SYLLABUS Anna University, Chennai RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM Unit1 INTRODUCTION Primary energy sources, fenewable vs. non-renewable primary energy sources, renewable energy resources in India, Current usage of renewable energy sources in India, future potential of renewable energy in power production and development of renewable energy technologies, Unit2 SOLAR ENERGY Solar Radiation and its measurements, Solar Thermal Energy Conversion from plate Solar Collectors, Concentrating Collectors and its Types, Efficiency and performance of collectors. Direct Solar Electricity Conversion from Photovoltaic, types of solar cells and its application of battery charger, domestic lighting, street lighting, power generation schemes. Recent Advances in PV A Grid Connected PV Systems. and water pumping, plications: Building Integrated PV, Unit3 WIND ENERGY Wind energy principles, wind site and its resource assessment, wind assessment, Factors influencing wind, wind turbine components, wind ener: Classification of WECS devices, wind electric gt characteristics and applications. ‘gy conversion systems (WECS), jenerating and control systems, Unit4 BIO-ENERGY Energy from biomass, Principle of biomass conversion te classification, Bio gas generation, types of bio. Classification of biogas plants, Advantage thermal gasification of biomass, biomass g; plants and their economics chnologies/process and their gas plants, selection of site for biogas plant, and disadvantages of biogas generation, asifiers, Application of biomass and biogas Unit§ OTHER TYPES OF ENERGY Energy conversion from Hydrogen and Fuel cells, Geo of wells, methods of harnessing the energy, Utilization, setting of OTEC plants, Potential and conversion techniques, thermal energy Resources, types Potential in India, OTEC, Principles thermodynamic cycles, Tidal and wave energy: minihydel power plants and their economics.n -_ © o ~ < 9° Oo ERGY SYSTEM UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION UNIT 2 SOLAR ENERGY UNIT 3 WIND ENERGY UNIT 4 BIO-ENERGY UNIT 5 OTHER TYPES OF ENERGYUNIT 4 LL. 12, 13. 14. 1S. 1.6. 17. 18, INTRODUCTION . CONTENTS . 1.4 = 1,80 Ll Introduction to energy Classification of energy Sources of energy 13.1. Conventional energy sources 1.3.2. Non-conventional or Renewable Energy (RE) sources . 1.3.2.1. Types of Renewable Energy (RE) sources 13.3. Advantages of Renewable Energy (RE) sources .. 18 1.3.4, Limitations of Renewable Energy (RE) sources... 19 International (global) energy scenario 141 1.4.2. Energy consumption by primary energy source Consumption by country ... Global present conventional energy status ...... 1.5.1. Coal power 1.5.2. Natural gas power .. 1.5.3. Nuclear power Global present renewable energy status 1.6.1. Hydropower 1.6.2. Windenergy . 1.6.3. Bioenergy 1.6.4. Solarenergy .... 1.6.5. Geothermal energy ... Indian conventional energy status 1.7.1. Conventional energy mix in India ., 1.7.2, Energy consumption 1.7.3, Primary energy supply . 1.7.4, Energy production .. Development of renewable energy in India .....Renewable EnerBy Technologie, c2 1.9, Present Indian renewable energy status 1.9.1, Biomass energy 1.9.2, Hydropower 1.9.3, Solar energy 1.9.4. Wind energy 1.9.5. Global geothermal energy 1 1.9.7. Tidal power 410. Indian energy scenario in various sectors . 6. Biogas energy 1.10.1. Conventional energy scenario in various sectors .__ 1.10.2. Distribution of renewable energy in total energy consumption by various sectors 411 Global potential of various renewable energy Sources L111. Hydroelectric potential .., 1.11.2, Wind energy potential 1.11.3. Bioenergy potential 1.11.4. Solar energy potential 1.11.5. Geothermal energy potential... a 1.11.6. Ocean tidal energy potential 1.11.7. Ocean wave energy potential ... 1.11.8. Ocean Thermal Energy Convers; 1412, Indian renewable energy potential 1.12.1. Solar power potential 1.12.2. Wind energy potential 1.12.3. Biomass energy potential 1.12.4, 1.12.5, Hydroelectric energy potential Small Hydro Power (SHP) potential 1.12.6. Tidal energy potential 1.12.7. Geothermal energy potential 113, Per capita energy consumptionUNIT2 SOLAR ENERGY ..., 2d 2.2, 2.3, Solar radiation measurement Ver capla energy consumption in Indta 1% Future eneryy plans secsssene + 478 Two mark questions and answers oe LBL Solved questlony —sessssseeee 193 Solar radiation 21.1. Physicn of the Sun... : 21.2, Solar constant 23 ‘Solar radiation 2.1.4, Extraterrestrial and terrestrial solar radiation 2.1.5. Solar radiation geometry 2.1.6, Sum at zenith and air mass (m) 2.1.7. Attenuation of beam radiation 0 2D 2.1.8. Clarity index and concentration ratio vee 210 2.1.9. Solar insolation vee 210 2.1.10. Day length, sunrise and sunset we 210 ever Deb - 212 2AM 2AA2. Local solar time or local apparent time Apparent motion of sun ...... Estimation of solar radiation 2.2.1. 212 Estimation of average solar radiation 2.13 2.2.2. Solar radiation on an inclined surface 214 2.2.3. Solved problems on estimation of solar radiation ... ag 2.2.4, Solved Anna University problems on estimation of solar radiation... . 2.20 stevens 2.29 2.3.1, Measurement of direct radiation using pyrheliometer 2.30 2.3.2, Measurement of global radiation using pyranometers . 2.33 2.3.3, Measurement of diffuse radiation .. wee 2.36 23.4, Measurement of sunshine . 2.3726. Solar thermal applications or solar thermal power 2.6.1, 2.6.3. 2d. Solar spectrum — ss 2.5. Solar thermal collectors . Liquid heating collectors . Solar air heaters |. Paraboloidal dish collector . Mirror strip reflector Types of solar collectors Flat plate collectors... Moditied flat plate collectors .. . Evacuated tubular collector... Solved Anna University problem on solar flat plate Collector, Advantages, disadvantages and applications of flat-plate collectors Solar concentrating collector (focusing type) Types of concentrating collectors Parabolic trough collector Fresnel lens collector Flat plate collector with booster mirrors Compound Parabolic Concentrator (cP) Advantages and disadvantages of Concentrating collectors Comparison of concentrating and flat-plate collectors ‘Planis Low temperature thermal Power generation using flat plate collector Medium temperature thermal Power generation using solar distributed collector High temperature thermal power generation using enwral receiver system Components of, central receiver power plant Working of, Central receiver ‘SystemContents 2.7. Solar energy storage 2.8. Thermal energy storage systems 2.9. Solar ponds . 2.10. 211. 2.12, 2.13. 2.6.6. Analysis of a central receiver system .. 2.6.7. Advantages and disadvantages of central receiver system... 2.64 2.7.1. Different methods of solar energy storage 2.8.1. Sensible Heat Storage (SHS) .. a2. Latent heat storage or Phase Change Material (PCM) storage .. 2.68, 2.8.3. Stratified heat storage Types of solar ponds Applications of solar ponds... Advantages and limitations of solar ponds Solar photovoltaic systems Fundamentals of solar photo voltaic conversion 2.11.1. Basics of semiconductors 2.11.2. P-Njunction ... 2.11.3. Photovoltaic effect 2.11.4. Photovoltaic materials Solar cells 2.12.1. Solar cell principles 2.12.2. Structure and mechanism of solar cell... 2.12.3. Types of solar cells Solar photovoltaic cell concepts 2.13.1. Cell, module, panel and array of solar cell ... 2.13.2. Series and parallel connections of solar cells .. 2.13.3. Power output of a solar PV panel... 2.13.4. I-v and power-voltage characteristics of a solar PV cell 2.13.5. Operating regions and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) ofa PV solar cell2.14. 2.15, 2.16. 217. 2.18. 2.19. 2.20. UNIT3 WIND ENERGY ... 31. 3.2, 3.3, SS Renewable Energy Technolog, es 2.13.6. MPPT algorithms .... 2.13.7. Efficiency and fill factor of the solar cell Solar PV power generation systems. sont ap 2.14.1. Standalone power system — 2.142. Central power system or grid connected system 2.14.3. Hybrid system Battery for solar applications Comparison of working of DC to DC and DC to AC converters Advantages and disadvantages of solar PV systems Solar pv applications 2.18.1. Solar PV water pumping 2.18.2. Solar PV lighting 2.18.3. Solar PV medical tefrigeration system 2.18.4. Solar PV telecommunication and signaling system 2.18.5. Solar PV standalone devices 2.18.6. Solar space heating Two mark questions and answers Solved questions ..... Introduction to wind energy ... 3.1.1, Source or origin of wind 3.12. Characteristics of wind energy 3.13. Wind speed 3.1.4. Vertical wind speed gradient .... 3.1.5. Distribution of wind speed Wind resources assessment seees 36 Wind energy potentialContents 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 3.9. 39.2. 3.10. 3.11. 3.12. 3.13, Basics of wind energy electricity generation 3.4.1. Capacity factor 3.42. — Penetration 3.4, Variability and intermittency Advantages and disadvantages of wind power Wind data 3.6.1. Wind data measurement Wind energy estimation 3.7.1. 3.7.2. seccessesene SIZ Wind power and wind power density Maximum wind power and maximum wind efficiency ave 315 3.7.3. Betz criteria or Betz limit 3.7.4. Force on blades and axial thrust on turbines .... Solved anna university problems ..... Wind energy conversion 3.9.1. Principle of wind energy conversion Aerodynamics of wind turbine Details of wind turbines Types of wind turbines .. 3.11.1. Horizontal axis wind turbine ..... 3.11.2. Vertical axis wind turbine 3.11.3. Wind turbine design and construction .. 3.11.4, Small wind turbines Performance characteristics of wind turbine rotors .. Control of wind turbine. 3.13.1. Stall control of wind turbines, 3.13.2. Pitch control of wind turbines 3.13.3. Flap power control of wind turbines 3.13.4. Yaw power control of wind turbines.3.14. 3.15. 3.16. 3.17. 3.18. 319. 3.20. 3.21. 3.22. 3.23, 3.24, Renewable Enerey Technologieg 3.13.5. Orientation yaw control Performance characteristics of windmill .. Types of Wind Power Plants (WPPS) s.+..... Wind pump.» Site selection for Wind Power Plants (WPPs) Grid integration issues of WPPs 3.18.1. Interface issues 3.18.2, Operational issues Hybrid systems. 3.19.1. Solar-wind hybrid energy systems 3.19.2. Wind-steam hybrid energy systems 3.19.3. Wind-diesel hybrid energy systems 3.19.4. . Biomass-wind-fuel cell hybrid energy systems Comparison of hybrid systems with solar and wind systems Environmental aspects . Applications of wind energy .. 3.22.1. Wind energy used in water pumping 3.22.2. Systems for community centers, schools and health clinics 3.22.3. Wind energy used in heating and cooling processes 3.22.4. Wind energy used in electricity generation ... 3.22.5. Industrial applications Two mark questions and answers ........ Solved questions ..........0. UNIT 4 BIO-ENERGY .. 41. Introduction to biomass energy 41.1, Biomass resources... 4.1.2, Advantages and disadvantages of biomass energyContents 4.2. 4.3. 4.4, 45, 4.1.3. Biomass fuels 02... ccccssececeeeesseeene Principles of bio-conversion .. 4.2.1. Photosynthesis Process .. Biomass conversion prooesses 43.1. Physical or mechanical conversion of biomass 4.3.1.1. Pre-treatnteat of biomass 4.3.1.2, Methods of biomass densification and upgrading.. 43.1.3, Advamages and disadvantage of biomass densification .... 4.12 4.3.2. Agrochemioal conversion of biomass 43.3. Thermochemioal conversion . 4.3.3.1. Biomass direct combustion 4.3.3.2. Carbonisation .. 4.3.3.3. Pyrolysis... 4.3.3.4. Gasification 4.3.3.5. Liquefaction 4.3.4. Biochemioal conversion of biomass 4.3.4.1. Anaerobic digestion 4.3.4.2. Aleoholic fermentation Biomass gasifier... 4.4.1. Types of bioinass gasifiers 4.4.1.1, Down draught gasifiers ... 4.4.1.2. Up draught gasifier. 4.4.1.3. Cross draught gasifier 4.4.1.4, Fluidised-bed gasifier 4.4.2. Problotas in developmont of gasifiers . Biogas digesters .. 4.5.1. Anaerobic digestion process ..... 4.5.2. Aerobic digestion proasss 4.5.3. Continirous proosss biogas digesterRenewable Energy Technologie, Cem 4.5.4, Batch process biogas digester 4.58. — Fixed-dome type digester 4.5.6. Floating gasholder type digester 46, Biomass cogeneration ss... 4.6.1. Advantages of cogeneration ... 4.6.2. Types of cogeneration systems 4.6.2.1, Steam turbine cogeneration systems 4.6.2.2. Gas turbine cogeneration systems ... 4 4.6.2.4, Bagasse-based biomass cogeneration plant .... 2.3, Reciprocating engine cogeneration systems ..., 47. Biodiesel production 4.7.1. Biodiesel production 4.7.2. Production methods 4.8. Ethanol production 4.8.1. Ethanol production from Sugarcane / corn 4.8.2. Ethanol production from wood acid hydrolysis 49 Applications of bio energy 410, Environmental benefits of biomass energy . 411, Two mark questions and answers ..... 412, Solved questions UNITS OTHER TYPES OF ENERGY ., oe 5.125.128 51. Hydropower .. = od 5.11. Advantages of hydropower 152 5.1.2. Disadvantages of hydropower 53 5.13. Small hydropower systems ~ 53 5. Classification of small hydro power systems . 54 5.1.5. Turbines for small hydro power systems » 58 5.1.6. Essential components of small hydroelectric system =oContents 5.2. Tidal energy 5.3. Wave energy .. c-A1 5.1.7. Power obtained from a small hydro plant 5.1.8. Suitable conditions for small hydro power 5.1.9. Production, control and management of small hydro equipment... 5.1.10. Advantages and limitations of small hydro power systems... 5.11 5.2.1. Tidal power 5.2.2. Tidal energy potential 5.2.3. Principle of tide generation 5.2.4. Transformation of tidal energy into electrical energy .... 5.2.5. Types of tidal energy technologies 5.2.6. Components of tidal barrage power plants 5.2.7. Modes of operation of tidal barrage power plants .... 5.2.8, Modes of generation of tidal barrage power plants 5.2.8.1. Single basin arrangement 5.2.8.2. Double basin arrangement 5.2.9. Tidal stream generators (non-barrage tidal power systems) ..... 5.2.10. Solved Anna University problem on tidal energy ... 5.2.11. Types of tidal stream generators 5.2.1 1.1, Horizontal-Axis Tidal Turbine (HATT) 5.2.11.2. Vertical-Axis Tidal Turbine (VATT) 5.2.1.3. Helical turbine 5.2.12. Dynamic tidal power generation 5.2.13. Impact of tidal energy on the environment 5.2.14. _ Site selection for tidal power plants 5.2.15. Advantages of tidal power plants . 5.2.16. Disadvantages or limitations of tidal power plants 5.3.1, Estimation of wave energy 5.3.2. Concepts of wave energy conversionRenewable Energy Technology 53.3, Wave power devices or wave energy conversion devices 532 5.3.3.1. Wave profile devices as 5.3.3.2. Oscillating water column 538 53.3.3. Wave power capture device . es 5.3.3.4. Rotating wave devices 53 53.4. Advantages and disadvantages of wave energy a 5.4. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTE) «... 5.4.1. Principle of OTEC ... 5.4.2. _ Setting of OTEC plants .... 5.43. Land-based power plant .... 5.44. — Floating power plant 5.4.5, Thermodynamic cycles in OTEC ... 5.4.6. Open cycle OTEC system... 54.7. Closed cycle OTEC system .... 5.4.8. Site selection for OTEC plants 5.4.9. Advantages of OTEC 5.4.10, Limitations of OTEC 5.4.11. Applications of OTEC .... 5.5. Geothermal energy 5.5.1. Basics of geothermal energy .... 5.5.2. Geothermal energy resources 5.5.3. Types of wells 5.5.4. Types of geothermal power plants... 5.5.4.1. Vapour dominated or dry steam geothermal power plant ...... 5.51 5.5.4.2. Liquid-dominated systems Geopressured resources .. Hot dry rock systems 5.5.4.5. Magma resources (molten rock-chamber) systems 5.5.4.6. Hybrid (geothermal fossil fuel) systems 5.5.4.6.1. Fossil-superheat hybrid systems...Contents 5.6. 57. 5.5.6. 5.5.6.1. 5.5.6.2. 5.5.6, 5.5.7. Two mark questions and answers «. 5.5.4.6.2. Genthermal-preheat hybrid system Advantages, disadvantages and applications of genthermal energy Apptications of gecthermal energy Generating civetric power using geothermal energy Direct use of geothermal energy Refrigeration system using geothermal energy Envirenmental impact of geothermal energy Solved questions .. Solved Model Question Papers .. nS Sn nr nnntenenrdnenenennnnonnnninninnnnni tern eei eee eenee anneINTRODUCTION 1.4, INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY Energy is the capacity for doing work, generating heat and emitting light. It is measured the total amount of work that the body can do. Energy is measured in units of calorie and joule. A kilocalorie is the amount of energy or heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C. The joule is defined as the amount of energy it takes to apply a force of one newton through a distance of one meter. Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kind of works by human beings and nature. Everything what happens the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its forms. Energy is one of the major building blocks of modem society. Energy pervades all sectors of society such as economics, labour, environment and the international relations in addition to our own personal livings ic., housing, food, transportation, recreation and quality of lil. The use of energy resources has relieved us from much hard work and made our efforts moreaN Renewable Energy Sys, productive. Human beings once had to depend on their own muscles to provide the fherg, necessary to do work. Today our muscles supply less than 1% of the work done in thy industrialized world. Energy is a basic concept in all the science and engineering discipline. A very importa, principle is that energy is a conserved quantity, i.e., the total amount of energy in the UNV is constant. As per the law of conservation of energy “Energy cannot be newly created Ener cannot be destroyed. In a closed system, the total mass and energy remains wrchanged 1, closed system, the energy is conserved". Energy is not created or destroyed but converteg : redistributed from one form to another such as from the wind energy into electrical Energy g, from chemical energy into heat etc. 1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY (a) Based on nature of availability of energy: On the basis of nature of availability of energy source, the energy can be classitieg ed as follows: () Primary resoure Primary energy sources can be defined as sources which are either found of storeg nature, These energy sources provide a net supply of energy. Examples: Coal, natural pas, oj) biomass, solar, tidal, hydro and nuclear energy, ts (ii) Secondary resources Secondary sources of energy are derived from the Primary energy sources. Producing electrical energy from coal and producing hydrogen from hydrolysis of water are examples of this type of energy. (®) Based on tilisation of energy: On the basis of utilisation of energy, the energy can be classified as follows: (@ Direct source of energy Indirect sources of energy The indirect sources of energy are those which do not release energy directly but release it by conversion process. Some energy is invested in Producing indirect sources of energyIntroduction 13) fertilizers and machinery can be classified on the basis of their replenishment, it can be further classified into renewable and non-renewable indirect source of energy Seeds, manures (farm yard and poultry), chemicals, under indirect sources of energy. Again, (ii) Supplementary sources of energy Supplementary sources are defined as the energy sources whose net energy yield is zero. ‘Those energy sources requiring highest investment in terms of energy insulation (thermal) is an example for this source. (c) Based on traditional use: On the basis of traditional use of energy source, the energy can be classified as follows: () Conventional energy Conventional energy source can be defined as source which are used taditionally and provides a net supply of energy. Examples: Thermal energy and hydro power energy. Gi) Non-conventional energy Ncn-conventional energy sources are developed in recent past and produce no net energy. Though it may be necessary for the economy, these may not yield net energy. Examples of non-conventional energy sources are: solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and biomass energy. (d) Based on long term availability: On the basis of long term availability of energy source, the energy can be classified as follows: (i) Non-renewable energy sources These are the energy sources that are derived from finite and static stocks of. energy. Coal oil, fossil fuels and nuclear fuels are example of conventional sources of energy. It cannot b produced, grown, generated or used on a scale that can sustain its consumption rate. Thes resources often exist in a fixed amount and are consumed much faster than nature can crea’ them. The supply of these fuels is limited. It becomes very essential to use these fuels sparingl (ii) Renewable energy sources In this category, the energy sources which are direct in nature but can be subsequent replenished are grouped. The energies which may fall in this group are solar energy, wi energy, tidal energy, biomass energy, etc.Renewable Energy Syston, C7 (e) Based on origin: ; On the basis of origin of energy source, the energy can be classified as follows: Fossil fuels energy — energy obtained from fossil fuels such as coal, oil, Natural ga, a ete / (i) Nuclear energy —energy obtained from nuclear fuels such as Uranium, Plutonium, Thorium ete. (iti) Hydro energy — energy obtained from water, (iv) Solar energy — energy obtained from solar radiation, () Wind energy ~ energy obtained from natural wind force. (+i) Biomass energy —energy obtained from biomass fuels such as cow dung, vegetable waste etc. (ii) Geothermal energy — energy obtained from natural temperature Variation of present in the various depth of the earth, (vii) Tidal energy — energy obtained from tides and waves, (@) Ocean thermal energy ~ energy obtained from natural temperature variation Present in the various depth of the ocean, 1.3. SOURCES OF ENERGY Today, every country draws its energy needs from a Variety of sources. There are six Sources of useful energy utilised by human beings on planet Earth. These sources are given below: (2) Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum products and natural gases which produces thennal, mechanical and electrical energy (©) Chemical energy from reactions among mineral sources (The gravitational Potential and Planetary motion among sun, moon and earth which Produces wind, tidal and wave energies. Non-renewable energy is derived from sources (a), (b) and (c) whereas renewable energy is obtained from sources (A), (e) and (f).Introduction 1.4, PRIMARY (NON-RENEWABLE or CONVENTIONAL) ENERGY SOURCES. Conventional anergy sources are as follows: (a) Fossil fuel energy (b) Hydraulic energy (c) Nuclear energy. (a) Fossil fuel energy: Coal, petralcum, and natural gas are called fossil fuel as these are formed by the decomposition of the remains of deaii plants and aniinals tuuried under the earth for a long time. These are non-renewable sources of energy, if exhiusted, which cannot be replenished in a short time, Their potétitials are limited and are considered very precious. These should be used with care and caution to let them last long. They are also cowtributing to the global environmental pollution. (@) Com Since the advent of indtistiialiization, coal has been the most commen source of energy. In lastthree decades, the world switched over from coal io oil as a major source of energy because itis simple ani cleanco obtain useful energy from oil. Céal isa complex mixture of compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Small amount of nitrogen and sulphur compounds are also present in coal. On strong hiating, coal breaks up to produce coal gas, atbnionia, coal tar and coke. Coke is 98% carbon, obtained after lossing all its volatile constitaenits during destiuetive diiaillation of coal. It can be used as smoke free fuel. Gi) Petroleum It is a dark coloured, viscous and foul-smelling crude oil. The pdtroleum means rock oil, It is normally found under the crust of earth trapped in rocks. The crude oil is a colnplax mixture: of several solid, liquid, gaseous hydrocarbons mixed with water, salt and earth particles. It is a natural product obtained from oil wells. ‘The crude petroleum is refined by the process of fractional distillation to obtain more usefull petroleum products, The crude petoleum is heated to a teraperature of about 400°C in a furnace and vapors. Thus, they are passed into a tall ftactioning column from near its bottom, As the mixture of hot vapouis rises in the column, it starts getting cooled gratiually, ‘The products obteined from crude petroleum as fallows: (i) Petroleum gas (below 40°C) used as LPG. (ii) Petrol (40°C to 170°C) for light vehicles.Ronowablo Eneray Systom 16 Gilly Kerosene (170 to 250°C) for household and industrial use iii) Kerosene 2 (iv) Diesel oil (250 to 3. (s) Residual oil: (a) Lubrication oils (b) pars (vi). Fuel oil (350 to 400°C) for boilers and furnaces. °C) for heavy vehicles. n wax and (¢) asphalt Natural gas In consists of about 95% methane and rest ethane and propane, It occurs deep under the oil above petroleum deposits. 1 is a product op crust of the earth either alone or a long wil petroleum mining. The gas is available in Tripura, Jaisalmer, off-shore areas of Bombay High and in th e Krishna - Godavari delta, It is used as a domestic and industrial fuel, The natural gas is yoy also available as CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) a substitution of petrol in automobiles, (0) Hydraulic energy (or) water power: Water power is developed by allowing water to fall under the force of gravity. 1 is useg almost exclusively for large seale electric power generation, Potential energy of water converted into mechanical energy by using prime moves known as hydraulic turbines, roe power is quite cheap where water is available in abundance. Although the capital cost fo ° hydroelectric power plants is high as compared to other types of power plants but the, it operating costs are quite low as no fuel is required in this case. (©) Nuclear energy: According to modern theories of atomic structure, a matter consists of minute partic les Th?” liberate large amount of heat known as atoms. Heavier unstable atoms such as U?* and *) is equal to the energy. The energy released by the complete fission of one kg of Uranium (U™ heat energy obtained by buming 4500 sonnes of coal (or) 220 ronnes of oil. The heat produced by nuclear fission of atoms of fissionable material is utilized in special heat exchangers for the production of steam which is then used to drive turbo-generators as in conventional Power plants. However, there are some limitations in the use of nuclear energy namely high capital cost of nuclear power plants, limited availability of raw materials, difficulties associated with disposal of radioactive waste and shortage of well-trained personnel to handle the nuclear power plants. About 3% of the energy produced in India is obtained from nuclear power plants.Introduction 47 1.5. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES The sources of energy which are being produced continuously in nature and are inexhaustible called renewable sources of energy or non-conventional energy. 4.5.1. Types of Renewable Energy (RE) Sources Some of the renewable energy sources are as follows: (a) Solar energy (b) Wind energy (©). Tidal energy (@)_ Wave energy (©) Geothermal energy (0) Biomass energy. 1. Solar energy: Solar energy is collected from sunlight. It can be used in many ways such as generating electricity using photovoltaic cells, generating electricity using flat plates and concentrating, solar power. Photovoltaic cells have a low efficiency factor. 2. Wind energy Winds are caused because of the following two factors. 1, The absorption of solar energy on the earth’s surface and in the atmosphere. 2. The rotation of the earth about its axis and its motion around the Sun. A wind mill converts the kinetic energy of moving air into mechanical energy which can be either used directly to run the machine or to run the generator for producing electricity. 3. Tidal energy: Tides are generated primarily by the gravitational attraction between the earth and moor They arise twice a day in Mid-Ocean. The tidal range is only a Meter. Basically ina tidal pow station, water at high tide is first trapped in an artificial basin and it is allowed to escape at lo tide. The escaping water is used to drive water turbines which in turn drive electrical generato! 4. Wave energy:. Ocean waves are created by the interaction of winds with the surface of sea water. Ws energy is the energy of interchanging potential and kinetic energy in the wave. Ocean w energy can be either converted into mechanical energy or electrical energy through w18] Renewable Energy Syst, m energy conversion plants. Ocean wave energy is needed to be developed in coastal arg. Usually, power extracted from ocean energy is in the range of 10 &1¥/m to 70 KIV/m With rape. 1 to amplitude and wave length. 5. Geothermal energy: Geothermal energy is obtained by tapping the heat of the earth below its surface, fig, underground water or steam is used to produce electricity. Its use covers a range of option from power generation to space heating or air conditioning. 6. Biomass energy: Bioenergy is another important renewable energy source which covers a wide spectrum of energy activities from direct production heat through combustion of fuel wood and other biomass residues to generate electricity and the production of gases, liquid fuel and chemicals, Itis globally used. Various sources of biomass energy are as follows: 1. Biogas It is produced from wastes of paper and sugar industries, animals and so on. CH: is the product. 2. Bio fuel Biodiesel, ethanol etc. are derived from plants. 3. Solid biomass Wood fuel, biogenic portion of municipal waste and certain plants are solid biomass. Biomass mass may be used in a number of ways to produce energy. The common methods are gasification, combustion, fermentation and anaerobic digestion. India is very rich in biomass. 1.5.2. Advantages of Renewable Energy (RE) Sources (i) Non-conventional sources are available in nature at free of cost. (ii) They produce no or little pollution. Thus, they are environment friendly. (iii) Renewable energy sources have simple plant design and hence, it is easy to operate and no specialized workforce is required in these plants. (iv) Being simple in design, the maintenance cost of these plants is very less and these plants can thus produce electricity at much lower cost than other plants. (v) They are inexhaustible.Introduction (wi) They have a low gestation period. (vii) They do not deplete natural resources. te (viii) They can sustain energy supply for many generations. (ix) These plants can be installed remotely and at locations completely off grid. Hence, it is a better choice for single plant use. 1.5.3. Limitations of Renewable Energy (RE) Sources (0) Gi) (iii) (iv) (vy) The energy available in dilute form from these sources. Though available freely in nature, the cost of harnessing energy from a non- conventional source is generally high. Availability is uncertain which means that the energy flow depends on various natural phenomena beyond human control Difficulty in transporting such forms of energy. Low energy density is another problem in these plants. Energy per unit area is. small which makes them big in size and hence, large area is required to install them. 1.6. RENEWABLE VS. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES S.No. Renewable Energy Sources Non-renewable Energy Sources 3 Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible because they originate from natural resources and processes that are constantly being renewed. Non-renewable energy sources are limited and exhaustible over the period of time. Renewable resources are those which can be used again and again. Non-renewable resources are those which are used on! for a limited time and rate. Examples of renewable energy sources are: wind, water, sunlight, tides, biomass, ete. Renewable resources have a higher rate of decomposition than their rate of consumption. Examples of non-renewable energy sources are fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gases. ‘Non-renewable resources have a lower rate of decomposition than the rate of consumption.Renewable Energy Systom 5. | Renewable sources do not emit ‘Non-renewable sources release toxig greenhouse gases, which are the gases in the air when burnt which primary cause of climate change. are the major cause for global ‘Therefore, they are considered as. | warming. environment friendly. 6. | Renewable energy sources are Nonrenewable energy sources are newer, less established, and cheap and relatively accessible, typically more expensive. 7, | Infrastructure for harvesting Cost-effective and accessible renewable energy is prohibitively __| infrastructure is available for non- expensive and not easily accessible | renewable energy across most in most countries. countries. 8. | Renewable energy sources require | Comparatively lower area large land/ offshore area, especially | requirements for installation of a for wind farms and solar farms. power plant. 9. | Renewable energy sources are not __| Nonrenewable energy sources are reliable as they are dependent on the | also far more reliable than nature or climate changes. renewable energy sources, which depend on the elements. 10. | They are sustainable sources. They are exhaustible sources. 4.7. INTERNATIONAL (GLOBAL) ENERGY SCENARIO Global energy consumption is the total amount of energy used by all humans on the planet (measured on a per-year basis). This measurement is the sum of all energy sources and purposes in use. Several organizations publish this data including the International Energy Agency (IEA), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) and the European Environment Agency. Energy production and utilization directly affect living standards and prosperity. They are the heart of prosperity everywhere in the world, There are many factors influencing future energy consumption which includes population growth, industrial structure changes, technological progress and shifts in the energy use mix.Introduction {an} ies of countries in the 21" century may develop the environmental technologies to solve the major environmental challenges to be faced in future. ‘The major world energy production patterns have changed slowly through the end of the 20" century. In the first two decades of the 21" century, global environmental issues could significantly affect the patterns of energy use around the world with the primary environmental focus bein towards the reduction in carbon emissions. The world of energy has been slowed to evolve and the major changes regar to take a hold. One of the main prior 1g consumption and production patterns geographically are slowed In last 50 years, the global energy demand has tripled due to the number of developing countries and innovations in technology. It is proj ted to triple again over the next 30 years. In 2020, total worldwide energy consumption was 176282 terawatt hour (TWh). Global energy consumption rebounded with a 5% growth in 2021, after a 4.5% decline in 2020, in 2020, in a context of global pandemic 300000 parood en? 250000 233109 8 8 8 2 Consumption in TWh ee oS 8 208674" 181704. 168633 176282 153540 118887 jossa1 5000 | 0 1990 2000 2010 2015 2018 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Year (Source: U.S, Energy Information Administration (EIA)) Figure 1.1 Global energy consumption from 1990 to 2020, with a forecast until 2050 Oil remains the most used fuel in the energy mix which accounts for 29% of world energy consumption. Coal is the second largest fuel with a share of 25.2%, its lowest level in 15 years. The share of natural gas increased to 22.9%, such that the gap between coal and gas has narrowed to 3% points. The contribution of hydro and nuclear remained relatively flat in 2021 at 6.33% and 4%, respectively. Strong growth pushed up renewables share to 6.3%, almost12 Renewable Energy « V8, equal to hydro. Carbon emissions grew by 2.0%, the fastest growth for seven yearg , AY global energy consumption per capita increased to 20,993 kIVh in 2021, Veta. According to US. Energy Information Adminisiration (EIA), the demand fy - Bl cneray is projected to grow 44% between 2005 and 2030, driven by robust economic ob ; ae ; and expanding populations in the world’s developing countries. Figure 1.1 shows inn CW energy consumption growth from the year from 1990 to 2020, with a forecast until 2959, In the Envision Tomorrow (ET) scenario, global demand for liquid fuels such a, il aching biofuels, and other liquid fuels increases by around 13 million barrel/day (Mb/d), re: 109 Mb/d by 2040. Growth in liquids demands gradually wanes and plateaus towards the eng n Global liquids supply increases by a lite less by reflecting the excess supply of liquids g 2016. Supply inerease is driven initially by US tight oil with OPEC taking over from the ig, 2020s a5 Middle-East producers adopt a strategy of growing market share. OPEC ouipy increases by around 6 Mb/d by 2040. 4.7.1, Energy Consumption by Primary Energy Source €0000 50000 40000 Other renewables Solar | Biofuels Energy consumption, TWh s 8 8 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000-2005 «2010-2015 ~—«-2020 Year (Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022) Figure 1.2 Growth of global primary energy consumption by fuel sourcesIntroduction 1.43 Global primary ener; y consumption reached over 165278 TWh in 2021. It represented an increase of roughly 5.5% in comparison to 2020 when the COVID pandemic and its impact on transportation fuel demand and overall economic performance lead primary energy consumption declining to 2016 levels. It represented the fastest energy consumption growth since the early 1970s and is a reflection of strong global demand bouncing back from 2020's Covid-19 energy consumption decline. Primary exergy consumption is calculated on the basis of the ‘substitution method’ which account of the inefficiencies in fossil fuel production by converting non-fossil energy into the energy inputs required if they had the same conversion losses as fossil fuels take Global primary energy grew by 8611 THh in 2021, the largest increase in history and more than reversing the sharp decline seen in 2020, Primary energy in 2021 was 2222 TWh above 2019 levels. The increase in primary energy in 2021 was driven by emerging economies, which increased by 3611 7H’, with China expanding by 2778 TWh, Biofuels, 0.71% Other renewables, 1.44% Solar, 2.06% Nuclear energy, 26.73% Coal, 26.73% (Source: Energy Institute Stastistical Review of World Engery 2023) Figure 1.3 Global primary energy consumption by fuel sources in 2022114 Renowa onowable ENOrOY Sysop, Taking years of 2020 and 2021 together, primary energy consumption in en emery, economies inereased by 4167 TWA, lat "Rin, ly reflecting growth in China (2778 THA). tn conga’ energy demand in developed economies in 2021 was 1944 THA below 2019 levels, oe, ‘The increase in primary energy between 2019 and 2021 was. tirely driven by renewatyy energy sources. The level of fossil fuel energy consumption was unchanged between 2019 jn, 2021, with lower oil demand ( Ml (1833 TWh) consumption. TIVh) offset by higher natural gas (1389 THA) ang And oa, All fuels grew faster than their 10-year averages apart from renewables althoug, ough renewables still accounted for the second larg increment to energy growth, Figure 1.2 shows the world energy consumption growth in 71h by various primary fuel sources trom the yea, 1980 to 2021. Figure 1.3 provides a picture of the world’s primary energy consumption by source ig 2022. In Figure 1.3, ‘Other renewables’ includes geothermal, biomass and waste energy. | introduces and summarizes the broad international spectrum of ene! Most types of the primary resources of energy consumed by the world in different year are given in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 Global primary energy consumption by fuel sources 2021 Energy in TWh (Substituted energy) al Energy source 1980 2000 2010 2021 Oil 35514.42 | 42880.93 | 47895.07 | 5117047 Coal 20857.61 27427.52 4199639 44473.20 Natural Gas 14236.96 | 23994.258 | 31588.863 | 40374.605 Hydropower 5120.47 | 7826.17 | 9518.04 | 1183.23 Nuclear power 2020.10 | 732334 | 7373.73 | 7031.34 Wind power 0.03 92.87 961.53 4872.09 Solar power 0.00 3.13, 94.12 2701.72 Traditional Biomass 10000 12500 11667 mit Biofuels 29.86 125.52 691.16 1139.92 —Introduction Gas} 153.79 STLAS 1180.30 | 2373.10 87933.23 | 122744.91 | 152966.21 | 176430.68 Others renewables Total (Source: BP Statistical Review of Global Energy 2022) In 2003, Fossil Fuels (FF) accounted for 87% of global primary energy consumption. In 2021 also, FF accounted for 82% of global primary energy consumption but down from 83% in 2019 and 85% five years ago. It shows that FF energy continues to be the highest energy consumption source. Global coal consumption has been on a downward trend since peaking in 2014 but the coal consumption jumped by 6.3% in 2020, nearly reaching 2014 levels. The report reveals that the coal remained the dominant fuel for global power generation in 2021 with its share increasing to 36%, up from 35.1% in 2020. The dependency on coal has increased sharply by developing countries in the last few years and it will continue to increase unless these nations change their existing laws and strategies and particularly those related to greenhouse gas emissions, robust growth in coal use is likely to continue. These projections are driven by strong long-term economic growth in the world’s developing nations. Growth was particularly marked by increased consumption in Asia. China’s coal consumption in 2021 grew by 4.9% to reach a new all-time high. China remains by far the world’s largest producer and consumer of coal, with a 53.8% global share in consumption and a 50.8% share in production. Coal demand in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries grew in 2021. U.S. coal demand in 2021 also rebounded but it was still the second-lowest level since the Review began tracking it in 1965. About 35% of the world’s energy comes from oil but oil prices are dependent on uncertain factors such as availability, politics, and world events. In 2021, the world consumed 94.1 million barrels per day (BPD) of oil. It was an increase of 6.0% from 2020 but it is still 3.7% lower than consumption in 2019. Global oil production grew by 1.4 million BPD in 2021 but it is still 5.0 million BPD below 2019 levels. U.S. production remains 529,000 BPD below 2019 levels. Refinery capacity declined by nearly 500,000 BPD in 2021 which was the first decline in over 30 years. It is one factor exacerbating the upward pressure on finished product prices such as gasoline and diesel. The United States alone uses 24% of the world's oil per year, until now it makes up only 4.5% of the world's population. Natural gas has been the fastest-growing fossil fuel in recent years, with a global 2.2% average annual growth rate over the past decade. After falling in 2020, global natural gas consumption grew by 5.3% in 2021 to a new all-time high. In 2021, the U.S. remained theYF Renewable Energy sy, em elobal leader in both natural ges production and consumption. The U.S, produced 239, : ie : 23% o world’s natural gas in 2021. Russia was inthe second place with a 17% global share," Nuclear consumption grew in 2021 by 4.2% to the highest level since 2006, The u s remains the world’s largest consumer of nuclear power, with a 29% share of the global y 7 . . - Otal, China continues to increase consumption at a rapid pace and now has a 14.6% global sh; al share, For perspective, in 2010 China had a mere 2.7% global share of nuclear power consumptio n, Renewable energy continues to grow rapidly. Global renewable energy consumption i . : v by an impressive 15% in 2021 to a new record high. Solar electricity consumption rose by a record 1.7 exajoules (EJ), an increase of 22%, but wind power (+2.5 EJ) provided the largest contribution to renewables growth, Together, wind and solar power provided 2,894 Terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity jy 2021. For perspective, it was 380 7Wh in 2010. Wind and solar reached a 10.2% share of power generation in 2021 which was the fir time wind and solar power exceeded more than 10% of global generation. If the trend continues in a steady rate, then the proj ction can be made for the year 2035 as shown in Figure 1.4. Nuclear 6.7% Renewable sources 14.2% Petroleum 29.3% Natural gas 227% Coal 27.2% Figure 1.4 Projected growth of global energy consumption by fuel sources in 2035 Figure 1.5 provides a picture of the India's primary enerey consumption by fuel source in 2021. Primary energy consumption increased from 8889 TIVh to 9722 TWh which is a 10% annual increase. The combined share of energy consumption from oil, gas and coal stood atIntroduction AAT 90% which is similar to its pre-pandemic level, Coal was the fastest-growing fuel, increasing 16%, and 8% above its 019 level. ‘The share of coal in primary energy was 57% compared to 24% at a global level. India accounts for 12.5% of global coal consumption. India was the second-largest producer of coal in the world. Total electricity generation increased from 1,563 TWh to 1,715 TWh, an increase of 10%. Coal’s share in power generation increased from 72% in 2019 0 14%, Renewables grew by 13.2% but their share of primary energy increased only by 0.1 % points to $%, Renewables (excluding hydro) generation increased from 152 TWh to 172 TWh, reaching the 10% share threshold for the first time, and surpassing hydro. India installed 10.3 GW of solar and 1.5 GW of onshore wind with the solar additions being a record amount for India. The total installed capacity at the end of 2021 amount to 49.3 GIV for solar and 40.1 GW for onshore wind. Wind, 1.8% Hydroelectric, 6.3% ae Nuclear energy, 1.1%: Coal, 57% (Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022) Figure 1.5 India’s energy consumption by fuel sources in 2021 The report also finds that with the inerease in prices of fossil fuels, energy security greenhouse emissions will drive the country towards the development of nuclear gener: capacity,(a8) Renewable Energy Sy, m 1.7.2. Consumption by Country Globally, primary energy consumption has increased nearly every year for at least jajp a century, But it isnot the ease everywhere in the world, Global energy consumption cong, es to grow but it does seem to be slowing, averaging around 1% to 2% per year. Enerey consumption is ising in many countries where incomes are rising quickly ang y " Population is growing. But in many countries, particularly richer countries trying to imp, ve energy efficiency, energy consumption is actually falling. When we look at total energy consumption, the difference across countries often rep, leet difference in population size in which countries with lots of people inevitably consume m, Ore energy than tiny countries. In terms of overall energy consumption, the United States and China dwarf al countries, with China using the most electricity and the U.S. consuming the most Oil. Althou, Ch many factors contribute to a given country's energy consumption such as level of indus ia development, geographical size, standard of living, etc. The single most influential Factor j population. . Il othe, The largest energy consumers include Iceland, Norway, Canada, the United States q " + : + . wealthy nations in the Middle East such as Oman, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The average perso q in these countries consumes as much as 100 times more than the average person in some of the poorest countries. When consumption totals are divided by the population to determine the Per capita use of energy, the highest consumer is neither the United States, China, nor any other country in the top 10. Instead, it is Iceland. In 2019, Iceland ranked 73" in the world in electri y consumption and tied for 139! jy oil consumption. But the country's average energy use per capita in 2020 was more then 167,000 kWh per person per year. For comparison, China had the highest overall energy consumption in the world but also the highest population, resulting in a comparatively minuscule average energy use of 28,072 kWh per person per year. The world's top three electricity consumers constitute the countries with the largest population. China leads both rankings. India, on the other hand, nearly matches China in tems of population, while recording less than one fifth of the annual Chinese electri y consumption. Meanwhile, countries such as Nigeria, which boasted the seventh-largest population worldwie didn't even rank among the top 20 electricity consumers.Introduction (has) ° Other countries, 22.9% South korea, 6.3% Brazil, 2.1% Canada, 2.5% a India, 5.8% Europien Union, 13.8% Russia, 5.3% (6) in 2021 (Source: BP Stastistical ReviewofWorld Energy 2022) Figure 1.6 World energy consumption by countriesAY | (a0) Renewable Energy Syare m Countries with a high GDP per capita as the United States provide their residents ji d to b Breate, average purchasing power. Countries with higher-income residents tend to be more urh, Ani ze, leading to higher electricity consumption. The U.S. stands amongst the ten-largest Slectrigig, consumers per capita in the world, with Iceland and Norway leading the ranking, y Consumption of energy is loosely correlated with gross national product and Climate De there is a large difference even between most highly developed countries such as Japan ang Germany with 6 kh per person and United States with 11.4 kWh per person. In developin countries, particularly those that are subtropical or tropical such as India, the per Perso, " M ener, use is closer to 0.7 kIVh, Bangladesh has the lowest consumption with 0.2 kWh per po Son, In 2021, the US consumes 15.6% of the world’s energy with a share of global GDP 15.2% and a share of the world population at 4.25%. The United States ranked as the Sec leading electricity consumer that year, with nearly 4,000 Tih consumed. India follow by a wide margin. ‘ond. d but The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place j which has been growing at 5.5% per year over the last 25%. Its population of 1.4 billo Which accounts for 18.5% of world population is consuming energy at a rate of 4,475 Ching People Wh per Person per year. China consumes by far the most electricity of any country in the world, with more than 7.8 TWh consumed in 2021. The major consuming countries at the end of 1990 remain in those positions in 2000 but this scenario has been changed in the first two decades of the 21* century. Figure 1.6 shoys the world total energy consumption by countries for two different years 2000 and 2021, Both China and India were consuming an average of 10% of world's total energy Consumption in 1990 and it was inereased to 14% in 2000 but in 2021 their combined shar Was 32.4%, It reveals that both China and India will be the key energy consumers in future. Strong economic growth in both countries continues over the projection period with thr combined energy use increasing nearly up to 37% of world energy consumption in 2030, A the same time, it is evident that the energy consumption has been considerably reduced in developed nations such as US, European Union, Japan, Canada, etc, 1.8. NON-RENEWABLE (CONVENTIONAL) ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA India, the world’s second most populated country with a population of more than 134 billion, has a land area of about 3.3 million sq.km. The GDP for Financial Year (FY) 2020 was estimated at $3.75 trillion. India consists of 28 states and 8 union territories is gifted with ®hoodkesion fiz} large work foros inclnding persors skilled in areas of the minimis undustry. Under India's len within the jurisdiction soastition_ the expienines end petdnction of of the Ceamal Goveorment Accords est mimes have f lads peimanity hes been. iy. the Minentl Industry o: gumsd and ecrinisared by the Gov erntrent ether directly or thromgh pebiie-sectoc endeaveuss sod most mining companies kas remeined ratio all sectecs. including agricciare, Indasmy. commercia] and residential and 3S expected te coatione te grow. soativiess, India's per capita elactncity consumption was 1255 Ei7K in 2021-22 which s around one-third of the global average of per copita electnciny consumo In 2021. India's Total Primary Energy Suppiy (TPES) wes $88.5 Girds being covered by domestic production ($51 mroey Indusry ase of ladis's Total Final Consumption (TFC), followed by the residential secter. mensport spd sevice sector inclading agricvinine, 1.8.1. Conventional Energy Mix in India Indis's energy syxem is largeiy based on che use of coal for power generaGian_ oil for transport and industry, and biomass for residential heating and cooking. Cos] domanates the eaeegy mix in India, coatibutng to 57% of the total primary energy consumiption and $2. of electricity generation in 2022. Peak demand reached 207 Gi¥ c the first tine in April 2022, and consemption is projected to rise. Supported by industriel growth, urbenizating, goverment policits, and favorable geopolitics over the past decade, India has installed capacity exceeding 400 GH. Fossil fuels dominate India's power sector with coal comprising over 70% but the country aims ts significantly increase the share of renewable and ne jeer energy. India has huge coal reserves. As on 01.0422. the estimated resemes of coal were mate 2s on 01.04.22 was 46.2 dllicn 361.4 Billion tonnes. The estimated total reserves of li; tormes. India is the secoad largest coal producing country in the world. Coal production in India has been increasing over recent years. In 2022, coal production totalled 9377 million: roxmes (mice).Renewable Energy Syste, m G2) il remains an essential energy source for India, It is the second-largest source jy, the country’s Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) and the largest in its total final CONSUMpL;gy (TFC), Oil accounts for 26.3 % of India's total energy consumption. Oil Cu has increaseg rapidly over the last several decades and India is now the third-largest oil-consuming country in the world 4,489,000 thousand barrels per day (kb/d), accounting for 4.6% of the Wor ty total consumption of 97,103,871 thousand barrels per day (kb/d). The country's annual crude oil production decreased from 580 thousand barrels per day in February from 601 thousang barrels per day in January of 2023. India’s fuel consumption is expected to go up by 4 7 % between April 2023 and March 2024 according to estimates by the country’s Ministry i Petroleum and Natural Gas, According to official data, India’s total petroleum consumption in 2019.29 194.3 million metric tonnes (MMT) which rose by about 5% to 204.2 MMT. The annualiseg consumption growth in April-September 2022 was 107.7 MMT about 13.6% BFowth ag compared to 95 MMT in the April-September months of 2022 according to Provisional data of the Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell (PPAC). India relies heavily on erude oil imports as domestic production is not sufficient to meq the country’s demand, India is the world’s third-largest importer of crude oil after the Us a China which imports about 55% of its natural gas requirements and 85% of the crude oj] it Processes, India imports most ofits oil (52.7%) from the Middle East with Iraq and Sau Arabia being primary. The Indian government has seta goal to inerease the share of natural gas in the country’ total energy mix to 15% by 2030 from about 6% in 2022. India consumed 5.12 billion cubic metres (BCM) of natural gas in March 2023, down 5.9% year-by-year. The production of natural gas in FY22-23 was 34.45 BCM, up 1.3%, In March 2023, India produced 2.95 BC\y of gas, up 2.4%, India meets almost half of its gas demand through LNG imports. The estimated reserves of natural gas in India as of 1% April 2021 was 1,372.62 BCM of which 61% are located offshore. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas resource in North-Eastern States is about 198 BCM. The largest reserves are found in the Westem Offshore (37%) and Assam (27%). Nuclear energy is the 5" largest source of electricity for India which contributes about 3% of the total electricity generation in the country. As of March 2022, India has over 22 nuclear reactors in 7 power plants across the country which produces 6780 MI of nuclear power. OutIntroduction 4.23 of which, 18 reactors are Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) and 4 are Light Water Reactors (LWRs). It includes the 700 MIV pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR), unit 3 of the Kakrapar nuclear power plant (KAPP-3) that was synchronised with the grid in January 2021. 15 more such units are expected to follow in fleet mode. Nuclear power plants with a capacity of 8.700 MW are under construction. In 2021, the government stated in the Parliament that nuclear power generation capacity would increase to 22,480 MIV by 2031. 1.8.2. Energy Consumption According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), where India is an Association country since March 2017, Total Energy Consumption (TEC) in an economy is a good indicator of efficient or non-efficient end-use in economic activities and it may indicate course- correction measures to sustainability. It is defined to include the sum of the consumption in the end-use sectors and for non-energy use. Energy used for transformation processes and for own use of the energy producing industries is excluded. Thus, final consumption reflects for the most part, delivers to consumers and represents the quantity of all energy necessary to satisfy inland consumption. Total energy consumption per capita remains around 0.7 toe (2021), half the Asian average. Electricity consumption per capita reached 920 kIVh in 2021 about a third of the Asian average. Total energy consumption increased by 9% in 2021 to 951 Mtoe after a 5.9% drop in 2020. Ithad increased rapidly over 2010-2019 (3.7%/year).. Coal is the country's top energy source with a share of 46% in 2021 followed by oil (23%) and biomass (21%). Natural gas covers 6% and primary electricity (hydro, nuclear, solar, and wind) 4%. Coal and lignite consumption reached 1.1 Gt (+17%), its highest level in 2021, after a 5.5% decline in 2020. Between 2015 and 2018, its progression had been significant (around 5%lyear). In 2021, power generation and industry were the main consumers of coal and lignite with 76% and 20%, respectively (3% only for households and services). As a consequence of the Covid-19 crisis, oil product consumption fell sharply in 2020 (- 8.8%) and rebounded by 5.2% in 2021 to 213 MT which is still below the 2019 level. Of the total consumption for 2021, 42% was used in transport, 30% in industry (including non-energy uses) and 21% in the residential, services, and agriculture sector. The remainder is consumed in power plants (1%) and in the hydrocarbon industry (6%).Renowable Energy sy, Ste, m Gas consumption inereased by 2.7% to 64 BCM in 2021 after a 4% reduction in 94 203, “en 2014 and 2019, gas consumption increased by 4.8%/year. Industry is yy. °° ty consume : e Sumer of gas with 51% in 2021 (mainly fertiliser plants). It is followed by elect, : - " Beny i ic 3% i 5 i, Production (232%) and, to tess extent, transport (5%) and the residential and Service 7 s 82% in 2021 to 1282 TWh, after a 6.79% eg, racy; 6%). Electries : 5, )- Electricity consumption increased by in 202 " 020. It grew rapidly over 2010-2019 (796/vear). Sting India’s primary energy consumption increased by 5.3% in 2022 in comparison toy NS Year. Between 1999 and 2022, primary energy consumption in the South Ag. previ Country oscillated with the greatest consumption increase seen in the latter year, 7, Primary energy consumption from coal (5581.43 TWh; 55.33%), crude oil 2791.5 © toy 58 tp, 27.67%), natural gas (581.84 TWh; 5.77%), nuclear energy (115.57 Typ, power (560,77 TWh; 5.560) ;. Lisy, hydroelectricity (456.05 TWh; 4.52%) and renewable TWa (excluding traditional biomass use) in 2022. Figure 1.7 shows India’s, pri Ss 10087. consumption by source from 1990 to 2022. MALY ener 6000 S) = 5000 ‘uMption, b 3 8 5 2 2 5 >3000 2 § 5 ON #2000 ; = a ao Renewables 1000 - Hydro Nuclear aes : consumption “OPSY™PHCN —consuny Natural gas consumption wees ollie fi ° ; 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2028 Year (Source: Energy Institute Stastistical Review of World Engery 2023) Figure 1.7 India’s primary energy consumption by source, 1990-2022 _Introduction [126 4.8.3. Primary Energy Supply The rapid growth in 1 Cas well as in power generation to supply rising electricity demand has led to a rapid increase in Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES), Front 2012 to 2022 IPRS increased by 45.49 Yo, largely met by fossil fuels, Coal met 55.33% of TPES in 2022 and accounted for almost half of the total growth in energy supply in the past de de. Oil is the second-largest primary energy source by providing 27.67% of TPES in 2022. Increased oil supply represented 37% of total growth in ‘TPES in the last de natural gas was not able to satisfy growing demand In opposite, and its share of power generation. So, TPES has decreased in the past five years. Hydropower supply has also been relatively stable with around 43.6% growth in the past decade, India fleet which contributes around 1.15% to TPES. also has a nuclear pow 1.8.4. Energy Production Coal and biomass dominate India’s domestic energy production. In 2022 coal for nearly half of total production while bioenergy and waste were third. India’s oil and gas production is relatively low especially for oil. accounted estimated to provide another and the country is dependent on imports, Coal production in the country during the year 2021-22 was 778.19 MT as compared to 716.08 MT during 2020-21. There is an increase of 8.67%, The overall trend of production in the last ten years i.e. 2012-13 to 2021-22 has shown a steady increase, except 2020-21 with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.80%. The Lignite production during 2021-22 has been increased to 47.49 MT from the number of 37.90 MT in 2020-21; an increase of 25.32% over 2020-21. Howe: r, the production of crude oil for 2021-22 came out to be 29.69 MT as compared to 30.49 MT during FY: 2020-21 which is a decline of 2.63%. The CAGRs for Crude Oil and Natural Gas with respect to FY: 2012-13 are having negative CAGR of -2.66% and -1.97% respectively. Electricity (generated from Hydro, Nuclear and other Renewable energy sources) has the highest CAGR of 6.83% by showing the remarkable growth of Renewable Energy in India. India still depends heavily on Coal as the major source of energy. During the F :2021- 22, the energy generated from coal accounted for 72.92% of the total generation of energy followed by Electricity (from Hydro, Nuclear and other Renewable energy sources) (8.24%) and Natural Gas (8.16%).{2 Renewable Energy Syste, produets in the country Was 233.5) 44, In the year 2020-21, the production of petroleum year 2020-21, the pro Se AS against 254.31 MT during 2021-22 with increas Natural gas, 8.16% Electricity (From Hydro, Nuclear and other RES), 8.24% Crude oil, 7.87% Lignite, 2.81% Coal, 72.92% (Source: Energy Statistics India, 2023, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, National Statistical Office, Government of India) Figure 1.8 Share of total energy generated in India (in Petajoules) from different fue sources during FY:2021-22 Net production of natural gas for consumption increased from to 27.78 Billion Cubje Meters (BCM) in 2020-21 to 33.13 BCM in 2021-22 registering an increase of 19.25%, India has experienced a steady growth in terms of gross electricity generation (from Utility) over time except 2020-21. The CAGR grew at a rate of 4.41% in the last 10 years from 2012-13 to 2021-22. 1.9, RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA The need for renewable energy arises as energy security is important to our country. As Per the World Energy Outlook report, India will become the third largest net importer of ci before 2025 after the United States and China, It will not be sustainable in the long run given the high volatility of international crude oil prices. Coal imports are also likely to increase from 12% in 2005 to 28% in 2030. In order to insulate itself from any future supply disruption and price shocks of fossil fuels and furthermore to achieve energy security and also meet global climate change objectives, renewable sources are a must and has indeed ‘caught the imaginationIntroduction 1.27 of India. Riding on the crest of a high growth trajectory and in pursuit of sustainable sources to meet its rising domestic energy demand and access to energy for overall development, the country is focusing on harnessing renewable energy production through maximising the utilisation of renewable energy. India’s-population is growing at an annual rate of 1.58%. As fossil fuel energy becomes scarcer, India will face energy shortages significantly due to increase in energy prices and energy insecurity within the next few decades. ‘The renewable energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, biomass energy and fuel cell technology can be used to overcome energy shortage in India. To meet the energy requirement for such a fast-growing economy, India will require an assured supply of 3 - 4 times more energy than the total energy consumed today. The renewable energy is one of the options to meet this requirement. As of 31.10.2022, renewable account for about 42.3% of India’s total installed generation capacity. India is increasingly adopting responsible renewable energy techniques and taking positive steps towards carbon emissions, cleaning the air and ensuring a more sustainable future. In India, from the last two and half decades there has been a vigorous pursuit of activities relating to research, development, demonstration, production and application of a variety of renewable energy technologies for use in different sectors. The past few years saw a record addition of renewable energy sources i.e. solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydro, ete. which could make important contributions to sustainable development. India stands 4" globally in Renewable Energy Installed Capacity (including Large Hydro), 4" in Wind Power capacity & 4" in Solar Power capacity (as per REN2I Renewables 2022 Global Status Report). A total of 14.21 GIV of Renewable Energy (RE) capacity was added, during the period Jan. to Oct. 2022 as compared to capacity of 11.9 Git added during the period Jan to Oct. 2021. A total of 151.94 BU has been generated from RE sources during the period Jan to Sept. 2022 as compared to the 128.95 BL’ during the perio. Jan. to Sept. 2021. Table 1.2 Current status and targets of renewable energy capacity in India (in MW) Source Installed Installed Installed \Installed as| as on as on as on on March 2012\ March 2015 | 31.10.2018 | 28.02.2023 Solar power 941 3,383 24,330 66700OS f 1 Renewable & { 1.28 watle Energy Sytem | Wind power 17,352 22,645 34,980 42600 | Biomass power | 3.225 4,183 9.540 10200 | Small Hydro | 3,395 4,025 4,500 4940 124,440 Total 24,914 34,351 As of Feb. 2023, renewable energy sources including large hydropower (46850 1047 ha, 2 combined installed capacity of 178.79 GW. The achievements of various renewable energy sources in India during 2012 to 2023 are shown in Table 1.2. India has seta target to reduce the carbon intensity of the nation’s economy by less thy 45% by the end of the decade to achieve 50 % cumulative electric power installed by 2030 from renewables and achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. India’s target is to produce five million tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030. It will be supported by 125 GIF of renewable energy capacity. 57 solar parks of aggregate capacity 39.28 GIF have been approved in India. Wind Energy has an off-shore target of 30 GHt"by 2039 with potential sites identified. India’s approach is to meet its energy needs in a responsible, sustainable and eco-friendly manner, The country has made a remarkable growth in recently inthe field of renewable energy power generation. ‘The Indian Government has been at work, making a comprehensive policy for compulsory use of renewable energy resources through biomass, hydro-power, wind, solar and mun icipal waste in the country particularly for commercial establishments as well as Government establishmrents. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is focused on nation-wide resource SSssSment setting up of commercial projects, renovation and modernization, development and “Peradation of water mills and industry-based research and development. Currently, renewable energy exploitation in commercial markets is low being constrained by costs and uncompensated benefits as well as intermittent supplies and other technical and institutional considerations. 1.9.1. Biomass EnergyIntroduction 1.29 industrial operations, agro-based industrial residue, forest residue, weeds, palm leaves, coconut shells and husk ete, Energy production from food wastes or food processin wastes, especially from waste edible oils, seems to be attractive based on bio-resource sustainability, environmental protection and economic consideration, Biomass power generation in India is an industry which attracts investments of over Rs. 600 crores every year, generating more th: employment of more than 10 million man-da’ 5000 million units of electricity and yearly S in the rural areas, Biomass energy has 25 GIV’ of potential out of which around 9.54 GI has been realised. A total capaci of 9.54 GIF of grid connected bio-power has been installed in the country as on October 2018 against a target of 10 GIV bio-power by 2022. It includes 8.73 GI’ trom bagasse cogeneration, 0.68 GIV from non-bagasse cogene energy. ion and 0.13 GH’ from waste to Rural electrification to meet unmet det itself. 150 villages ha \d through renewable energy is a priority by ve been covered in last 2 years through mini grid by rice-husk based gasification systems in Bihar, There are plans to cover about 10,000 villages from biomass- based systems and over 1000 villages from solar power by 2022. Achievements of bioenergy: More than 800 of biomass Independent Power Producer (IPP) and bagasse or non-bagasse cogeneration-based power plants with aggregate capacity of 10209 Af have been installed in the country mainly in the states of Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and Punjab upto December 2022. It includes 7562 MI from Bagasse cogeneration sector, 1871 MIV from Biomass IPP Sector and 776 MW’ trom biomass (non-bagasse) cogeneration sectors. 1.9.2. Hydropower ‘ Hydropower is the today’s main source of low-carbon electricity with equipped to become the lead provider of grid flexibility due to mote reliable, safe, and decarbonised power systems. Region wise list of hydropower potential and installed capacity of on-going projects in SHP sector (as on 31.12.2022) are shown in Table 1.3 below. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is conferred with the responsibility of developing hydro power projects of capacity up to 25 MI, categorized as Small Hydro Power (SHP) Projects. These projects have the potential to meet power requirements of remoteaap Renewable Energy System and isolated areas in a decentralized manner besides providing employment opportunity to loca, people. Small Hydro Power projects are further categorized into small, mini and micro hydg, projects based on their capacity as follows. (i) Micro Hydel which produces less than or equal to 0.1 MW power Gi) Mini Hydel which produces from 0.10 MW to 2.00 MIV power Gii) Small Hydel which produces from 2.00 MW to 25.00 MIV power Table 1.3 Region wise hydropower potential and installed capacity (as on 31.12.2022) S.No. Region Potential of Installed hydropower (GW) | capacity (GW) 1, | East Asia and Pacific 1100 464 2. | South and Central Asia 600 157 3. | Africa 630 37 4. | North & Central America | 620 184 5. | South America 500 179 6. | Europe 350 202 The estimated potential of small/mini/micro-Hydel projects in the country js 21133.61 MIV from 7133 sites located in different States of India. The SHP projects in the country are being set-up both in public and private sectors. Setting up of SHP projects normall require about 3-4 years depending upon its size and location. An aggregate capacity of 4935.65 MW been achieved as on 31st December, 2022 through 1167 Small Hydro Power projects. In addition, 102 projects of about 538,05 MW are at various stages of implementation Table 1.4 provides state-wise details of top 5 and tamilnadu identified potential, projecs completed and under execution. For the year 2022-23, a target of commissioning of 100 A/IV small hydro projects was se against which 13 projects of aggregate capacity of 86.75 MW’ have been synchronized to tt grid by 31st December 2022. Small hydro plants are supposed to have a 15 GW potential out of which about 4.5 GF has been realised. A total capacity of 4.5 GI of grid connected small hydro power has bee installed in the country as on October 2018 against a target of 5 GI’ small hydro power ttIntroduction 4.34 2022. Further, 126 number of projects of capacity 0.73 GW are under various stages of implementation. Under the ‘Ladakh Renewable Energy Initiative (LREI)’, Kargil Renewable Energy Development Agency (KREDA) and Ladakh Renewable Energy Development Agency (LREDA) are implementing Small/ Mini hydro projects in their respective regions. A total of 7 Hydro projects with aggregate capacity of 10.55 MI are being implemented by KREDA, out of which 4 projects with aggregate capacity of 4.55 MW has been commissioned by KREDA till date. LREDA is implementing 06 nos. of projects with aggregate capacity of 3.65 MW, out of which 02 projects with aggregate capacity of 0.95 MW has been commissioned by LREDA till date. Actual physical achievement from 01.01.2022 to 31.12.2022 is 95.75 MW and estimated physical achievement from 01.01.2023 to 31.03.2023 is 13.25 MW. Table 1.4 State wise list of potential sites, installed projects and on-going projects in SHP sector (as on 31.12.2022) S. | States | Total potential Projects installed Projects under No. implementation Nos. | Total Upto 2021-22 Upto 2022-23 Nos. | Total capacity, capacity, MW Nos. | Total Nos. |\Total MW capacity, capacity, MW MW 1. | Andhra | 359 | 409.32 44 162.11 0 0 2 2.40 pradesh 2. | Arunachal 800 | 2064.92 | 156 | 131.11 1 2 5 4.65 pradesh 3. | Assam 106 | 201.99 |6 34.11 0 0 0 0 4. | Bihar 139 | 526.98 | 29 | 70.7 0 0 0 0 5. | Chhattis | 199 | 1098.2 10 | 76 0 0 0 0 -garh1.32 Renewable Energy System 12305 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Among various renewable energy resources, In resource which is having the high h 23° | Tamil 191 | 604.46 Nau 1.9.3. Solar Energy ia possesses a very large sol nergy s the fifth, in the world with total installed capacity of 24.33G1’ as on October, 2018 against a target of 100 GIV by 2022. Further, 22.8 G t potential for the future. The country currently hest solar installed cay ” eapacil implementation or have been tendered out. The Government has revised the t Connected Solar Power Projects from 20,000 MI by the year 2021-22 under the National Solar Mission, is under larget of Grid year 2021-22 to 100,000 AMV by the Ministry is implementing a Scheme for “Development of Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects” with an objective to set up at least 50 Solar Parks with an aggregate capacity of 40,000 MW of solar power projects. All the States and Union Territ are eligible ‘or geting benefit under the scheme. As on 31-12-2022, Ministry have approved 57 Solar Parks in 13 States including one Solar Park in NER under the Solar Park Scheme. The MNRE has planned a detailed trajectory to meet the target of 100 GW by 2022. 4 capacity of 23.12 GH’ was installed up to July 2018. Projects of around 10 GW" are implementation and tenders for additional 24.4 GIV are iss under ed. India has a good level of solar radiation receiving the solar energy equivalent of more than 5000 trillion kIV1 The MNRE working in conjunction with the Indi ian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) to promote the utilization of all forms of solar power and to increase the share of renewable energy in the Indian market. This promotion is being achieved th R&D, demonstration projects, government subsidy programs, The 2018 manufacturing capacity of solar cells 5,620 AMV, respectively. hrough and also private sector projects, and solar modules in India was 1,590 AW’ and Solar buildings have been promoted by the MNRE in an el ffort to increase ene efficiency. The state government in Himachal Pradesh has activ ‘ely promoted the incorporation of passive solar design into building design. The Solar PV Program promoted by the Ministry for the past two decades, has been aimed particularly at rural & remote areas. As on 31-12-2022, a cumulative solar power of 63.30 GI has been installed in the country, It includes 53 GW from ground-mounted solar, 8.08 GI’ from rooftop solar andIntroduction 33 2.22 GIV from off-grid solar. In addition to this, a capacity of around 51.13 GIV is under implementation and 31.4 GIY is under tendering stage. It is expected that the solar power projects of capacity around 15 GIV will be commissioned during this Financial Year (FY) 2022- 23. Based upon availability of land and solar radiation, the potential solar power in the country has been assessed to be around 750 Gi¥p. State-wise cumulative solar installed capacity (as on 31-12-21 ) is given in Table 1.5, Table 1.5 State-wise cumulative solar installed capacity in the country (as on 31-12-2022) S.No. | State Cumulative Capacity till 31-12-2022 (MW) 1. | Rajasthan 16340.75 2. | Gujarat 8500.74 3. | Kamataka 7885.56 4. | Tamil nadu 6412.36 5. | Telangana 4650.93 6. | Andhra Pradesh 4524.72 7. | Maharashtra 3646.13 8. | Madhya Pradesh 2774.78 9. | Uttar Pradesh 2485.16 10. | Punjab 1153.21 It is expected that a capacity of around 15,000 MAF will be installed under different solar programmes during the Financial Year 2022-23. 1.9.4, Wind Energy India’s wind energy sector is led by indigenous wind power industry and has shown consistent progress. The expansion of the wind industry has resulted in a strong ecosystem, Project operation capabilities and manufacturing base of around 12,000 MI per annum. The country currently has the fourth highest wind installed capacity in the world with total installed1.34 Renewable Energy System capacity of 41.93 GI (as on 31st December, 2022) of which 1.85 GIV was added durin, January to December, 2022. The number of units generated from wind power projects during January to November, 2022 were 66.05 billion units. Wind is an intermittent and site-specific source of energy and an extensive Wind Resource Assessment (WRA) is essential for the selection of potential sites. Over a period of time, the Ministry, through National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE), has installed 993 wing. monitoring stations all over the country as on 31.12.2022. 4. Installed capacity of wind power in the country: The installed capacity of grid-interactive wind power in the country as on 31.12.2029 j 41.93 GW and state-wise installed capacity (in MW) is shown in Table 1.6. Table 1.6 State wise wind power installed capacity as on 31.12.2022 S.No. State Installed capacity (MW) 1. | Andhra Pradesh 4096.65 2. Gujarat 9866.62 3. Kamataka 5269.65 4. Madhya Pradesh 2844.29 5. Maharashtra 5012.83 6. Rajasthan 4681.82 ee Tamil Nadu 9963.02 8. | Telangana 128.10 9. Other states 4.30 Total 41929.78 The year-wise electricity generation from wind energy source is shown in Table1.7. Table 1.7 Year wise electricity generation from wind energy sources S.No. Year Generation (MW) 1. | 2014-15 33768 2. | 2015-16 33029Introduction 1.35 3. 2016-17 46004 4. 2017-18 52666 5. 2018-19 62036 6. 2019-20 64639 7. 2020-21 60149 8. 2021-22 68640 9. 2022-23 (upto December, 2022) 59532 2. Offshore wind development in India: India’s mainland is blessed with a coastline of about 7600 km surrounded by seawater on three sides and has tremendous power generation potential from offshore wind energy. The Government had notified the National Offshore Wind Energy Policy as per the Gazette Notification dated 6th October, 2015. As per the policy, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy will act as the nodal Ministry for development of Offshore Wind Energy in India and work in close coordination with other government entities for Development and Use of Maritime Space within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the country in an effective manner for production of enormous quantity grid quality electrical power for national consumption. National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE), Chennai has been designated as the nodal agency to execute various pre-feasibility acti s relating to resource assessment, surveys and studies within EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone), demarcation of offshore potential blocks and facilitating offshore wind energy project developers for setting up offshore wind energy farms. 3. Present status: Based on the preliminary assessment from satellite data and data available from other sources, potential zones in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu have been identified for exploitation of offshore wind energy. Initial assessment of offshore wind energy potential within the identified zones has been estimated to be 70 GI¥ off the coast of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu only. In order to attract the large investment needed for development of the sector in India, Government of India has already announced its intention of developing 30 GIV of offshore wind energy project by 2030.1.36 Renewable Energy System Data collection (wind, geophysical, geotechnical and oceanographic) for 1.0 GW project Capacity equivalent area off Gujarat coast has been completed and the rapid environmental impact assessment studies are also completed. 1.9.5. Geothermal Energy Only a few are suitable for generating electricity. The power generation potential at these locations is estimated to be around 10,000 A/W’. Around 350 geothermal energy locations have been discovered in India by the Geological Survey of India. The Puga valley in Ladakh is the most promising of them. The Himalayas, Sohana, West Coast, Cambay (Gujarat), Godavari, Mahanadi, and Son-Narmada-Tapi (SONATA) geothermal provinces, as well as a number of geothermal springs, make up India’s geothermal provinces. According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, geothermal resources in India have been mapped, and a broad estimate suggests that there could be a 10 GIV’ geothermal power potential (MNRE). The government of Chhattisgarh decided in 2013 to build the country's first geothermal power plant at Tattapani in the Balrampur district. An agreement to establish the first geothermal power project in Ladakh was signed in 2021. 1.9.6. Biogas Energy In India, the use of biogas derived from animal waste, primarily cow dung, has been promoted for over three decades now. Biogas is the only technology that has put cooking in rural areas on technological ladder and has made cooking a pleasure with associated social and environmental benefits including zero indoor pollution, India’s National Project on Biogas Development (NPBD) has been one of the well organized and systematic program to provide logistic and institutional support for that has been under implementation since early 1980s. India Biogas program is one of the most successfull programs if we compare with other such program implemented in Rural India, The ultimate goal of this program is to set up biogas plants in around 12 million households that have enough cattle to maintain a regular supply of dung. With the announcement of the biogas programme on 2™ November, 2022, a target of setting up 22500 small biogas plants has been allocated to the States/ UTs for the FY 202: During the month of November, 2022, a national seminar in the presence of Shri R.K Singh, Honourable Union Minister for Power, New and Renewable Energy on National Bioenergy aIntroduction 1.37 Programme was conducted for ease of application, centralized management of biogas beneficiary's requests, monitoring of installation, and maintenance on installed biogas plants ete. ‘The Biogas Programme is being implemented through the Agriculture Farmers Welfare and Rural Development Departments of the States, Dairy Co-operatives, State Nodal Agencies (SNAs), Biogas Development and Training Centres (BDTCs), Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) and National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) etc. For inclusion of simple, cost effective and portable pre-fabricated designs of small biogas plants under the Biogas Programme of MNRE, the Ministry has approved the specifications and parameters for three designs of flexi domestic biogas plant. For implementation of biogas programme, the Energy (SSS-NIBE), Kapurthala has been Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Bio-| nominated as the Central Nodal Agency (CNA) for managing the fund flow 1.9.7. Tidal Power India has a long coastline with the estuaries and gulfs where tides are strong enough to move turbines for electrical power generation, The Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat on the west coast have the maximum tidal range of 11 m and 8 m with average tidal range of 6.77 m and 5.23 m respectively. The Ganges Delta in the Sundarbans is approximately 5 m with an average tidal range of 2.97 m. A detailed project report for a 3 MW tidal power plant in Sunderbans area of West Bengal has been prepared through West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency. ‘A committee was constituted under the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) on 900 MW Kutch tidal power project for estimating the cost of the project. A techno-economic feasibility study was carried out by the CEA in 1988 for a 900 MAW tidal power project. A revised estimate of INR 6184 crores was worked out for the execution of this project in 1993, A feasibility study for setting up this power project in Kutch district of Gujarat was conducted by National Hydro Power Corporation Ltd. (NHPC) in the early nineties. However, the project was not found to be commercially viable due to high capital cost as well as high cost of electricity generation. No tidal power generation plant has been installed in India due to its high cost of generation of electricity and lack of techno economic viability. On September 15, 2022, New Jersey legislature said ocean energy represents the third langest source of renewable energy and the largest source of under-utilised renewable energy.38 Renewable Energy System 1.10. CURRENT USAGE OF ENERGY IN VARIOUS SECTORS IN INDIA As per Energy statistics India 2023 report, the estimated electricity consumption increaseq from 8,24,301 GWh during 2012-13 to 12,96,300 Gi¥h during 2021-22 showing a Compou, Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.16%. “ Transport, 1% Domestic, 26% Industry, 41% Figure 1.9 Consumption of electricity by sectors in India during 2021-2022 Out of the total consumption of electricity in 2021-22, industry sector accounted for the largest share (41.16%), followed by domestic (25.77%), agriculture (17.67%) and commercial sectors (8.29%). The domestic sector has experienced the highest CAGR of 6.87 between FY:2012-13 to FY:2021-22. In 2021, the industrial sector accounted for 35% of total U.S end-use energy consumption and 33% of total U.S. energy consumption. Consumption of electricity by various sectors is shown in Figure 1.9. It shows that the highest energy consumer is industrial sector, the second highest is domestic sector, followed by agriculture sector, commercial sector, other sectors and transport sectors. Yearwise electricity consumption by different sectors for better understanding is show in Table 1.8 below.Introduction (aa5 J Table 1.8 Year-wise consumption of electricity by various sectors in GWh Year Industry | Agriculture | Domestic | Commercial | Transport | Others 2012-13 3,65,989 1,47,462, 1,83,700 72,794 14,100 | 40,256 2013-14 | 3,84,418 | 152,744 1,99,842 74,247 15,540 | 47,418 2014-15 4,18,346 1,68,913 2,17,405, 78,391 16,177 | 49,289 2015-16 4,23,523 1,73,185 2,38,876 86,037 16,594 62,976 2016-17 | 4,40,206 | 1,91,151 2,55,826 89,825 15,683 | 68,493 2017-18 4,68,613 1,99,247 2,73,545 93,755 17,433 | 70,834 2018-19 5,19,196 2,13,409 2,88,243 98,228 18,837 | 72,058 2019-20 5,32,820 211,295 3,08,745, 1,06,047 19,148 | 70,031 2020-21 5,08,776 2,21,303 3,30,809 86,950 14,668 | 67,701 2021-22 5,33,500 2,29,000 3.34.000 1,07,500 19,800 | 72,500 % 43.34 17.99 24.81 6.41 1.58 5.86 distribution l 4.10.1, Current Usage of Non-renewable (Conventional) Energy Sources by Various Sectors Conventional energies of various forms are tabulated for different industrial sectors given below. J. Industrial sectors: Year-wise conventional energy consumption for industrial sectors is given in Table 1.9 below. Table 1.9 Year-wise consumption of coal in million tonnes - Industry wise Year [Elecirieii)| Steel & [Cement |Paper [Textile [Sponge | Fertilizer [Brick |Others other iron & Industr chemical ies 173.62 Tins | 44676 | 51.70 | 13.11 | 2.12 [030 | 2090 | 286 120