfs; ,uz;L jUf.
4. ,g;ge;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; $l;Lthf;fpak; xd;iwAk; fyg;G thf;fpak;

xd;iwAk; jUf.
5. ge;jpapy; cs;s njhfh epiyj; njhlu;fs; rpytw;iwj; jUf.
336
Nju;r;rp myF 8.1 : tpUg; g j; j pw; f hfTk; RitAzu; t pw; f hfTk;

thrpg;ghu;.
nraw; g hL : ehl;lhu; ghly;fspd; mofpay; czu;it eae;J

ntspg;gLj;JNthk;.
ju cs;sPL : ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; - ghl E}y;

vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp
xypehlh
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghL
gb 8.1.1
• rpdpkhg; ghlyhf tUk; ehl;lhu; ghly; xd;iwg;ghb Muk;gpAq;fs;
~~this kPDf;Fk; tpyhq;F kPDf;Fk; - fy;ahzk;
me;j njd;d Jdp $l;lk; vy;yhk; Cu;Nfhyk;
me;j eLf;flypy; elf;Fja;ah jpUkzk;
me;j mru nghb MSf;nfy;yhk; Fk;khsk; V... V...||
(xypehlhtpy; xypf;f itf;fyhk; my;yJ ghlf;$ba MrpupaNuh khztNuh
ghlyhk;)
• ,g;ghly; Vd; cq;fisf; ftu;e;jJ? vd;w tpdhitf; Nfl;Lf;

fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
• ehl;lhu; ghly; ,ir> Xirf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

• kf;fSila tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs;
• nrhy;yhl;rp
• mzpfs;
• kd czu;T
• Rit> eak;
• ghlypy; $wg;gl;l fUj;ijj; jkJ eilapy; $Wjy;
20 epkplq; f s
s;
337
gb 8.1.2
• khztu;fis ehd;F Ngu;nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• xt;nthU khztDf;Fk; ehl;lhu; ghly;fis thrpg;gjw;F re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Fq;fs;.
• khztu;fis nksd thrpg;gpy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij xt;nthU khztDf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ijg; G+u;j;jpnra;a topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 8.1.3
khztu;fs; G+u;j;jp nra;j nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ijr; rku;g;gpg;gjw;Fr;
•
• Vida khztu;fs; Nkw;gb tplak; njhlu;ghff; fUj;Jg; gupkhwr;

• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• ,irAld; ghLjy;
vOkhwhf khztu;fs; rpyiug; ghliy ,irAld; ghLk;gb Nfl;L
mtjhdpf;fTk;.
• ngz;zpd; kd czu;T ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ghq;F (Fwpg;ghy;)

cjhuzk; : ~~Fj;Jf; fl;il NkNywp
nfhOe;J ntj;jy; NghlapNy
ifGb NyQ;R fz;L vd;
fs;s kdk; Js;Sijah||
• jdJ fhjyidf; fz;L mts; kdk; Mde;jg;gLtij ,t;tbfs;
fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.
eifr;Rit
cjhuzk; : ~~gdpa yaj;J rhty;
ghrKs;s nts;sr;rhty;
fhYtsu;e;j rhty;
fz;lhYk; NgRjpy;y||
• rpUq;fhur; Rit
cjhuzk; : ~~ft;thj;Jf; fhug;igah
fj;;jpntl;Lk; ghz;b kd;dh
fj;jp vd;d kpd;DwJ> cd;
ft;thj;njd;d gpe;JwJ?||
338
~~Kd;D}W MSf;Fs;s
Ks;Sf; Fj;Jk; vd;rhkp
Ks;S %Zk; kz;Zf;Fs;s
Kopf nuz;Lk; vd;Nky||
• kiyaf ehl;lhu; ghly;
nrhw;gpuNahfk;
cjhuzk; : 1. nfhOe;J ntj;jy
2. yak;
3. ft;thj;J
• kPd;gpbj;njhopypd; rpwg;G
khjhe;j rk;gsk; thq;Fgtupd; epiyg;ghl;ilf;$wp mt;thwhd
[d;kk; jkf;F Ntz;lhk; vd;W $WtJld;@ jq;fsJ tsk;
kpf;f flypy; kPd;gpbj;J re;Njhrkhf ,Ug;Nghk; vd;gJk;
kfpo;rr
; pahf kPdg
; pbf;fg; Gwg;gLNthk; vd;gJk; kPdg
; pbj; njhopypd;
rpwg;igf; $Wfpd;wd.
• ge;jp mikj;jy;
kPd;gpbg;gjw;Ff; flYk; mf; flypNy mjpf kPd;fSk; cs;sd.
kPd;gpbf;fr; nry;tjw;Fj; NjhzpAk; ciog;gjw;fhd iffSk;
cs;sd. Kg;gJ ehSk; cioj;J> mjw;fhd gzj;ij thq;fp
%d;W ehl;fspy; nrytopj;Jtpl;L fld;gl;Lk;> gl;bdpahfTk;
thOfpd;w tho;fi ; f vkf;F Ntz;lhk;. vdNt kPdg
; pbf;f flYf;Fg;
NghNthk;.
• Xir eaKs;s nrhw;fs;

cjhuzk; : khk;gl;il kUjk;gl;il
ntsthNyhba njd;dk; gl;il
G+k;gl;il Gspak;gl;il...
gl;lzk; gl;lzk; gl;lzk;
• kdpj tho;Tld; ehl;lhu; ghly; gpd;dpg;gpize;jJ.

jhyhl;L Kjy; xg;ghup tiuapyhd ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; rpytw;iw
cjhuzq;fhl;b ghly;fis vOJjy;
• khztu;fs; nt;NtW tifahd ehl;lhu; ghly;fisj; Njb

Mu;tj;Jld; thrpg;gjw;F topg;gLj;Jjy;. mJgw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLjy;
40 epkplq; f s
s;
339
• ehl;lhu; ghliy ,irAld; ghLthu;.
• ehl;lhu; ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ritfis mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• kdpj tho;tpd; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; ehl;lhu; ghly; ghlg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ

vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
• ~ehl;lhu; ghly;| vd;w jiyg;gpy; Mf;fk; xd;W vOJthu;.
• NtW gy ehl;lhu; ghly;fis Mu;tj;Jld; thrpg;ghu;.
• ehl;lhu; ghliy thrpj;Jj; jhk; jhk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mDgtq;fis

Vida khztu;fSld; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;thu;.
340
gpd;dpizg;G 1
1. ehl;lhu; ghly;fis ,irAld; ghLf.
2. kiyaf njhopw;ghlypy; ngz;zpd; kd czu;T ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ghq;fpidf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
3. ,g;ghlypy; rpUq;fhur; Rit NkNyhq;fpf; fhzg;gLk; mbfs; vit?
4. ,g;ghly; kiyaf ehl;lhu; ghly; vd;gij vt;tifapy; czu KbfpwJ?
5. kPd;gpbj;njhopypd; rpwg;G vt;thW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ?
6. ~kPd;gpbfhuu; ghly;| gFjpapy; $wg;gl;l Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fis ckJ

eilapy; ge;jpahf mikf;Ff.
7. ,g;ghlypy; nrhw;fs; Xirr; rpwg;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
8. ~~ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; kdpj tho;Tld; gpd;dpg;gpize;jNj|| ,f;$w;Wg; nghUe;Jkh?

fhuzk; jUf.
341
Ak; vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisAk; gpd;gw;wp ,yf;fz
tOtpd;wpj; njspthf vOJthu;.
nraw;ghL : ~~rpWfijapid thrpj;J mjd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis tpku;rpj;J

vOJNthk;.||
ju cs;sPL : ~~tpbAkh|| rpWfij - ghlE}y;

vOJ jhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
gb 9.7.1
• ghlrhiyapy; eilngw;w xU ehlfk; gw;wp khztu;fSld;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;r;rp midtuJk; fUj;jpidf; ftu;e;jjw;fhd

fhuzq;fisf; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;
• Nkilapy; me;epfo;T NkilNaw;wg; ngw;w NghJ rigapy; vOe;j czu;

tiyfs; gw;wpAk; khztUf;Fg; gpbj;jpUe;j mk;rq;fs; gw;wpAk; xt;nthU
khztUk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wtjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fspy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jq;fs;
gilg;G xd;iw tpku;rpf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mtjhdpj;jy;

• fiytbtkhf mikjy;
• fijf;fU ,lk;ngWjy;
• ajhu;j;jg;gz;G ntspg;gly;
• fjhghj;jpuk;/fijf;fsk;/czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL Mtiyj;
J}z;Ltdthf mikjy;
• gbg;gpidfisj; jUtdthf mikjy;
• nkhopeil/ cj;jpfs;
• jiyg;G - fij nghUj;jg;ghL
20 epkplq; f s
s;
342
gb 9.7.2
• khztu;fis 6 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij midtUf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• fijapidf; FOtpYs;s xt;nthUtUk; cuj;J> czu;NthL

thrpg;gjw;Fk;> Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbahj nrhw;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk;
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• ,f;fijapid thrpj;j gpd;du; mJgw;wp khztu;fs; fye;JiuahL

tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
(fye;Jiuahlypd; NghJ khztu;fspd; re;Njfq;fisj; jPu;f;Fk;
tifapYk; <Lghl;bid Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; Mrpupau; rpy gFjpfis
thrpj;jy;> nghUs; $Wjy; Kjyhdtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.)
60 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.7.3
• xt;nthU FOtpypUe;Jk; xt;nthUtu; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jiyg;Gfspy;
fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• vOkhw;whf xU khztid vOg;gp KOf;fij gw;wpa mwpf;ifapid

thrpg;gjw;Fk;> khztu;fs; mJ gw;wpf; fUj;Jiu toq;Ftjw;Fk; re;ju;gg
; k;
toq;Fq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• fijf;fU
RfKk; Jf;fKk; kdpj kdj;jpid Ml;nfhs;Sk; tpjk;
• fijf;fsk;
fijr;rk;gtq;fs; gpd;dg;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fSk; #oYk;
• ghj;jpug;gilg;G
cjhuzk;: FQ;rk;khs; : 1. kq;fsfukhf thog;gpbj;jts;.
2. fztdpd; gpupTj;Jauk; gw;wpait
• nkhopeil : ,yFthdJ> fhl;rpfspdJk;> czu;TfspdJk;
tu;zid> kdijf; ftUk; thf;fpa mikg;G
• cj;jpfs; : 1. gpuNjr tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;
2. ctikfs;
3. capNuhl;lkhd fijr; rk;gtq;fspd; gpd;dy;
(tpWtpWg;G)
• fijAk; jiyg;Gk; : mtu;fspd; kdg;Nghuhl;lk; tpbaiyg;Nghy;
jPu;T ngwy;
40 epkplq; f s
s;
343
• khztu;fs; jkf;Fg; gpbj;j gFjpfis cuj;Jk; czu;r;rp

ntspg;ghl;NlhLk; thrpg;ghu;.
• fijf;fUit ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• ghj;jpug;gilg;G> ajhu;j;jg;gz;G> fsk;> cj;jpfs; vd;gd gw;wpj; jkJ

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• rpWfijfis tpku;rpg;ghu;.
344
gpd;dpizg;G 1
• jug;gl;Ls;s ~tpbAkh?| rpWfijg; gFjpapid thrpj;J> FO uPjpahf

gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
• 6 Ngu; nfhz;l MW FOf;fshf mkUq;fs;. MW jiyg;Gf;fspy;

xt;nthd;whf xt;nthU FOtpYk; cs;s MW NgUf;Fk; toq;Fq;fs;.
gpd; xNu jiyg;gpidg; ngw;wtu;fs; xNu FOtpduhFk; tifapy; Gjpa
MW FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J fye;Jiuahb> jug;gl;l jiyg;Gg; gw;wp
jdpj;jdpNa tpku;;rdk; vOJq;fs;.
• gpd;du; kPz;Lk; cq;fs; jha;f;FOtpy; ,ize;J jug;gl;Ls;s vy;yhj;

jiyg;Gfs; gw;wpAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l fUj;Jf;fisj; jpul;b FO uPjpahf
mwpf;if jahupAq;fs;.
tpku;rdk; nra;ag;gLk; jiyg;Gfs; tUkhW:
(1) fijf;fU
(2) fijf;fsk;
(3) ghj;jpug;gilg;G
(4) nkhopeil
(5) ifahsg;gl;l cj;jpfs;
(6) fijf;Fk; jiyg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapyhd nghUj;jg;ghL
345
Nju; r ; r p 9.0 : mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J> vOj;Jg; nghwpKiw
fisAk; vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisAk; mDrupj;J
Nju;r;rp myF 9.2 : ghlg;gug;Gfspy; ,dq;fz;L tpsq;fpf;nfhz;l gad;ghl;L

nraw;ghL : ghlg;gug;Gfspy; ,dq;fz;L tpsq;fpf;nfhz;l gad;ghl;L

,yf;fzj;ijg; nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpg;Nghk;.
ju cs;sPL : fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; ghlybfs;

vOJjhs;
vOJfUtp
gb 9.2.1
• gpd;tUk; ghlybfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;JtjD}lhf khztiur; rpe;jpf;fj;
J}z;Lq;fs;.
- ~~va;jtd; ,Uf;f mk;ig NehtNjd;||

- ~~te;jhiu thoitf;Fk; nja;tkzpj;jpUehL||
- ~~ths;nfhz;L ntl;bdhy; cjpuk; ngUfhNjh||
- ~~ehs;NjhWk; ,iwtid ehthu tho;j;jp epw;Nghk;.||
- ~~XL kPd; Xl cWkPd; tUksTk; thbapUf;Fkhk; nfhf;F||
- ~~jha; je;ij jhs;gzpNthk;||
- ~~gtstha; fkyr; nrq;fz;||
- ~~md;idAk; gpjhTk; Kd;dwp nja;tk;||
- ~~me;Njh! tjq;fpaoF FbNghanjd;ghu;.||
- ~~igq;$e;jy; ty;ypau;fs;||
- Nkw;fhZk; ghlybfspy; mbf;Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;

,yf;fzf; $Wfs; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
346
• fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fisj; njspT
gLj;Jq;fs;.
• ghlybfspy; Ntw;Wik cUG> nrhy;YUG vd;gtw;iwg; gpupj;J

,dq;fhZjy;
• ,ilr;nrhw;fs;> cupr;nrhw;fisj; njspthf ,dq;fhzy;
• njhif epiyj;njhlu;> njhfhepiyj;njhlUf;Fupa mbfis tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;Sjy;
• tpidab Ntw;Wik Vw;W (ngau;j;jd;ik) tpidahyizAk; ngauhf
tUk; nrhw;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;
• nrhw;fisr; re;jpgpupj;Jk;> Nru;jJ
; k; (nrhw;Gzu;rr
; p> nrhw;gpupg;G) tUtij
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
30 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.2.2
• gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,Ys;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk;

toq;Fq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTk; jq;fSf;Fs; jdpj;jdpahff; fye;Jiuahb

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpidg; G+u;j;jpnra;a topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• khztu;fs; nraw;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
50 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 9.2.3
• xt;nthU FOTk; jq;fs; nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpYs;s tpilfis
• Kd; itf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghL njhlu;ghf khztu;fspd;; fUj;Jf;fSf;F

,lkspAq;fs;.
• khztu; Kd;itj;j tpilfspd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid ,dq;fz;L fPot

; Uk;
tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
1. ,uhg;gfy; - ck;ikj;njhif
gdpj;Jsp - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
nrq;fly; - gz;Gj;njhif
Ky;iyr;rpupg;G - ctikj;njhif
347
2. ,ilr;nrhy; - jhd;> Xntd
cupr;nrhy; - edp
3. - tpidahyizAk; ngau;
cjhuzk; : gidahy; tpOe;jtid itj;jpahrhiyf;Ff;
nfhz;L nrd;wdu;
- 4Mk; Ntw;Wik
cjhuzk; : vq;fs; ghlrhiyf;F Kd; Nfhapy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
- 3Mk; Ntw;Wik (nrhy;YUG)
cjhuzk; : rj;jpaidf; nfhz;L ftpij vOJtpf;fyhk;.
- cupr;nrhy; :
cjhuzk; : fUiz$u; Kfq;fshWk; nfhz;l KUfg;
ngUkhd; NjNuwp tyk; te;jhu;.
4. - ngau;r;nrhy; - nfhf;F> mlf;fKilahu;.

- tpidr;nrhy; - flf;f> fUj> Xl> thb> ,Uf;Fk;
- ,ilr;nrhy; - ck;> Mk;

- cupr;nrhy; - cW
- Ntw;Wikj;njhif - kilj;jiyapy;
- tpidj;njhif - XLkPd;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis kPstypAWj;Jq;fs;.

• ngau;r;nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk;.
• ngau;r;nrhw;fspd; nghUis NtWgLj;jNy Ntw;Wik.
• <w;wpy; nghUis NtWgLj;j tUk; ,ilr;nrhy; cUghFk;.
• nrhy;YUG nghUSila nrhy;
• ,ilr;nrhw;fs; jdpj;J tuhJ ngau;> tpidNahL rhu;e;J tUk;.
• cupr;nrhw;fs; gz;ig czu;j;jp tUtd. (njhopy;> Fzk;)
(kpFjpg;gz;ig czu;j;Jtd - rhy> cW> jt> edp> )
• njhifepiyj;njhlupy; cUGfs; njhf;FtUk;
• njhfhepiyj;njhlupy; cUGfs; tpupe;J> kiwahJ tUk;.
• epiynkhop tUnkhop xdWglg; Gzu;tNj Gzu;r;rp.
40 epkplq; f s
s;
348
• tpidahyizAk; ngau; tiffSf;F> cjhuzk; nfhLf;Fk; jpwd;

ngWthu;.
• Ntw;Wik cUGfis> nrhy;YUGfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.
• nrhw;fs; GzUk; tpjpKiwfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ngWthu;.
• njhif> njhfhepiyj; njhlu;fisj; njspthf ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• njhlu;fSf;F ,f;fhy tof;Fld; njhlu;GgLj;jp cjhuzq;fs; jUthu;.
• tOf;fspd;wp vOJthu;.
349
gpd;dpizg;G 1
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.
1. ,uhg;gfy;> gdpj;Jsp> nrq;fly;> Ky;iyr;rpupg;G Nghd;wtw;Ws; ,lk;ngWk;

njhiffis vOJf.
2. ~~ehd; New;Wj;jhd; te;Njd;.||

edp nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg; ghbdhu;.
eP Xntd mOjJ Qhgfkpy;iyah?
,t;thf;fpaj;njhlu;fspy; ,ilr;nrhy;> cupr;nrhy; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L vOJf.
3. gpd;tUk; ,yf;fzf; $Wfs; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; ,t;tpuz;L cjhuzq;fis

thf;fpaq;fspy;; jUf.
1. tpidahyizAk; ngau;.
2. 4Mk; Ntw;Wik
3. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik (nrhy;YUG)
4. cupr;nrhy;
4. ~~mlf;fKilahu; mwptpynud; nwz;zpf;

flf;ff; fUjTk; Ntz;lh - kilj;jiyapy;
XLkPd; Xl cWkPd; tUksTk;
thbapUf;Fkhq; nfhf;F||
,g;ghlypy; te;Js;s>
ngau;r;nrhy;
tpidr;nrhy;
,ilr;nrhy;
cupr;nrhy;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif
tpidj;njhif
Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fz;L vOJf.
350
Nju; r ; r p 10.0 : gy; N tW re; j u; g ; g q; f Sf; F k; Nehf; f q; f Sf; F k;
Vw; w thW vOJthu; .
Nju;r;rp myF 10.2 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf vOJthu;.
nraw;ghL : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd El;gq;fisf;

ifahz;L vOJNthk;.
ju cs;sPL nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - gpd;dpizg;G 1

vOJ jhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;

gb 10.2.1
• gj;jpupifapy; tUk; rpy Kiwg;ghl;Lr; nra;jpfs;> Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;>
tptuzg; glq;fs;> mtw;iw tpsf;Fk; Mf;fq;fs;> rpy tpsk;guq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iwr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;LtUkhW Kd; $l;bNa khztu;fSf;F
mwptpAq;fs;.
• tFg;gpy;> nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mf;fq;fis fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• mt;thf;fpaq;fis khztu; rpyiuf; nfhz;Lk;> Njitg;gLk; ,lj;J

MrpupaUk; Vw;w ,wf;fj;Jld; thrpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLk; NghJ gpd;tUtd
Nghd;w tpdhf;fis khztuplk; tpdhTq;fs;.
cjhuzk; :
1. ,it Vd; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd? my;yJ vOjg; gLfpd;wd?
2. nra;jpfs; vt;thW Rlr;Rl kf;fisr; nrd;wilfpd;wd?
• fye;Jiuahliy gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis ,lk;ngWk; tifapy; elhj;jpr;

nry;Yq;fs;
• Nehf;fq;fSk; vOJk; KiwfSk;

• vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;jy;
• mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Kd;itj;jy;
• tptupj;jy;
• Kiwaply;
• nghUj;jkhd El;gq;fisf; ifahSjy;
20 epkplq; f s
s;
351
gb 10.2.2
• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jr; nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 1,id
toq; F q; f s; .
• mwpTWj;jypd;gb nraw;gLtjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
60 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 10.2.3
• FOf;fspilNa khztu;fs; fye;JiuahLtjw;Fk;> vOjpa Mf;fq;fisr;
rku;g;gpg;gjw;Fk; tha;g;gspAq;fs;.
• vy;yh khztu;fspdJk; mwpf;iffs; rku;gg ; pf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; fUj;Jiufs;

toq;fg;gLtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
• vOkhw;whf rpytw;iw thrpg;gjw;Fk;> NgRtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;

toq;Fq;fs;. gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis kdjpw; nfhz;L fye;Jiuahlypy;
<LgLq;fs;.
• njupT nra;ag;gl;l tplak; gw;wpa khztuJ nrhe;j vz;zq;fs;>

mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs;
• nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G
• Nkilg; Ngr;Rf;fhd mikg;G
• ju;f;fuPjpahd xOq;fikg;G
• KOik
• Neuf;fl;Lg;ghL
• nkhopr; nrk;ikAk; gpioapd;ikAk;
• nghUj;jkhd epWj;jf; FwpaPLfs;
40 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 10.2.4
• khztu;fis Nrhbfshf;Fq;fs;.
• NrhbfshfNt rl;lfj;ijg; G+u;j;jp nra;a topfhl;Lq;fs;.
• tptuzj;ijj; jdpj;jdpNa vOJtjw;F cjTq;fs;.
50 epkplq; f s
s;
352
gb 10.2.5
• khztu;fs; rpyiu vOkhw;whf vOg;gp mwpf;ifia Kd;itf;fr;
nra;Aq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngWk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy

elhj;Jq;fs;.
• tptuzk; gw;wpaJ. (epfo;T xd;wpd;)

• Muk;gk; - njhlu;r;rp - KbT
• mjd; gad;ghLk; tpisTfSk; MNyhridfSk;
• vOJk; KiwAk; nkhopr;nrk;ikAk; nghUj;jg;ghLk;.
30 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 10.2.6
• FOf;fshf Mf;fj;ij vOJtjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
50 epkplq; f s
s;
gb 10.2.5
• xt;nthU FOTk; jdJ Mf;fj;ij Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Fq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis kdjpw; nfhz;L fye;Jiuahliy elj;jpr;

nry;Yq;fs;
• Kiwg;ghL vOjg;gLk; re;ju;g;gKk; ,lKk;

• nghUj;jkhd nkhopg;gad;ghLk; njspTk;
• ftdpf;f Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs;
• gj;jpupiff;fhd Kiwg;ghL > Fwpg;Gfs;
• Kiwg;ghL njspthfTk;> tpsf;fkhfTk;> G+uzkhfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; . thrpj;J mwpaf;$ba tifapy; ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;
• thndhyp my;yJ njhiyf;fhl;rpf;fhd Kiwg;ghLfs;:
mtw;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; nrtpg;GyD}lhfTk;
fl;GyD}lhfTk; tpsf;fk; ngwj;jf;f tifapy; mikjy;
30 epkplq;fs;
353
• jug;gl;l tplaj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Nkilg;Ngr;irj; jahupg;ghu;.
• tptuzk; vOJk; Mw;wiy tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
• r%fj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b Njitf;Fk;

thrfUf;Fk; nghUj;jkhf vOJthu;.
• Mf;fj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vOj Ntz;Lk;

vd;w kdg;ghq;ifg; ngWthu;.
354
gpd;dpizg;G 1
01. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fSs; xd;wpidj; njupT nra;f.

(m) ,d;iwa khztupilNa mUfpr;nry;Yk; thrpg;Gg; gof;fk;
(M) mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; KjpNahu; guhkupg;G epiyaq;fs;
• njupT nra;ag;gl;l jiyg;Gf;F Vw;g cq;fsJ nrhe;j mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk;

fUj;Jf;fisAk; vOJf.
• gpd;du;> cq;fs; FOf;fspilNa fye;JiuahLq;fs;. khztu; kd;wj;jpy;

%d;W epkplk; Mw;wf;$bajhd Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;wpid> gpd;tUk;
rl;lfj;jpw;F Vw;gj; jahupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd tpguq;fisj; njhFf;fTk;.
rl;lfk;
(m) tpspg;G
(M) mwpKfk;
(,) jiyg;Gk; tplag; nghUj;jKk;
(<) vLj;Jf;nfhz;l tpla tpsf;fk;> fUj;JtypAWj;jy; (cly;)
(c) epiwT
• rl;lfj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp jdpj;jdpNa 3 epkpl Nkilg; Ngr;nrhd;iwj;

jahupAq;fs;.
• ,Utu; ,Utuhff; fye;Jiuahbg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLq;fs;.
• Rdhkp gw;wpa tptuzk; xd;wpidg; gpd;tUk; rl;lfj;jpw;F Vw;gj; jahupf;f

Ntz;ba tpguq;fisj; njhFf;fTk;.
rl;lfk;
(m) fhyk;
(M) Rdhkpapd; jhf;fk;
(,) kf;fspd; epiy/,og;GfSk; mtyq;fSk;
(<) mitgw;wpa cq;fs; kdg;gjpTk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk;
(c) epiwT
• rl;lfj;ijf; nfhz;L 250 nrhw;fspy; tptuzk; xd;iwj; jdpj;jdpNa

vOJf.
355
• FOf;fshfr; nraw;gLq;fs;
• cq;fs; ghlrhiyapd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapy; fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfisf;

fye;Jiuahbf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• mf;FiwghLfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b cupatUf;F Kiwg;ghL nra;Ak; tifapy;

vOJq;fs;.
• gpd;tUk; Clfq;fspD}lhf ntspaplj;jf;f tifapy; cq;fs;

Mf;fq;fis mikf;Ff.
1. gj;jpupif 2. thndhyp 3. njhiyf;fhl;rp

356
gFjp
III
mwpKfk;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; eltbf;ifapd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfisj;

njspthfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> khztu;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ijg;
ngw; W f; nfhs; t jw; F khf> tFg; g iwapy; ,yFthfr; nraw; g Lj; j KbAkhd>
xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Ggl;l ,uz;L Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fshff; fzpg;gPl;ilAk;>
kjpg;gPl;ilAk; fUjyhk;. fzpg;gPL rupahd Kiwapy; eilngWnkdpd;> tFg;gpy;
fw; F k; xt; n thU gps; i sAk; cupa Nju; r ; r papd; (epGzj; J tj; j pd; ) mz; k pa
kl;lj;ijahtJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ fbdky;y. kjpg;gPl;bd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtJ
gps;isfs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l Nju;r;rp vk;kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gijf;
fz;Lnfhs;tjhFk;.
fzpg;gPl;ilr; nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ Mrpupau;fs; khztu;fSf;F ,uz;L tpjkhf

topfhl;ly;fis toq;fyhk;. ,t;topfhl;ly;fs; ,uz;Lk; nghJthfg; gpd;D}l;ly;

(Feed Back), Kd;Ndhf;fpa Cl;ly; (Feed Forward) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. khztu;
fspd; ,aYik> ,ayhik vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L nfhz;l gpd;> mtu;fsplk;
fhzg;gLk; fw;wy; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfis ePf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F gpd;D}l;liyAk;>
khztu;fspd; gyk;> ,aYik vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L nfhz;l gpd; mtw;iw
NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F Kd;Ndhf;fpa Cl;liyAk; toq;FtJ Mrpupaupd;
flikNahL rhu;e;j nghWg;ghFk;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; eltbf;ifapd; ntw;wp ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYs;s Nju;r;rpfspy; vj;Nju;r;rp

fis khztu;fs; ve;j kl;lj;jpy; mile;Js;sdu; vd;gij mwptjd; %yk; ,dq;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;;ifapd; NghJ khztu;fs; mile;j
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis mstpLtJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtNjhL> mile;j Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;
gw;wpa tpguq;fis ngw;Nwhu; cs;spl;l kw;Wk; cupa egu;fSf;Fk; mwpaj;jUkhW
Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
cq;fsplk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; khztu; ikakhd (Student-Cen-

tered), Nju;r;rp kl;l (Competency-Based), nraw;ghL rhu;e;j (Activity-Oriented)
gpuNtrj;ijf; nfhz;lJ. tho;itf; fUj;Js;sjhf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F> nraw;
ghl;bD}lhff; fw;wy; vd;gJ Mrpupaupd; cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd
tplakhFk; .
i
Vw;fdNt jahupf;fg;gl;l fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfspd; njhlufj;jpd; Clhfr;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk;> fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jiy fzpg;gPL-kjpg;gPL
vd;gtw;NwhL xd;wpizg;gjw;F Kaw;rp vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU nraw;ghl;bYk;
mjd; ,uz;lhk; gbapy; khztu;fs;> FOthf Ma;tpy; <LgLk;NghJ mtu;fis
fzpg; g P L nra; t jw; F k; nraw; g hl; b d; %d; w hk; gbapy; khztu; f s; jkJ
fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;> jPu;Tfs; vd;gtw;iwr; rku;g;gpf;Fk;NghJ khztu;fis kjpg;gPL
nra; t jw; F k; MrpupaUf; F KbAkhfpd; w J. khztu; f s; FOthf Ma; t py;
<Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ mtu;fspD}Nl nrd;W mtu;fsJ nraw;ghLfis mtjhdpg;gjd;
%yk;> khztu;fs; Kfq; nfhLf;Fk; gpur;rpidfis tFg;giwapy; jPu;g;gjw;Fupa
trjpfisAk;> topfhl;ly;fisAk; toq;FtJ Mrpupauplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPL vd;gtw;iw ,yFthfr; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F Ie;J nghJ epajpfs;

Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;epajpfspy; Kjd; %d;W epajpfSk; cupa Nju;r;rp
kl;lj;NjhL njhlu;ghd mwpT> kdg;ghq;F> jpwd;fs; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;ljhfTk;> mLj;j ,uz;L epajpfSk; tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd
,uz;L jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
Ie;J epajpfSld; ,ize;jjhd elj;ij khw;wq;fs; tFg;giwapy; khztu;fsplk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gijf; fz;L nfhs;tjw;F Mrpupau; Kaw;rp vLf;f Ntz;baNjhL
fzpg;gPl;bd; %yk; fz;L nfhs;sg;gLk; khztu;fs; ngw;Ws;s ,j;jpwd;fspd;
msit kjpg;gPl;bd; %yk; Mrpupau; mse;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
fzpg;gPL njhlu;ghd Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjd; %yk;

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;ifia tpupTgLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,jw;fhfr; nraw;ghl;Lj;
njhlufj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfis gFjp II ,d; fzpg;gPl;L tiffis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhd njhFjpfshf Ntwhf;fpf; nfhs;f.
khztu;fspd; fw;wiy kyur; nra;af;$bajhf> cupa ghltplaj;Jld; njhlu;ghd

nraw;ghl;ilj; njupT nra;f. ,dp> cupa fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iff;fhd
rhjdq;fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f. xt;nthU nraw;ghl;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; cupa
cgfuzq;fisf; FOf;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;ifia
tpupthf;Fk; NghJ mit mikaf;$ba tiffs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
i
• vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Maps)
• Rtu;g;gj;jpupif (Wall News Papers)
• Gjpu;g;Nghl;b (Quizzes)
• tpdhtpilg; Gj;jfk; (Question and Answer Books)
• khztu; nraw;ghl;Lf; Nfhit (Portfolios)
• fz;fhl;rp (Exhibitions)
• tpthjk; (Debates)
• FOf; fye;Jiuahly; (Panel Discussions)
• fUj;juq;F (Seminars)
• cldbr; nrhw;nghopT (Impromptu Speeches)
• ghj;jpuk; Vw;W ebj;jy; (Role Plays)
• ,yf;fpaf; fUj;Jf;fisAk;> tpku;rdq;fisAk; Kd;itj;jy;
(Presentation of Literature Reviews)
• ntspf;fsg; Gj;jfk; / jpdf; Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfk; / Ntiyg;Gj;jfk;

(Field Books / Nature Diaries)
• nra;Kiwr; Nrhjid (Practical Tests)
ghl topfhl;bapd; %d;whk; gFjp> cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; eltbf;;iffis

tpupthf;Fk; tiffisf; nfhz;l nraw;ghLfisAk; mjw;fhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
rhjdq;fisAk; mwpKfQ; nra;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfspDs; fzpg;gPLk;>
mjNdhL njhlu;ghd kjpg;gPLk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;if
NkYk; tpupthf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL khztu;fs; Mu;tj;NjhLk; kfpo;r;rpNahLk; fw;wypy;
<LghL nfhs;tjw;Fk; toprikj;Js;sd.
iii
tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhd fUtpfs;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfis NkYk;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfis NkYk;
tpupTgLj; J tjw; f hd fUtpfs;
juk; - 10
fUtp : 01
0 1 fzpg; g P l ; L r; re; j u; g ; g k; %d;whk; jtiz ,Wjp
02. cs; s lq; F k; Nju; r ; r p

kl; l q; f s; : 1.4> 2.1> 6.1> 9.3> 10.2
03. fUtpf; F upa ghlg;

gFjpfs
gFjpfs; : Neu;fhzy;> juTfs;> jfty;fs; Nrfupj;jy;.
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : xg;gil: Cupy; toq;Fk; gonkhopfs;> gpuNjr

tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;> ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;> fijfs;>
ngupNahu;fs;> Nfhtpy; tuyhWfs; vd;gtw;iwj;
njhFj;J Mtzg;gLj;jy;.
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; : • khztu; jkJ Cupy; toq;Fk; gonkhopfs;>

ghly;fs;> fijfs; vd;gtw;iw mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• jkJ Cu; ngupahu;fs;> tzf;f];jyq;fs;>
Cupy; NtW Fwpg;gplf; $ba Kf;fpak;
tha;e;jtw;iwg; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• gpuNjr tof;Fr; nrhw;fis mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• gz;ghfTk;> nghUj;jkhfTk; ciuahb
jfty;fisg; ngWthu;.
• thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jf; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.
• nrt;tp fhZthu;.
0 6. fUtpfisr; nraw; g Lj; J tjw; f hd MNyhridfs;

Mrpupau; f Sf; F : • %d;whk; jtiz njhlf;fj;jpNyNa ,f;fUtp
gw;wpAk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;ba jpfjp gw;wpAk;
khztUf;F mwptpf;fTk;.
• Cu; mbg;gilapy; khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg;
gpupf;fTk;.
• FOtpdu;fs; jkf;Fs; fye;Jiuahl
topg;gLj;jTk;.
• khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;dpizg;G 1.1I toq;fTk;.
• xt;nthU khztiuAk; jdpj;jdpNa
jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;fr; nra;aTk;.
01
• Nrfup;jj
; jfty;fis Fwpg;gpl;l jpdj;jpy; FO
epiyapy; fye;Jiuahb xOq;FgLj;jp
xg;gilf;f topg;gLj;jTk;.
• xt;nthU FOf;fshf xg;gilia Kd;itf;f
topg;gLj;jTk;.
• Vida khztu;fs; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisf; $wpf;
fye;Jiuahlr; nra;aTk;.
khztu;fSf;F : • Mrpupau;fspdhy; toq;fg;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lg;

gj;jpuj;jpw;Nfw;g jfty;fisr; NrfupAq;fs;.
• Cupy; ngupahu;fs;> Kf;fpa];ju;fisr; re;jpj;J
Neu;fhzy; %yk; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• Cupy; ntspaplg;gl;l kyu;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;>
ifnaOj;Jg;gpujpfs; vd;gtw;iw thrpj;J

Fwpg;ngLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• kf;fs; $Lk; nghJ ,lq;fis mtjhdpj;Jj;
juTfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• cq;fs; FOtpdNuhL Njitf;Nfw;g
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• Mrpupau; Fwpg;gpl;l jpdj;jpy; FOtpdUld;
,ize;J xg;giliaj; jahupj;J Kd;itf;fr;
nra;Aq;fs;.
07. kjpg; g P l ; L epajpfs; : • jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

• jfty;fis xOq;FgLj;Jthu;.
• ftu;r;rpahd Kiwapy; xg;gilfis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
• FO xUikg;ghl;ilg; NgZthu;.
02
gpd;dpizg;G 1.1
I. ckJ Ciug; gpd;dzpahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspy; jfty;fisr;

NrfupAq;fs;.
1. Cupy; toq;Fk; gonkhopfs;.
2. ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;> ftpijfs;> $j;J> ehlfq;fs;.
3. gpuNjr tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;.
4. Cupy; tho;e;j tho;fpd;w ngupahu;fs;;.
5. CupYs;s Kf;fpa ,lq;fs;> Nfhtpy;> ghlrhiy Nghd;wit.

6. NtW Kf;fpakhf Fwpg;gplf; $bait ahit?
II. Nrfupj;j jfty;fis FOtpdUld; fye;Jiuahb> xOq;FgLj;jp> njhFj;J

xg;giliar; rku;g;gpAq;fs;.
03
fUtp : - 02
0 1 fzpg; g P l ; L r; re; j u; g ; g k; : Kjyhk; jtiz ,Wjp

kl; l q; f s; : 1.2> 3.1> 5.1> 8.1> 11.2

gFjpfs
gFjpfs; : thndhyp> rQ;rpif> gj;jpupif> ftpijfs;>
ftpijg; Gj;jfq;fs;> ftpauq;ff; ftpijfs;
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : ftpauq;F elhj;Jjy;.
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; : • thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> Neub

ftpauq;Ffisf; Nfl;Lg; gad;ngWthu;.
• gj;jpupif> rQ;rpiffs;> Gj;jfq;fs; Clhf
ftpijfis thrpj;Jf; fpufpg;ghu;.

• ftpij vOJk; Mw;wiyg; ngWthu;.
• ftpauq;fpy; ftpij thrpf;Fk; jpwidg;
ngWthu;.
• ftpauq;F elj;Jk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
0 6. fUtpiar; nraw; g Lj; J tjw; f hd MNyhridfs;

MrpupaUf; F : • ,f;fUtp gw;wpAk; eilngWk; jpdk; gw;wpAk;
khztu;fSf;F mwptpj;J> xUkhj fhy
mtfhrk; nfhLq;fs;.
• thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> kw;Wk; Neubg;
gq;Fgw;Wjy; %yk; ,lk;ngWk; ftpauq;Ffis
mtjhdpf;fr; nrhy;Yq;fs;.
• gj;jpupif> rQ;rpif> Gj;jfq;fspy; cs;s
ftpijfis thrpf;fTk;> fpufpf;fTk;
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• khztu;fis Itu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg;
gpupAq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; xt;nthU jiyg;ig
toq;Fq;fs;.
• FOtpy; xt;nthUtUk; fye;Jiuahb
jiyg;Gf;Nfw;g jdpj;jdpNa ftpij vOj
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• ftpauq;if elhj;Jtjw;F xt;nthU FOtpYk;
jiytiuj; njupT nra;Aq;fs;.
• ftpauq;F jpdj;jpy; FOj; jiytUld; Vida
ehy;tUk; ftpijia thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
04
.
• jiytu; ftpij eilapNyNa ftpauq;if
elj;Jtjw;F topg;gL;j;Jq;fs;.
• ,t;thW Vida FOf;fisAk; topg;gLj;jTk;.
• ftpijapy; Mu;tKs;stu;fspd; cjtpiag;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
khztu; f Sf; F : • ftpauq;F> njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> gj;jpupif>

rQ;rpif vd;gtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w ftpij
fisf; ftdpAq;fs;.
• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l jiyg;ig FOTld;
fye;Jiuahb jiyg;Gf;Nfw;g ntt;NtW
nghUis ikakhf itj;J ftpijia
vOJq;fs;.
• FOtpd; jiytu; xt;nthUtupdJk; ftpijf;Fk;
Vw;wgb Kd;Diu> KbTiu ftpijapNyNa
toq;fp elhj;j Kaw;rp nra;Aq;fs;.
• ftpijapy; Mu;tKs;stu;fspd; cjtpiag;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• ftpijia czu;Tg+u;tkhf thrpAq;fs;.
07. kjpg; g P l ; L epajpfs; : • njhlu;Grhjdq;fspy; tUk; ftpijfis

thrpg;ghu;.
• ftpij vOJk; Mw;wiyg; ngWthu;.
• ftpauq;fpy; ftpij thrpf;Fk; Mw;wiyg;
ngWthu;.
• ftpauq;F elhj;Jk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
05
fUtp : - 03
0 1 fzpg; g P l ; L r; re; j u; g ; g k; : ,uz;lhk; jtiz Kw;gFjp

kl; l q; f s; : 1.1> 3.1> 5.2> 6.1> 7.1> 9.3

gFjpfs
gFjpfs; : jiyg;Gf;Nfw;w Fwpg;Gf;fs;
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : tpthjk; nra;jy;
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; : • fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fspD}lhf ,lkngWk;

mul;ilmuq;F> tpthjk;> gl;bkd;wk;
Nghd;wtw;iw mtjhdpj;Jf; fpufpg;ghu;.
• gj;jpupif> rQ;rpiffs;> vd;gtw;wpD}lhf
Fwpg;Gf;fs; Nrfupg;ghu;.
• nghUj;jkhdtu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb juT>
jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk;> rigf;Fk; Vw;wthW tpthjpg;ghu;.

MrpupaUf; F : • ,f;fUtp gw;wpAk; eilngWk; jpdk; gw;wpAk;
khztu;fSf;F xUkhj fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng
mwptpAq;fs;.
• khztu;fis %tu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg;
gpupAq;fs;.
• ,uz;L FOtpw;F xU jiyg;G tPjk; xt;nthU
FOtpw;Fk; ntt;NtW jiyg;Gf;fis
toq;Fq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOitAk; xl;bAk;> ntl;bAk;
NgRtjw;Fj; jahu;g;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• Nghl;bj; jpdj;jd;W xNu jiyg;G toq;fg;gl;l
,U FOf;fisAk; xl;bAk; ntl;bAk;
tpthjpg;gjw;F jpUTsr; rPl;L %yk; njupT
nra;Aq;fs;.
• ,t;thW xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;ij
toq;Fq;fs;.
(Fwpg;G :- xt;nthU khztu; kd;wj;jpYk; xt;nthU
FOf;fSk; tpthjk; nra;tjw;F topfhl;lyhk;.)
06
.
khztu; f Sf; F : • thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;w
rhjdq;fSlhf ,lk;ngWk; tpthj muq;Ffis
ed;whf mtjhdpAq;fs;.
• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l jiyg;ig xl;bAk;>
ntl;bAk; NgRtjw;fhd jfty;fis Nrfupj;Jf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• tpthjj;jpd; NghJ vjpuzpapdu; $Wtij
ftdkhff; fpufpj;Jg; gjpyspj;J tpthjk;
nra;Aq;fs;.
07. kjpg; g P l ; L epajpfs; : • tpthj muq;Ffisf; ftdpg;ghu;.

• FO xUikg;ghl;Lld; ,aq;Fthu;.
• gpwu; $Wtij ftdkhff; fpufpg;ghu;.
• jfty;fisj; Njbg; ngWthu;.
• jiyg;gpw;F Vw;wthW tpthjpg;ghu;.
• ,yf;fpid mikj;J rigf;F Vw;wthW
fUj;jpid Kd;itg;ghu;.
NeuKk; Gs;spj; jpl;lKk;
FOtpd;
jiytUf;F 05 epkplk; nghUl; nghUj;jg;ghL 25 Gs;sp
VidNahUf;F 03 epkplk; tpthjpf;Fk; jpwd; 25 Gs;sp
njhFg;Giuf;F 02 epkplk; nkhopr; nrk;ik 25 Gs;sp
FO xUikg;ghL 25 Gs;sp
07
fUtp : 04
0 1 fzpg; g P l ; L r; re; j u; g ; g k; : ,uz;lhk; jtiz ,Wjp

kl; l q; f s; : 5.2> 11.3> 2.2
gFjpfs
gFjpfs; : rQ;rpiffs;> gj;jpupiffs;> E}y;fspy;
ntspte;Js;s fijfs;> ehlfq;fs;.
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : ehlfg; gpujpahf;fk; nra;J ebj;jy;.
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; : • gy;NtW fijfs;> ehlfq;fis thrpg;ghu;.

• rpwe;j fijfis njupT nra;thu;.
• fijfs; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fs;
mgpg;gpuhaq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• fijnahd;wpid njupT nra;J ehlfg;

gpujpahf;fk; nra;thu;.
• ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Nfw;g ebg;ghu;.

MrphupaUf; F : • ,uz;lhk;; jtiz Muk;gj;jpy; ,f;fUtp
gw;wpAk;> ,jd; Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wpAk;
fUtpapid epiwT nra;a Ntz;ba jpdk;
gw;wpAk; khztUf;F mwptpAq;fs;.
• khztu;fis MW Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg;
gpupAq;fs;.
• gj;jpupiffspy;> rQ;rpiffspy; ntspte;j
ntsptUk; fijfis (Fiwe;jJ 5 fijfs;)
thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• thrpj;j fijfs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gbtj;jpy; Fwpf;fr;
nra;Aq;fs;.
• thrpj;j fijfs; njhlu;ghf FO epiyapy;
fye;Jiuahb ehlfg; gpujpahf;fk; nra;af;
$ba fijiaj; njupT nra;a topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
08
• fijia ehlfg; gpujpahf khw;wp vOJtjw;fhd
MNyhridfis toq;Fq;fs;.
• ehlfk; ebg;gjw;fhd gapw;rpia toq;Fq;fs;.
• ebj;j ehlfq;fspy; ,Ue;J rpwe;j
ehlfj;ijj; njupT nra;J ,yf;fpa
kd;wj;jpy; NkilNaw;w MNyhrid toq;Fq;fs;.
khztu; f Sf; F : • gj;jpupiffspYk;> rQ;rpiffspYk; ntsptUk;

fijfis thrpAq;fs;.
• thrpj;j fijfs; njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fSld;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• thrpf;Fk; fijfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
gpd;tUk; Fwpg;Ngl;bid epug;Gq;fs;.
fijapd; fijahrpupau; fijf;fU fij njhlu;ghd thrpj;j

jiyg;G fUj;J / mgpg;gpuhak; jpfjp
1.
2.
3.
4.
• thrpj;j fijfspy; rpwe;j fijnad;W ePqf ; s;

fUJk; fijiag; gw;wp FOtpdUf;Ff; $Wq;fs;.
• FOtpdu; midtUk; jhk; thrpj;j fijfs;
gw;wpf; $wpagpd; midtUk; fye;Jiuahb>
ehlfg; gpujpahf khw;wf; $ba xU fijiaj;
njupT nra;Aq;fs;.
• njupT nra;j fijiaf; FOthf ,ize;J
ehlfg; gpujpahf;fk; nra;Aq;fs;.
• ehlfk; ebg;gjw;Fg; gapw;rp ngWq;fs;.
• Mrpupau; Fwpg;gpl;l jpdj;jpy; ehlfj;ij ebj;Jf;
fhl;Lq;fs;.
07. kjpg; g P l ; L epajpfs; : • gy;NtW fijfis thrpg;ghu;.

• ehlfq;fis thrpj;J ehlfg; gpujpahf;fk;
njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• fijnahd;wpid ehlfg; gpujpahf khw;wp
vOJthu;.
• ghj;jpuNkw;W ebg;ghu;.
09
fUtp : 05
0 1 fzpg; g P l ; L r; re; j u; g ; g k; : %d;whk; jtiz

kl; l q; f s; : 1.0> 1.1> 1.4> 2.1> 3.0> 3.2> 9.3> 9.6> 10.2

gFjpfs
gFjpfs; : • thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp nra;jpfis
mtjhdpj;jy;.
• thndhypapy; ,lk;ngWk; Neu;Kf tu;zid>
ghlrhiyapy; ,lk;ngWk; tpisahl;Lg;
Nghl;b> kw;Wk; fiy epfo;rr
; pfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
mtjhdpj;jy;.
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp nra;jpf;fhd

gpujpahf;fKk;> thrpg;Gk;> Neu;Kf tu;zid

nra;jYk;.
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; : • thndhyp>njhiyf;fhl;rp nra;jpfis

mtjhdpg;ghu;.
• mtjhdpj;jtw;iw Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.
• nra;jpf;fhd gpujpia vOJthu;.
• nrk;ikahd nkhopapy; cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld;
njhdp NtWghLfis mDrupj;J nra;jpfis
thrpg;ghu;.
• thndhyp> ghlrhiy epfo;Tfspy; ,lk;ngWk;
Neu;Kf tu;zidfis mtjhdpg;ghu;.
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l jiyg;G njhlu;ghd tuyhWfs;>
jfty;fs;> juTfs; Nghd;wtw;iwr; Nrfupg;ghu;.
• Neu;Kf tu;zidia epfo;j;Jthu;.

MrpupaUf; F : • %d;whk; jtiz Muk;gj;jpy; ,f;fUtp
gw;wpAk; Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wpAk; khztUf;F
mwptpAq;fs;.
• thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp nra;jpfisAk;
thndhypapy; ,lk;ngWk; Neu;Kf
tu;zidfisAk; mtjhdpf;Fk;gb $Wq;fs;.
• Neu;Kf tu;zidfs; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
ehlhf;fis Nfl;gjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• nra;jpf;fhd gpujpnahd;iwj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ
mtjhdpf;f Ntz;ba mk;rq;fisf; $wp>
nra;jpapid vOjp thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
10
(c-k; nra;jpf;fhd jfty; Nrfupg;G> jfty;fs;
ek;gfj; jd;ikAiladthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jpUj;jkhd nkhopeil> fUj;Jj; njspT>
,yf;fzg; gpioapd;ik> ftu;r;rp vd;gd nra;jp
thrpg;G - njspthd cr;rupg;G> njhdp
NtWghLfis mDrupj;jy;> Nfl;NghUf;F
tpsq;Fk; jd;ik> Kfghtk; Nghd;wd. )
• Neu;Kf tu;zidia epfo;jJ ; k; NghJ mtjhdpf;f

Ntz;ba mk;rq;fis tpsf;fp> topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
(Neu;Kf tu;zid nra;Ak; epfo;T gw;wpa
jfty;fs; Nrfupg;G> tuyhW> tuyhw;Wf; fijfs;>
epfo;tpd; jhu;gg
; upak;> ,lk;ngWk; epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa
tpsf;fq;fs;> fye;J nfhs;Sk; Kf;fpa
gpuKfu;fs;> gw;wpa rpwg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
Kd;dNuNa mwpe;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jq;fs;;. epfo;T ele;J
nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghNj mjid tu;zpj;Jg; Ngr

Ntz;Lk;. ftu;r;rpfukhd nkhopeil>
jq;Fjilapd;wp NgRfpd;w Mw;wy;> vd;gdTk;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij khztu;fSf;F tpgupAq;fs;..)
• Neu;Kf tu;zid fw;gidapNyNa nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jq;fs;. .
• tuT ,lhg;gpYs;s tupirg;gb xUtiu Neu;Kf
tu;zidahsuhfTk;> mLj;jtiu nra;jp
thrpg;ghsuhfTk; khwp khwp njupT nra;Aq;fs;.
khztu; f Sf; F : • xt;nthUtUk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l jiyg;Gf;F Vw;g

thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp nra;jpfis
mtjhdpAq;fs;.
• nra;jpf;nfd Nrfupj;j jfty;fisf; njhFj;J
gpujpapid vOJq;fs;.
• Vida khztu;fs; ghu;itahsuhf ,Uf;f
nra;jpapid thrpAq;fs;.
• Neu;Kf tu;zid nra;tjw;nfd njupe;-
njLf;fg;gl;l jiyg;G njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;>
tuyhWfs;> tuyhw;Wf; fijfs;> epfo;r;rpapd;
jhu;g;gupak;> epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs;
Nghd;w jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J epidtpy;
itj;jpUq;fs;.
• nrk;ikahd nkhopapy; gpwiuf; ftUk; tifapy;
ghu;itahsu;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp
epfo;rr; pfis fw;gid nra;J Neu;Kf
tu;zidia epfo;jJ ; q;fs;.
11
07. kjpg; g P l ; L epajpfs; : • thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rpf;fhd nra;jpg;
gpujpia vOJthu;.
• jhk; vOjpa nra;jpia thrpg;ghu;.
• Neu;Kf tu;zidf;fhd jfty;fisr;

Nrfupg;ghu;.
• jhk; Nrfupj;jtw;iw Jizahff; nfhz;L

epfo;r;rpapid Neu;Kf tu;zid nra;thu;.
12
fUtp : 06
0 1 fzpg; g P l ; L r; re; j u; g ; g k; : ,uz;lhk; jtiz ,Wjp

kl; l q; f s; : 1.2.> 8.1> 8.2> 9.5> 11.3> 9.6

gFjpfs
gFjpfs; : • tpy;Yg; ghl;Lf;fhd gpujpahf;fKk;>
NkilNaw;wKk;
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : ,yf;fpak;/ rkak; /r%fk; rhu;ej

; fijnahd;wpid
tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf;F Vw;g gpujpahf;fk; nra;J
epfo;jJ
; jy;.
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; : • ,yf;fpak;/ rkak; /r%fk; rhu;e;j fijfis

thrpg;ghu;;.
• thrpj;J eae;jtw;Ws; xd;wpid tpy;Yg;ghl;Lg;
gpujpahf vOJthu;.
• jhkhfNt nkl;likj;Jg; ghly;fisg; ghLthu;.
• tpy;ypir epfo;r;rpapid epfo;j;Jthu;.

MrpupaUf; F : • ,uz;lhk; jtiz Muk;gj;jpy; ,f;fUtp
mwptpAq;fs;.
• khjpupf;fhf tpy;Yg;ghl;Lg; gpujpfisf;
fhz;gpAq;fs;.
• fijnahd;wpid tpy;Yg;ghl;Lg; gpujpahf
vOJk; Kiwia khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• trjpapUe;jhy; jukhd xyp> xspg;gjpT
ehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fis ghu;f;f / Nfl;f
• gpujpahf;fk;> nkl;likj;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• MW Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
• tpy;Yg;ghl;by; ifahsg;gLk; tpy; Nghd;w
,irf;fUtpfis nfhz;LtUkhW mwptpAq;fs;.
• rf Mrpupau;fspd; JizAld; tpy;ypir
epfo;r;rpapid xj;jpif ghUq;fs;.
13
• khjhe;jk; eilngWk; kd;wf; $l;lj;jpy; tpy;ypir
NkilNaw;wk; nra;ag;gLk; vd;gij
khztu;fSf;F mwptpAq;fs;.
• khztuplKs;s Fiwfis eptu;j;jp nra;J
nraw;ghl;bid rpwg;ghf epiwT nra;a
cjTq;fs;.
khztu; f Sf; F : • ,yf;fpak; / rka/ r%ff; fijfis Nrfupj;J

thrpAq;fs;.
• thrpj;jtw;Ws; eae;j fijfis MrpupaUf;Ff;
$wp> nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;Aq;fs;.
• fijia ciuahly; tbtpy; khw;wpnaOjp
gq;Nfw;Weu; midtUf;Fk; re;ju;gg
; k; toq;Fq;fs;.
• xt;nthUtUk; jj;jkf;Fupa gFjpfis kddQ;
nra;Aq;fs;.
• tpy;Yg; ghl;by; ,lk;ngWk; ,irf; fUtpfisr;
NrfupAq;fs;.
• ghly;fisg; ghb tpy;Yg; ghl;Lf;Fupa
mk;rq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp gyKiw gapw;rp
nra;Aq;fs;.
• khjhe;jk; eilngWk; ,yf;fpa kd;wj;jpy;
xt;nthU FOthf NkilNaw;wk; nra;Aq;fs;.
07. kjpg; g P l ; L epajpfs; : • ,yf;fpa rka r%f fijfis thrpg;ghu;.
• thrpj;jtw;Ws; ,urpj;jtw;iw tpy;Yg;

ghl;Lf;Nfw;g ciuahly; tbtpy; khw;wp
vOJthu;.
• ghly;fis nkl;likj;Jg; ghLthu;.
• tpy;ypirapid epfo;;j;Jthu;.
14
fUtp : 07
0 1 fzpg; g P l ; L r; re; j u; g ; g k; : %d;whk; jtiz ,Wjp

kl; l q; f s; : 6.2> 7.0

gFjpfs
gFjpfs; : • rQ;rpiffs;> E}y;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;>
khjpupAUf;fs;>nrhy;yl;ilfs;> tpsf;fTiufs;>
ghtid nra;J NgRjy;> Neu;Kf tu;zid
nra;jy;.
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : fz;fhl;rp elhj;Jjy;.
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; : • E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> xspg;glq;fs; kw;Wk;

,yf;fpa jfty;fs;> juTfisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.
• khjpup cUf;fisr; nra;J fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

• ,yf;fpa fjhghj;jpuq;fs;> ngupahu;fs;>
Gytu;fs; Nghd;W Ntlkpl;Lg; NgRthu;.
• ,yf;fzg; gFjpfisr; RUf;fkhf
nrhy;yl;ilfspy; vOjp tpsf;Fthu;.
• fz;fhl;rpapid Neu;Kf tu;zid nra;J
NgRthu;.

MrpupaUf; F : • Kjyhk;; jtiz Muk;gj;jpy; ,f;fUtp
mwptpAq;fs;.
• tUl ,WjpapNyNa ,f;fz;fhl;rp eilngWk;
vdTk;> Njitahd juTfs;> jfty;fs;>
E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;> xspg;glq;fs;> vd;gtw;iwr;
Nrfupf;Fk;gb typAWj;Jq;fs;.
• Xa;T Neuq;fspy;> tpLKiw ehl;fspy; FOthfr;
Nru;e;J khjpup cUf;fisr; nra;tjw;F
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
c-k;:- Itif epyj;jpid khjpup cUthfr;
nra;jy;> ghlg; gug;gpYs;s fijfs;>
ftpijfs; Nghd;wit rpj;jpupf;Fk;
rk;gtq;fs;> fhl;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
khjpupAUf;fshf tbtikj;J
mit gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis ghu;itahsu;
- fSf;F toq;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
15
• ,yf;fzg; gFjpfis nrhy;yl;ilfs; %yk;
ftu;r;rpfukhff; fhl;rpg;gLj;j Jiz
nra;Aq;fs;.
c-k; :- ml;ltizfs;> tiuglq;fs;> kw;Wk;
kunkhd;wpy; Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fs;
vOjg;gl;l nrhy;yl;ilfis njhq;f
tpLjy; Nghd;wd.
• ghj;jpuNkw;Wg; NgRtjw;F topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
c-k;:- jpUts;Stu;> fk;gu;> xsitahu;> ,uhkd;>
fz;zfp> ghujpahu;> fz;zjhrd;> Rthkp
tpGyhde;ju;> NrhkRe;jug; Gytu;
,tu;fisg; Nghd;W Ntlkpl;L mtu;fsJ
gilg;Gfs;> rpwg;Gfs; gw;wp NgRjy;
• Kd;dhaj;jkpd;wp Ngrf; $ba Mw;wy; kpf;f
khztu;fisj; njupT nra;J> fz;fhl;rpia
Neu;Kf tu;zid nra;tjw;F gapw;WtpAq;fs;.
• fz;fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gLk; nghUs;fs; mjpf

nrytpd;wp> fopTg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gij njupag;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• khztu;fis mtu;fsJ Mw;wYf;Nfw;g
FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
c-k; :- - ,yf;fzg;gFjp jahupg;Nghu;.
- ghj;jpuNkw;Wg; NgRNthu;;.
- Neu;Kf tu;zid nra;Nthu;.
- khjpupAUf;fs; nra;Nthu;.
- E}y;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;> jfty;fs;>
juTfs; Nru;j;J tpsf;fk; $WNthu;.
• fz;fhl;rpj; jpdj;jd;W tFg;giw xOq;fikg;G
njhlu;ghf khztUf;F cjtp nra;Aq;fs;.
• Vida tFg;G khztu;fs; ghu;itahsu;fshff;
fye;J nfhs;thu;fs; vd;gij njuptpAq;fs;.
khztu; f Sf; F : • mt;tg;NghJ fpilf;fpd;w rQ;rpiffs;>

gj;jpupiffs;> xspg;glq;fs;> fhl;rpg;glq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iwr; NrfupAq;fs;.
• Nrfupj;jtw;wpy; ,Ue;J nghUj;jkhdtw;iw
c-k; : ngupahuJ glq;fs;> mtu;fsJ gzpfs;
gw;wpa fl;Liufs;> xspg;glq;fs;>
,yf;fpaq;fs;> mtw;wpd; rpwg;Gf;fs;
gw;wpa fl;Liufs; vd;gtw;wpidj;
njhFj;J Gj;jfnkhd;wpid Mf;Fq;fs;.
16
• khjpupAUf;fis Mf;Ftjw;F Ntz;ba
nghUl;fisf; nfhz;Lte;J FOf;fshfr; Nru;eJ ;
Xa;TNeuj;jpy; mtw;iwr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• khjpupAUf;fSf;fhd tpsf;fTiufis Maj;jk;
nra;Aq;fs;.
• ,yf;fzg; gFjpfis nrhy;yl;ilfs; %yKk;>
tpsf;ff; Fwpg;Gf;fs; %yKk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• xt;nthUtUk; jj;jkf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
ghj;jpuq;fSf;Nfw;g Ntle;jhq;f Ntz;ba
cilfisf; nfhz;L thUq;fs;. jhk; Vw;w
ghj;jpuq;fs;> $wNtz;ba gFjpfis Maj;jk;
nra;J njspthd cr;rupg;Gld; njhdp
NtWghLfis mDrupj;J> NgrpAk;> ghbAk;
goFq;fs;.
• fz;fhl;rpapid ftu;r;rpfukhd nkhopeilapy;
gpwiuf; ftUk; tz;zk; njhdp NtWghLfis
mDrupj;J Neu;Kf tu;zid nra;Aq;fs;.
• Fwpg;gpl;l jpdj;jd;W fz;fhl;rpapid

elhj;Jq;fs;.
07. kjpg; g P l ; L epajpfs; : • ngupahu;fs;> ,yf;fpaq;fs;> nkhopapd;

rpwg;gpidf; $Wk; Mf;fq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;>
fhl;rpg; glq;fs; vd Nrfupj;jtw;iw
nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; njhFj;J FWk;
Gj;jfnkhd;iw njhFj;Jf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.
• khjpup cUf;fisr; nra;J mit gw;wpa

tpsf;fq;fisAk;> fhl;rpfisAk; tpsf;fpf;
$Wthu;.
• nrk;ikahd nkhopapy; cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld;

njhdp NtWghL Njhd;w ghj;jpuNkw;Wg; NgRthu;
/ ghLthu;.
• epfo;r;rpapid Neu;Kf tu;zid nra;J

NgRthu;.
• ,yf;fz tpsf;fq;fis vspikahfTk;>

RUf;fkhfTk;> tpsq;fj;jf;fjhfTk;>
ftu;r;rpfukhd Kiwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.
17

Tamil (Second Language) Guide Grade 10

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Tamil (Second Language) Guide Grade 10

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jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

Gj;jhapukhz;by; KjyhtJ fiyj;jpl;lr; rPu;jpUj;jk; ,d;iwa ghlrhiyf; fy;tp

Mrpa tya ehLfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ ,jw;F Kd;du; vkJ ehL fy;tpapy;

,t;tplaq;fis rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;j;J xU njspthd Nfhl;ghl;bd; fPo; Gjpa fiyj;

Gjpa epiyikfSf;F ,irthf;fk; miltjw;fhd gy mwpTWj;jy;fSk; mlq;fpa

ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpyhd Nkw;gb tplaq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf fy;tp eltbf;if

Nguhrpupau; N[. lgps; a +. tpf; f pukrpq; `

fyhepjp tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl

MNyhrid : Nguhrpupau; v];. jpy;iyehjd; - jifrhu; Xa;Tepiyg; Nguhrpupau;

gFjp I tpupthd ghlj; j pl; l k;

gFjp II fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;

gFjp III fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhy; cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

,g;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ> tplaj; jiyg;Gfs;> cgjiyg;Gfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf

ghlr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;Fupa fhuzpfisAk; ghl Nehf;fq;fisAk; mwpKfQ; nra;J

Muk;gpf;Fk; ,t;Ntl;by; ghlk; njhlu;ghd Nju;rr

,t;tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; juj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk;

cupa Nju;r;rp kl;lk; epiwT ngWk; tpjkhf nraw;ghLfSf;F cupa Neuk;

ahNjDnkhU Nju;rr ; p kl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F ntt;Ntwhd nraw;ghLfis

mt;thNw ,r;nraw;ghLfSf;F mg;ghy; nrd;W Gj;jhf;fq;fspy; <LgLk; Mrpupau;

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; %d;whk; gFjpapy; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis

fyhepjp I.vy;. fpdpNf

vt;tplaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapYk; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;w khw;wq;fs; jtpu;f;fKbahjdNt.

,t;Tz;ikia kdq;nfhz;Nl fiyj;jpl;lq;fs; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; kWrPuikf;fg;

10Mk; juj;Jf;Fupa jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;Jf;fhd ,g;Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ 2007Mk;

gad;ghl;L ,yf;fzKk; nkhoptsKk; jdpj;jdpj; NjHr;rpfshf toq;fg;gl;b Ug;gpDk;>

Nju;r;rpfs;> khztu;fs; nkhopiar; nrk;ikahf> Mf;fG+u;tkhf ifahs;tjw;Fk;

• jkpo;nkhopiaj; njhlu;ghlw;fUtpahf fhyj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;

• ,yf;fpaq;fspD}lhf r%f> fyhrhu> tpOkpaq;fis mwpe;J mtw;iwg;

• fiyfs;> mwptpay;> njhopy;El;gj;Jiwfs; vd;gtw;wpd; tsu;r;rpf;Nfw;g

• nkhopA+lhf khztu; jk; MSikia tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;.

• Njrpa xUikg;ghl;Lzu;it tsu;f;f nkhopiar; rhjfkhff; nfhs;sy;.

ghlrhiyapy; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mKyhf;Fk; NghJ khztu;fspd; jdpahs; NtWghl;il

mtw;wpw;fhd rpy MNyhridfs; ,q;F jug;gLfpd;wd.

2. ghlrhiyiar; #oTs;s gpuNjrj;jpd; jkpo;nkhoprhu; tsq;fis khztu;fspd;

3. ,yf;fpa kd;wq;fs; Nghd;w khztu; kd;wq;fis tFg;G uPjpahf mikj;J

4. ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; tpthjk;> ftpauq;F> gl;bkd;wk;> ,yf;fpag; Nghl;b>

5. ngupahu;fis mioj;J ,yf;fpar; nrhw;nghopTfis elhj;Jjy;.

6. E}y; epiyaq;fspy; nkhop ,yf;fpak; rhu;e;j E}y;fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;.

7. Mf;fj;jpwid tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapNy rpWfij> ehlfk;> ftpij Nghd;w

8. ghlrhiy mike;Js;s gpuNjrj;jpw;Fupa $j;Jfs;> ehlfq;fs; Nghd;w rpwg;ghd

9. fiytpohf;fis xOq;Fnra;jy;. gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

10. rQ;rpif ntspaply;. Mf;fq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;F Cf;fkspj;jy;.

1.1 Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;jtw;iwtw;iwj; jpul;bf; $Wthu;. 05

1.2 fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; mwpe;J XJthu;;. 02

1.3 nrtpkLj;Jf; fpufpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;. 06

1.4 nraw;wpwDk; tpisjpwDk; cs;s fl;LUthf;fr; nrad;Kiw rhHe;j

2.0 re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; Nfl;NghUf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; gz;ghf

2.2 ehlf ghj;jpuq;fSf;Nfw;g> ebj;Jg; NgRthu;. 04

3.0 vz;zf; fUj;Jf;fisAk;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; Gyg;gLj;jpg; NgRthu;.

- nghUj;jkhd njhdpapy; NgRjy;.

3.2 ghtid nra;J NgRthu;. 02

4.0 capHj;Jbg;Gs;s> fl;LUthf;fr; nray;jpwDila thrfuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

4.2 thrpg;gjd; %yk; ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ig

5.0 fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; czHe;jik Gyg;gl thrpg;ghu;.

6.0 eilKiwj; NjitfSf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.

(kfpo;r;rp> kdg;ghq;F tpUj;jp> rpe;jid tpupT> njspT> jfty; Nrfupj;jy;/

7.0 Mf;fj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;.

7.2 nkhopj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf thrpg;ghu;. 03

8.0 MHtj;Jld; thrpg;ghu;.

8.2 Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jg; ngw;w mDgtq;fis Vidatu;fSld; gfpu;e;J

9.0 mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J> vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfisAk; vOj;jhf;f

9.2 ghlg;gug;Gfspy; ,dq;fz;L tpsq;fpf; nfhz;l gad;ghl;L ,yf;fzj;ijg;