Republic Act no.
1425 known as Rizal Law The times of Rizal saw the boom of Western
- by Senator Claro
- was signed by the president on June 12, 1956
- an act to include in the curricula of all public and
private schools, colleges and universities courses on
the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly
his novels Noli me Tangere and el Filibusterismo,
authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and
for other purposes
According to the Official Gazette, the law was made
effective on August 16, 1956.
The Rizal Law aims to:
1. Recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideals,
thoughts, teachings, and life-values to present
conditions the community and the country and apply
them in the solution to day-to-day situations and
problems of contemporary life;
2. Develop an understanding and appreciation of the
qualities, behavior, and character of Rizal, as well as
thoughts and ideas, and thus, foster the development of
moral character; and
3. Comprehend with the patriotic objectives of the
Rizal Law given by late Senator Jose P. Laurel.
Rizal was a founder of the Filipino nationality and an
architect of the Filipino nation.
He believed that virtue is the only foundation of
national greatness.
GE RIZAL CHAPTER TWO
imperialism, England emerged as the world’s leading
imperialism power.
Germany became a sovereign state in January 1871.
In search for colonial stakes, Spain and Germany
1. POLITICAL INSTABILITY OF SPAIN
- To begin, after the death king of Spain Ferdinand the
7th, nagsugod na pag ubos an pwersa nan spain
(So remember, spain is one of the countries na naging
pioneer when it comes to pananakop)
- By 1830, all of Spain's American colonies have
became independent, except Cuba and Puerto Rico.
- Nawad an man nan King of Spain ang Spain
syempre. an pangutana is simay successor nan king of
spain?
So struggle for throne followed between the forces
loyal to Ferdinand's daughter ISABELA and his
brother CHARLES. This war is called Carlist Wars.
- However, the forces loyal Isabela defeated Charles
allowing Isabella to become the nag iisang babae na
naging head ng Spain during that time. So there were
changes in the government of Spain.
Despotism- don’t have the freedom, instead the
King/Queen ang masusunod.
Liberalism- have the freedom to voice out, individual
rights, and question governments.
- Now, ini na time, an spain is puli puli ra saila kun sin
o ang mamumo, kun unsa na political ideology. So kay
an pilipinas is sakop man nan Spain. So kun unsay
nahitabo sa Spain, ma apektuhan bali an Pilipinas, so
madaling salita jaoy sab changes in government
system diria.
2. PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION IN SPANISH
CORTES
SPANISH CORTES:
- is the national parliament of Spain, responsible for
making laws and advising the monarch.
Delegate Delos Reyes:
- first delegate/representative of Manila
- greatest achievement was to abolish the Manila
Galleon Trade
3. HUMAN RIGHTS DENIED TO FILIPINOS
Constituon:
- fundamental set of principles or laws that govern a
country, outlining its structure of government,
distribution of power, and the rights and duties of its
citizens.
Since the Constitution 1812 people of Spain enjoyed
freedom of speech, association, and human rights
(except freedom of religion.)
Why freedom of religion? Kay saila panahon, an
religion amoy nakakataas, and if anyone dares to go
against religion kay ma punishan. Religion is mas
masunod saila na panahon, which is the Catholic
Church. Bow down ang all sa religion.
4. NO EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW
The Leyes de Indias, or Laws of the Indies:
- implemented by the Christian monarchs of Spain
- protect the rights of the indigenous people (natives)
in the Spanish colonies, including the Philippines.
However, wala ni nasunod because Filipinos were
abused, brutalized, persecuted, and slandered by the
Spanish masters, being dispensed by Spaniards, was
only for the white Spaniards.
- Spaniards were able to get away with crimes due to
their social status and skin color, whereas Filipinos
faced harsher consequences.
5. MALADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
- means that Justice is only for who can afford.
- court of justice were corrupt
- injustice when it comes to Filipinos or Indios
- Spanish judges, fiscals (prosecuting attorneys), and
other court officials were inept, venal, and oftentimes
ignorant of laws
- Wealth, social prestige, and other color of skin were
preponderant factors in winning a case in court.
6. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
Egalitarian concept:
- The egalitarian concept promotes the idea that all
individuals should have equal rights, opportunities, and
treatment, regardless of their background, identity, or
circumstances.
Spain introduced Christianity into the Philippines with
its beautiful egalitarian concept of the brotherhood of
all men under god the father, but they refused to treat
Filipinos as Christian brothers, but as inferior beings
who were infinitely undeserving of the rights and
privileges that the white Spaniards enjoyed.
7. FRAILOCRACY
Frailocracia/Frailocarcy:
- "Government by the Friars"
- during the Spanish colonization, friars were given a
great deal of control.
Three Religious Orders:
: Dominicans, Augustinians, Franciscans
- controlled religious and educational life
- has political power, influence, and richness
Forced Labor/ Polo y servicos
- compulsory labor imposed by the Spanish colonial
authorities on adult Filipino males in the construction
of churches, schools, hospitals; buildings and repair of
roads and bridges, the building of ships and other
public works.
- males from 16-60 years old
- 40 days a year
- The royal decree of July 1883 implemented new
regulations promulgated by the council of state
February 3, 1885 to increase the minimum wage of
polistas
- It was then changed to 18-60 years old, with a 15-day
service.
By paying palla, or vast sums of money, the privileged
were able to forgo labor.
Polistas an tawag sa mga tawo na force labor.
8. HACIENDAS OWNED BY FRIARS
- Spanish friars belonging to different religious orders
were the richest landlords, for they owned the best
haciendas (agricultural lands) in the Philippines.
- the Friars claim lands that are originally owned by
the Filipino Natives.
The Guardia Civil
- last hated symbol of Spanish tyranny which was
created by the Royal Decree of February 12, 1852
- for the purpose of maintaining internal peace and
order in the Philippines.
- was patterned after the famous and well-disciplined
Guardia Civil in Spain.
9. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- refers to the transformation of manufacturing brought
about by the invention and use of machines.
- This started in England and later on spread into
Belgium, France, Germany, and even the United
States.
Stem Engine- greatest invention
The invention of machines and their use in
manufacturing brought about by this development
include the following:
 The rise of the factory system;
Mass production of essential and non-essential
goods;
Improvement of people’s standard of living;
Greater Urbanization of Society;
Beginnings of specialization or division of
labor;
Invention of labor-saving devices;
The beginnings of industrial capitalism;
Fostering of liberalism and nationalism; and
Encouragement of people’s mobility.
The Advance of Science:
- The rapid expansion of scientific knowledge
profoundly influenced Western thought on the 19th
century (Hunt et al, 1995). Breakthroughs in industrial
technology enormously stimulated scientific
discoveries from 1830’s onward. These theoretical
discoveries were increasingly transformed into
material improvements for the population. The
translation of better scientific knowledge into practical
benefits was evident in biology, medical sciences, and
chemistry.
Science was not given emphasis in the Philippines in
the 19th century. Rizal stressed this point in his novel,
El Filibusterismo. University students in their Physics
were not given the opportunity to undertake
experiments to prove or disprove scientific hypotheses.
The Galleon Trade is the only major economic
activity during Spanish time. This was the annual trade
between Manila and Acapulco in Mexico, a Spanish
colony in America. Spanish traders in Manila would
export these products to Mexico where they would be
sold for a big profit.
ObrasPias – a trust funds set up by the rich to be used
for charitable purposes, lending money to those who
needed capital for the goods that they wanted to ship to
Mexico.
Confradias is a religious organization that managed
the funds.
Spanish Efforts at Economic Development:
- the first organized and systematic approach to the
economic development of the Philippines was made
during the administration of Governor-general Jose
Basco y Vargas.
The opening of the country to world commerce was
a consequent Spain’s adoption of the laissez-faire
policy
Laissez-faire policy:
-believing that governments should intervene as little
as possible in the direction of economic affairs.
- hands off the economy
Locke’s Theory of Revolution and Rousseau’s
Social Contract Theory
- people could overthrow a government that is not
working for the good of the governed and a
government is an agreement between the ruler and the
ruled to govern for the welfare.
The Rise of the Middle Class:
- families which prospered during this time, were able
to send their sons for an education in Europe.
Ilustrados: enlighted ones:
- Filipinos who are educated during the Spanish
colonial
- European-educated Filipinos
Peninsulares- Spaniards born in Spain
Insulares- Spaniards born in the Philippines
Mestizos- half blood filipinos
Principalia- Filipino government officials/datu,
middle class
Cacique- filipino wealthy landowners
Indios- native filipinos who are farmers, fishermen
and laborers
10. HOW SPAIN GOVERNED THE
PHILIPPINES
- King of Spain ruled the Philippines
- The king was aided by the Council of Indies
- Council relayed all the king’s decrees and
instructions to the Viceroy of Mexico, then, relayed
them to the Governor-General in the Philippines.
1565-1821:
Spain ruled the Philippines through Mexico. From
Mexico also came the financial aid or subsidy (real
Situado)
- Philippines was placed under the Ministry of the
Colonies.
- The Ministry was assisted by a Council of the
Philippines.
Laws of the Indies (Recopilacion de los Leyes
Reynos de las Indias)
- the general law for Spain’s overseas colonies,
including the Philippines. It was not the intention of
Spain to abuse and oppress the native Filipinos; in fact
most of the laws issued by the King of Spain were
aimed at improving the condition of the natives.
Cumplase:
- is a veto power to the governor-general on the
legislative power of the king.
- if the governor-general felt that a royal decree would
not be good for the colony, he could choose not to
enforce the decree. This power was often abused by
the governor-general for selfish reasons.
The Governor-General:
- is the highest colonial official in the Philippines, who
was appointed by the king. He exercised executive,
legislative and judicial powers.
- he appointed all the subordinate officials of the
colonial government, including the provincial
governors (Alcaldes mayors), his duty was to enforce
Spanish laws in the colony.
The Governor-General: An Appraisal- A total of 122
governors-general governed the Philippines from
1565 to 1898.
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
- first governor-general from 1565 to 1572
General Diego de Los Rios
- last governor general who served as the colony’s
chief executive during the closing days of Spanish rule
in the Philippines in 1898.
The Royal Audiencia
- was the highest court in the Philippines during the
Spanish era.
- composed of the governor-general as the presiding
officer, three Oidores or judges and a fiscal or
prosecutor.
The Encomienda System
- an old practice in Spain designed to reward those
who had served the king especially in wars and other
military missions.
The encomiendero would receive the income from the
land with the right to receive the income from the land
and to govern the people living in it.
In the Philippines what the encomiendero received
was not the land but the right to collect tribute or taxes
from the inhabitants of a definite territory
Three classes of encomienda system in the Philippines
1. Royal encomienda- those set aside for the crown
2. Ecclesiastical encomienda- those assigned to the
different religious Orders
3. Private encomienda- were those given to the
Spaniards who helped in the conquest and colonization
of the Philippines
Encomienda system caused much hardship among the
natives because most of the encomienderos abused
their power.
Christianization of the Filipinos is one significant
consequence of the Spanish colonization of the
Philippines.
Magellan Expedition:
- seeds of Christianity were first planted in the
Philippines by Magellan expedition
Legazpi expedition
-began to pursue in earnest in 1565 the Christianization
of the archipelago.
- five Augustinian friars from Mexico headed by FR.
Andres de Urdaneta- they were the first missionaries
in the Philippines.
Imperialism is a policy or practice by which country
increases its power by gaining control over other areas
of the world. The effect that a powerful country or
group of countries has in changing or influencing the
way people live in other poorer countries.
Nationalism is a sense of loyalty of psychological
attachment members of a nation share, based on
common language, history, culture, and desire for
independence (Jackson &Jackson, 2000). It is a feeling
that drives a people together as a nation. It is love of
country expressed in devotion to the advocacy of
national interest and independence.
1. THE CALAMBA SETTING IN SPIRING

The Rizal family of Calamba Laguna, was typical of middle

class families of nineteenth century Philippines. What made
it quite different from some, though was its social status the
being a member of Principalia.

Francisco Rizal Mercado y. Alenjandra

- Rizals father
- was an honest, hardworking man whom Rizal fondly
described as a as MODEL OF FATHERS.
He devoted his life to agriculture in binan and later become
a tenant estate in calamba.

Teodora Alonso Realonda y. Quintos

- a cultured and religious woman, was to provide their home
with an atmosphere of learning and cultured which not may
families then would be as lucky to possess.
- A sacrificing, industrious woman and a disciplinarian, she
was to open her eleven children a world warmth and virtue.
Rizal affectionately described her thus;

- My mother is not a woman of ordinary culture. She knows

literature and speaks Spanish better than I, she even
corrected my poems and gave me wise advice when
studying rhetoric. Without her what would have been my
fate? Oh yes after god the mother is everything to man.

2. RIZAL EARLY CHILDHOOD

As a local family with enormous business like skills, Rizal’s

parents blended education, culture family life, and local
politics into a new sense of Philippines nationalism. In 1863
the introduction of general primary education in the
Philippine contributed to the rise of an even larger class of
educated filipinos. (before ang access sa education was
limited primarily available ra siya sa mga elite and those
affiliated with religious institution however tungod sa
implementation sa general primary education, education
more accessible.)
At the age of three
- he learned the alphabet and the prayers from his mother
Teodora Alonso, who was his first teacher.
Other early teachers of rizal included:
Maestro Lucas Padua, and Francisco Mercado’s classmate;
an old man named Leon Monroy paved the way to Jose’s
schooling in binan with Justiano Cruz.
Jose was called UTE by his brothers and sisters
the township called him PEPE.
In 1865 tragedy struck when his favorite sister concha died.
3. PREPARATION FOR LEARDERSHIP THROUGH
STUDY
Rizal’s studies were determined efforts at preparing himself
to Spartan like sturdy. As if to prove to his Spanish and
mestizo classmates of the capacity of the indio, he studied
his lesson with extraordinary zeal with a student at the
Ateneo Municipal de Manila from 1872-1877.
A late enrollee as he and one whose knowledge of Spanish
was taken with ridicule naturally had to start from tail-end
of the class. He spent long hours of reading; his love for
books grew tremendously. He showed great interest at
learning the conditions of Peoples in other lands. The
meseries and suffering of the conqueredin the hand of the
colonizers got special attention from young student whose
interest in philosophy and natural science continued to grow
too.
He did not neglect his religious activities in spite of his
academic work. He became a member of the exclusive
Marian Congregation, of which he became secretary of the
apostleship of prayer, in which he was made promoter.
In 1869,
At the Age of Seven
- Jose Rizal wrote a comedy, which highlighted his literary
talent, for the local fiesta.
At the age of 8
The municipal captain rewarded him with 3 pesos 1869
(diri na part na suko an mga kastila kay na pildi mn sila nan
indio) he wrote the poem “SA AKING MG KABATA”
CONTENT:
Sa Aking Mga Kabata" by Jose Rizal is a poem that
encapsulates the national hero's profound love for his
country and his advocacy for education and cultural
preservation. Rizal emphasizes the importance of honoring
teachers, viewing them as more precious than material
wealth, and stresses the duty of fulfilling one's obligations to
them without fear. He reflects on the sacrifices of ancestors
who toiled the land, passing on their legacy to future
generations. Rizal urges the youth to distance themselves
from negativity, embracing hope and light for the future.
Furthermore, he highlights the significance of language and
culture, asserting that those who neglect their native tongue
lack respect for their own heritage. Ultimately, the poem
serves as a call to action for Filipino youth to cherish their
identity, uphold their language and culture, and strive for a
brighter future for their nation.
On March 23, 1877-
- Rizal received the degree of Bachiller en Arts (a high
school certificate) with grades rated (sobresaliente)
“excellent”, with five prizes and several awards. His
attachment to the Ateneo was a strong that even as a medical
student in the University of Sto. Tomas, 1877-1882, he
maintained his relations with said institution.
4. MEDICAL STUDIES AT UNIVERSITY OF STO.
TOMAS
After graduating with the highest degree from the Ateneo de
Manila, Rizal had to go to the university of Sto. Tomas was
administered by the Dominican friars rival educators of the
Jesuits, but he remained loyal to Ateneo by participating in
extra-curricular activities. During his study in UST, Rizal
was unhappy because of racial discrimination in school.
Sto. Tomas- Dominican friars
Ateneo- Jesuits
5. MOTHERS OPPOSITION TO HIGHER
EDUCATION
Don Francisco and Paciano wanted Jose to pursue higher
learning in the university but Donya Teodora, who knew
what happened to GOM-BUR-ZA, vigorously opposed the
idea, for the fear that her son would also beheaded like on
what they did for the three priests.
6. IMPORTANT LITERARY WORKS AS A
UNIVERSITY STUDENT
Three of the best literary works of Rizal wrote as a
university student were the following:
1. A La Juventud Filipina
2. El Consejo De Los Dioses
3. A Filipinas
4. Junto Ai Pasig
LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA- this poem was Rizal’s entry
in the 1879 literacy contest conducted by liceo Artistico
Literario de manila. Rizal encourages the Filipino youth to
pursue education and enlightenment as a means to uplift
themselves and their nation. He emphasizes the importance
of education in overcoming ignorance and oppression,
urging the youth to use their talents and intellect for the
betterment of society. Rizal also calls for unity among
Filipinos, regardless of social status or ethnicity, in the
pursuit of national progress and freedom. Overall,
"Lajuventud Filipina" serves as a rallying cry for Filipino
youth to take an active role in shaping the future of their
country through education, unity, and enlightenment.

EL CONSEJO DE LOS DIOSES-" (The Council of the

Gods) is a play written by Jose Rizal during his exile in
Dapitan, a period from 1892 to 1896. The play is a fictional
dialogue among the gods of Olympus, who convene to
discuss the fate of humanity and the Philippines. Through
the allegorical representation of various gods representing
different nations and ideologies, Rizal explores themes of
colonialism, oppression, and the struggle for independence.
The play critiques the abuses of Spanish colonial rule in the
Philippines and advocates for the Filipinos' right to self-
determination and freedom. It serves as a powerful
indictment of colonial injustices while also expressing
Rizal's hope for a brighter future for his homeland. Overall,
"El Consejo de los Dioses" reflects Rizal's nationalist
sentiments and his desire to inspire his compatriots to strive
for liberation and sovereignty.

A FILIPINAS- Filipinas" is a patriotic poem written by

Jose Rizal expressing his love and admiration for his
homeland, the Philippines. In the poem, Rizal celebrates the
natural beauty of the Philippines, describing its majestic
mountains, serene rivers, and vibrant flora and fauna. He
also praises the resilience and bravery of the Filipino people,
who endure struggles and hardships with unwavering
courage. Through "Filipinas," Rizal conveys a deep sense of
national pride and calls for unity among Filipinos in the face
of adversity. The poem serves as a tribute to the Philippines
and its people, inspiring a sense of loyalty and dedication to
the nation's progress and prosperity.

A JUNTO AI PASIG- Junto al Pasig" (Beside the Pasig

River) is a poem written by Jose Rizal during his time as a
student at the University of Santo Tomas. In this poem,
Rizal expresses his nostalgic longing for the serene beauty
of the Pasig River, which flows through Manila, the capital
of the Philippines. He describes the river as a symbol of
tranquility amidst the hustle and bustle of city life, evoking
imagery of moonlit nights and gentle breezes. Through
"Junto al Pasig," Rizal reflects on the fleeting nature of time
and the importance of cherishing moments of peace and
reflection. The poem captures Rizal's romanticized view of
nature and his appreciation for the simple pleasures of life.