Concept Notes Lesson 6 –  In shallow soils, the removal of deep rooted vegetation (e.g.

OTHER GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS kaingin farming system)

1. RAINFALL-INDUCED LANDSLIDE  Construction works, agricultural or forestry activities (e.g.
 A landslide is a massive outward and downward movement logging) which change the amount of water infiltrating the
of slope-learning materials. soil.
 A landslide is restricted movements of rocks and soil EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDE
masses.  Landslide cause property damage, injury and death and
 A landslide is triggered by other natural hazards (prolonged adversely affect a variety of resources. For example: water
rainfall) supplies, fisheries, sewage disposal systems, forests, dams
 Landslide as a geologic hazard is caused by earthquake or and roadways can be affected for years after a slide event,
volcanic eruption.  The negative economic effects of landslides include the cost
 Susceptibility of hill slope to landslide is a developed as a and repair structures, loss of property value, disruption of
result of denudation of mountainsides. transportation routes, medical costs in the event of injury.
Water availability, quantity and quality can be affected by
CAUSES OF LANDSLIDE landslides. Geotechnical studies and engineering projects to
NATURAL CAUSES OF LANDSLIDE assess and stabilize potentially dangerous sites can be
 Groundwater (pore water) pressure acting to destabilize the costly.
slope
 Loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure, soil
nutrients, and soil structure (e.g. after wildfire)
 Erosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean waves
 Weakening of slope through saturation by snow melt,
glaciers melting or heavy rains.
 Earthquakes adding loads to barely stable slope
 Earthquake-caused liquefaction
 Volcanic eruption
Landslides are also aggravated by human activities, such as:
 Deforestation cultivation and construction
 Vibration from machinery or traffic
 Blasting (As miners normally do)
 Earthwork which alters the shape of slope or which imposes
new loads on an existing slope
2. SINKHOLES

 Sinkholes are common where the rock below the land

surface is limestone, carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that
can naturally be dissolved by groundwater.
 Sinkholes are dramatic because the land usually stays intact
for a while until the underground spaces just get too big.