Chemical Bonding

LECTURE 3 Coordinate Bonding

Lewis Structures
Formal Charge
Lattice Energy
Paaras Thakur
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 Covalent character in ionic compounds- Fajan’s Rule

Pseudo inert gas configuration

An element with pseudo noble gas configuration has 18 electrons in the
highest energy level instead of 8. For example, silver has e-configuration of
[Ar]5s1 4d10. After losing 1 electron,it's configuration becomes [Ar]4d10 which
is a pseudo noble gas configuration.
 Covalent character in ionic compounds- Fajan’s Rule

Cation having pseudo inert gas configuration has more polarizing power than
the cation that has inert gas configuration. Thus NaCl having inert gas
configuration will be more ionic whereas CuCl having pseudo inert gas
configuration will be more covalent in nature.
 Covalent character in ionic compounds- Fajan’s Rule

Exceptions of ‘smaller size cation causes higher polarization’ are as follows.

Coordinate Covalent Bonds
 Drawing Lewis Structures

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, halogen, and hydrogen atoms usually maintain

consistent bonding patterns:
 Formal Charges & Lewis Structures

Lewis structures are meant to describe how atoms share electrons in chemical
bonds. Let’s examine the Lewis structure of sulfuric acid.
 Calculating Formal Charge

Lewis dot structures, in general, don’t represent the actual shapes of the
molecules.
In case of polyatomic ions, the net charge is possessed by the ion as a whole and
not by a particular atom.

Note: F.C is only a tool for assessing Lewis structures, not a measure of any actual
charge on the atoms.

F.C = [valence e- in free atom] - [Total non-bonding e-] - ½ [Bonding e-]

Calculating Formal Charge
Calculating Formal Charge
 Some additional Rules

Structures with small formal charges are more likely than those with large
formal charges.

1. More E.N. atom should have negative F.C.

2. Less E.N. atom should have positive F.C.
3. F.C. of opposite signs separated by large distances are unlikely.
Example A student drew the following three Lewis structures for the nitric acid
molecule:

Which one is preferred?

Example A student drew the following Lewis structure for the sulfite ion, SO32-
Is this the best Lewis structure for the ion?
Example In PO43- ion the formal charge on the oxygen atom of P-O bond is
A. +1
B. -1
C. -0.75
D. +0.75
Example Write all the possible lewis structures for SCN- and assign formal charges to all
atoms and predict the most stable lewis structure.
Example Calculate the formal charge on atoms in carbonate CO32- ion.
 Limitations of Octet Rule

1. Incomplete octet of central atom.

Ex: BeCl2, BCl3, AlCl3
2. Odd electron molecules.
3. Expanded octet.
4. Octet rule is based on the chemical inertness of noble gases, however some
noble gases do form compounds. eg: XeF4, XeO2F2
5. Doesn’t account for the shape of the molecules.
6. Doesn't explain the relative stability of molecules or energy of a molecule.
 Lattice Structure

A crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms, ions

or molecules in a crystalline liquid or solid.
Lattice Energy/Enthalpy
Lattice Energy/Enthalpy
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