Wireless Computing in Medicine From Nano To Cloud With Ethical and Legal Implications 1st Edition Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner

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Wireless Computing in Medicine
Nature Inspired Computing Series
Editors:
Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian‐Wilner
and Albert Zomaya
Eshaghian‐Wilner—Bio‐Inspired and Nanoscale Integrated Computing

Dorronsoro—Evolutionary Algorithms for Mobile Ad hoc Networks
Bouvry—Evolutionary Algorithms for Mobile Ad hoc Networks
Wireless Computing
in Medicine
From Nano to Cloud with Ethical
and Legal Implications
Edited by
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada
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ISBN: 9781118993590
Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
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CONTENTS
Contributors xiii
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
PART I INTRODUCTION 1
1 Introduction to Wireless Computing in Medicine 3
Amber Bhargava, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian‐Wilner,
Arushi Gupta, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz,
and Pujal Trivedi
1.1 Introduction, 3
1.2 Definition of Terms, 5
1.3 Brief History of Wireless Healthcare, 5
1.4 What is Wireless Computing? 6
1.5 Distributed Computing, 7
1.6 Nanotechnology in Medicine, 10
1.7 Ethics of Medical Wireless Computing, 12
1.8 Privacy in Wireless Computing, 13
1.9 Conclusion, 14
References, 14
viContents
2 Nanocomputing and Cloud Computing 17

T. Soren Craig, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian‐Wilner,
Nikila Goli, Arushi Gupta, Shiva Navab, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati,
Kodiak Ravicz, Gaurav Sarkar, and Ben Shiroma
2.1 Introduction, 17
2.2 Nanocomputing, 18
2.3 Cloud Computing, 30
2.4 Conclusion, 37
Acknowledgment, 37
References, 37
PART II PERVASIVE WIRELESS COMPUTING

IN MEDICINE 41
3 Pervasive Computing in Hospitals 43
Janet Meiling Wang‐Roveda, Linda Powers, and Kui Ren
3.2 Architecture of Pervasive Computing
in Hospitals, 45
3.3 Sensors, Devices, Instruments, and
Embedded Systems, 49
3.4 Data Acquisition in Pervasive Computing, 59
3.5 Software Support for Context‐Aware and Activity
Sharing Services, 63
3.6 Data and Information Security, 66
3.7 Conclusion, 71
Acknowledgment, 71
References, 72
4 Diagnostic Improvements: Treatment and Care 79

Xiaojun Xian
4.2 System Design, 81
4.3 Body Sensor Network, 82
4.4 Portable Sensors, 84
4.5 Wearable Sensors, 88
4.6 Implantable Sensors, 94
4.7 Wireless Communication, 95
4.8 Mobile Base Unit, 97
4.9 Conclusion and Challenges, 98
Acknowledgment, 99
References, 99
Contents vii
5 Collaborative Opportunistic Sensing of Human Behavior

with Mobile Phones 107
Luis A. Castro, Jessica Beltran‐Marquez, Jesus Favela,
Edgar Chavez, Moises Perez, Marcela Rodriguez,
Rene Navarro, and Eduardo Quintana
5.1 Health and Mobile Sensing, 107

5.2 The InCense Sensing Toolkit, 110
5.3 Sensing Campaign 1: Detecting Behaviors Associated
with the Frailty Syndrome Among Older Adults, 119
5.4 Sensing Campaign 2: Detecting Problematic Behaviors
among Elders with Dementia, 123
5.5 Discussion, 131
5.6 Conclusions and Future Work, 132
References, 133
6 Pervasive Computing to Support Individuals with

Cognitive Disabilities 137
Monica Tentori, José Mercado, Franceli L. Cibrian,
and Lizbeth Escobedo

6.2 Wearable and Mobile Sensing Platforms to Ease the Recording
of Data Relevant to Clinical Case Assessment, 144
6.3 Augmented Reality and Mobile and Tangible Computing
to Support Cognition, 151
6.4 Serious Games and Exergames to Support
Motor Impairments, 158
6.5 Conclusions, 168
Acknowledgments, 172
References, 172
7 Wireless Power for Implantable Devices: A Technical Review 187

Nikita Ahuja, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian‐Wilner, Zhuochen Ge,
Renjun Liu, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, Mike Schlesinger,
Shu Han Wu, and Kai Xie

7.2 History of Wireless Power, 189
7.3 Approach of Wireless Power Transmission, 191
7.4 A Detailed Example of Magnetic Coupling Resonance, 194
7.5 Popular Standards, 199
7.6 Wireless Power Transmission in Medical use, 201
7.7 Conclusion, 204
References, 205
viiiContents
8 Energy‐Efficient Physical Activity Detection in Wireless

Body Area Networks 211
Daphney‐Stavroula Zois, Sangwon Lee, Murali Annavaram,
and Urbashi Mitra

8.2 Knowme Platform, 215
8.3 Energy Impact of Design Choices, 217
8.4 Problem Formulation, 228
8.5 Sensor Selection Strategies, 232
8.6 Alternative Problem Formulation, 237
8.7 Sensor Selection Strategies for the Alternative Formulation, 241
8.8 Experiments, 244
8.9 Related Work, 254
8.10 Conclusion, 256
References, 257
9 Markov Decision Process for Adaptive Control

of Distributed Body Sensor Networks 263
Shuping Liu, Anand Panangadan, Ashit Talukder,
and Cauligi S. Raghavendra

9.2 Rationale for MDP Formulation, 265
9.3 Related Work, 268
9.4 Problem Statement, Assumptions, and Approach, 269
9.5 MDP Model for Multiple Sensor Nodes, 272
9.6 Communication, 274
9.7 Simulation Results, 276
Acknowledgment, 294
References, 294
PART III NANOSCALE WIRELESS COMPUTING

IN MEDICINE 297
10 An Introduction to Nanomedicine 299
Amber Bhargava, Janet Cheung, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian‐Wilner,
Wan Lee, Kodiak Ravicz, Mike Schlesinger, Yesha Shah,
and Abhishek Uppal

10.2 Nanomedical Technology, 301
10.3 Detection, 303
10.4 Treatment, 305
Contents ix
10.5 Biocompatibility, 309

10.6 Power, 311
10.7 Computer Modeling, 313
10.8 Research Institutions, 315
References, 317
11 Nanomedicine Using Magneto‐Electric Nanoparticles 323

Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian‐Wilner, Andrew Prajogi, Kodiak Ravicz,
Gaurav Sarkar, Umang Sharma, Rakesh Guduru, and Sakhrat Khizroev

11.2 Overview of MENs, 324
11.3 Experiment 1: Externally Controlled On‐Demand Release
of Anti‐HIV Drug Azttp Using Mens as Carriers, 325
11.4 Experiment 2: Mens to Enable Field‐Controlled
High‐Specificity Drug Delivery to Eradicate
Ovarian Cancer Cells, 331
11.5 Experiment 3: Magnetoelectric “Spin”
on Stimulating the Brain, 339
11.6 Bioceramics: Bone Regeneration and MNS, 348
References, 353
12 DNA Computation in Medicine 359

Noam Mamet and Ido Bachelet
12.1 Background for the Non‐Biologist, 359

12.3 In Vitro Computing, 364
12.4 Computation in Vivo, 370
12.5 Challenges, 373
12.6 Glimpse into the Future, 373
References, 374
13 Graphene‐Based Nanosystems for the Detection of Proteinic

Biomarkers of Disease: Implication in Translational Medicine 377
Farid Menaa, Sandeep Kumar Vashist, Adnane Abdelghani,
and Bouzid Menaa

13.2 Structural and Physicochemical Properties
of Graphene and Main Derivatives, 379
13.3 Graphene and Derivatives‐Based Biosensing
Nanosystems and Applications, 382
xContents
13.4 Conclusion and Perspectives, 389

Conflict of Interest, 390
Abbreviations, 390
References, 391
14 Modeling Brain Disorders in Silicon Nanotechnologies 401

Alice C. Parker, Saeid Barzegarjalali, Kun Yue, Rebecca Lee,
and Sukanya Patil

14.2 The BioRC Project, 402
14.3 Background: BioRC Neural Circuits, 404
14.4 Modeling Synapses with CNT Transistors, 408
14.5 Modeling OCD with Hybrid CMOS/Nano Circuits, 410
14.6 The Biological Cortical Neuronand Hybrid Electronic
Cortical Neuron, 411
14.7 Biological OCD Circuit and Biomimetic Model, 412
14.8 Indirect Pathway: The Braking Mechanism, 413
14.9 Direct Pathway: The Accelerator, 414
14.10 Typical and Atypical Responses, 415
14.11 Modeling Schizophrenic Hallucinations with Hybrid
CMOS/Nano Circuits, 416
14.12 Explanation for Schizophrenia Symptoms, 416
14.13 Disinhibition due to Miswiring, 418
14.14 Our Hybrid Neuromorphic Prediction Network, 418
14.15 Simulation Results, 419
14.16 Numerical Analysis of False Firing, 421
14.17 Modeling PD with CMOS Circuits, 422
14.18 Modeling MS with CMOS Circuits, 424
14.19 Demyelination Circuit, 425
14.20 Conclusions and Future Trends, 426
References, 428
15 Linking Medical Nanorobots to Pervasive Computing 431

Sylvain Martel

15.2 Complementary Functionalities, 432
15.3 Main Specifications for such Nanorobotic
Agents (Nanorobots), 433
15.4 Medical Nanorobotic Agents—An Example, 436
15.5 Nanorobotic Communication Links Allowing Pervasive
Computing, 438
15.6 Types of Information, 439
15.7 Medical Nanorobotic Agents for Monitoring
and Early Detection, 440
Contents xi
15.8 Medical Nanorobotics and Pervasive Computing—Main

Conditions that must be met for its Feasibility, 442
References, 444
16 Nanomedicine’s Transversality: Some Implications of

the Nanomedical Paradigm 447
José J. López and Mathieu Noury

16.2 Nanomedicine’s Promises, 448
16.3 Analysing Implications of the Nanomedicine Paradigm, 451
16.4 The Molecular Underpinnings of Nanomedicine’s
Transversality, 456
16.5 Nanomedicine as Predictive Medicine, 457
16.6 Nanomedicine as Personalized Medicine, 460
16.7 Nanomedicine as Regenerative Medicine, 465
References, 468
PART IV ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF WIRELESS

COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 473
17 Ethical Challenges of Ubiquitous Health Care 475
William Sims Bainbridge

17.2 A Philosophical Framework, 478
17.3 Information Deviance, 480
17.4 The Current Frenzy, 482
17.5 Genetic Informatics, 485
17.6 Ubiquitous Information Technology, 489
17.7 Stasis versus Progress, 492
17.8 Problematic Ethics, 494
17.9 Leadership in Science and Engineering Ethics, 496
References, 499
18 The Ethics of Ubiquitous Computing in Health Care 507

Clark A. Miller, Heather M. Ross, Gaymon Bennett,
and J. Benjamin Hurlbut

18.2 Ubiquitous Computing and the Transformation
of Health Care: Three Visions, 511
18.3 Case Study: Cardiac Implanted Electrical Devices, 516
xiiContents
18.4 Ethical Reflections, 521

18.5 Conclusions: The Need for Socio‐Technical Design, 534
References, 537
19 Privacy Protection of Electronic Healthcare

Records in e‐Healthcare Systems 541
Fredrick Japhet Mtenzi
19.2 Security and Privacy Concerns of EHR
in e‐Healthcare Systems, 545
19.3 Privacy Laws and Regulations of EHRs, 547
19.4 Privacy of EHRs in e‐Healthcare Systems, 552
19.5 Discussion and Conclusion, 558
19.6 Contributions and Future Research, 559
References, 561
20 Ethical, Privacy, and Intellectual Property Issues

in Nanomedicine 567
Katie Atalla, Ayush Chaudhary, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian‐Wilner,
Arushi Gupta, Raj Mehta, Adarsh Nayak, Andrew Prajogi, Kodiak Ravicz,
Ben Shiroma, and Pujal Trivedi

20.2 Ethical Issues, 568
20.3 Privacy Issues, 579
20.4 IP Issues, 590
References, 596
PART V CONCLUSION 601

21 Concluding Remarks 603
Zhaoqi Chen, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian‐Wilner, Kalyani Gonde,
Kodiak Ravicz, Rakshith Saligram and Mike Schlesinger
21.1 Wireless Computing in Health Care, 603

21.2 Nanomedicine, 606
21.3 Ethical, Privacy, and Intellectual Property Issues
of Nanomedicine and Wireless Computing, 609
References, 610
Index 613
Contributors
Adnane Abdelghani, Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Institute of Applied

Science and Technology, Carthage University, Charguia Cedex, Tunisia
Nikita Ahuja, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Murali Annavaram, Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Katie Atalla, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Ido Bachelet, Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and
Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
William Sims Bainbridge, Division of Information and Intelligent Systems,
National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, USA
Saeid Barzegarjalali, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
Jessica Beltran‐Marquez, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, ITESM, Universidad
La Salle, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Gaymon Bennett, School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University,
Tempe, AZ, USA
Amber Bhargava, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
Luis A. Castro, Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, CA, USA
Ayush Chaudhary, Intel, Santa Clara, CA, USA
xivContributors
Edgar Chavez, Department of Computer Sciences, Ensenada Center for Scientific

Research and Higher Education, Ensenada, BC, Mexico
Zhaoqi Chen, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Janet Cheung, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Franceli L. Cibrian, Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education,
Ensenada, BC, Mexico
T. Soren Craig, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Lizbeth Escobedo, National Institute of Technology of Mexico, Mexico City,
Mexico
Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian‐Wilner, EE‐Systems, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Jesus Favela, Department of Computer Sciences, Ensenada Center for Scientific
Zhuochen Ge, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Nikila Goli, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Kalyani Gonde, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Rakesh Guduru, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International
University, Miami, FL, USA
Arushi Gupta, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
J. Benjamin Hurlbut, School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State
University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Sakhrat Khizroev, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International
University, Miami, FL, USA
Rebecca Lee, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
Sangwon Lee, Computer Science Department, University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Wan Lee, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California State University,
Long Beach, CA, USA
Renjun Liu, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Shuping Liu, eBay, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA
José J. López, Sociological and Anthropological Studies, University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
Noam Mamet, Faculty of Life Sciences and The Institute of Nanotechnology and
Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
Contributors xv
Sylvain Martel, Department of Computer Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal,

Montreal, QC, Canada
Raj Mehta, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Bouzid Menaa, Department of Infection Control, Hymetec SA, Isnes, Belgium
Farid Menaa, Department of Nanomedicine, Oncology and Stem Cells,
Fluorotronics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
José Mercado, Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education,
Clark A. Miller, School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University,
Tempe, AZ, USA
Urbashi Mitra, Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Fredrick Japhet Mtenzi, School of Computing, College of Sciences and Health,
Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
Shiva Navab, Broadcom, Irvine, CA, USA
Rene Navarro, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Sonora,
Hermosillo, SO, Mexico
Adarsh Nayak, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
Mathieu Noury, Sociological and Anthropological Studies, University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
Anand Panangadan, Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Alice C. Parker, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, CA, USA
Sukanya Patil, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Moises Perez, Department of Computer Sciences, Ensenada Center for Scientific
Linda Powers, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ, USA
Andrew Prajogi, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
Eduardo Quintana, Department of Computer Sciences, Ensenada Center for
Scientific Research and Higher Education, Ensenada, BC, Mexico
xviContributors
Kodiak Ravicz, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Cauligi S. Raghavendra, Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Kui Ren, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Buffalo,
State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
Marcela Rodriguez, Department of Computer Engineering, Autonomous University
of Baja California, Mexicali, BC, Mexico
Heather M. Ross, School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University,
Tempe, AZ, USA
Rakshith Saligram, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
Gaurav Sarkar, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Mike Schlesinger, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
Yesha Shah, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Umang Sharma, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Ben Shiroma, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Ashit Talukder, Information Access Division, National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Monica Tentori, Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education,
Pujal Trivedi, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Abhishek Uppal, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
Sandeep Kumar Vashist, Hahn‐Schickard‐Gesellschaft für Angewandte Forschung
E.V. (HSG‐IMIT), Freiburg, Germany
Janet Meiling Wang‐Roveda, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Xiaojun Xian, Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute,
Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Kai Xie, School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an,
Shaanxi, China
Shu Han Wu, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Kun Yue, EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Daphney‐Stavroula Zois, Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at
Urbana‐Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Foreword
Wireless Computing in Medicine: From Nano to Cloud with Its Ethical and Legal
Implications (edited by Professor Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian‐Wilner) is an exciting
book that deals with a wide range of topical themes in the field of healthcare and
biomedicine. The book also probes the legal and ethical issues that are of immense
importance in health and medicine.
Today, we are witnessing many advances in healthcare brought about by the
impact of computing on the practice of medicine and biomedical sciences. Many of
these advances are due to the developments in algorithmics, wireless networking,
high‐performance computing, and many others. The book also showcases some of
the ethical and legal issues that cannot be ignored when marrying computing
technology with medicine and health sciences.
I believe that the current book is a great addition to the literature. It will serve as
a source of up‐to‐date research in this continuously evolving area. The book also
provides an opportunity for researchers to explore the use of advanced computing
technologies and their impact on enhancing our capabilities to conduct more sophis-
ticated studies.
The book should be well received by the research and development community
and can be beneficial for graduate classes focusing on biomedical engineering, bio‐
nanotechnology, and health informatics.
Finally, I would like to congratulate Dr. Eshaghian‐Wilner for a job well done, and
I look forward to seeing the book in print.
Albert Y. Zomaya
Sydney, January 2016
Preface
I recently celebrated my 50th birthday 26 productive years after I received my Ph.D.

On this important milestone, I reflected back on my life, as I could not help but find
myself in total agreement with what both Aristotle and Einstein said: the more one
learns or knows, the more one realizes how much he/she does not know. I always
wanted to learn more, so over the years I have expanded my parallel processing
expertise from heterogeneous computing (topic of my first book) to bio‐inspired and
nanoscale integrated computing (topic of my second book). Expanding the applica-
tion of both of these technologies further to medicine with an emphasis on their legal
and ethical aspects is the main aim of this third book. This book is a product of the
progression of my research, from undergraduate study until now.
In the early part of my research career and as a research student at the University
of Southern California (USC), I concentrated on the design of efficient very‐large‐
scale integration (VLSI) architectures and parallel algorithms, especially for image
and signal processing. Such research focused on my development of fast algo-
rithms for solving geometric problems on the Mesh‐of‐Trees architecture. These
techniques have been applied to several other architectures, including bus‐based
architectures and later on architectures such as the systolic reconfigurable mesh.
Thirty years since their inception, these results are still showing their utility in the
design of graphics processing unit (GPU) architectures.
Later, as part of my Ph.D., I focused my attention on applying my Mesh‐of‐Trees
results to the area of optical computing. I produced the Optical Model of Computation
(OMC) model, through which I was able to show the computational limits and the
space–time tradeoffs for replacing electrical wires with free‐space optical beams in
VLSI chips. Based on the model, I designed several generic electrooptical architec-
tures, including the electrooptical crossbar design that includes a switching speed in
xxPreface
the order of nanoseconds. This design was later extended to an architecture called
“optical reconfigurable mesh” (ORM). Algorithms designed on ORM have a very
fast running time because ORM comprises a reconfigurable mesh in addition to hav-
ing both a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and electrooptical interconnec-
tivity. OMC is a well‐referenced model that has been shown to have superior
performance compared to many other parallel and/or optical models. Based on OMC,
the well‐known local memory parallel random access memory (PRAM) model was
developed. Furthermore, variations of OMC were adopted by the industry in
designing MEMS chips.
Soon after I graduated, I took a leading role in starting the heterogeneous com-
puting field. I am the editor of the field’s first book, Heterogeneous Computing, and
the cofounder of the IEEE Heterogeneous Computing Workshop. The book in
conjunction with the workshop shaped the field and paved the path to today’s “cloud
computing.” As one of the first paradigms for executing heterogeneous tasks on het-
erogeneous systems, I developed the Cluster‐M model. Prior models such as PRAM
and LogP each had their limitations because they could not handle arbitrary systems
or structures with heterogeneous computing nodes and interconnectivity. Cluster‐M
mapping is still the fastest known algorithm for mapping arbitrary task graphs onto
arbitrary system graphs.
For over a decade now, I have been focusing on the bio‐ and nanoapplications of my
work. I am a founding series coeditor of “Nature‐Inspired Computing” for John Wiley &
Sons and have edited the first book of this series, Bio‐inspired and Nanoscale Integrated
Computing. This is truly a multidisciplinary topic that required a significant amount of
training from several fields. Toward this multidisciplinary field, I have studied various
techniques for designing nanoscale computing architectures where computations are
subject to quantum effects. One of the most notable works I have produced in this area
is a joint work with my colleagues at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
The work was announced as a breakthrough result by numerous media outlets and was
explained in many review articles worldwide. It involved the design of a set of highly
interconnected multiprocessor chips with spin waves. These designs possess an unprec-
edented degree of interconnectivity that was not possible previously with electrical
VLSI interconnects, because they can use frequency modulation to intercommunicate
among nodes via atomic waves. Furthermore, the information is encoded into the phase
of spin waves and is transferred through ferromagnetic buses without any charge trans-
mission. The spins rotate as propagating waves, and as such, there is no particle (elec-
tron/hole) transport. This feature results in significantly lower power consumption as
compared to other nanoscale architectures.
Extending nanoscale computing to cellular biology, I have studied applications of
spin‐wave architectures for DNA sequence matching. I have shown that these designs
have a superior algorithmic performance for such applications. Also, because they
can operate at room temperature, they have a great potential to be used as part of
miniature implantable devices for biomedical and bio‐imaging applications. I have
been investigating efficient methods for designing injectable nanorobots that can be
used for the detection and treatment of various diseases, especially cancer.
Preface xxi
My most recent area of research has been in technology law. I am investigating

how various forms of emerging technologies may be impacted by, and come into
conflict with US and international policies and laws. For example, while pervasive
(heterogeneous/ubiquitous) computing and nanotechnology are two technologies
that are entirely different from each other, they both are seemingly invisible: one in
terms of interconnectivity and the other in terms of size. Their overwhelming poten-
tial coupled with their peculiar nature can continuously magnify challenges to pol-
icies and laws that protect rights and property. Such challenges and related legal and
ethical issues are discussed further as a chapter in this book, especially as applied to
their applications in wireless computing for medicine.
This book contains 21 chapters presented in five parts. In Part 1, my students and
I have presented an introduction to the book in the first chapter, and in the second
chapter, we have given an introduction to the two wireless technologies used in the
book: pervasive computing and nanocomputing.
In Part 2—Pervasive Wireless Computing in Medicine, there are seven chapters
detailing pervasive computing for medicine. Authored by the leading scientist in the
field, these chapters cover a wide range of topics such as pervasive computing in hos-
pitals, diagnostic improvements: treatment and care, collaborative opportunistic
sensing of human behavior with mobile phone, pervasive computing to support indi-
viduals with cognitive disabilities, wireless power for implantable devices, energy‐
efficient physical activity detection in wireless body area networks, and Markov
decision process for adaptive control of distributed body sensor networks.
Similarly, in Part 3—Nanoscale Wireless Computing in Medicine, there are seven
chapters authored by leading scientists. These chapters all focus on the application
of nanocomputing in medicine. The topics include an introduction to nanomedi-
cine, nanomedicine using magneto‐electric nanoparticles, DNA computation in
medicine, graphene‐based nanosystem for the detection of proteomic biomarkers of
disease: implication in translational medicine, modeling brain disorders in silicon
nanotechnologies, linking medical nanorobots to pervasive computing, and nano-
medicine’s transversality: some implications of the nanomedical paradigm.
Finally, in Part 4—Ethical and Legal Aspects of Wireless Computing in Medicine,
the ethical and legal aspects of wireless computing in medicine are presented in four
chapters by leading scholars in this area. The topics include ethical challenges of
ubiquitous health care, ethics of ubiquitous computing in health care, privacy protec-
tion of electronic healthcare records in e‐healthcare systems, and ethical, privacy, and
intellectual property issues in nanomedicine. After this third section, we provide a
brief conclusion in Part 5.
In addition to the two introductory chapters and the conclusion chapter, I have
coauthored one of the chapters in Part 1 (“Wireless Power for Implantable Devices”),
two of the chapters in Part 2 (“An Introduction to Nanomedicine and Nanomedicine
Using Magneto‐electric Nanoparticles”), and one chapter in part 3 (“Ethical, Privacy,
and Intellectual Property Issues in Nanomedicine”). Evidently, most of these
chapters deal specifically with nanomedicine. I believe nanomedicine is one of this
century’s most promising scientific fields in which we can soon expect to see many
xxiiPreface
life‐altering advancements. Targeted delivery of drugs to cancer cells is already in

animal‐testing stages with very impressive preliminary results. Furthermore, various
techniques are currently being studied to develop nanorobots that can aid in both
detection and treatment of cells.
I invite you to learn more about this exciting field by reading this book. You will
see that the more you learn, the more you will realize how much there is yet to be
learned and discovered in this growing and fascinating field.
And finally, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of those who made
this book possible. First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to
Professor Albert Zomaya who has been coediting Wiley’s Nature‐Inspired Computing
series with me. Next, my most sincere appreciation extends to all my distinguished
co‐authors who have so greatly contributed to this volume, and to the numerous other
wonderful people at Wiley and USC, especially my students who have worked with
me on this book.
I dedicate this book to my family. My parents, Mehdi and Molly, have always
encouraged and helped me advance my education and career, and I am forever
indebted to them. I am also beholden to my husband, Arthur, for being my best friend
and advisor. My interest in the field of technology law was sparked by his legal
expertise and our related discussions. Additionally, I am thankful to my brothers,
Michael and Mark; my sister, Maggie, and her husband, Kamran; and my nephews,
Jonathan and Justin, for providing so much joy and inspiration. But of the utmost
importance, I am singularly appreciative of my remarkable daughter, Ariana Shaina,
who has so brilliantly illuminated my life with her precious love, astonishing wisdom,
and fiercely strong values. I couldn’t be prouder of her.
Thank you for reading this book. Enjoy!

Part I
Introduction
1
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMPUTING IN MEDICINE
Amber Bhargava, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian‐Wilner,

Arushi Gupta, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz,
and Pujal Trivedi*
EE‐Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Constant population growth has increased the need for more advanced scientific
solutions for ever‐growing healthcare demands. It requires a new paradigm and tech-
nology for more effective solutions. There has been a booming growth in tech-
nology, which has resulted in devices becoming progressively smaller and more
powerful. One result of computer technology advancing at exponential speeds is
wireless computing, which combines current network technologies with wireless
computing, voice recognition, Internet capability, and artificial intelligence, to create
an environment where the connectivity of devices is unobtrusive and always available.
But as this connectivity improves, so does the collection and retrieval of data. In the
field of medicine, because hospitals collect large amounts of unnecessary data on
patients, it is difficult for doctors to distinguish a real emergency. We need to improve
the standard of medical care provided to patients by helping doctors make more
informed decisions. Doctors also require a greater degree of accuracy while treating
chronic diseases, or for example, treating cancerous cells without affecting the regular
ones. This chapter aims at promoting the discussion on how the use of wireless computing
in nanomedicine helps integrate health monitoring and healthcare more seamlessly in
* Authors are listed alphabetically by last name, as opposed to by order of contribution.
Wireless Computing in Medicine: From Nano to Cloud with Ethical and Legal Implications,
First Edition. Edited by Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner.
© 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE
the healthcare sector, ways it can help us to tackle the critical challenges faced by
doctors and patients regardless of space and time, and also present cutting‐edge
perspectives and visions to highlight future developments.
Nanomedicine has been considered a possibility ever since the concept of
nanotechnology was first articulated in 1959 by Richard Feynman, in his famous
Caltech talk, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” Feynman mentions that a
friend of his says “You put the mechanical surgeon inside the blood vessel and it goes
into the heart and ‘looks’ around.” The application of nanomedicine has a strong
potential for shifting myriad paradigms in the field of medicine. This is because
nanomedicine operates at the molecular, organellar, and cellular levels; precisely
where disease processes find their genesis. Once matured, these capacities will have
immense benefits in terms of positive patient outcomes and the alleviation of human
suffering across the board. There is a rapidly growing global trend toward the
development of more compact, minimally invasive, intelligent, more accurate, and
efficacious medical technologies. But the general consensus is that despite encour-
aging signals and growth, the field of nanomedicine has yet to fully mature.
Wireless computing is one of the techniques to help nanomedicine grow at the
rate seen by the visionaries. It’s a sure sign that wireless computing has entered a
new era—in some ways even more telling than the PC’s dominance or wireless
communication’s emergence. Wireless health system encompasses new types of
sensing and communication of health information as well as new types of interac-
tions among health providers and people, among patients and researchers, and among
patients and corporations.
The convergence of two domains of current research—nanotechnology and
distributed computing—presents a lot of applications in the field of medicine. In
this chapter, we briefly summarize and present the technologies underlying the state‐
of‐the‐art research in the interdisciplinary field of medical wireless computing. In
the first section, distributed computing, we discuss its usage in treating cognitive
disabilities like Alzheimer’s, autism, etc., and how it can increase the portability for
monitoring the patient and reduce the redundancy of data. We also talk about the role
of wireless power and Markov decision process (MDP) in distributed computing. In
the second section, nanomedicine, we discuss about the technologies of nanocom-
puting and the ways they can be utilized in medicine. We also explain how we can
model brain disorders and detect biomarkers using nanotechnology. In the third
section, we discuss about ethics, privacy, and legal issues in the domain of nano-
medicine, and how we can implement these in a safe, ethical way to gain benefits.
This chapter intends to provide readers with a sense of the breadth and depth of the
field of wireless computing, and its potential effects on medicine. We define the technol-
ogies of wireless computing, from the software that run cloud computing data centers,
to the technologies that allow new sensors to work. We also provide readers with case
studies of how these technologies are being implemented in the medical field through
both integrating into current systems and creating new forms of medical applications.
We hope that this chapter will be useful to anyone who wishes to learn about the
interdisciplinary field of wireless computing. We have tried our best to make this
material understandable at a beginner level. Students with backgrounds in the fields
BRIEF HISTORY OF WIRELESS HEALTHCARE 5
of medicine, computing, health informatics, and even public policy should be able to
understand the material presented within and gain useful insights.
1.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Nanomedicine: It is the application of nanotechnology (the engineering of tiny

machines) to the prevention and treatment of disease in the human body. This evolv-
ing discipline has the potential to dramatically change medical science. Nanomedicine
is also defined as the monitoring, repair, construction, and control of human biological
systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures.
Healthcare workers: In this case, we use the term “healthcare workers” to describe
the ecosystem of doctors, nurses, hospital administrators, and people in the
government who are involved in healthcare policy.
Distributed computing: The technology that enables computing in devices and
allows their communication wirelessly. This includes the infrastructure of distributed
computing, including but not limited to the physical infrastructure of the Internet, the
algorithms for directing traffic on the Internet, cell phones, and other “smart” devices.
Pervasive computing: From a technology standpoint, pervasive computing is
mostly the same thing as distributed computing, but it also refers to the way that com-
puting has become part of the fabric of our social existence. Pervasive computing
refers to the idea that computing is invisible and everywhere, that it is a part of our
daily lives that we take for granted.
1.3 BRIEF HISTORY OF WIRELESS HEALTHCARE
Healthcare is a remarkably interdisciplinary field. Biology, chemistry, immunology,

and psychology are just a few of the skills that are necessary for healthcare officials
to understand in order to produce a working healthcare system.
An important part of any science is the gathering of information; this is no less true
in healthcare. John Snow, the father of modern epidemiology, discovered the source of
the nineteenth‐century cholera outbreak in London by creating a map of all known
cholera cases (www.udel.edu/johnmack/frec682/cholera/), finding patterns in the con-
gregated data to help treat cholera not as the disease affecting a particular patient, but
rather treating cholera as a pervasive condition that affected the City of London.
John Snow and other doctor‐scientists ushered in a completely new form of
medicine—the modern medicine that we have today. Epidemiology, a completely
new field of medicine, led to discoveries such as the link between tobacco smoking
and cancer, and along with the “germ theory” of medicine helped promote the use of
disinfectants, which greatly improved our quality of life and increased the expected
lifespan (www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/germtheory.aspx).
By looking at the total picture, congregating the data from many patients across
London, John Snow was able to discover something about the nature of cholera
that was completely invisible to anyone who only looked at each patient individually.
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this river; we also saw a few cows, but until lately little attention was
given to breeding them; now, however, that a steady demand has
arisen in Labuan, many of the natives have been induced to collect
herds.
After passing the Trusan no more Malay houses are to be seen;
the inhabitants being the aborigines, the Bisayas, Muruts, and a few
Kadayans; their villages occupy nearly every reach. A glance at the
map will show what a winding course this river takes; the soil being
alluvial offers no obstruction to its changing its direction, and there
are many signs of its having altered its bed.
We pulled on to the village of Kruei (Argus pheasant), the
residence of Orang Kaya Upit, a son of one of the Adang people,
who had promised to accompany us. I had with me a chop or firman
from the Sultan, in order to render my procuring guides a work of
less difficulty, but, though not refusing, the Orang Kaya was unwilling
to start immediately. It would have been very unreasonable of me to
have expected a man to be ready at a day’s notice, but this Orang
Kaya had settled for some months to accompany me. I agreed to
stay a day, as I wished to procure a couple of light boats; in the
evening a messenger arrived from the Sultan with orders for every
assistance to be given me.[2]
26th.—As this was a day of enforced delay I determined to divide
my men; some, under Musa, I sent away to purchase or borrow
boats, called here sampirs; they are long and narrow, being simply a
canoe, with a plank on either side tied on with rattans and then
roughly caulked; they have a front and stem piece fastened in the
same way; they are not strong, but are light and very suited to up-
country work, varying in length from thirty to sixty feet, and in breadth
from one and a half to three feet: as might be expected, they are any
thing but stiff.
While Musa was away on this duty, I pulled back to the Gadong
hills to take bearings. I was disappointed in not being able to
distinguish Molu, but I had some good views of other mountain
ranges. The appearance of the country from this elevation (682 feet)
was very pretty; to the east of us were alternate diminutive plains
and low hills, with rice fields whose bright green contrasted well with
the sombre brushwood; farmhouses were scattered here and there;
to the west it was but a confused mass of hills and valleys. The
course of the river is clearly visible, with its extraordinary windings
and its patches of cultivation scattered along its banks; even here in
the neighbourhood of the capital two-thirds of the land is still jungle
or brushwood.
Towards evening Musa returned, and I was glad to find that he
had arranged to buy a sampir and borrow two more, and to leave our
canoe behind.
27th.—This morning the peak of Molu was visible, and I
immediately went ashore to get a good bearing, as the boat rocked
too much to allow me to do it aboard. I find it 9° E. of S. The Adang
Muruts give the name of Batu Barit to the mountain, or to one peak
of it; Barit is the same as the Malay “berlukis,” ornamented; they say
they call it by that name on account of some tracings observed on
the rocks, probably fanciful, or from the stone being discoloured in
various parts of the precipices. They talk also of a very large palm,
the Riman, that grows in great plenty at the foot of the mountain; this
yields in abundance a very superior kind of sago, but; baniak,
“much,” has a very different signification in their mouths, it may mean
a few trees scattered about, or a forest of palms.
Yesterday the Orang Kaya Upit went in search of the Merasam
people, who had agreed to accompany the expedition; they are full
of delays, but talk of following to-morrow: I shall push on to look for
other guides in case these fail us; every day’s delay lessens our
stock of food; I have tried to procure some rice in these villages, but
nothing is to be had. In fact, they will seldom sell me any food, as the
Borneans would make that an excuse to squeeze more out of them
after my departure. The Orang Kaya has begged for one of my
sampirs, and as it is on my business he is going, the request is but
reasonable, so I have given him one, and also some cloth to procure
provisions.
We pushed on at 9 a.m., and as we advanced we found all the
villages deserted on account of the cholera; the visitation was nearly
over, but the Muruts were too alarmed to return to their houses; as
no one was to be found at Bidang, the residence of the Orang Kaya
Napur, an Adang man, we continued our course to Danau, where it
was said we should find him; but on arriving, we heard that he was
some distance inland; I therefore sent old Japer to look for him.
5 p.m.—Here is the Orang Kaya Napur, but there is evidently no
getting him to accompany us; he has many reasons for not going,
some of them good ones; among others, he is planting his rice farm.
I explained I only wanted a guide, not a train of followers. Towards
evening my old friend Orang Kaya Panglima Prang, of the village of
Blimbing, came to see me; he followed me to Molu in both of my
former expeditions, and is half inclined to come now, but as he does
not know the country beyond six days’ pull, he would not be very
useful. He has deserted Blimbing, having too few followers to hold
his own even against a small Kayan expedition, and so now he lives
here until the Pañgeran Tumanggong can afford him some support,
not very likely to be given at present. The cholera has attacked all
the villages, but does not seem to have carried off many; the fright
was great, and still continues, so that most of the people are yet
living in the woods. All those who do not expect to be connected with
my expedition, say that this is the proper season, and that the rain is
exceptional, while the others whom I want to accompany me, assure
me that by waiting two months I shall have fine weather. It certainly
looks rainy, but we must do our best even if freshes do come down,
and we may yet reach Adang by perseverance. This place is called
Danau, on account of a diminutive lake, or large pond, that lies at the
back of the village; the entrance, now dry, is at the end of the reach
ahead.
28th.—Last night a heavy squall, which appeared to spring from
the south-east, but soon veered round to the south-west, made me
fear a fresh in the morning, but (7 a.m.) as yet it has not come down
upon us. There is much matter held in suspension by the water, as
every glass of it we take from the river proves; this, however,
appears its normal state, as I have seen it the same at different
seasons, as in October, November, December, May, and now,
August; not exactly the same, as the water after heavy freshlets is
muddy. The banks appear to be generally formed of alluvial deposits;
occasionally only have I observed hard banks of clay, and nowhere
are there rocks, except where a hill abuts on the river. At the
entrance of the Limbang there are many alluvial deposits, and two
low islands called Pulau Bharu, or the new islands, are said by the
natives to have been formed within the memory of their old men;
they are but little raised above high-water mark, and are excellent
rice grounds.
A glance at the map will show the serpentine course of the
Limbang, and how the river is eating into its banks; in several places
they are nearly worn through. I imagine (and examination almost
confirms it) that the origin of the numerous ponds to be found a short
distance from the banks arises from the alteration of the river’s bed.
There is in the Sarawak river a short cut between two reaches, which
appears within a few years likely to become the main stream—
nature assisted by man: sandbanks are already forming, which
yearly tend to increase the force of the current through the short
passage, and will doubtless ultimately close up the old channel,
leaving a lake of a couple of miles in length on the right bank.
I may here notice, in order to test the value of native geographical
information, the various accounts I have received of the journey
before us. Casting aside the stories of its being one, two, or three
months’ distance, I will simply enter what I have reduced to
something like reason. They say from Blimbing to Madalam is two
days’ pull; to Salindong, two; to Madihit, two; to Busoi or Saledan,
three; to Adang, seven, or sixteen days from the last inhabited village
(since abandoned) to the Adang landing-place: from that to the
houses, from one to six days.
I do not understand the great discrepancy in the land journey,
except that the Adangs have removed farther inland. It is certainly a
voyage of discovery, but my only anxiety is with respect to the
provisions. From the amount of water that was in the river above
Madalam, I cannot think it so far. Busoi appears to mean a cataract,
and there, they say, the river falls over rocks, and the boats have to
be dragged along the shore for a distance which varies with the
stories from fifty yards to a mile. Enormous overhanging rocks occur
at the cataract, almost shutting in the river, but above it the water is
smooth, and the pulling easy for seven days; this is not very likely.
The river is said to abound in fine fish. The story of the wild goats is
beginning to fade away, and is replaced by tame ones in the
possession of the Muruts. One of the greatest curiosities, the natives
say, is the formation of two mountains, which rise from the plain in
lofty peaks of the shape of needles; they have never been to them,
but have seen them from a distance; they are the pillars of the gate
of some enchanted palace, and I heard it whispered to one of my
men that all were not privileged to see even these pillars; it requires
some incantation; so that there is a chance of the needle mountains
vanishing into thin air.
I may remark that when the natives speak of the journey
sometimes occupying two or three months, they mean for a Murut
party. The reason is that they start with, perhaps, two days’
provisions, and trust to hunting for their food. If they find a spot
where game is plentiful, they stay there till it is exhausted; if the
jungle produce no sport, they live on the cabbages taken from the
palms, on the edible fern, on snakes, or anything, in fact, that they
can find. If they come across bees’ nests, they stop to secure the
wax and honey. Time is of no value to them, as they generally start
after the harvest, and many parties are said to have taken six
months.
It is curious to hear the Islam-converted old Pakatan Japer talk.
He says dreams were sent by God to be a teaching and a warning to
us; when he is going up a river on an expedition, if he dream of his
wife or of his children, or of ascending a river, it is good; if of
descending a river, or of fire, or of anything disagreeable, he is sure
to meet an enemy or some misfortune. If his añgei, or omen bird, cry
to the right, it is good luck; his cried to the right when he left Kanowit
eight years ago, and he has not had a misfortune since. I asked him
how it came to pass then that his house was plundered and burnt
down by the Kayans last year; he was silenced for a moment, and
having waited till the men had had their laugh, he said his people
considered it a punishment for living among the bad Tabuns;[3]
however, the Pakatans have avenged him by burning down a Kayan
village.
It is two p.m., and no sign of Orang Kaya Upit yet; this delay is
very provoking, as we can get no provisions here. Last night, at six, I
sent a party with Orang Kaya Napur down the river to find Kadayan,
an Adang man, and try and induce him to follow us; he promises to
come in the morning. We had a long talk last night about various
matters. Old Japer was telling us of the belief of the wild tribes.
Having been converted, however, he laughs at the follies of his
countrymen, and therefore spoils his narration. His conversion,
however, is but skin deep. He says they believe in antus, or spirits,
one of whom is far greater than the rest; he it was who “made the
woods, the mountains, and the streams, and is above all and over
all.” The Pakatans call him Guha, the Kayans, Totaduñgan.
He denies that head-hunting is a religious ceremony among them;
it is merely to show their bravery and manliness, that it may be said
so and so has obtained heads; when they quarrel, it is a constant
phrase, “How many heads did your father or grandfather get?” If less
than his own number, “Well, then, you have no occasion to be
proud!” That the possession of heads gives them great consideration
as warriors and men of wealth; the skulls being prized as the most
valuable of goods. “Alas! when I was a Kapir (infidel) I took more
than forty heads,” hypocritical sorrow, but real pride, in his tone. He
adds that hunting is the greatest pleasure of the wild tribes, and that
the wild boar is exceedingly fierce, and makes a good fight; it
requires much skill to conquer him. “It is a delight for me to look back
on my hunting days.” The China trader that lives at the Pangkalan
Tarap came and promised his assistance in getting sago, which we
must use as a substitute for rice.
29th.—A little rain last night, and a dirty-looking morning. No
Orang Kaya Upit. We are now opposite the Chinaman’s house. I
shall push on to-morrow morning, guide or no guide, and trust to
their following us.
2 p.m.—Kadayan and a companion have come, and promise to
be guides, but as they have to return to their houses, I have no
confidence that they will follow, but only cause us fresh delays;
however, as I have obtained a pikul[4] of raw sago, and seven
gantangs[5] of beans, I can better afford to wait. They put every
difficulty in the way, and lie like troopers as to the distance, declaring
it to be a journey of six months for us who take food; they say, also,
that they are in debt at Adang, and in debt here. I have given each a
piece of blachu,[6] to buy food for their families; and I have sent a
crew away to try and borrow a couple of sampirs.
30th.—This morning the lazy Orang Kaya Upit joined us with three
men; their omen bird, they said, had uttered a warning cry, and they
had been unable to join me before, an excuse to which I am now
somewhat used.
I am going to try and perform the journey in my own garei, as I
can find no more sampirs at these villages to buy or borrow, and with
a little extra trouble she will do, and be twice as comfortable for me.
Were we to be utterly stopt, the men say we can make some bark
canoes for those that cannot get into the sampirs.
Pangkalan Tarap is becoming an important village, as by orders of
the Pañgeran Tumanggong the people are collecting there to show a
better fight to the Kayans, and now number “two hundred men who
can hold a shield.” The detached house system, so progressive with
security, does not answer in a country exposed to periodical
incursions. It is lamentable to see this fine district, once well
cultivated, now returning to brushwood; formerly, when the
population extended a hundred miles beyond the last village at
present inhabited, the supply of provisions was ample for Brunei;
now that the Muruts are decreasing, while Brunei is perhaps as
numerous as ever, the demands made are too great even for native
forbearance, and in disgust they are gradually abandoning all garden
cultivation; already brushwood is taking the place of bananas and
yams; few of either can now be had. The people say it is useless for
them to plant for others to eat the whole produce.
The aborigines must gradually disappear from this river if the
same process continues, as with food becoming daily scarcer, the
area of cultivation continually lessened, as they fear to move far from
their houses except in large armed parties, on account of the head-
hunting Kayans, their powers of natural increase must be stopped;
add to this their losses from cholera, small-pox, and the enemy, and
we have sufficient data to speculate on their eventual extermination
from the Limbang. They are gradually retreating down the river;
twenty miles of bank have been abandoned during the last two
years.
Nor must it be omitted, that as the nobles are yearly less enabled
to obtain supplies from them, they are selling their children by
dozens into slavery, which enables Brunei to keep up its population.
Directly they arrive there, they are circumcised, and from that
moment care no more for their tribes, whom they despise as infidels,
and they then may be said to have joined the ranks of the
oppressors. No lad could well refuse to turn Mahomedan; he would
be teased to death by his companions, and if he long retained any
affection for his family, he would be ashamed to show it. Generally
they are taken away young, and the girls added to the numerous
concubines of the rajahs: after a year or two they get tired of them,
and give them in marriage to their followers.
At the back of this village is a large pond, and beyond there is
another of far greater extent, which they consider a great protection
against surprise. I am nursing my feet, much knocked about in
ascending Kina Balu, so do not land to examine. Obtained two pikuls
more of sago.
We are pulling up quietly; passed Pangkalan Jawa. The Limbuak
peak bears about W. by S. At the back of the houses, at the foot of
the Ladan range, Orang Kaya Kiei and his family were cut off in a
farmhouse by the Kayans last February. The Kayans set fire to the
rice stalks under the house, and as the family rushed out they were
killed; a few, who either saw the fall of their companions, or were
bewildered by the smoke, stayed in the house and were burnt to
death; ten women and children lost their lives. The mode of death is
conjectured from finding seven headless trunks at the doorway, and
four bodies charred, without losing their heads. The summit of the
Ladan range presents many instances of extensive landslips. Stayed
for bearings at Tampasong. I find but few changes will be necessary
in my previous map, in fact, except in the position of the ranges,
which I am carefully taking, it will not be essentially improved as far
as refers to the direction of the reaches; but as to their length, I think
many we have passed to-day will require shortening. We were here
joined by Kadayan and Si Nuri, two Adang men.
5 p.m.—I am delighted to find myself at Batang Parak, long past
the last houses, and above sixty miles from Brunei. Batang Parak
was formerly inhabited by Chinese, who cultivated pepper; the
Malays say that they gradually died out, no fresh immigrants coming
to recruit their strength, and some of the older Muruts remembered
them well, and could repeat their names. Casual observations,
however, prove that the above was not the way in which the Chinese
always disappeared, as on passing the Madalam, a Bisaya chief
pointed to a hill; formerly, he said, the Chinese built a fort there, but
they were attacked and all killed.
But to return. I can now settle matters myself, and have nobody to
wait for. At about four, the rain and wind came in great force from the
S.W., which is a little unpleasant, but I hope it will not affect the river
above the Madalam. Slight rain continues. The men are on shore,
searching for vegetables, pumpkins, cucumbers, and fruit at the site
of the Tabun village, burnt down last year by the Kayans. The plants
grew up in great strength round the ruins, and afford supplies to
every visitor. This is the fourth time we have helped ourselves, but
to-day the pig-hunters having been before us, there are but few left.
The fruit-trees are covered with a young crop, but none are ripe;
everything, however, is eagerly appropriated by my men, who have
brought but little to eat with their rice. I leave off my journal to turn to
a miserable dinner of dried fish and stale bread, there being no time
to cook, but a bottle of porter made it palatable.
I noticed when passing the deserted village of Blimbing, which
was formerly the residence of my old friend, the Orang Kaya
Panglima Prang, that even the old posts of the houses were
removed; the reason is this, that being made of iron wood they will
last for a century. In fact, in many of the villages they have them,
descended, it is said, from a long line of ancestors, and these they
remove with them wherever they may establish themselves. Time
and wear have reduced many of them to less than five inches in
diameter, the very heart of the tree, now black with age and
exposure.
When I first ascended the Limbang, and spent a few days at the
village of Blimbing, I found a large party of armed men assembled
who were preparing to collect sago palms, which grow in immense
forests at the foot of the Ladan range. They fell the palms there, and
clearing them of leaves, drag them to the banks of the small
streams, and float them to the village. They always say there are two
species of sago palms, one covered with thorns, the other free; the
former is more safe from the attacks of wild pigs, the latter perhaps
more productive. Nature has indeed stocked these countries with
easily acquired food, as this palm, for instance, though improved by
cultivation, will yet reproduce itself in extraordinary abundance.
After the first three or four years, the freshly planted palm is
surrounded by smaller ones springing from its roots, so that when
the time has arrived to secure its sago, which is after about eight
years, there is a crop of young ones approaching maturity; in fact, in
a well managed and old established plantation, a tree can yearly be
cut from the same clump. The natives know directly when the palm is
ripe by the appearance of the flower, but if it be allowed to fruit, the
whole pith is spoilt for the purposes of commerce. At present the
trees in these districts are seldom permitted to pass their fifth year,
as the aborigines fear to penetrate far into the forests, and trust to
those which grow near the banks of the river.
31st.—Got away this morning at 6.20, and arrived at the end of
the west reach, beyond Suñgei Damit at 9.25. Just above Suñgei
Damit is the site of the great Kayan encampment. A force of above
three thousand of these wild warriors, in March and April, 1857, kept
the capital in a state of great alarm: and near here also, on the left
bank, is a famous fish-pond, Luagan Kura, and on its banks are
some grassy slopes, where the Tambadaus, or wild cattle, love to
congregate. I may mention that Mr. De Crespigny reached this spot
in 1857.
There is little to notice, except that the banks are generally flat,
fringed with a low jungle, at the back of which the Muruts formerly
farmed. A stranger passing up the river would be apt to infer that no
population had tenanted this district for a century, as there are no
signs of cultivation, but the natives generally prefer farming in spots
not exposed to floods or intrusion. I have been out deer-snaring in
this neighbourhood, which made me notice that at the back of the
belt of jungle which lines the river banks there are signs of a former
extensive rice-planting.
Sagan on the right bank is a fine hill, perhaps 1,500 feet in height;
between it and Suñgei Damit is the low range of Rudi, running along
the edge of one of the reaches, and terminating a little below the
Damit. This tributary is now very low, there having been but little rain
to the S. E., so that I hope the discoloured water of the Limbang
comes from the Madalam branch. The water, however, is much
higher than it was when we ascended the river last February, as the
Batang rapids are concealed; these rapids are caused by a
collection of logs, mixed with sand and mud, and extend for several
hundred yards.
I noticed the rocks occasionally cropping out of the banks. At the
mouth of the Damit I took the dip and strike: dip N. E. by N., angle
31·5; strike S. E. by E. There is a high peak to the southward (S. by
E.) which is apparently the end of the Molu range; it bends, the
natives say, towards the Limbang: if not, it is a separate range, but
the same that I see from the back of the Consulate at Brunei. I think
that the thousands of pigs which inhabit this jungle contribute to the
discoloration of the water: every night they descend to the banks and
rout up the soft mud into heaps, which are easily washed away by
rain or the rise of the river.
The fish we have caught are all small, though there are fine ones
in the centre of the stream where the net cannot be used: we see
them occasionally rise to the surface, causing a great commotion.
Japer tells me that the people of Adang occasionally obtain their
salt from traders of the east coast, but their usual supply is derived
from salt springs, and this is confirmed by Orang Kaya Upit. Japer
adds that, when head-hunting round the great mountain of Tilong, in
the centre of Borneo, he saw a salt spring that burst from the ground
in a volume of about fifteen inches in diameter, rising three feet, and
then spreading in a shower around: this is the source, he says, of the
Bangermasin, and the reason of its being so called (masin, briny).
He thinks there must be a passage all the way from the sea to cause
this salt spring, and no reasoning will convince him to the contrary:
his companions confirm his belief by their implicit belief. There is
also a large lake at the foot of Tilong; he saw it, but did not go near
it, as it might be the residence of spirits.
At 11.20 we again got under way, and soon reached Naga Surei,
the first stone rapid: to the Orang Kaya Upit this place had a fearful
interest; some years since about a hundred of his countrymen came
down the river to trade in wax, and on their return stopped at this
pebbly bank to cook, and while a party went inland to hunt, others
collected wood. Suddenly three or four hundred Kayans came
sweeping round the point, and were on them before they could
recover from their surprise; seventy lost their lives, but thirty
escaped.
We stopped for the night at 1.45, as the men pulled too late
yesterday, and we must prepare for the rapids and freshes that may
be expected: so I have sent them in inland to collect poles, and
rattans for making ropes to secure us at night during freshes. It is a
good plan whilst travelling in Borneo to make it a general rule to stop
by 2 p.m., as one is never sure of not having showery weather after
that, and unless the men have proper time to erect the tents and
prepare the evening meal whilst fine, they don’t work willingly. (This
journey will show what exceptions are required to general rules.) The
sky is covered with broken clouds, with occasional patches of blue. I
am afraid we shall have more rain, and the river is high enough
already, though that is better than being very low until we get into the
interior, where the rush of waters after heavy rain is terrific.
I think a traveller in Borneo will notice how few spots there are
where birds are to be observed; whilst writing this line a little bird has
perched itself before me, and by its song would induce me to alter
what I have written, but notwithstanding this appeal, I reiterate that
birds are but seldom seen. At certain hours and places a few
pigeons or doves, more rarely crows; along the banks an occasional
wagtail or kingfisher, and a songster in the trees above sometimes
attracts your attention. A solitary teal now and then rises from the
least frequented rivers, and the kite sails slowly above us.
Hornbills are seen round mountains, and sparrows abound in
grassy plains near the sea; some species are now and then
abundant, as a white crane (padi bird, or Kanawei), and various
kinds of curlew (pimpin), but on the whole, birds are rare. In some
districts pheasants and partridges are caught in snares, but as they
are birds which merely run along the surface of the ground, flying
being almost out of the question in the thick underwood, they are
only noticed when brought in by the natives. Monkeys in the northern
part of Borneo are also rarely observed. In the Limbang river I have
seen but few: an occasional baboon, a few wawahs in the Madalam
branch, and a large reddish monkey at about 1,000 feet up Molu. At
Kina Balu I do not remember any. In Sarawak, however, they are
plentiful.
Pigs are very numerous here, and wild cattle and deer are also
abundant. We have as yet seen no traces of alligators, though in the
Madalam branch they are said to abound, and last spring I saw a
very large one; it was a disgusting-looking object, a great fat slimy-
looking thing,—a tail stuck on a hogshead. They are not, however,
dreaded, as they can obtain a very plentiful supply of food from the
pigs which constantly swim from bank to bank. Otherwise, it would
be unpleasant to have to steer a boat, as the man-devouring reptile
strikes his victim from the stern with a blow of his tail. This happened
to an unfortunate Malay in the Siol branch of the Sarawak, who was
pulling up that river with his wife in a small canoe.
The death of this man drew attention to the monster alligator I
have previously referred to, and Mr. Crookshank and Sadam, a very
courageous Malay, went down to place a bait on the banks of the
Siol. When this was done, they pulled back, Mr. Crookshank
steering. They had seen nothing of their enemy, so that Sadam
jumped up, and, flourishing his spear, began in a loud voice to defy
the alligator, using very insulting terms. Suddenly he dropt his
weapon and seizing his paddle, began pulling away with might and
main, for the animal had just risen to the surface of the water not
twenty yards from the boat.
Though the steersman’s position was by no means an agreeable
one, Mr. Crookshank could not help laughing at the change of
countenance of his companion, who excused himself by saying it
was the suddenness of his challenge being accepted that made him
pull away in an excited manner. “But now,” he added, rising to his
feet, “let him show himself again, and I will not attempt to run.” He
had scarcely uttered the words, when the alligator, which was
accustomed to follow boats, again rose to the surface. There was no
more boasting, but a frantic attempt to get out of the Siol branch.
The alligator took the bait, but got rid of the long rattan fastened to
it, by accidentally or purposely winding it round a tree, then breaking
it off. However, though his body was not secured, it was most
probable he died from the lacerations of the stomach caused by his
endeavours to break the rattan, as I have not heard of his being
seen since. It was up the Siol branch that a place was found where
the body of one of his victims appeared to have been beaten, to
break the bones, previously to swallowing. The Malays say the
alligators do it by repeated blows of their ponderous head; in fact,
one of the large teeth of the reptile was found snapped off on the
above-mentioned spot.
As I have told the story of Sadam’s alarm at the sudden
appearance of the alligator, I ought in justice to him, to mention an
occurrence which took place last year. He and his brother Dand were
wandering near Tanjong Po, a rocky point near the entrance of the
Sarawak river, when they came to a cave; hearing some movement
inside, they entered, and saw two huge alligators at the farther end.
Knowing that these ferocious reptiles are not very active, except on
soft mud, or in the water, they determined to attack them. They were
armed with spears and swords, and entering the cave, Sadam
approached the first beast, and actively springing clear to avoid its
rush, drove his spear into the soft side, and with his brother’s aid
soon severed the head from its body. Encouraged by their success
they advanced to attack the second, which was vainly endeavouring
to escape over the broken rocks, and soon succeeded in destroying
it.
I was conversing one day with a French priest who had resided
many years in Siam, and he told me he had seen men there catch
the alligator in the following manner:—In the upper Menam, where
the river is broad and shallow, but with deep pools occasionally, the
alligators are both numerous and fierce; yet the inhabitants, who are
very fond of eating the flesh, pursue them with great courage and
skill. Six or seven men proceed to a pool where one of these reptiles
is supposed to lurk, and with long poles, sound every portion of it; if
an animal be there he is soon disturbed, and driven towards the
shallower part of the river, even to the sandbanks, where expert men
throw their lassoes round his feet and tail. When they think him
somewhat exhausted, a bold hunter, springing on the alligator’s
back, places his hands over the creature’s eyes, which then always
remains quiet. A noose is quickly slipped over his head, and the
animal hauled ashore.
Alligators lay their eggs in the jungle. I remember hearing the late
Mr. Brereton tell the following story: He was one day hunting in the
jungle near the Sakarang fort, when his dogs gave tongue. He
followed up quickly, and found they had disturbed a female alligator
laying her eggs. Directly she saw him, she gave chase, and he had
some difficulty in getting away from her, though the dogs distracted
her attention.
Alligators very seldom attack boats, but a case occurred in the
Sambas river, where a man was dragged out of a large prahu from
among twenty of his companions. My own party was never in danger
from them but once, when a large alligator rose within three feet of
the boat; but before he could do anything, I had put a rifle-ball into
his side, as I happened at that moment to be looking out for a shot at
them on the mud banks.
Having stopped so early, we had plenty of leisure-time on our
hands; and being seated on a pretty pebbly bank, I commenced a
game of ducks and drakes in the water, in which I was soon joined
by the whole party—it afforded them great amusement. I may here
remark that you may allow this kind of freedom with your native
followers, without their ever taking advantage of it another time. If
they see you inclined to chat, or to amuse yourself with them, they
are delighted; if you desire to be quiet, they never disturb you by any
intrusion or undue familiarity.
My cook Ahtan, who was very much annoyed last night by having
to set before me so poor a dinner as stale bread and salt fish,
determined, as he had a long afternoon before him, to devote it to
cooking, particularly as I always divided it into two portions, one for
him, and one for myself. The curry he produced was admirable, and
having secured a cucumber last night, he was enabled to add what
the Malays call a sambal, of which there are many kinds; the one he
made was of the sliced cucumber, and green and red chillies cut into
fine threads; others are of dried salt fish finely powdered, or fish
roes, or hard-boiled eggs, or the tender shoots of the bamboo, but
with all, or nearly all, red or green chillies are added. The most
delicious I have ever seen put on table was made of prawns about
an inch long, partly boiled, then seasoned with freshly prepared curry
mixture, and at last slightly moved over the fire in a frying-pan, taking
care not to burn it; if chillies are added judiciously, so as not to
render it too fiery, it causes a keen appetite to all but a confirmed
invalid.
Malay cookery is sometimes very tasty; I remember spending a
fortnight in the Sultan’s palace, and we were fed daily from his
kitchen; sometimes the stewed fowls were admirable, and there was
a particular kind of rice-cake sent in very hot, which was delicious.
But the triumph of Malay cookery is to send in the sambals in
perfection, particularly the one called blachang; the best is
composed of the very finest prawns, caught, I imagine, soon after
the little ones have burst from their eggs, and pounded up with red
chillies, and a little ginger. Coarser kinds are made from the larger
prawn, or even from the smallest fish caught on the river’s banks.
Sometimes the material is first exposed to the sun in order to be
completely dried, or it would not keep or mix very well, though it is
often soaked till nearly decomposed, and that is perhaps the
favourite way when it emits a rather powerful scent, but it is very
tasty. Prawns and fish are cooked in a great variety of ways, but
roasting them over a fire as abobs, is an excellent fashion, if you first
sprinkle them with curry mixture.
I have mentioned the admirable curry which Ahtan put before me;
perhaps I ought to explain how we make that dish in the Far East; it
appears a very different thing from what I have tasted in England
under the name of curry: a fowl is cut up into small pieces, and four
dried and two green onions, five chillies, half a turmeric, one
teaspoonful of coriander seed, one of white cumin, and one of sweet
cumin are provided. You must well pound the seeds, turmeric and
chillies, and slice the onions fine; then take the saucepan, and after
buttering it, slightly brown the onions, then add the pounded
ingredients with just sufficient water to reduce them to a paste, and
throw in the fowl and well mix them up, till the meat has a yellow tint,
and lastly, add the cocoa-nut milk, and boil till the curry be
thoroughly cooked. I hope my teaching is sufficiently clear to be
understood, but I must add, the cocoa-nut milk is made by scraping
the meat of half of an old nut very fine, then soaking it in warm water,
and after squeezing out the milk, throw the fibre away. I watched the
whole process of cooking with great interest, and almost fancy I
could make a curry myself.
After dark, while the men were sitting in their tents, I had a talk
with the Orang Kaya Upit about the treatment of the aborigines. Now
that we are away from the influence of the rajahs, he will speak out,
and tell me anecdotes that otherwise would never reach my ears:
they are admirably illustrative of the present method of governing
this country. A few years ago, a Murut of the Limpasong village killed
a tax-gatherer. There was little doubt that the Murut could only
excuse himself by urging oppression; and that had he been seized
and executed, nothing could very well be said on the subject; but the
present Sultan thought differently: instead of killing the offending
Murut, he determined to destroy the village of about two hundred
souls. He collected a force of Malays to attack the houses from the
river, and promised the Muruts the heads, slaves, and plunder, if
they attacked by land. The Limpasong people surrounded by a
couple of thousand men had no chance; they made a slight
resistance, then fled. The Muruts in the woods fell upon them, killed
about fifty, and took about the same number of women and children
prisoners; the rest escaped. The Orang Kaya thought nothing of this;
but the grievance was that the Sultan took away all the prisoners as
his slaves, and likewise defrauded the Muruts of the most valuable
plunder.
Again, in 1850, the nephew of the late Sultan was dunning a
Bisaya for an imaginary debt; the man, to escape annoyance, tried to
jump out of the verandah, when a follower of the noble wounded him
with a sharp stick. This roused his friends, and they killed the whole
party. Directly they had done so, they remembered the gravity of the
act, and formed a league with the neighbouring villages to resist the
force that was sure to attack them from the capital. They erected a
stockade, and a few of their bravest men defended it for a short time:
there was much firing and great beating of gongs, but little damage.
The noise, however, frightened the Bisayas and Muruts, and they
fled; but as they left the stockade, Orang Kaya Upit fired his musket,
and killed a Bornean. This was enough to prevent all idea of pursuit.
Now was the time for the wily Makota to settle matters: he sent a
flag of truce, and after some discussion, it was agreed that four
persons should be given up to suffer death in satisfaction for those
who were killed with the Sultan’s nephew. Now comes the infamous
part of the story. The aborigines gave up a stranger, who had
married in the country, and who had had nothing whatever to do with
the original murders: they gave him up, with his wife, his grandfather,
and grandmother, and his two children—the last were kept as slaves
by Makota, the other four executed.
I mentioned the Sultan’s nephew was dunning for an imaginary
debt: I must explain this. There is a system in this country called
“serra,” or “serra dagang,” or forced trade, which I have before
referred to, but it is carried on in the neighbourhood of the capital to
an extent unknown elsewhere. Every noble of any influence that
thinks proper goes to a tribe with some cloth, and calling the chief,
orders him to divide it among his tribe; he then demands as its price
from twenty to a hundred times its value. He does not expect to get
the whole at once, but it enables him to dun the tribe for years after.
Not content with taking their goods for these imaginary debts, they
constantly seize their young children and carry them off as slaves.
The tribe who killed the Sultan’s nephew had actually paid their serra
to thirty-three different nobles that year, and had been literally
stripped of all their food, before giving way to passion, they
destroyed the whole party above referred to.
Makota was enabled to settle the matter quickly, because without
the food they get from Limbang, the capital would starve. I little
thought that within three months of my writing the above lines,
Makota would likewise have lost his life by his infamous oppressions.
A system very much encouraged by the Borneans is to induce the
Orang Kayas to sell as slaves all the orphans of a tribe, or the
children of any poor Murut who cannot pay his debts: they are
systematically corrupting the tribes. In hearing these stories of the
Sultan and his nobles, which, I may add, I have no doubt are quite
correctly and fairly told by the Muruts, as I have often heard the
same or similar ones from the Borneans, I was reminded of the old
Malay saying of the four qualities which a ruler should possess. The
Borneans, though they know the words, have forgotten the spirit: a
sovereign should be brave, just, patient, and yet possess the power
of being angry.
Old Japer makes me long to visit the great mountain of Tilong. I
asked him to give me some idea of it; he answered, “Imagine the flat
summit of Kina Balu carried higher till it ended in a peak;” it is
occasionally white at the top, but rarely remains so for many hours
after sunrise, so it does not reach the regions of perpetual snow. I
should like to organize an expedition to explore it; he says it is quite
practicable. I may even see the great diamond now in the hands of a
Malau chief, who would even give it me if I would help him to destroy
a Malay noble who attacked his house in order to get possession of
this famous stone: the Malay was driven off, not however before he
had lodged a ball in the jaw of the Malau chief. “To avenge this
wound he would give you anything.” I told him I would go to see the
mountain and the diamond, if he would take me; but he says he
hopes to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca towards the end of the
year, if I will assist him. He wants to see the land that “God made
holy, and where He performed so many wonderful works.” He fears
that, as now he is an old man, he may die without fulfilling the desire
of his life.
Speaking of the Malau diamond reminds me of the famous one
formerly said to be possessed by the Sultan of Matan, for which he
was offered immense sums. Borneo, however, has always been
famous for its diamonds, which are worked at the present time by the
Chinese and Malays at Landak, a country lying farther inland than
Sambas; and there are two streams in Sarawak, the Santah, and a
branch of the Quop, where diamonds of a very fine water have been
found, but those places have not yet been regularly explored.
Occasionally very pretty diamonds are brought over from the Dutch
territories to Sarawak, but I have seldom examined them. It is never
safe to trust to reports respecting diamonds; for instance, I was once
informed that a noble in Brunei had a very large diamond which he
wished to part with, but when we came to examine it, we found it
was a pinkish topaz, as large as a pullet’s egg, and he asked a
thousand pounds for it.

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Wireless Computing in Medicine From

Nano to Cloud with Ethical and Legal

Genomics and society ethical legal cultural and

Clinical Neurotechnology meets Artificial Intelligence

The American Way of Bombing Changing Ethical and Legal

Cognitive enhancement ethical and policy implications

Animals In Brazil Economic Legal and Ethical

Introduction to Generative AI: An ethical, societal,

Epigenetics Ethical Legal and Social Aspects 1st

Phenotypic Switching: Implications in Biology and

Eshaghian‐Wilner—Bio‐Inspired and Nanoscale Integrated Computing

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for

Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India

Printed in the United States of America

2 Nanocomputing and Cloud Computing 17

PART II PERVASIVE WIRELESS COMPUTING

4 Diagnostic Improvements: Treatment and Care 79

5 Collaborative Opportunistic Sensing of Human Behavior

5.1 Health and Mobile Sensing, 107

6 Pervasive Computing to Support Individuals with

6.1 Introduction, 137

7 Wireless Power for Implantable Devices: A Technical Review 187

7.1 Introduction, 187

8 Energy‐Efficient Physical Activity Detection in Wireless

8.1 Introduction, 211

9 Markov Decision Process for Adaptive Control

9.1 Introduction, 263

PART III NANOSCALE WIRELESS COMPUTING

10.1 Introduction, 299

10.5 Biocompatibility, 309

11 Nanomedicine Using Magneto‐Electric Nanoparticles 323

11.1 Introduction, 323

12 DNA Computation in Medicine 359

12.1 Background for the Non‐Biologist, 359

13 Graphene‐Based Nanosystems for the Detection of Proteinic

13.1 Introduction, 377

13.4 Conclusion and Perspectives, 389

14 Modeling Brain Disorders in Silicon Nanotechnologies 401

14.1 Introduction, 401

15 Linking Medical Nanorobots to Pervasive Computing 431

15.1 Introduction, 431

15.8 Medical Nanorobotics and Pervasive Computing—Main

16 Nanomedicine’s Transversality: Some Implications of

16.1 Introduction, 447

PART IV ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF WIRELESS

17.1 Introduction, 475

18 The Ethics of Ubiquitous Computing in Health Care 507

18.1 Introduction, 507

18.4 Ethical Reflections, 521

19 Privacy Protection of Electronic Healthcare

20 Ethical, Privacy, and Intellectual Property Issues

20.1 Introduction, 567

PART V CONCLUSION 601

21.1 Wireless Computing in Health Care, 603

Adnane Abdelghani, Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Institute of Applied

Edgar Chavez, Department of Computer Sciences, Ensenada Center for Scientific

Sylvain Martel, Department of Computer Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal,

2 Nanocomputing and Cloud Computing 17

PART II PERVASIVE WIRELESS COMPUTING

4 Diagnostic Improvements: Treatment and Care 79

7 Wireless Power for Implantable Devices: A Technical Review 187

PART III NANOSCALE WIRELESS COMPUTING

11 Nanomedicine Using Magneto‐Electric Nanoparticles 323

12 DNA Computation in Medicine 359

14 Modeling Brain Disorders in Silicon Nanotechnologies 401

15 Linking Medical Nanorobots to Pervasive Computing 431

PART IV ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF WIRELESS

18 The Ethics of Ubiquitous Computing in Health Care 507

PART V CONCLUSION 601