Analysis And Design Of Plate Girder Using In

STAAD-Pro

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDER

USING IN STAAD.PRO
Submitted to

Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur in Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements to the Degree of in Civil Engineering.

Submitted By

SRUSHTI RAUT
PRACHI GAJBHIYE
HIMANSHU RODGE
BHARAT CHACHARKAR.
RAKESH LILHARE

Guided by
Prof. PRIYANKA NAGDEVE
(Asst. Prof.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SURYODAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY, NAGPUR
2023-24

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DECLARATION

We here by submit project on “Comperative Analysis And Design Of Plate Girder

Bridge Using Staad-Pro Software” in Civil Engineering Department, Suryodaya

College of Engineering & Technology, Nagpur for the Award of Degree in Civil

Engineering.

The work presented in this project has been carried out by us during the

academic year 2023-2024 under the guidance of Prof. Priyanka nagdeve.

PROJECTEES

1.RAKESH LILHARE

2.HIMANSHU RODGE

3.BHARAT CHACHARKAR

4.PRACHI GAJBHIYE

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SURYODAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NAGPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SESSION 2023– 2024

CERTIFICATE

This is to Certified that the project titled “COMPERATIVE ANALYSIS

AND DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDER BRIDGE USING STAAD-
PRO SOFTWARE.” is a bonafide work done under my guidance by VIII semester students
of this institute and is submitted to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University,
Nagpur for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Civil Engineering.

SRUSHTI RAUT PRACHI GAJBHIYE

HIMANSHU RODGE BHARAT CHACHARKAR

RAKESH LILHARE

PROF. PRIYANKA NAGDEVE PROF. PANKAJ PATIL

Guide Head of Department

Civil Engg, Department Civil Engg, Department

DR. V.G. ARAJPURE

Principal S.C.E.T.

Nagpur

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I would like to thank the almighty for granting me. I wish to express my
special thanks and deepest regard to my guide Prof: PRIYANKA NAGDEVE,
Lecturer, Civil department, first shift for providing me valuable guidance,
suggestions and support which helped me to submit the project on time. Once
again, I take this opportunity to express my gratitude and thanks to HOD Prof.
P. N. PATIL Sir for valuable suggestions and for providing me the opportunity
to complete my work simultaneously. This work would not have been possible
without the support, and guidance, helping me with different case studies, He
has always been there for me at time of difficulties and constant source of
inspiration. I would like to thank all the faculties and staff members of civil
department for providing me all the support required for the completion of this
project.

We also put forth our deepest sense of gratitude towards DR. V. G.

ARAJPURE, Principal, SCET for constant motivation and providing necessary
infrastructure.
We also like to acknowledge the help extended by the faculty member and non
teaching staff of civil engineering department for successful completion of our
project.
Finally, a special thanks to project incharge and all the faculty members of the
department for their cooperation throughout the project work.

PROJECTEES

1.RAKESH LILHARE

2.HIMANSHU RODGE

3.BHARAT CHACHARKAR

4.PRACHI GAJBHIYE

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INDEX

CERTIFICATE…………………………………………………………………….

DECLARATION………………………………………………………………….

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................Error: Reference source not found

ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1...............................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY.........................................................................1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT.................................................................................
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY........................................................................
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY..........................................................................................6
1.4 RELEVANCY OF THE PROJECT..................................................................7
1.5 FEASIBILITY OF THE PROJECT.................................................................7
CHAPTER 2...............................................................................................................8
LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................8
2.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................8
2.2 PLATE GIRDER BRIDGES...........................................................................8
2.3 FACTORS CONSIDERATIONS...................................................................14
2.4 PREVIOUS CODES COMPARISONS.........................................................19
CHAPTER 3.............................................................................................................24
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.............................................................................24
3.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................24
3.2 PROJECT ACTIVITIES................................................................................24
3.3 KEY MILESTONE........................................................................................26

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CHAPTER 4.............................................................................................................32
RESULTS.................................................................................................................32
Part 1:....................................................................................................................33
Comparison between working state Method and limit state Method...................33
Part 2:....................................................................................................................55
Weight comparison of both design methods when the span is varied with fixed yield
strength of 340N/mm2...........................................................................................55
CHAPTER 5.............................................................................................................62
DISCUSSIONS.........................................................................................................62
CHAPTER 6.............................................................................................................68
CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................68
RECOMMENDATION............................................................................................69
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................70
APPENDIX...............................................................................................................73
Part 1: Steel Plate Girder Bridge Design using working state Method................74
Span: 20m.............................................................................................................74
Yield strength: 250 Mpa........................................................................................74
Part 2: Steel Plate Girder Bridge Design using limit state Method.....................88
Span: 20m.............................................................................................................88
Yield strength: 340 Mpa........................................................................................88

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Chronology of bridges built in early ages ...................................................... 3

Table 2: Different Type of Plate Girder Bridge ........................................................ 10
Table 3: Rule of thumb for main plate girder design ................................................ 13
Table 4: Codes and standard used ............................................................................. 34
Table 5: Dead Load Factors ...................................................................................... 36
Table 6: Superimposed Dead Load ........................................................................... 37

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Table 7: Dynamic factor for RU loading ................................................................... 40

Table 8: Coefficient of friction for Indian Standard Method .................................... 44
Table 9: Longitudinal Loading for RU and RL loading ............................................ 45
Table 10: Reduction factor for Indian Standard Method ........................................... 46
Table 11: K2 coefficient ............................................................................................ 47
Table 12: Weight for 20m span using working state Method by manual calculation.57
Table 13: Weight for 20m span bridge using working state Method in STAAD pro.57
Table 14: Weight for 20m span bridge using limit state Method by manual.
calculation…………………………………………………………………………...58
Table 15: Weight for 20m span using limit state Method in STAAD pro …………59
Table 16: Comparison of design dimension calculation between Working state
Method and Limit state Method ....................................................................... 63
Table 17: Design check comparison of Working state Method and Limit state
Method ............................................................................................................. 65

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The first iron bridge in the world ................................................................. 2

Figure 2: The first iron bridge in the world ................................................................ 2
Figure 3: Example of plate girder road bridge ....................................................... 9
Figure 4 : Plate Girder proportion ............................................................................... 9
Figure 5: Anatomy of the plate girder ....................................................................... 10
Figure 6: The flange in the main girder ..................................................................... 13
Figure 7: Design Stress .............................................................................................. 14
Figure 8 : Shape Limitations for plate girder ............................................................ 14
Figure 9: Distrosion caused by lateral torsional buckling ......................................... 16
Figure 10: Shear moment capacity diagram .............................................................. 17

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Figure 11: Modes of instability of plate girder .......................................................... 18

INTRODUCTION

For small to medium span bridges, girder bridges are the most widely utilized and least
complicated structural type. The simplest and best solid section for preventing bending and
shearing is the steel I-section.
Straight composite steel-concrete plate girder bridges are covered in this chapter.
There are design issues for section proportion, span and framing arrangement, and more. To
demonstrate the design process, a three span continuous composite plate girder bridge design
example is provided.

Plate girders are integrated beams used in steel constructions that have bending moments
greater than those of rolled sections and are intended to handle large vertical loads over
extended spans. The most prevalent kind of plate girder among them is the composite plate
girder, which is made of plates and forms. Two flange plates are welded onto the web plate to
create an I-shaped segment that makes up the plate girder's web.

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The web is made to resist shear forces, while the upper and lower flanges are constructed to
withstand compressive and tensile forces along the axis brought on by bending moments. In
fact, some practical design codes also employ this structural action as a basis for designing
structures in construction. Plate girders are the most widely used type of girder in modern
bridge architecture, where the main spans can exceed 200 meters in length, with a
corresponding horizontal cross-section depth projecting out on the supports, typically
between 5 – 10 meters.

In plate girders, the required flange area for a given moment can be decreased by extending
the distance between flanges in order to reduce design and fabrication costs. Additionally, to
reduce the weight of the girder, the web needs to be made thinner as the depth increases.
However, this can lead to web buckling issues more than in rolled sections.

Structure of plate girders

Web: The deep central vertical plate is referred to as a web in a steel plate girder. It offers the
required separation between the two flange plates. The web’s occupation is to withstand any
shear that develops in the plate girder. Flanges: These are the horizontal components of the
girder, positioned above and below, separated by the web. The primary function of the
flanges is to resist the bending moments acting on the girder. The upper flange bears the
bending moment from compressive forces, while the lower flange bears tensile forces. They
need to have the necessary width and thickness to ensure the ability to withstand bending
moments.

Stiffeners: In plate girders, stiffeners are used to strengthen the structure and prevent
localized buckling failures. Additionally, until the loads are distributed throughout the beam,
they are used to support the loads applied to the beam. There are two types of stiffeners:
vertical stiffeners and horizontal stiffeners. Splices for Flange and Web: A splice connection
is required when the length of the girder is smaller than the span. This is the point where
bending moments and shear forces are transferred to the girder.

End lap joints: This is the most challenging aspect when designing a plate girder structure.
For continuous structures, the connecting details need to be appropriately installed. However,
in most cases, the plate girder is only supported at the end bearing. In such cases, stiffener
plates effectively assist the connections.

Classifications of plate girders in steel structures

Riveted Plate Girders In riveted plate girders, the girders are joined using mechanical
methods, rivets, and plates that are not welded together. Generally, the web of the girder
bears 90% of the shear force acting on the riveted steel girders. The angled section is fixed to
the flange to stabilize the connection between the web and the flange. Additionally, the rivets
must be designed to withstand horizontal shear forces. Especially, the rivets connecting the

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angled section of the web to the flange must be designed to withstand both horizontal shear
forces and vertical loads acting on the flange when they transmit into the web.

Welded Plate Girders Welded plate girders are the most widely used type in construction due
to their ease of fabrication and high efficiency. This type of girder is primarily used in bridge
construction, particularly in railway bridge structures. Steel girder bridges are very rigid and
can withstand extremely high loads while resisting lateral movements. Welded plate girders
are also used to create box girders. Today, engineers can determine the overall height, flange
width, and web thickness of welded plate girders through experimental methods or
estimation.

Design of Plate Girders

When designing plate girders, the following assumptions will be applied: Shear force is
entirely carried by the web, and shear stress is uniform at all depths of the girder. The stress
intensity on the inner flange corners of the girder and the flange plate is the same.
Conversely, the stress intensity in the web varies, reaching a maximum value near the upper
edge, equalizing with the intensity at the flange plates or corners, and being zero at the
neutral axis.

2. Aim & Objective

Aim:

Analysis And Design Of Plate Girder Using In Staad.Pro

Objective:

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 To analysis and design the plate girder by using WSM method in excel sheet.

 To analysis and design the plate girder by using WSM method in STAAD-Pro
software.

 To analysis and design the plate girder by using LSM method in EXCEL sheet.

 To analysis and design plate girder bridge by using LSM method in STAAD-
Pro software.

 To compare the design of steel Plate girder result for LSM & WSM

Design a welded plate girder of 20m span to support a uniformly distributed love load of
70KN/m over the span using the following data. Yield stress of steel is 250 N/mm^2, top
flange restrained laterally. Design the cross sectional details of the plate girder to confirm to
the specifications of IS 800-2007

Given data :

effective span of girder = 20 m

Distributed live load = 75KN/m Yield stress of steel = 250 N/mm^2

Step 1 : Load on plate girder load on girder = ( 1.5 x 70 x 20 ) = 2100KN

Assume self weight = ( total load / 200 ) = 10KN/ m

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Total factored load = 70 + 10 = 80 KN/m

Step 2 : Bending moments and shear force

Md = ( WL^2 / 8)

= ( 80 x 20^2 / 8)

= 4000KN Vd

= ( WL / 2)

= ( 80 x 20 / 2)

= 800KN

Step 3 : Cross section of girder

Is 800 2007 , page no. 63, 64

depth of plate girder

D = [√( MK / fy)]^0.33 K

= ( d / tw) < 200 € d

= depth of web tw

= thickness of web

Yield stress ration

€ = ( 250 / fy )

= ( 250 / 250) =1K = 200 €

= 200 x 1 = 200

D = [√( 4000 x 10^6 x 200 / 250)]^0.33

= 1500mm

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adopt overall depth

D = 1500mm

Allowing for 40mm flange plates

Depth of web d = 1500 – 80

= 1420 mm

Thickness of web

( d / tw) = 200 €

Tw = d / 200 x 1

= 1420 / 200

= 7.1 mm ( d / tw)

= 67 € Tw = d / 67 x 1

= 1420 / 67 = 21.2 mm

adopt 20mm thick and 1420mm deep web

Width of flange

Width of flange = 0.2 d to 0.3 d

= 0.2 x 1420 to 0.3 x 1420

= 288 to 426

= 350 mm

adopt width of flange is 350mm

Check for plastic and compact section, the ratio

b / tf < 9.4€

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€ = 1 tf = 40mm

bf = 350mm

350 / 40 = 8.7

The ratio of satisfies the plastic section

Step 4 : Moment capacity

The moment capacity of the plate girder is

Is 800 2007 , page no. 53

Md = [ (βb x Zp x fy) / γmo]

βb = 1

Zp = [ (2 x bf x tf (D - tf) / 2 ) + ( tw x d^2 ) / 4 ]

= [ (2 x 350 x 40 (1500 - 40) / 2 ) + ( 20 x 1420^2 ) / 4 ]

= 30.52 x 10^6 mm^3

Md = [ (1 x 30.52 x 10^6 x 250) / 1.1]

= 6936 KNm > 4000KNm

Hence the section is safe

Step 5 : Shear capacity

Is 800 2007 , page no. 59

V < Vd

Design shear strength

Vd = Vn / γmo

Vn = Vp

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Vp = [(Av x fyw) / √3]

Av = d x tw

= 1420 x 20

= 28400mm^2

Vp = [(Av x fyw) / √3]

= [(28400 x 250) / √3]

= 4099186 N Vd

= Vp / γmo

= 4099186 / 1.1

= 3726533

= 3726.5 KN > 800 KN

Hence the section is safe.

Step 6 : Check for bearing stiffeners

Is 800 2007 , page no. 67

Fw = ( b1 + n2 ) tw ( fy / γmo)

Minimum stiffeners bearing length

b1 = bf / 2

= 350 / 2 = 175mm

n2 = 2.5 x 40

= 100mm

Fw = ( b1 + n2 ) tw ( fy / γmo)

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= ( 175 + 100 ) x 20 x ( 250 / 1.1 )

= 1250 x 10^3 KN > 800 KN

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