THERMAL STRESS

1. A cylinder of diameter 1.0 cm at 30°C is to be slid into a hole on a steel plate. The hole
has a diameter of 0.99970 cm at 30°C. To what temperature the plate must be heated?
Coefficient of linear expansion for steel is 1.2 x 10 -5/°C.
δ = 1 − 0.9997 = 0.0003 cm
T1 = 30°C
α = 1.2 x 10−5 /°C
δ = αLΔT
0.0003 cm = (1.2 x 10−5 /°C)(1)(T2 − 30)°C

T2 = 55°C

2. An iron steam pipe is 200 ft long at 0°C. What will be its increase in length when heated
to 100°C? Coefficient of linear expansion is 10 x 10-6/°C.
L = 200 ft
ΔT = 100 − 0 = 100°C
α = 10 x 10−6 /°C
δ = αLΔT
δ = (10 x 10−6 /°C)(200 ft)(100°C)

δ = 0.2 ft
3. A copper rod (α = 1.7 x 10-5/°C) is 20 cm longer than an aluminum rod (α = 2.2 x 10-
5/°C). How long should the copper rod be if the difference in their length is to be

independent of temperature?
Copper Aluminum
α = 1.7 x 10−5 /°C α = 2.2 x 10−5 /°C
L = A + 20 cm L = A cm
αL = αL
(α = 1.7 x 10−5 ⁄°C)(A + 20) cm = (α = 2.2 x 10−5 ⁄°C)(A cm)
A = 68 cm

C = A + 20 cm
C = 68 + 20

C = 88 cm
 THIN-WALL PRESSURE VESSELS
t
< 0.07
D
Thin-Wall Cylinder
A. Circumferential / Tangential Stress (Hoop Stress)
PDi Pri
St = =
2t t
B. Longitudinal Stress
PDi Pri
St = =
4t 2t
Thin-Wall Sphere
PDi Pri
St = =
4t 2t

THICK-WALL CYLINDERS
t
> 0.07
D
Lame’s Equation for Internal Pressure

D St + Pi
t= [√ − 1]
2 St − Pi

Maximum Tangential Stress at the inside

Pi (ro 2 + ri 2 ) − 2Po ro 2
Sti =
ro 2 − ri 2
Maximum Tangential Stress at the outside
2Pi ri 2 − Po (ro 2 + ri 2 )
Sto =
ro 2 − ri 2
1. Compute the safe wall thickness of a 76.2 cm diameter steel tank. The tank is subjected to
7.33 MPa pressure and the steel material has a yield stress of 215.4 MPa. The factor of safety
to use is 3.
D = 76.2 cm = 0.762 m
P = 7.33 MPa
S = 215.4 MPa
FS = 3
PD
S= 2t

215.4 MPa (7.33 MPa)(0.762 m)

=
3 2t

t = 3.89 cm
2. A cylindrical water tank is 8 m in diameter and 12 m high. If the tank is to be completely
filled, determine the minimum thickness of the plating if the stress is limited to 40 MPa.
D=8m
h = 12 m
S = 40 MPa
PD ρghD
S= =
2t 2t

(1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 )(12 m)(8 m)

40 x 106 Pa = 2t

t = 11.77 mm
3. The stress in a 90-cm diameter pipe having a wall thickness of 9.5 cm and under a static
head of 70m of water is…
D = 90 cm = 0.9 m
t = 9.5 cm = 0.095 m
h = 70 m
PD ρghD
S= =
2t 2t

(1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 )(70 m)(0.9 m)

S= 2(0.095 m)

S = 3.25 MPa
 TORSION
A. Shearing Stress Shear Strain
Tp pθ
τ= γ=
J L

T → torque (Nm)
p → radial distance from center of cross-section
J → polar moment of inertia of the cross-section

πd4
J= → solid shaft
32

π(D4−d4)
J= → hollow shaft
32

B. Maximum Shearing Stress

Tr
τ=
J

C. Maximum Shearing Stress

 Solid Shaft
16T
τ=
πd3
 Hollow Shaft
16TD
τ=
π(D4 − d4 )

D. Angular Deformation
TL
θ=
JG

E. Transmit Power

P = 2πTN
1. A 2-inch solid shaft is driven by a 36-inch gear and transmits power at 120 rpm. If the
allowable shearing stress is 12 ksi, what horsepower can be transmitted?
16T
d = 2 in τ=
πd3
16T
N = 120 rpm 12000 psi =
π(2 in)3

τ = 12 ksi T = 18849.556 lb − in

P = 2πTN

1 ft 1 hp
P = 2π(18849.556 lb − in) ( )( lb−ft ) (120 rpm)
12 in 33000
min

P = 35.89 hp

2. A hollow shaft has an inner diameter of 0.035 m and an outer diameter of 0.06 m.
Compute for the torque in N-m, if the stress is not to exceed 120 MPa.
16TD
d = 0.035 m τ=
π(D4 −d4 )

16T(0.06 m)
D = 0.06 m 120 x 106 Pa =
π[(0.06 𝑚)4−(0.035 𝑚)4]

τ = 120 MPa T = 4500.086 Nm

3. Compute the nominal shear stress at the surface in MPa for a 40-mm diameter shaft
that transmits 750 kW at 1500 rpm. Axial and bending loads are assumed negligible.
d = 40 mm P = 2πTN
1 min
P = 750 kW 750000 W = 2πT (1500 rpm) ( )
60 s

N = 1500 rpm T = 4774.65 Nm

16(4774.65 Nm)
τ=
π(0.04 m)3

τ = 379.95 MPa

4. A hollow shaft has an inner diameter of 0.035 m and an outer diameter of 0.06 m.
Determine the polar moment of inertia of the hollow shaft.
π(D4−d4)
d = 0.035 m J=
32

π[(0.06 m)4−(0.035 m)4]

D = 0.06 m J=
32

J = 1.125 x 10−6 m4