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The Impact of Congested Mobility on the Functions of Public Spaces in Cities,

Ramses Square Case Study

Article in SSRN Electronic Journal · January 2017

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3164279

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 The 1st International Conference:
Towards A Better Quality of Life
24 - 26 Novemeber 2017
Technische Universität Berlin Campus El Gouna, Egypt

THE IMPACT OF CONGESTED MOBILITY ON THE

FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC SPACES IN CITIES, RAMSES
SQUARE CASE STUDY
Ahmed I. Habib a, Youhansen Y. Eid b, Marwa A. Khalifa c, Mohamed A. El
Fayoumi d
a
Teaching Assistant, Department of Urban Design and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Ain
Shams University
b
Professor, Department of Urban Design and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams
University
c
Professor, Department of Urban Design and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams
University
d
Assistant Prof, Department of Urban Design and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Ain
Shams University
Address: 1 El Sarayat St. Abdou Pasha, Abbassia, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
Corresponding author email: a.habib@eng.asu.edu.eg
Abstract
Public spaces play significant role in satisfying the needs of users in four levels: accessibility,
environment and comfort, public utilization and sociability. The fulfillment relationship
between needs and functions is affected by several aspects. The main aspect is mobility
network in public spaces. In Ramses square, the existence of Ramses regional railway station
as a hub of multi-layering transportation modes generates enormous flow of vehicles and
pedestrians. Additionally, the congested street network and 6th October flyover cause high
vehicle flow crosscutting pedestrian movements. This research investigates the effect of
congested mobility on pedestrian usage. The methodology is to determine the users’ needs of
Ramses and to analyze the existing situation of it then to compare them with the standards of
public spaces. The research includes theoretical and empirical parts. For theoretical part,
literature review explains the standards of public spaces’ elements. For empirical part, urban
survey is used to determine the functions of Ramses and questionnaire to determine the needs
of users. Finally, the research reaches its conclusion that the existence of congested mobility
disconnects the mutual relation of needs’ satisfaction for users and minimizes it to the extent
of being a traffic node used for vehicles-sometimes unsafe-regardless other dimensions.
Keywords: Public Spaces; Congested Mobility; Needs; Users; Fulfillment; Functions; Ramses

1 Introduction
The rapid growth of Egypt’s population and the insufficient urban governance in the last few
decades caused parallel rapid growth of informal urbanization, damage of environment and an
increase of social gaps in central urban areas such as Cairo central area. In addition, city
governments go for expansion of newly built urban settlements rather than upgrading the
fundamental existing ones. As a result, highly rates of social segregation and physical
deterioration occur and that creates more problems in both old and new urban settlements. In
the example of Cairo, the old city and adjacent areas of it face poverty, environmental
weaknesses and deterioration of the quality of life. That leads to the loss of real spirit of
Cairo’s urban heritage as one of the oldest cities in the world. In addition to this, the zones
outside the historical outline of Cairo, emerged during the 20th century and the new cities
such as New Cairo, emerged in the 21th century, are losing their urban structure
characteristics and central functions [1-2]. A rapid transformation process has started due to
the fast increase of population in Egypt that reached in August 2016 nearly 91 million
inhabitants according to the official data of Central Agency for Public Mobilization and

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3164279

Statistics (CAPMAS) with a population number for Cairo of nearly 9 million inhabitants. This
rapid transformation requires a fully integrated strategy of development to preserve the urban
structure from further obstacles. In the case of Ramses square, several problems face the
ability of the square to perform multi-functions properly and the congested mobility-resulted
from different reasons in Ramses- is the major problem faces the space.

2 Significance of Public Spaces

Public spaces are one element of the physical designed urban environment and have a great
role in people’s daily lives. The debate point of public spaces’ significance in the urban fabric
of a city is relative to the context of the political atmosphere and the economic state of the
country. In the developing countries open spaces might be considered not that much essential
although this point is extremely debatable. However, the importance of any open public space
is created from the many benefits and opportunities that the spaces can provide and in the
large numbers of users who uses them as well [3].

2-1 Definitions of Public Space

The term “public space” has several definitions. It means “a space for public” and the
meaning of it reflects the publicity of the city elements to be used by the public in their daily
lives. Being “accessible for all” is a major characteristic of the public space. For Gold, 1980
open space can be defined as land and water in an urban area that is not covered by cars or
buildings, or as any undeveloped land in an urban area [4]. The term wide open appeared in
the argument of Cranz 1982 that open spaces are wide-open areas that can be such fluid to the
limit that the city can flow into the park and the park can flow into the city [5]. Rob Krier in
his book Urban Space defines urban space as “a geometrically bounded by a variety of
elevations. It is only the clear legibility of its geometrical characteristics and aesthetic
qualities which allows us consciously to perceive external space as urban space” [6].

Moreover, the charter of public space defined the public space as all the places publicly
owned or of public use, accessible and enjoyable by all for free and without a profit motive.
For the Project for Public spaces organization (PPS), public spaces are the places that are for
public and help people give relief from daily hectic life. They are sidewalks, streets, parks,
city halls, squares, plazas and other types of gathering points in the city. Public spaces are
stages and mirrors for people’s daily lives. PPS pointed that the significance of the public
space lies in providing the communities an automobile-free or non-vehicle oriented place that
by time increases the people’s awareness and appreciation for the environment through
exchanging information, communicating and providing a suitable context for political
debates. When public spaces and public life is missing from a community, residents became
isolated from each other and less likely to offer support and help to each other [7]. The
American Planning Association (APA) defined the public space as a space may be a gathering
space or a part of a neighborhood, downtown, special district, waterfront or other area within
the city fabric or the public realm that helps promote sense of community and social
interaction among inhabitants. It categorized the public space as may be plazas, town squares,
parks, marketplaces, public commons and malls, public greens, piers, special areas within
convention centers or grounds, sites within public buildings, lobbies, concourses, or public
spaces within private buildings [8].

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3164279

 2-2 Functions of Public Space/The Mobility Factor
As being an integral element of the city and the playground of peoples’ daily lives, public
spaces- when are successful- perform functions to satisfy different needs of users in different
times. It reflects the quality of life at a certain time. Spotting the light on the different
qualities of public spaces reflects the multi-functions they perform in order to clarify the
significance of the function of accessibility that means the mobility network for vehicles and
pedestrians that connects the space with the surrounding urban tissue of any city. The
qualities are presented according to both national and international organizations. On the
international level, Hong Kong Public Space Initiative (HKPSI) is a charitable non-profit
organization founded in 2011 in Hong Kong, China with an aim of enhancing the quality of
public spaces to raise the level of awareness for different society levels and Project for Public
Spaces (PPS) is an American non-profit planning, design and educational organization
dedicated to helping people create and sustain public spaces. On the national level, National
Organization for Urban Harmony (NOUH) is an Egyptian organization affiliated to the
Egyptian ministry of Culture and aims to achieve aesthetic values in the Egyptian urban
context.

2-2-a Hong Kong Public Space Initiative

(HKPSI)
According to Hong Kong Public Space Initiative
(HKPSI), there are four main qualities of public
space that describe the functions of it. The
qualities are (As shown in Figure 1):
1. Accessibility
2. Environment& Facilities
3. Public Utilization
4. Sociability
Figure 1 HKPSI Public Space Pyramid, Source:
It is obvious in the shown pyramid that the The authors based on
quality of Accessibility is the base of the pyramid http://www.hkpsi.org/eng/publicspace/ideal/
which reflects the significance of that quality as
the start point that all the three qualities of Environment, Public Utilization and Sociability are
depending on because people need to gain the access to the space to enjoy. Accessibility is the
major fundamental quality of ideal public space as every single person should have the access
to public space. In order to insure this, public space should:

- Be open as possible for all users

- Has convenient geographical location
- Has availability of transportation links and methods
- Be high visible to the public users
- Has clear and justified entrance
- Be accessed without barriers (barrier free access)
As a result, the design of the space should (As shown in Figure 2):
- Not restrict the accessibility by discouraging the entry of people
- Not locking the space up or locating the space in a far remote location
- Not designing the entrance of the space in a non-legible location [9]

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3164279

 Figure 2 Accessibility network of Schlossplatz, Stuttgart, Germany,
Source: The authors based on Google Earth, 2016
As shown in. Figure 2, Schlossplatz is a public space in front of an old historic building used
for multifunction activities overlooking an important commercial mixed-use pedestrian street
named Konigstrasse or king street. The space is accessible by car, bus and safe pedestrian
access by creating a central green spaces and paths just for pedestrian and surrounded by
vehicles routes. Consequently, the design of the space separates the mobility of vehicles and
pedestrian and creates a pedestrian-friendly multi-functional space for sitting, walking,
gathering, relaxing, shopping etc.

2-2-b Project for Public Spaces (PPS)

According to Project for Public Spaces organization (PPS), there are four qualities for what
makes public space great. The qualities are (As shown in Figure 3):
1. Access and Linkage
2. Comfort and Image
3. Uses and Activities
4. Sociability

Figure 3 The Place Diagram, PPS four main qualities of what makes a great place, Source:
http://i1.wp.com/www.pps.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/diagrams-03232015-08.png
As shown in Figure 3 and as mentioned in PPS standards, Access and Linkage quality is the
main factor of success of public spaces. Access and linkage considerations are (As shown in
Figure 4):
- The space legibility from a distance, it’s interior is visible from a distance
- The good connection between the space and the adjacent buildings, the
occupants of surrounding building use the space

4
 - The easy walk to the space, no intersection with vehicles to get to the space
- The vitality of sidewalks to lead to the space from adjacent areas
- The easy access of space for the special needs
- The effectiveness of paths and roads network to deliver people to where they
actually want to go
- The variety of transportation methods to be used to access the space
- The allocation of transit stops adjacent to important uses such as trains
stations, libraries, governmental buildings, etc [7]

Figure 4 Accessibility network of Trafalgar Square, London, UK, Source:

The authors based on Google Earth, accessed on December 2016

The previous figure shows Trafalgar square with surrounding vehicles streets with points of
pedestrian crossing for safety. The space is open, contained by mixed-use buildings and
accessible by means of transportation on the edges of the square.

2-2-c National Organization of Urban Harmony (NOUH)

Spotting the light on Egyptian regulations, national standards for urban harmony were set in
the guide manual published in 2010 by National Organization of Urban Harmony NOUH
under the supervision of the Egyptian Ministry of Culture and accreted by the Supreme
Council of Planning and Urban Development according to law 119 for the year 2008. It
contains the standards and criteria of designing cities’ centers and how to apply the conditions
of urban harmony in them as being unique parts of each city (National Organization for Urban
Harmony, 2010). Different guidelines are mentioned regarding the urban harmony of the
Center Business District CBD of Cairo. Guidelines are for public spaces and squares, green
spaces, vehicles and pedestrians’ streets standards, buildings’ ground floor use, parking lots,
visual analysis and architectural and urban context style. Specifically, regarding the mobility
dimension in urban context, the guidelines are:

- Providing service zone in the street for shops and stores

- Streets should be one-way direction for more flexible flow
- Designing the entrances of buildings overlooking secondary streets not main
streets for less flow over main roads
- Providing underground parking lots underneath public spaces and streets of
CBD in order to control the vehicle traffic flow crossing the center

5
 - Avoiding the intersections between vehicles and pedestrian paths
- Creating connected pedestrian network
- Providing pedestrian sidewalks with fixed width
- Determining obvious and safe crossing points
- Providing shaded paths or arcades for pedestrian city [10]

3 The Case of Ramses Square/ Introduction

Ramses square is considered the largest open public space and focal point in the city of Cairo.
The name Ramses comes after the allocation of ancient original king Ramses ii statue in the
square but it was removed in 2006 due to vehicles pollution and dangerous vibrations
generated by vehicles and trains (As shown in Figure 5), nevertheless its name still attached to
the square. It is in the heart of the city (As shown in Figure 6) with a variety of transportation
modes interacted with highly boiling over dynamic urban fabric. It is a multimodal nodal area
connected to the main spaces and squares of downtown central Cairo such as Abd El Moneim
Riad, Tahrir, Talaat Harb, Opera, Attaba, and El Geish squares (As shown in Figure 7).
Ramses is treated as Cairo’s core point of transportation modes as it contains approximately
most of the means of private and public transportations in Egypt [11].

Figure 5 The location of Figure 6 showing the location of Figure 7 shows the centrality of
Ramses ii statue in the Ramses square in Cairo and the Ramses square and connectivity
square before and after its important zones around it, Source: with surrounding public squares in
removal, Source: The The authors based on Google Cairo, Source: The authors based
authors based on Google Earth 2016 on Google Earth 2016
Earth 2017
Ramses square contains the main regional railway station in Cairo which called Ramses
Station (Mahatet Masr). Different types of public transportation such as underground metro,
stops for busses, mini buses and micro buses are located in Ramses square as well. Above the
ground, 6th of October bridge flies over Ramses square and it has three ramps in the square
coming from and going to several destinations. Under the flyover bridge there is a two ways
street which called Ramses Street. The pedestrian zones in the square are represented just in
the sidewalks pavements surrounding the asphalt roads of Ramses square and no identified
spaces for pedestrians are provided. Ramses square involves major governmental buildings
surrounding the space from north, east and west sides which considered landmarks and focal
points of Ramses. Those buildings are (As shown in Figure 8):

1. Ramses main regional railway station (Mahatet Masr)

2. Egypt post main headquarters
3. National authority for tunnels headquarters
4. Egyptian national railways headquarters
5. Everest hotel building (mixed use building)
6. El-Fat-h mosque which has the tallest minaret in Cairo and it overlooks
Ramses square from the southern west side.

6
 Figure 8 the location of Ramses square and the important buildings and zones
surrounding it, Source: The authors based on Google Earth, 2016

4 Congested Mobility in Ramses Square

The centrality of Ramses square with 30 000 car figure per day, 240 000 passenger figure per
day, 23 000 motion figure per day and hour of Traffic congestion [11], there is an extreme
demand on Ramses square from different users for different purposes, the thing that generates
a huge number of vehicles trips and pedestrian crossing over Ramses square. Consequently,
Ramses has a very congested mobility network of various means of public and private
transportation in addition to movement of pedestrians. As shown in Figure 8, the morphology
of Ramses square is opposite to previous squares and plazas mentioned above as streets and
6th October flyover ramps with high traffic divide the whole area of the space into separate
zones physically and visually. 6th October flyover links approximately all the main zones of
Cairo, so it links Ramses square to the surrounding zones and links them with each other.
That generates a huge pass flow in and above Ramses square without using the space. As a
result, it is highly noticed that the movement of pedestrian is unorganized, unsafe and the
vehicle dominates the use of the space generating traffic jams and sound and air pollution.
The surrounding zones of Ramses square generates huge vehicle and pedestrian traffic as well
as most of them are commercial, administrative and mixed-use activities. that creates good
environments for street vendors to settle and sell their goods, the thing that made Cairo
governorate build them a new market next to the square and remove them from Ramses for
easier pedestrian flow, less noise and better image of the space (As shown in Figure 9)

7
 Figure 9 Accessibility and street network in the study area surrounding Ramses square, Source: The
authors based on Google Earth, 2017

Figure 10 Panoramic view of Ramses square, Source: The author captured on Jan,2017
As shown in (Figure 10), 6th October flyover with high traffic flow and the streets of Ramses
square cutting the space with left over non-used green lots. On the left shows the railway
station building overlooking its private approach space with single pedestrian entrance that
generates congestion. In the middle shows the random unsafe pedestrian crossing and walking
in the streets.

A structured questionnaire was made to a random sample of 138 different users of Ramses
square about various factors affecting the square, their needs from Ramses and the problems
they face each time they interact with the square. tackling some results that explain the
problem of mobility congestions and the needs of users (As shown in Figure 11)
- 74% of users through pass Ramses square without any interactions (through
pass-don’t use the space-generates congestion)
- 49.6% of users go to Ramses for work and 42.7% go for travel
- 72% of users pass by their private cars and 42.7% by public transportation
- 43.5% of users agree on the shortage of public transportation network to access
the square and its relation to pedestrian network and 28.2% state the complete failure of
this network (congestion)

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 - Among the resident and workers in Ramses area, 36.6% evaluated the
accessibility of Ramses as bad and 29.6% evaluated as moderate.
- 69.1% of pedestrians walk randomly on asphalt streets and cross from
anywhere (unsafety- congestion)
- 44.1% of users see there is no vital sidewalks that creates a whole pedestrian
network without crossing with vehicle network (unsafety)
- 86.6% state the impossibility of special needs users to access the space
themselves safely and no parking lots for them in the square
- 75% of users state that 6th October flyover causes high traffic congestion and
no visual continuity for Ramses square

Figure 11 Different readings from the users’ questionnaire regarding the mobility factor in Ramses,
Source: The authors
As a result of the dominating congested mobility of Ramses square, it affects negatively on
the other functions of Ramses square that supposed to perform to fulfill the different needs of
users. The results of the questionnaire stated that (As shown in Figure 12)
- 89.3% of users find no entertaining or recreational activities in Ramses
- 41.2% evaluated the factor of safety for all different ages as very inconvenient
- 87.8% of users take a bad impression from their first entry to Ramses square
- Regarding the vehicle-pedestrian domination comparison, 20.6% state that the
square is pedestrian dominated
- 69.5% see that no green spaces and relaxing views in Ramses square
- 94% state that street vendors disable the movement and cause noise
- 99.2% of users have no passion to go to Ramses square to have nice time or
outing and 93% notice no diversity in activities in Ramses square
- 67.9% state the impossibility of bicycle usage in Ramses square
- 93.9% state that not all the sub spaces of Ramses square are used properly
- 74.8% of users see the spaces are insufficient for speeches and performances

Figure 12 Different readings from the users’ questionnaire regarding the impact of mobility factor on
different significant functions in Ramses square, Source: The authors
The previous results reflect a conclusion that Ramses square suffers from high congested
mobility network and accessibility problems that increase the load of being vehicle

9
dominated. In contrast, pedestrian activities are not existed although the size, location and
significance of Ramses square. Next figures shows different images of Ramses square (Figure
13, Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17, Figure 18).

Figure 13 Unsafe street crossing, Figure 14 Congested sidewalk attached to commercial activities,
Source: The authors, 2017 Source: The authors, 2017

Figure 15 6th October flyover cuts

the visual continuity of the
station, Source: The authors,
2017
Figure 17 Street vendors inside
Figure 16 Random pedestrian
the entrance of the station cause
movements cause congestion,
congestion, Source: The authors,
Source: The authors, 2017
2017

Figure 18 Sunny zones are uncomfortable for people to sleep or relax and the commercial activity by
vehicles in the back causes noise and congestion, Source: The authors, 2017

As a result, Cairo Governorate and NOUH announced an international urban design

competition in 2008 and stated in the Terms of Reference that Ramses square suffers from
problems in all dimensions including pollution increase, traffic congestion and confuses of
uses and functions. It focused on the negative impact of 6th October flyover that has three
routes in the square, bad condition of insufficient parking lots in terms of locations, capacities
and entrances and exits and disorganization of pedestrian traffic network [12]. The winning
prize proposed (As shown in Figure 19) the removal of 6th October flyover to transform it into
a car tunnel passing underneath the square to avoid the problems of the flyover. The project
also proposed the decentralization of Ramses station by developing new stations in suburban
to decrease the load on Ramses station. Creating one open space for pedestrian to hold
activities was a must to revitalize the area of Ramses square [13].

Figure 19 AREP/BECT proposal, Source [11]

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5 Conclusion and Recommendations
In a nut shell, users of Ramses square perceive the space as a machine doing a specific job
with no probability of being multi-functional. The transportation hub of Ramses station-as
multi-nodal spot, the high flow of traffic generated daily with noise and pollution, and the
separated morphology of Ramses square with 6th October flyover cause the result of
disconnecting the mutual relation of users needs’ satisfaction with Ramses square and
minimizes it to the extent of being just a traffic node used for accessibility-sometimes unsafe-
regardless other dimensions of environmental aspects, image, comfort, public utilization and
sociability. To enhance the current situation of Ramses square, several significant
modifications should be put into consideration as recommendations for further research. The
vehicles-Pedestrian usage balance of Ramses should be reclaimed in order to have a vital
space for pedestrian usage with different functions and activities to perform. The proposal of
BECT/AREP [13] to remove 6th October flyover and transfer it to a vehicles tunnel -starts
before Ramses square and ends after it- creates an open space without physical or visual
barriers and decreases the percentage of vehicles presence in the square. The decenteralization
of Ramses railway station to near suburban stations minimizes the demand on Ramses station
by creating other hub points of transportation which leads to less congested mobility in the
square. Developing the underground metro network and the public transportation network
including buses, mini-buses and micro-buses to perform effectively as one zone with specific
stations increases the factor of pedestrian safety and decreases the random drop off-pick up
process of passengers. Finally, designing one open space for pedestrian which is not cut
physically or visually by vehicle routes and has obvious borders, activities to be done and
clear image can revive the old beauty of Ramses square as a central spot in Cairo urban fabric.
As a result, the integrated avtivities of environment and facilities, public utilization and
sociabilty can have the opportunity to appear in Ramses square to be a complete multi-
funtional mega public space for all users. The upcoming diagram summerizes the inputs and
outputs of the research in a holistic simplified language (As shown in Figure 20).

Figure 20 Research summary and recommendation diagram, Source: The authors based on [11-13]

11
 6 REFERENCES

Papers:
[11] M. A. Khalifa and M. A. El Fayoumi (2012), "Role of Hubs in Resolving the Conflict
between Transportation and Urban Dynamics in GCR: The case of Ramses square," Procedia
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[3] H. Woolley (2003), “Urban Open Spaces”, London: Spon Press.
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