CH 4

Human Digestion
and

Absorption
 organirationoftheBody
.
Cel 1
:
gro

absorb & substance

energy from
nutrionts
require

use
energy Carb. Prot. fats .
新陳代謝
onduct metabolic and phy funchions
. Ls totransino ATP ,
O2 is needed

excrete waste

.
cell dso nood H2

buildingmaterial ( amino aci'd minerals )

chemical
regulaors ( vitamins )

Tissues of the Body

same cells form issue

4 Epithelial 表⽪ wver surface

types
:

ounective 結締 support , protect

Musle 肌⾁ move

Nervous神經 transuit herve irmpulses

organs of the Body

.
tissue form organs , organs
worc
ogether - s
organ system

erg .

Digestive system
Nervoussystenm

Cardioasular system
Endocrine sysem 內分泌
.
TABLE 4 -
Digestive system
digest food ,
absorb nutrient , excrete waste

wnrol by hormone ,
hervous
system
immune system :
phy .
barrier , produce immune wuponents

housesbaetera : licrobiota 微⽣物群相

GITract 消化道 GI :

digestive
腺
uouth ,
salivary gland

esophagus ( 10 inches ) 食道

Somach ( 1 liter capaaty )

food stay for 2 r 3 hr .

Small intestine ,fooddigest 3 n 10 hr .

⼗⼆指腸空腸 回腸
ileum about 10 fect
duodenam jejenolth
,
,

( coinches ) ( 4 feet) ( 5 feet ] L) . 到 m

large intesine 个 chr , ,

盲腸 升結腸 橫結腸
wlon( Gecusar . ascenoling olon , E8duverse Golok ,

降結腸oom ⼰狀 3 式 teet [ 1 . 1 om ]
descending , sigmoid olon )

↓
Rectum 直腸
↓
Anus 肛⾨
 and Functions
organs
Mouth and
Salivary glands
chew moisten ( saliva Decteoh taste
eolecales)
.

digest starch with amylase euzyme

digest fat with

lingual lipase 舌頭脂肪酶

EGophagus
move food (
peris Jtaltic

E 比 mach
3 acid horrnores
,
enrfmes ,

secrete gastic
mix
gastic → turn into
Chyme ( 食糜 ]

digest protein fat .

Kill microorgahisrg
absorb
protein foritB
s 12
-

Secrete intrinsic facor內在內⼦ ( ⼀種醣蛋⽩的

release chyue o small intestine

Liver

produce bile - 1 aid fat digest & absorb

Gallbladder 膽囊
store , wncentrate bilo release to small intestine
,

Pancreas 胰腺
shave digestive eniyomes 碳酸鹽
secrete pancreaticjuiceand bicarbonate ino small intesine
Smal1 intesiue

with bile ,
mix
chyme pancreati
'c
jnice

secrete hormones 3 regulate digest process

secrete digestive enrymes

absorb natrients

trausport residue to
laryeintesine

( lon )
large intesine ω

absorb water ,
lectrolyees ( Na k )
,

form ,
sore feces

house microbiota
gut

Rectum

hold , expel feces viaanus

Anatomyofthe GI Tract ( alimentary canal )

.
15 feet fpom mouth o anus

, nutrient pass
through wall absorb into
body
3 .
HUOGQ 粘膜
粘膜下層
.
Submuasa

. musle

.
qeroGa 漿膜
Sphincters 括約肌
wutrol flowofontent)
.

prevent move oo fast through GItract

. make sure food mix with

digestive secrelion

,
ood through
推動
help propel GI tract

迴腸辮
肛⾨括約肌

Digenlive Enrymes
moleules
.
protein w speed up digesion
催化 ⼩解
cdemical
.

Catalyre reaction knownas

hydrolyGis reaction

0
produce in
salivary gland ,
somach ,
pancreas ,
small intesine

help
hydrolysis carbohydrate ,
protein fat
,
.

o act on
Speafic substance 專⼀性
0
Galivary glands ,
somach
prodace small amount
enzymes
成
.

syuthesire by Pancreas , small intostine

adjest accordingo micronutrient ontent of diet

absorb
.not
enoughenryme inomplete digest
)
,
limit

if food donit fully digest bacteria turn it ino

gas
and acid
.

,
 分泌物

Important Secretions of Digestive SyStem

唾液
Saliva : Mouth

dissolvetaste _

formingompound溶解形成味道的化合物
cwatain
compound to help swallow ,
digest protect
,
teeth

黏液
Mucus mouth , stomach, intesine

protect GI tract cell

lubricate 潤滑

somach smal intestine

Enrymes : mouth , , ,
pancreas

break down carbohydrate .

fat protein for absorb
,

Acid ( HC1 ) : somach

promote digestion of protein

destroy microorganism
increase
solubility of minerals

Bile :
liver ( store in
gallbladder )
fut
emulsitic
乳化脂
helpdigestfat (

重碳酸鹽
Bicarbonate : paucreas ,
smallintestine

neatralire stomachacidwhen itreachsmallintesine 胃酸到達⼩腸時中和胃酸

Harmones :
Stomach , smallintestine pancreas ,

regulate food intake ,

digesion ,
absorpion
Moving through mouth and esophagus
.

digestion start in mouth

-
teeth tear and grind
saliva mix wit food to create bolus
潤滑
)
ontain = Mucus→ , lubricate ,
hold bolus
溶菌酶
lysoryme → Kill bacteria
演粉酶
down starch
Aruylase - 5break

.
Taste and smell

taste -

receptor cell o dectect :

salty ,
s 0 ur
,
sweet ,
bieter , 比mami

stronger by
be
taste can
input from olfactory cells in nose

嗅覺細胞
.
SWallow
會
epiglottisfound at the entrance of esophagus
4 food trachea 氣管
prevent o enter

喉頭
Nhile swallow ,
epiglottis doseover 1 aryux

stomach
Moving through
下食道括约⽇比
.

food went
through lower esophageal sphincter into stomach

, acidic stomach onteut flowback

prevent

when malfuctions heartbutn happen

.
1 ietle digest happen here
.
water ,
some fat , 0% alcohol caa be absorbed

. secrete
gastric juice o help digest
eleaser when sel , smel1 , taste, think aboat food

outain
.

gastric juice
腔壁的 胃脂肪酶
H1 from parietal cell
gastric lipase from cheifcell
胃泌素
pepsinogen 胃蛋⽩酶原 gastrin
-
s coutrol release of
G HC 1 and
inactive
protein
-

digest enryme pepsinogea

.

Hydrochloric acid ( HC 1 )

inaclivate the
biologgcal activityofingested protein

destroy bacteria and virus

dissolve lineral
dietary
into
turu
pepsinogen active
enryue pepsin
. secrete mucus from mucous cell

lubricate ,
protect toma from
ch Hcl and pepsm

production velies on
Prostaglaudins 前列腺素
非類固醇消炎藥
抑制Prostaglandinproductivn
and NSAIDs inhibi
Use
aspirin 7

) reduce mucus barrier ,

damage stomach wall by somach acid

.
food mix with gastric secretion s turn solid food ine
chyme
1E ⾨
LL
.

Pyloric sphincter wntrol

chyme inosmall intestiue ,
blackflow ofbileinto somach
葡萄糖依類性促島素⽇肽
of
,
Gluwse -

dependent insulinotropic pepide hodp slow the velease

chyme into smallintestine

.
produce intrinsic factor for absorb Vit B 12-
 small intestine and
Moving through accessory organs
and
.

major site of digestion absorption

.
7 section :
Duodenum f ⼆指腸

Jejunum 空腸

Ilaum 迴腸
. circular fold andfiugerlike projecion :Villi 絨⽑

Microvilli 細微絨⽑

fold
.Circular made
.

chyme move slowly

L , mi
whelpchyme with
digesive juice
③
nutrieut ontact with villi
bring
v aided by segmentation輔助分割
. Villilined withenterocytes ⼩腸吸收細胞
secrete absorb nutrients
enrymes ,

other cell secrete mecas

,
horuones

euterocytes have brush border lined with microvilli

.

1s wvered with
digestive enryme wutaining glycocalyx
-

digestiondepend on secretion from pancreas ,

liver ,
gallbladder
.
Liver ,
Gallbladder Pancreas
,

導管
secretion delivered o small intestine
through : ommon bile duct

paucrealic duct

liver - → bile :ontain cholesterol

emulsifies fat

Gallbladder : store ,oncentrate bile

腸
L , reabsorbedinileum ,
returnedoliver

v
enterohepaio circulation 腸肝循環

0 small amount
go ino feces

Pancreas :
produce pancreatic juice
V
sodiumbicarbouateheutralizeacidicchyme炭酸氫納中和酸性 hymc
pancreatic amylase digest starch
v

digest fat
lipase
蛋 ⽩酵素
proteases digest protein
.
Gastrointestinal hormones

5 hormones
play role m
regulation
胃泌激素 , 胰泌素 , 膽囊收素
( c( k )
gastrin secrein
Cholecystokinin
⽣長抑素
somato statin , Gluwse -dependeutinsulinotropic pepide ()G 1P

.
Absorption in small intestine : nutrients move from lumen f
absorptivecell
Passive diffusion :
high concentration → 1ow wncentlation

Facilitated diffusion protein , high

→ 10 w
: use carrier

Active transport : use carrier protein energy,

low 5
high
Endocyosis =
Phagocytosis 吞- ,
eugulfompounds
胞吞作⽤
Pinocyosis 胞飲 → engulfliquid
 absorb
Primary nutrient
.

Stomach :Aloohol (w % )

Water ( minor )

9 mall intes tiue :

Ca Mg Fe, minerals…
.
.
.

Glucose

Amino acid

Fut
Uitamin

Water ( 90 - 90 %

Aloho ) (80 %

Bileacid

large intestine Na
-
:

some fatty aid

Vit k , biotin( synthesize bymicrooganisminlarge intestin )

Gases

Water C 10 -
30 % )

Circulatory system
absorbed nutrient go o Cardiovascalar system
Depend
-

o ) on

ymphatic system Water ( Fat

Solable

water soluble cardiovascular

system
-
:

v
carbonhydrate 1 vitamin
B Vit C shortlmedium chainfattyacid
protein
- -

, , , ,

細⾎
V absorb directly ino bed
capillary invilli
肝⾨靜脈
V
transport to liver
through hepati ' c portal vein
system
1
,
 L) liver : metabolirenatrient 新陳代謝

Store nutrient

send netrintinto circalation

lymphaic System
液
Uprovide rond o bloodstream ⼤分⼦
orlargemolecales
(3 most fat ,
Fat soluble vitA , D , E , K

乳糜管 胸導管
V lacteals transport nutvients o thoracic duct

G lead o left sublavianrein 左鎖骨下靜脈

Moving through large intestine

.
Srall intestine- largeintestine
s
: ileocecalvalve 迴腸瓣
G 5 % mutriontater
large intestine

.
少 main part
:
olon, Rectum ,
Ands

.
3 main function : house microbiota s Keep GI tract
healthy
absorb water , electrolytes ( Na ,
k)

form expel
, feces

Gut Microbiota beneficial

rs many
ileocecal valve small
preveut bacteria in
large intestine o intestine
.

Anti' bioti'ctreatment,radiation somediseasereducebacteria

therapy ,suryery ,
.

引起疾病
G break balancebetiveenbenefical andpathogenic bacteria , dysbiosis (破壞⽣態了
Vitk, bioin
.
beneficial bacteria :
synthesire
help lactose digesion
producegas
發酵
ferment some fiber and starch
s
fermentation make short chain fatty acid f absorb and use alon
energy
-

as in
Probiotics and Prebiolics ,
help achieve healthy balance of intestinal bacteria

.
Probiotics 益⽣菌
-

in fermented foods

-
o
prevent : diarrhea , food allergies
腸易激綜合症 炎症性腸病

bowlsgndromes
irritable inflammahry bowel disease
、

,
-
、

) ( IBD )
.
益⽣元
Prebiotics
-
non -

digestible food ingredients

-

promote growth of beneficial bacteria

-
inulin 菊粉
-
resistant starch 未加⼯全穀物

Absorb water andelectrolytes

small absorb 90 % absorb the remaining
.

, large
以1 % excreted feces

1 intestine main site o absorb electrolytes ( Na K )

arge
. :
,

Eliminaion ofFeces
and push
.

peristaltic wave mass movemeat ino rectum

刺激 排便
, in recta M cause stimulation o defecaion

,
' 75% water ,
25 % solid s
-

indigestible plant pber

wnnectivetissue from animal

bacteria from large intestine

Processes go
Digestive Awry 食物不耐症
heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux diseasea Foodinolerance m
IBS
.
Ulcers .
intesinal gas
.
IBD
非酒精性脂肪肝
.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ( NAFLD ) .

Cousipaion . Hemorrhoids 痔疾
.
Gallstones .
diarrhea