Chemical Bonding

LECTURE 2 ● Covalent Bonding

● Fajan’s Rules
Paaras Thakur
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Solvation of salt in water (Hydration)
Solvation of salt in water (Hydration)
 Lewis Symbols : Keeping Track of Valence electrons

To draw the Lewis symbol for an element, we write its chemical symbol surrounded
by dots, each of which represents a valence electron of the atom.

Using Lewis Symbols

 Covalent bond

Let’s look at what happens when two hydrogen atoms join to form an H2
molecule.
 Covalent bond

Every covalent bond is characterized by two quantities—namely, the average

distance between the nuclei held together by the bond and the amount of energy
needed to separate the two atoms to produce neutral atoms again.
 Covalent bond

Many atoms form covalent bonds by sharing enough electrons to give them
complete s and p subshells in their outer shells.
Bond Polarity and Electronegativity
Polar and Non-Polar Covalent bond
Polar and Non-Polar Covalent bond
 Covalent character in ionic compounds- Fajan’s Rule

+ -

Deformation of anion by a cation is known as polarisation.

The ability of cation to polarize a nearby anion is known as polarizing power of
cation.

Polarization ∝ covalent character

Covalent character in ionic compounds- Fajan’s Rule

1. Smaller the cation, more is its polarizing power.

2. Bigger is the anion, greater is its polarizability.
3. Greater the charge on cation or anion, greater is the polarization
Covalent character in ionic compounds- Fajan’s Rule
Covalent character in ionic compounds- Fajan’s Rule
 Covalent character in ionic compounds- Fajan’s Rule

Pseudo inert gas configuration

An element with pseudo noble gas configuration has 18 electrons in the
highest energy level instead of 8. For example, silver has e-configuration of
[Ar]5s1 4d10. After losing 1 electron,it's configuration becomes [Ar]4d10 which
is a pseudo noble gas configuration.
 Covalent character in ionic compounds- Fajan’s Rule

Cation having pseudo inert gas configuration has more polarizing power than
the cation that has inert gas configuration. Thus NaCl having inert gas
configuration will be more ionic whereas CuCl having pseudo inert gas
configuration will be more covalent in nature.
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