Review Innovations CE Review for April 2023 – Algebra 7

Binomial Probability Distribution Normal Probability Distribution

The central problem of a binomial experiment is to find the
probability of x successes in n Bernoulli trials.
For Bernoulli Trials:
§ There are n independent trials repeated under identical
conditions.
§ The outcome of each trial can be classified as a success or
a failure.
§ The probability of success p is constant from trial to trial.
§ The probability of failure q = 1 – p.
The normal probability distribution is the most important
and widely used of all probability distributions. When
plotted, it gives a bell-shaped curve such that
§ the total area under the curve is 1.0,
§ the curve is symmetric about the mean, and
§ the two tails of the curve extend indefinitely.
f(x)

𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑝 ! ∙ 𝑞"#! ∙ 𝑛C𝑥

x
a µ b
Multinomial Probability Distribution
Each trial has more than two possible outcomes. P(x ≤ a) = P(x < a) = Area to the left of a
P(x ≥ a) = P(x > a) = Area to the right of a
𝑛! P(a ≤ x ≤ b) = P(a < x < b) = Area between a and b
𝑃 = 𝑝$ !! ∙ 𝑝% !" ∙ … ∙ 𝑝& !# ∙
𝑥$ ! ∙ 𝑥% ! ∙ … ∙ 𝑥' !
Standard Normal Distribution

Geometric Distribution
A trial is repeated until a success occurs. The probability that
the first success will occur on trial number x is…
x
µ
!#$
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑞 ∙𝑝

σ=1
Negative Binomial Distribution
A trial is repeated until a fixed number of successes occurs.
Q(z1) Q(z2)
(#$ !#( P(z1)
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑝 ∙𝑞 ∙ (𝑥 − 1)C(𝑘 − 1) ∙ 𝑝 R(z2)
z
z1 µ=0 z2

Hypergeometric Distribution
§ There are n trials that does not require independence. Examples
§ The trials are done in non-identical conditions. 1. A pack consists of 20 pieces of candy. In a thousand packs,
The probability that x gets selected from k successes in a
40 contains less than 20 pieces. When selecting 3 packs,
random sample of size n from N items.
what is the probability of selecting a pack with less than
20 candies. Answer: 11.06%
𝑘C𝑥 ∙ (𝑁 − 𝑘)C(𝑛 − 𝑥)
𝑃(𝑥) = 2. A manufacturer estimates that 1.5% of his output of a
𝑁C𝑛
small item is defective. Find the probabilities that in a
pack of 200 items:
Multivariate Hypergeometric Distribution 2a. none is defective Answer: 0.0487
An extension of hypergeometric distribution. 2b. two are defective Answer: 0.225
2c. three or more are defective Answer: 0.5785
𝑎$ C𝑥$ ∙ 𝑎% C𝑥% ∙ … ∙ 𝑎' C𝑥'
𝑃(𝑥) = 3. The probability that any given person will believe a tale
𝑁C𝑛
about life & death is 0.8. What is the probability that the
6th person to hear it is the 4th one to believe it?
Poisson Probability Distribution Answer: 0.1638
Experiments yielding number of outcomes during a given 4. Twenty percent of all auto parts manufactured at a
time interval or in a specified region are often called Poisson company are defective. Four auto parts are selected at
Experiments. The given time interval may be of any length, random. What is the probability that three of these four
such as minute, a day, a week, a month, or even a year auto parts are good? Answer: 0.4096
Conditions to Apply Poisson Probability Distribution
The following three conditions must be satisfied to apply 5. The company in the previous problem shipped 25 auto
Poisson probability distribution: parts to a dealer. Later it was found that five of those parts
§ x is a discrete random variable were defective. By the time the company manager
§ The occurrences are random contacts the dealer, 4 auto parts from that shipment have
§ The occurrences are independent already been sold. What is the probability that three of
The probability of x occurrences in an interval is those four parts were good? Answer: 0.4506

µx e-µ 6. Assume the probability that you will make a sale on any
P( x ) =
x! given telephone call is 0.19. Find the probability that you
where µ is the mean number of occurrences in that interval. 6a. make your first sale on the fifth call. Answer: 0.0818
6b. make your first sale on the 1st, or 2nd, or 3rd call.
Answer: 0.4686

Manila FB: @ReviewInnovationsOfficial Davao FB: Review Innovations Davao Branch

( (02) 8735-9161 0919-227-9194 ( (082) 221-1121 0930-256-0998
 Review Innovations
6c. do not make a sale on the first three calls.
Answer: 0.5314
7. A washing machine in a laundry shop in Sampaloc breaks
down an average of three times per month. Using the
Poisson probability distribution formula, find the
probability that during the next month this machine will
have…
7a. exactly two breakdowns Answer: 0.224
7b. at most one breakdown Answer: 0.1991
8. The lengths of steel girders produced in factory are
normally distributed with a mean length of 12.5 m and a
standard deviation of 2 cm. Girders need to be between
12.47 and 12.53 meters to be used in construction. Find
the proportion of girders which cannot be used in
construction. Answer: 13.4%
9. The life span of a calculator manufactured by Lenovo
Corporation has a normal distribution with a mean of 54
months and a standard deviation of 8 months. The
company guarantees that any calculator that starts
malfunctioning within 36 months of the purchase will be
replaced by a new one. About what percentage of such
calculators made by this company are expected to be
replaced? Answer: 1.22%
For Practice
1. IQ scores have a normal distribution with a mean of 100
and a standard deviation of 15. What two IQs separate
the middle 90% from the remainder of the distribution?
Answer: 75.33 & 124.67
2. Smith and Jones, both 50% marksmen, decide to fight a
duel in which they exchange alternate shots until one is
hit. What are the odds in favor of the man who shoots
first? Answer: 2/3
3. The weight of stone cladding from a large shipment
averages 1.5 kg with a standard deviation of 0.162 kg. If
these weights are normally distributed, what percent of
these cladding would be expected to weigh between 1.5
kg and 1.8 kg? Answer: 46.8%
4. A family with 5 children is selected at random. What is
the probability that the family has at least 3 boys?
Answer: 1/2
5. The scores in an examination are normally distributed
with a mean of 48 and a standard deviation of 8.
Approximately what percent of the scores fall between
40 and 56? Answer: 68%
6. Jerwin is a 70% free throw shooter in basketball. During
the game, what is the probability that Jerwin makes his
third free throw on his fifth shot? Answer: 0.18522
7. A stationery store has decided to accept a large shipment
of ball-point pens if an inspection of 20 randomly
selected pens yields no more than two defective pens.
Find the probability that this shipment is accepted if 5%
of the total shipment is defective. Answer: 92.45%
8. Adult IQ scores are normally distributed with a mean of
100 and a standard deviation of 15. Estimate the
probability that a randomly chosen adult has an IQ
between 85 and 115. Answer: 0.68
9. A machine poured melted chocolate into molds. The
standard deviation of the amount it pours is 0.7 grams
and the mean amount can be set on the machine. The
amount poured may be assumed to follow a normal
distribution. The machine is to produce bars whose label
says 50 g of chocolate. The company’s lawyers want to
Manila FB: @ReviewInnovationsOfficial
( (02) 8735-9161 0919-227-9194
CE Review for April 2023 – Algebra 7
have no more than 0.5% of bars containing less than the
advertised weight. What should the mean be set at?
Answer: 51.8 g
10. An airline does a survey of the weights of adult
passengers travelling on its flights. It finds that 5%
weigh more than 84.3 kg and 2% weigh less than 57.2 kg.
Assuming that the weights of adult passengers on its
flight are normally distributed, find the mean and the
standard deviation of the weights. Answer: s = 7.33, µ = 72.25
11. If the probability that Aera is late home from school in
any day is 0.4, what is the probability that she is late
home twice in a 5-day school week? Answer: 0.3456
12. If 25 dice are rolled, find the probability that three 6s are
seen. Answer: 0.193
13. There are four red, three green and five blue discs in a
bag. Find the probability that two discs of the same color
are drawn. Answer: 19/66
14. Luis takes a 20-question multiple-choice exam where
each question has five answers. Some of the answers he
knows, while the others he gets right just by making
lucky guesses. Suppose that the conditional probability
of his knowing the answer to a randomly selected
question given that he got it right is 0.92. How many of
the 20 questions was he prepared for? Ans: 14
15. To encourage Elmer’s promising tennis career, his father
offers him a prize if he wins (at least) two tennis sets in a
row in a three-set series to be played with his father and
the club champion alternately:
Series A: FATHER-CHAMPION-FATHER or
Series B: CHAMPION-FATHER-CHAMPION
according to Elmer’s choice. The champion is a better
player than his father. Which series should Elmer
choose?
A. Series A C. Either A or B
B. Series B D. Neither A nor B
16. The probability that a house in an urban area will be
burglarized is 8.5%. If 45 houses are randomly selected,
what is the probability that four of the houses will be
burglarized? Answer: 0.2038
Situation 1. In an examination, the marks are normally
distributed with mean of 60.7 and a standard deviation
of 12.3.
17. A candidate needs a mark of at least 40 to pass. What
percentage of the candidates fail? Answer: 4.63%
18. The board awards distinctions to the best 10% of the
candidates. What is the least mark a candidate will need
to get a distinction? Answer: at least 77
19. The list of passing candidates is published the day before
the list of distinctions. What is the probability that a
candidate who has passed will have got a distinction?
Answer: 10.5%
Situation 2. The number of cars passing a point on a road
during a five-minute period may be modelled by the
Poisson distribution with parameter 4. Find the
probability that in five-minute period…
20. 2 cars go past. Answer: 0.147
21. fewer than 3 cars go past. Answer: 0.238
Situation 3. The number of accidents in a week on a stretch
of road is known to follow a Poisson distribution with a
parameter 2.1. Find the probability that:
22. in a given week there is 1 accident. Answer: 0.257
23. in a two-week period, there are 2 accidents. Answer: 0.132
24. there is 1 accident in each two successive weeks.
Answer: 0.0661
Davao FB: Review Innovations Davao Branch
( (082) 221-1121 0930-256-0998