Biology

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2 HSC m„Rbkxj m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ TEST PAPERS with SUGGESTIONS + BANK
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GBPGmwm cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ : m„Rbkxj ---------------------------------------------------------------- 5-21
19. XvKv †evW© 2021.................................................................................................................................... 5
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21. h‡kvi †evW© 2021.................................................................................................................................. 7
22. Kzwgjøv †evW© 2021.................................................................................................................................. 8
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25. ewikvj †evW© 2021 .............................................................................................................................. 11
26. w`bvRcyi †evW© 2021 ............................................................................................................................ 12
27. gqgbwmsn †evW© 2021 .......................................................................................................................... 13
28. XvKv †evW© 2019.................................................................................................................................. 14
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31. Kzwgjøv †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................... 17
32. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................... 18
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35. w`bvRcyi †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................ 21
GBPGmwm cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb ---------------------------------------------- 22-38
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62. gqgbwmsn †evW© 2021 .......................................................................................................................... 30
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66. Kzwgjøv †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................... 34
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G·K¬zwmf g‡Wj †U÷ : m„Rbkxj-------------------------------------------------------------------- 39-43
1. G·K¬wz mf g‡Wj †U÷ 01 ....................................................................................................................... 39
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5. G·K¬wz mf g‡Wj †U÷ 05 ....................................................................................................................... 43
G·K¬zwmf g‡Wj †U÷ I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb---------------------------------------------------- 44-48
6. G·K¬wz mf g‡Wj †U÷ 06 ....................................................................................................................... 44
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10. G·K¬wz mf g‡Wj †U÷ 10 ....................................................................................................................... 48
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GBPGmwm cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ : m„Rbkxj -------------------------------------------------------------- 50-66
19. XvKv †evW© 2021.................................................................................................................................. 50
20. ivRkvnx †evW© 2021 ............................................................................................................................. 51
21. h‡kvi †evW© 2021................................................................................................................................ 52
22. Kzwgjøv †evW© 2021................................................................................................................................ 53
23. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2021 ............................................................................................................................... 54
24. wm‡jU †evW© 2021................................................................................................................................ 55
25. ewikvj †evW© 2021 .............................................................................................................................. 56
26. w`bvRcyi †evW© 2021 ............................................................................................................................ 57
27. gqgbwmsn †evW© 2021 .......................................................................................................................... 58
28. XvKv †evW© 2019.................................................................................................................................. 59
29. ivRkvnx †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................. 60
30. h‡kvi †evW© 2019................................................................................................................................ 61
31. Kzwgjøv †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................... 62
32. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................... 63
33. wm‡jU †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................... 64
34. ewikvj †evW© 2019 .............................................................................................................................. 65
35. w`bvRcyi †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................ 66
GBPGmwm cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb ---------------------------------------------- 67-83
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57. Kzwgjøv †evW© 2021................................................................................................................................ 70
58. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2021 ............................................................................................................................... 71
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60. ewikvj †evW© 2021 .............................................................................................................................. 73
61. w`bvRcyi †evW© 2021 ............................................................................................................................ 74
62. gqgbwmsn †evW© 2021 .......................................................................................................................... 75
63. XvKv †evW© 2019.................................................................................................................................. 76
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65. h‡kvi †evW© 2019................................................................................................................................ 78
66. Kzwgjøv †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................... 79
67. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................... 80
68. wm‡jU †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................... 81
69. ewikvj †evW© 2019 .............................................................................................................................. 82
70. w`bvRcyi †evW© 2019 ............................................................................................................................ 83
G·K¬zwmf g‡Wj †U÷ : m„Rbkxj-------------------------------------------------------------------- 84-88
1. G·K¬wz mf g‡Wj †U÷ 01 ....................................................................................................................... 84
2. G·K¬wz mf g‡Wj †U÷ 02 ....................................................................................................................... 85
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5. G·K¬wz mf g‡Wj †U÷ 05 ....................................................................................................................... 88
G·K¬zwmf g‡Wj †U÷ I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb---------------------------------------------------- 89-93
6. G·K¬wz mf g‡Wj †U÷ 06 ....................................................................................................................... 89
7. G·K¬wz mf g‡Wj †U÷ 07 ....................................................................................................................... 90
8. G·K¬wz mf g‡Wj †U÷ 08 ....................................................................................................................... 91
9. G·K¬wz mf g‡Wj †U÷ 09 ....................................................................................................................... 92
10. G·K¬wz mf g‡Wj †U÷ 10 ....................................................................................................................... 93
4 HSC m„Rbkxj m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ TEST PAPERS with SUGGESTIONS + BANK
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6 HSC m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ TEST PAPERS with SUGGESTIONS + BANK
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22 Kzwgjøv †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

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23 PÆMÖvg †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

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24 wm‡jU †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

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25 ewikvj †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

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26 w`bvRcyi †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

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N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ A †_‡K wPÎ B ˆZwii cÖwµqvwU †cÖvwUb K. gvB‡mwjqvg Kx? 1
Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y © we‡kølY Ki| 4 L. GM km¨ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
2 M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Avjyi Pviv ˆZwi wKfv‡e m¤¢e? e¨vL¨v
Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ W. wgRvb Gi cÖhyw³wUi m¤¢vebv e¨vL¨v
Ki| 4
B D 6  iwn‡gi R¡i n‡jv| Wv³vi i³ cixÿv K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki‡jb
R¡‡ii Kvi‡Y GKwU GK‡Kvlx AYyRxe hv ¯¿x gkKxi g‡a¨
ˆZwi nq| †mwU gvby‡li hK…Z †Kvl Ges †jvwnZ i³
KwYKv‡K aŸsm K‡i †`q|
A C
K. fvBivm Kx? 1
K. †Kvl Pµ Kx? 1 L. Pteris cÖRvwZ‡K †Uwi‡WvdvBU ejv nq †Kb? 2
L. AYyRxe ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ RxevYywUi A‡giæ`Ðx †cvl‡K †h Rbb
M. A Gi cieZ©x avc B Ges C Gi cieZ©x Dcavc D Gi cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
wPwýZ wPÎ AuvK| 3 N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ RxevYywUi RxebP‡µ Rbyµg e¨vL¨v
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ C wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z †KvlwefvRb Rxe‡`‡ni Ki| 4
êwPÎ¨ Avbq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L Kx? gZvgZ 7 
we‡kølY Ki| 4
3
A
K. cøvRwgW Kx? 1
L. †iw÷ªKkb GbRvBg‡K AvYweK KuvwP ejv nq †Kb? 2
Fig : M Fig : N M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'A' ˆZwii avç‡jv eY©bv Ki| 3
K. mwµq †kvlY Kx? 1 N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ c×wZwU cÖ‡qvRbxq ˆRee¯‘ Drcv`‡b
L. B‡KvjwRK¨vj wcivwgW ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡Lwe‡kølY Ki| 4
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎ M Gi weKvk eY©bv Ki| 3 8  A  ¯^‡fvRx, cvBwib‡qW, †nvìdv÷
N. Dw™¢‡` dj I exR ˆZwi‡Z DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎ `ywUi B  g„ZRxex, ivB‡Rvgd©, wMj
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we‡kølY Ki| 4 K. wjfvi IqvU© Kx? 1
4  Dw™¢‡ì g~j KZ…©K †kvwlZ cvwbi AwZwi³ cvwb mvaviYZ L. wnj wewµqv ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
cvZvi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z GKwU wbw`©ó A‡½i gva¨‡g evqygÐ‡j gy³ M. †Zvgvi wm‡jev‡m ewY©Z DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'A' RxewUi
nq| MVb ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Ki| 3
K. jvB‡Kb Kx? 1 N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'A' RxewUi cywó cÖwµqv 'B' A‡cÿv
L. Aw·‡WwUf d‡Uvdm‡dvivB‡jkb ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 AwaKZi DbœZ †Zvgvi gZvg‡Zi mc‡ÿ hyw³ `vI| 4
†mU : L 32 PÆMÖvg †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

1  A e¨vOvwP AvK…wZi GKwU A‡Kvlxq mËv| Gi g¯Í‡Ki †fZi 5  W. †Rmwgb ˆRecÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Ggb
cu¨vPv‡bv m~Zvi gZ ˆRe AYy we`¨gvb| Z‡e Av‡iK ai‡bi GKwU Avw`‡Kvlx AYyRx‡ei K_v D‡jøL Ki‡jb hvi e„nr
Avw`‡Kvlx AYyRxe B †Z A mËvwUi msL¨v e„w× N‡U| DNA Qvov ÿz`ª GKwU e„ËvKvi DNA AYy _v‡K|
K. wfwiqb Kx? 1 K. †iw÷ªKkb GbRvBg Kx? 1
L. mvBR›U Kx  e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 L. K¨vjvm Kxe¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ ˆRe AYyi †fŠZ MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AYyRxewUi wPwýZ wPÎ AuvK| 3
N. gvwUi De©iZv n«vm-e„w×‡Z DÏxc‡Ki B AYyRx‡ei ¸iæZ¡ N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AYywU ˆRecÖhyw³‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
we‡kølY Ki| 4
cvjb K‡i  we‡kølY Ki| 4
2
CH
3
CH
2 CH 2
6  wgbv KuvVvj Mv‡Qi Kv‡Ð `„pfv‡e hy³ A‡bKUv e„ËvKvi _¨vjvm
6 CH OH
2
CH CH CH
2 jÿ¨ Kij| meyR I AmeyR `yÕai‡bi Dw™¢‡ì mnAe¯’v‡bi
1 CH OH
2
CH
C O H O H
3
d‡j GwU m„ó| K‡qK w`b ci wgbv Zv‡ì †Mvqvj N‡ii
C 1 C C 2 C CH3
†cQ‡b mv`v‡U QvZvi b¨vq Dw™¢` Rš§v‡Z †`Lj|
C O
C C CH OH
K. AvB‡mvM¨vgx Kv‡K e‡j? 1
C 2
A OH B
L. †nvìdv÷ Kxe¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K. Pwe©i msÁv `vI| 1
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †Mvqvj N‡ii †cQ‡b Rš§v‡bv Dw™¢`wUi
L. GbRvB‡gi Kv‡Ri †KŠk‡j Induced fit Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 wPwýZ wPÎ AsKb Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡K A AYywUi m„wó cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z _¨vjvm m„wó‡Z mswkøó `yÕai‡bi Dw™¢‡ì
N. Rxe‡`‡n DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ B AYyi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki|4 f‚wgKvB ¸iæZ¡c~Y
© we‡kølY Ki| 4
3 7
A B
K. G·vBb Kx? 1
A B
L. A¨v‡cv‡¯úvwi Kxe¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K. B›Uvi‡dR Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm Kx e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 M. DÏxcK 'A' †Z 'X' m„wói avç‡jv wPwýZ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
M. DÏxc‡K B wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z `kvi cieZ©x `kvwUi †`LvI| 3
êwkó¨¸‡jv wjL| 3 N. DÏxcK 'B' †Z wb‡`©wkZ 'Y' m„wói cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we‡kølY
N. A wP‡Îi †Kvl wefvRb êwPÎ¨ m„wó K‡iwe‡kølY Ki| 4 Ki| 4
4  w`bv A I B `ywU Dw™¢` ch©‡eÿY Kij| A-†Z e„°vKvi 8
civMavbx †`Lj Ges B-†Z cvj‡Ki b¨vq Mf©gyÐ †`L‡Z 3 5
†cj|
5 3 5 3
K. †iYycÎ Kx? 1 A B
L. RxešÍ Rxevk¥ Kx e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. Kzc Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'B' Dw™¢‡ì dz‡ji cy®úcÖZxK AsKb L. i¨vdvBW Kxe¨vL¨v Ki| 2
Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡K 'A' Gi Abyiƒc AYy m„wói cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢`mg~n gvbe Rxe‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© N. êwkó¨ cÖKv‡k DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'B' Gi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i we‡kølY Ki| 4 Ki| 4
†mU : M 33 wm‡jU †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

1  GKRb wkÿv_©x Dw™¢` I cÖvwY‡Kv‡li wPÎ ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z M. bgybv B Gi MV‡b QvZvi gZ †`nwU Rbb Kv‡h© ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
wM‡q Dw™¢`‡Kv‡l GKwU cÖvPxi †`L‡Z †cj hv cÖvwY‡Kv‡l  e¨vL¨v `vI| 3
†bB| Avevi cÖvPx‡ii wfZ‡i GwU c`©v †`L‡Z †cj, hv N. bgy b v A I B Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU B‡Kvwm‡÷‡g AwaK
cÖvwY‡Kvl‡KI Ave„Z K‡i †i‡L‡Q| GB c`©v m¤ú‡K© co‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y©  we‡kølY Ki| 4
wM‡q †`Lj, m~² MV‡b GKwU †gvRvBK m`„k| 5  A = gc. Dgc. cy2 cys3+3M1
K. SSBP Kx? 1

L. †Kvl‡K Rxe‡`‡ni MVb Ges Kv‡Ri GKK ejv nq †Kb? 2 B =  De„5 e„(5) `5 cys()M(5)
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvPxiwUi †fŠZ MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 K. cy®úcÎ web¨vm Kx? 1
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ c`©vwU‡K †Kb †gvRvBK m`„k ejv L. Ø¨MÖ kvLvwš^ Z ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
n‡q‡Q  we‡kølY Ki| 4 M. A I B ms‡K‡Zi Dw™¢`¸wj †h †Mv‡Îi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i
Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki| 3
2  wg. 'X' êÁvwbK `ªe¨vwì †`vKvb n‡Z A I B ivmvqwbK
N. B ms‡K‡Zi Dw™¢`wUi Dce„wË fvj‡fU, e„wZ fvj‡fU, `j
c`v_© mg„× `ywU c¨v‡KU wKb‡jb| A I B c¨v‡K‡U cÖvß
UzB‡÷W Ges Agivweb¨vm Aÿxq n‡j Zvi cy®ú cÖZxK
e¯‘‡Z ivmvqwbK c`v_© h_vµ‡g 6-Kve©b wewkó A¨vj‡WvR †Kgb n‡e AsKb K‡i †`LvI| 4
Ges wK‡UvR myMvi| c`v_© `ywU ci¯úi AvB‡mvgvi n‡jI 6 
cÖ_gwU mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq Drcbœ nq Ges wØZxqwU Mø‡y KvR cvBiæwfK A¨vwmW 38 AYy ATP
mivmwi Drcbœ nq bv| (1 AYy) (2 AYy)
K. wjwcW Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. ÔmKj GbRvBgB †cÖvwUb wKš‘ mKj †cÖvwUb GbRvBg bqÕ mvB‡UvcøvRg gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
 †Kb? 2 K. AvËxK…Z kw³ Kx? 1
M. A I B c¨v‡K‡Ui e¯‘‡Z cÖvß ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i MvVwbK L. d‡UvjvBwmm ej‡Z Kx ey S ? 2
ms‡KZmn eY©bv Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡Ki mvB‡UvcøvR‡g msNwUZ cÖwµqvwU †iLvwP‡Îi
N. DÏxc‡K mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq Drcbœ c`v_©wU wKfv‡e mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki| 3
ˆZwi nq Zv mij wewµqvi gva¨‡g we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡Ki gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z Drcbœ ATP-Gi wnmve
we‡kølY Ki| 4
3  DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU jÿ Ki
7  W. 'X' M‡elYvMv‡i exR QvovB A Dw™¢‡ì AmsL¨ Pviv ˆZwi
K‡ib Ges W. 'Y' B Dw™¢‡` weUv K¨v‡ivwUb Ges Avqib
a ˆZwii wRb mshy³ K‡i bZzb RvZ ˆZwi K‡ib|
b
K. UwU‡cv‡UwÝ Kx? 1
L. cøvRwgW‡K †f±i ejv nq †Kb? 2
Q M. K…wli Dbœq‡b A Dw™¢‡ì †ÿ‡Î eën„Z cÖhyw³i eënvi
Fig : P Fig : Q wjL| 3
K. †¯úv‡ivwdj Kx? 1 N. B Dw™¢‡ì †ÿ‡Î eën„Z cÖhyw³wU eZ©gv‡b wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î
L. eªv‡qvdvBUv‡K DfPi Dw™¢` ejv nq †Kb? 2 Ges Aciva `g‡b e¨vcKfv‡e eën„Z n‡”Qwe‡kølY
M. DÏxc‡Ki P Ges Q Gi cv_©K¨ wjL| 3 Ki| 4
N. DÏxc‡Ki P Dw™¢`wUi a Ges b Ask †hŠbRb‡b Kx f‚wgKv 8  ivRkvnx AÂ‡ji GKwU K‡j‡Ri QvÎ-QvÎxiv wkÿvmd‡i
iv‡L  we‡kølY Ki| 4 GKwU e‡b wM‡q, Zvi Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ n«vm †`‡L nZvk nj| wkÿK
4  bgybv-A : m~ÎvKvi †`n, †µv‡ivcøv÷ Mv‡W©j AvK…wZi, ej‡jb Avgv‡ì Ges Avgv‡ì fwel¨Z cÖR‡š§i Rb¨ GB
AkvLvwš^Z| Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
bgybv-B : QvZvK…wZi †`n, wKQy cÖRvwZ Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e eën„Z K. †Mg wiRvf© Kx? 1
nq| L. kw³i cÖ e vn GKgy L x †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wkÿ‡Ki Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
K. cwiPµ Kx? 1
N. DwjøwLZ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msiÿ‡Y †Zvgvi f‚wgKv
L. ˆkev‡ji †`n‡K _¨vj‡qW ejv nq †Kb? 2
we‡kølY Ki| 4
†mU : N 34 ewikvj †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

1  D cÖwµqv : 5
avb, Avg, Rvg
A
5 3
kK©iv
B
B¶z, fzÆv, gy_vNvm
K. k¦mb Kx? 1
L. †n‡U‡ivgiwdK Rbyµg ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
wPò : B
M. DÏxc‡Ki B Dw™¢`¸‡jvi cvZvq msNwUZ Lv`¨ ˆZwii
K. mvBb¨vcwmm Kx? 1 cÖwµqv QK AvKv‡i †`LvI| 3
L. †R‡bwUK †KvW‡K wUªc‡jU †KvW ejv nq †Kb? 2 N. DÏxc‡Ki A I B MÖæ‡ci Dw™¢‡ì g‡a¨ CO2 weRvi‡Yi
M. DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z 'B' Gi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 wfwË‡Z my¯úó êmv`„k¨ i‡q‡Qwe‡kølY Ki| 4
N. DÏxc‡Ki D cÖwµqvi ˆRweK ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4 6  cÖPÐ Mi‡gi w`‡b `yc‡y i eo Mv‡Qi wb‡P wKQyUv kxZj Abyfe
2  Kj‡qW cÖK…wZi GKwU Dcv`vb hv Rxe‡`‡ni MvVwbK Dcv`vb Kij iv‡mj| ciw`b K¬v‡m Gi KviY Rvb‡Z PvB‡j wkÿK
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Ab¨ GKwU ˆRe c`v_© hv Dw™¢`‡`‡ni ej‡jb †h, GK cÖKvi i‡Üªi ga¨ w`‡q cvwb ev®ú AvKv‡i
†KvlcÖvPx‡ii g~j MvVwbK Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e f‚wgKv iv‡L| †ewi‡q cwi‡ek kxZj iv‡L|
K. wØwb‡lK Kx? 1
K. †Kv-GbRvBg Kx? 1
L. TCA Pµ ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
L. K‡jiv AvµvšÍ †ivMxi wWnvB‡Wªkb †`Lv †`q †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ i‡Üªi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wØZxq Dcv`vbwUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki kvixiZvwË¡K cÖwµqvwU Dw™¢` Rxe‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© 
N. Rxe‡`‡n cÖ_g Dcv`vbwUi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4 we‡kølY Ki| 4
3  K…wlwe` †Kvievb GKwU †ivMvµvšÍ Avjy‡ÿZ cwi`k©‡b wM‡q 7
†`L‡Z †c‡jb Mv‡Qi cvZv Kvj‡P ev`vgx eY© aviY K‡i‡Q|
GQvov †ÿ‡Zi cv‡k cPv AveR©bvi Dc‡i QvZv AvK…wZi wKQy
mgv½‡`nx Acy®úK Dw™¢Ì Zvi `„wó‡MvP‡i G‡jv|
A B
K. myßve¯’v Kx? 1
L. Aw·‡WwUf dm‡dvivB‡jkb ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 K.mvBweªW Kx? 1
M. K…wlwe‡ì †`Lv Acy®úK Dw™¢`wUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 L.ev‡qvg ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
M.DÏxc‡Ki A m„wói cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki| 3
N. K…wlwe‡ì ch©‡ewÿZ †ivMwU †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq
N.K…wÎgfv‡e A I B Gi wgjb NwU‡q Kxfv‡e dm‡ji
we‡kølY Ki| 4 ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb m¤¢e? we‡kølY Ki| 4
4  G eQi wgwgi evev Rwg‡Z myMwÜ euvkgwZ av‡bi Pvl K‡i 8  XvKvq Aew¯’Z †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡b wkÿv md‡i wM‡q
†ek jvfevb n‡q‡Qb| Lvevi mgq wgwg gv‡K ejj, avbmn wkÿv_©xiv my›ìx MvQ †`L‡Z †cj| wkÿK Zv‡ì‡K Rvbv‡jb,
GB †Mv‡Îi Av‡iv Dw™¢` evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËv I GUv GK ai‡bi msiÿY c×wZ| wZwb AviI ej‡jb, Rxe
A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| m¤úÖ`vq iÿv bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j mviv wek¦ AwP‡iB ûgwKi g‡a¨
K. wm‡bvmvBU Kx? 1 cwZZ n‡e|
K. cÖRvwZ Kx? 1
L. Bÿz‡K C4 Dw™¢` ejv nq †Kb? 2
L. B‡KvjwRK¨vj wcivwgW e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Dw™¢`wUi cy®úcÖZxK AuvK| 3
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ c×wZwU eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki †kl Dw³wUi Zvrch© we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡Ki †k‡lv³ evK¨wUi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4
†mU : K 35 w`bvRcyi †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

1  wkÿv_©xiv AYyexÿY h‡š¿i wb‡P †`Lj, †µv‡gv‡mvmg~n †Kv‡li 5 
gvKzh‡š¿i ga¨‡iLv eivei Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| †Kvl wefvR‡bi
GKwU g‡W‡j jÿ Ki‡ZB bb&-wm÷vi †µvgvwU‡Wi g‡a¨ 'X' 'S'
Gi gZ `„k¨ †Pv‡L coj|
K. MøvB‡KvjvBwmm Kx? 1 K. cÖRvwZ Kx? 1
L. wb‡lK wµqvi Zvrch© Kx? 2 L. eªv‡qvdvBU‡K DfPi Dw™¢` ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K AYyexÿY h‡š¿ `„ó †Kvl wefvR‡bi avcwUi mwPÎ M. DÏxc‡Ki AYyRx‡ei esk e„w×i c×wZmg~n wjL| 3
eY©bv `vI| 3 N. wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡j DÏxcK wP‡Îi 'S' Gi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki|4
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z g‡W‡j `„k¨gvb Ae¯’vi wµqvKjvc 6  wkÿv_©xiv wkÿv md‡i wm‡j‡Ui Rjveb ÒivZvi¸jÓ G eb¨
RxeK‚‡j êwPÎ¨ Av‡bwe‡kølY Ki| 4 †Mvjvc †`‡L gy» nj|
2  Dw™¢` †Kv‡li g‡a¨ `ywU we‡kl A½vYy i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gwU‡Z ETS
K. ev‡qvg Kx? 1
Ges wØZxqwU‡Z d‡Uvwm‡š’wUK BDwbU we`¨gvb|
L. †iW WvUveyK ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
K. RxešÍ Rxevk¥ Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z e‡bi Dw™¢`mg~‡ni Awf‡hvRbxq êwkó¨
L. d«zUewW ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖ_g A½vYywUi wPwýZ wPÎmn eY©bv wjL| 3
Ki| 3 N. eZ©gv‡b DÏxcK e‡bi Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ ûgwKi m¤§yLxb
N. Rx‡ei Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿvq DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq A½vYywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki| 4
f‚wgKv iv‡Lwe‡kølY Ki| 4 7
3 QÎvK
ˆRe GwmW
CH3  CO  COOH
P= wkí, ˆZj +
I wm‡½j †mj †cÖvwUb
cq eR©¨ e¨v‡±wiqv
A·v‡jv ATGCÕi Rx‡ei inm¨

Q=
G¨vwmwUK Ae¯’vb D‡š§vPb
mvBwUªK MVb cwiwa, KvR
GwmW
GwmW K. K‡U©· (Cortex) Kx? 1
-Keto L. B›Uvi‡dib (Interferon) Gi ¸iæZ¡ Kx Kx? 2
MøUy vwiK
GwmW M. eR©¨ eë¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î DÏxc‡Ki 'P' cÖwµqvi cÖ‡qvM
K. ATP Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? 1 eY©bv Ki| 3
L. wbDwK¬IUvBW ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 N. DÏxc‡Ki Q Gi Kvi‡Y g„Z I weK…Z e¨w³‡ì kbv³ Kiv
M. DÏxcK PµwU‡Z Drcbœ kw³i cwigvY Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ m¤¢ewe‡kølY Ki| 4
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M. DÏxc‡Ki e¯¿ wk‡íi mv‡_ RwoZ †MvÎwUi wZbwU Dw™¢‡ì
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cwjm¨vKvivBW AYyi MvVwbK GK‡Ki
êÁvwbK bvg wjL| 3
bvgKi‡Yi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K Lv`¨ †hvMvb`vbKvix †MvÎwU wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z
N. DÏxc‡Ki cwjm¨vKvivBW Gi mv‡_ Dw™¢`‡`‡n mwÂZ
Ae`vb ivL‡Q  we‡kølY Ki| 4
cwjm¨vKvivB‡Wi wgj I A-wgj i‡q‡Qwe‡kølY Ki| 4
GBPGmwm cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb

54 XvKv †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 8
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1. KPzi g~‡ji fv¯‹zjvi evÛj n‡jv 9. C3 P‡µi CO2 MÖnYKvix †hŠMwU KZ 20. c¨vKvBwUb Dc-ch©v‡qi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨
K †j‡Þv‡mw›UªK L n¨v‡Wªv‡mw›UªK Kve©bwewkó? i. KvqvRgv m„wó
M Aixq N mshy³ K3 L4 ii. †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †UUªvW Ae¯’v
2. †Kvb Dw™¢‡` evÛj mx_ †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ M5 N6 iii. wbDwK¬qvi †gg‡eª‡bi wejywß
we`¨gvb? 10. k¦m‡bi †Kvb av‡c Aw·‡Rb eën„Z nq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K avb L Mg K MøvB‡KvjvBwmm K i I ii L ii I iii
M euvk N AvL L GwmUvBj †Kv-G m„wó M i I iii N i, ii I iii
3. †KvbwU A¨vbvqb wn‡m‡e †kvwlZ nq? M †µem&& Pµ 21. †KvbwU Poaceae †Mv‡Îi êwkó¨?
K †K¬vwib L K¨vjwmqvg N B‡jKUªb UªvÝ‡cvU© Zš¿ K cys‡Kki AmsL¨ L me©gyL
M g¨vM‡bwmqvg N †mvwWqvg 11. †Kvb Av‡jv‡Z mv‡jvKms‡kølY †ewk N‡U? civMavbx
4. wb‡Pi †Kvb av‡c †µvgvwUW¸‡jv †giægyLx K Kgjv L bxj M gy³ cvk¦x© q DccÎ N Aÿxq
Pj‡Z ïiæ K‡i? M jvj N meyR Agiv web¨vm
K †cÖv‡dR L †gUv‡dR 12. Rev dz‡ji Agiv web¨vm n‡jv  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 22, 23 I 24
M A¨vbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR K g~jxq L Aÿxq bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
5. wb‡Pi †KvbwU g¨v‡µvwbDwUª‡q›U? M kxl©K N eûcÖvšÍxq
K g¨v½vwbR L bvB‡Uªv‡Rb 13. †KvbwUi gva¨‡g êwk‡ó¨ wfbœZv m„wó nq? R
M Kcvi N †jŠn K msKivqb L kvLv Kjg P

 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 6 I 7 bs M cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm N ¯^wb‡lK
Q cwienb Kjv
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 14. Cycas Gi m‡m¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg †mU msL¨v
n‡jv
wPÎ-M
K1 L2
22. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-ÔMÕ-G †Kvb ai‡bi
M3 N4
fv¯‹zjvi evÛj †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
15. wb‡l‡Ki ci wW¤^‡Ki cwiewZ©Z iƒc
K Aixq L mgwØcvk¦©xq
n‡jv M mgcvk¦©xq N †Kw›`ªK
6. DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ AskwU n‡jv
K exR L dj
K †mvivm 23. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-ÔMÕ-Gi ÔPÕ wPwýZ
M åƒY N mm¨ As‡ki bvg Kx?
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16. me©e„nr ïµvYy we`¨gvb wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢‡`? K g¾v L RvB‡jg
M gvB‡µv‡¯úv‡ivwdj
K Pinus L Sequoia
N †gMv‡¯úv‡ivwdj M †d¬v‡qg N K¨vw¤^qvg
M Cycas N Gnetum
7. DÏxcKwU †h Dw™¢`‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Zvi 17. mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi wefvRb‡K Kx e‡j? 24. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-ÔMÕ-Gi ÔQÕ wPwýZ
†ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ K K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm As‡ki †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨
i. n¨vcø‡qW Dw™¢` L mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm i. UªvwKW we`¨gvb
ii. cvZv cÿj †hŠwMK M †gUvKvB‡bwmm ii. cvwb I LwbR jeY cwienb K‡i
iii. †Kvivj‡qW g~j we`¨gvb N WvqvKvB‡bwmm iii. Lv`¨ cwienb K‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 18. †Kvb Dc-ch©vqwU‡Z µwms Ifvi N‡U? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L ii I iii K †j‡ÞvwUb L RvB‡MvwUb K i I ii L ii I iii
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M c¨vKvBwUb N wW‡cøvwUb M i I iii N i, ii I iii
8. mevZ I AevZ Dfq k¦m‡bi cÖ_g avc 19. gvB‡Uvwmm A¨vbv‡dR av‡c †gUv‡mw›UªK 25. 4wU civM gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K wg‡qvwmm
†KvbwU? †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv †h AvK…wZi †`Lvq wefvR‡bi ci KZwU civM‡iYy ˆZwi n‡e?
K MøvB‡KvjvBwmm L †µem&& Pµ KV LJ K2 L4
M K¨vjwfb Pµ N ETS ML NI M8 N 16
1 M 2 N 3 K 4 M 5 L 6 N 7 N 8 K 9 M 10 N 11 M 12 L 13 K
14 K 15 K 16 M 17 L 18 M 19 K 20 K 21 L 22 M 23 N 24 K 25 N

1. gvB‡Uvwm‡mi †Kvb ch©v‡q †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv‡K 10. we‡kl ai‡bi eû‡Kvlx UªvB‡Kvg‡K Kx 19. Aa©evqexq KvÐ Øviv A½R cÖRbb nq
Bs‡iwR wewfbœ Aÿ‡ii gZ †`Lvq e‡j? †KvbwUi?
K †cÖv‡dR L †gUv‡dR K †Kv‡jUvm© L ké K kZg~jx L cyw`bv
M A¨vbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR M eøvWvi N †÷vg¨vUv M AvL N KPzixcvbv
2. mvB‡UvKvBwb‡mi êwkó¨ n‡jv 11. e× mgcvk¦x© q fv¯‹zjvi evÛj cvIqv hvq 20. cÎi‡Üªi †Lvjv I eÜ nIqv‡K wbqš¿Y
i. wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvRb wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢` Kv‡Ð?
K‡i
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i. ÷vP©
iii. †Kv‡li msL¨v e„w× M †e¸b N U‡g‡Uv
ii. pH
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 12. iii. Na+
K i I ii L i I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii
3. cÖvšÍxqKiY †Kvb Dcch©v‡q N‡U? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K RvB‡MvwUb L c¨vKvBwUb wPÎ-A 21. wbw®µq cwi‡kvlY gZev` n‡jv
M wW‡cøvwUb N WvqvKvB‡bwmm A wP‡Îi êwkó¨ n‡jv K jyb‡WMo gZev`
4. †KvbwU bMœexRx Dw™¢‡ì êwkó¨? i. fv¯‹zjvi evÛj Aixq L †jwmw_b evnK gZev`
K wØ-wb‡lK N‡U ii. RvB‡jg G·vK© M †cÖvwUb A¨vbvqb †KvUªvÝ‡cvU© gZev`
L RvB‡jg wUmy¨‡Z mwZ¨Kvi †f‡mj iii. RvB‡jg GÛvK© N †Wvb¨vb mvg¨ve¯’v
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M Amg AvK…wZi Rbyµg we`¨gvb K i I ii L i I iii i. d‡UvjvBwmm
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5. mvBKv‡mi cvZv Kq ai‡bi? 13. iii. d‡Uvwm‡÷g
K1 L2
A wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M3 N4
K i I ii L i I iii
6.
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
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K evqy MnŸi L UªvwKW †`Lv hvq?
M cvwb MnŸi N Gwc‡_g K EaŸ©gyLx L wb¤œgyLx
wP‡Îi Agivweb¨vm †`Lv hvq wb‡Pi †Kvb 14. MÖvDÛ wUmy¨ M cvk¦©gyLx N eµgyLx
Dw™¢‡`? i. GKvwaK wUmy¨ Øviv MwVZ 24. wb‡l‡Ki d‡j
K ¯’jc‡Ù L euv‡k ii. †cwi‡eøg fvRK wUmy¨ †_‡K Drcbœ i. cÖRvwZi †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨vi w¯’iZv
M evwj© N †jgb Nv‡m iii. ewniveiY m„wó K‡i iÿv nq
7. Poaceae †Mv‡Îi êwkó¨ n‡jv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. bZzb cÖRvwZ m„wói m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv
i. cy®úc‡Îi msL¨v 3 ev Gi ¸wYZK K i I ii L i I iii iii. AwaK djbkxj I mnbkxj dmj
ii. `jgÐj UzB‡÷W M ii I iii N i, ii I iii Drcbœ nq
iii. åƒYgyKzj cvk¦©xq 15. wb‡Pi †KvbwU C4 Dw™¢`? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K avb L Mg
K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L ii I iii M Bÿz N Avg
M i I iii N i, ii I iii 16. MøvB‡KvjvBwmm †Kv‡li †Kv_vq N‡U?
25.
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A
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9. †Kvl wefvRb Abymv‡i fvRK wUmy¨ KZ M K¨v‡ivwUb N R¨v‡š’vwdj ÔAÕ wPwýZ Ask †_‡K åƒY m„wói
cÖKvi? 18. åƒY‡K cywó `vb K‡i †KvbwU? cÖwµqv‡K e‡j
K2 L3 K U¨v‡cUvg L G‡Ûv¯úvg© K A¨v‡cv‡¯úvwi L A¨v‡cvM¨vwg
M4 N5 M wbD‡mjvm N åƒY_wj M A¨v‡Ûªv‡R‡bwmm N cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm
1 M 2 M 3 M 4 M 5 L 6 K 7 M 8 L 9 L 10 K 11 K 12 K 13 M
14 K 15 M 16 N 17 K 18 M 19 L 20 K 21 N 22 M 23 N 24 L 25 L
56 h‡kvi †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

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N-
M--
O
P-
Q-
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K RvB‡gR L KvB‡bR A
2 K civM‡iYy‡Z L Rbb‡Kv‡l
1A
M AvB‡mvgv‡iR N nvB‡WªvwR‡bR M ˆ`wnK †Kv‡l N civM gvZ…‡Kv‡l
G
 
Dc‡ii wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 9 I 10 bs cÖ‡kœi
Y DËi `vI :
9. DÏxc‡Ki ÔOÕ †Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU msNwUZ nq?
K †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †giægyLx Pjb N‡U wPÎ-A wPÎ-B
wPÎ-C wPÎ-D L †gUvKvB‡bwmm N‡U Dc‡ii wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 17 I 18 bs
Dc‡ii wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 2 I 3bs cÖ‡kœi M wbDwK¬Ijv‡mi Avwef©ve N‡U cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
DËi `vI : N w¯úÛj Zš‘ MwVZ nq 17. wPÎ ÔAÕ aviYKvix A‡½i AšÍM©V‡bi
2. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ ÔCÕ Gi ÔYÕ Gi †ÿ‡Î 10. DÏxc‡Ki PµwUi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨
cÖ‡hvR¨ i. GwUi A¯^vfvweKZv Rxe‡`‡ni i. fv¯‹zjvi evÛj wewÿßfv‡e Qov‡bv
i. mij
¯^vfvweK e„w×‡K e¨vnZ K‡i ii. nvB‡cvWvwg©m Dcw¯’Z
ii. A1 `kvq mvBwK¬b †cÖvwUb ˆZwi nq iii. GwcWvwg©m wKDwUKjwenxb
ii. DccÎhy³
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iii. wjwMDjwewkó
†`Lv hvq K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 18. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-ÔBÕ Gi MVb wb‡Pi
3. Dfq DÏxc‡Ki †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU †KvbwU‡Z we`¨gvb?
11. Cycas Dw™¢‡ì †Kvb A½wU mv‡ci dYvi b¨vq? K Abelmoschus esculentus
mwVK? K †gMv‡¯úv‡ivwdj L gvB‡µv‡¯úv‡ivwdj L Triticum aestivum
K exR Drcbœ K‡i M †÷ªvwejvm N †Kvivj‡qW g~j M Gossypium herbaceum
L wØ-wb‡lK N‡U 12. k¦m‡bi †Kvb ch©v‡q O2 Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq? N Hibiscus rosa-sinesis
M G‡Ûv¯úvg© wUªcø‡qW K MøvB‡KvjvBwmm L A¨vwmUvBj Co-A 19. mwµq cwi‡kvl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œi †KvbwU mwVK?
N AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg Dcw¯’Z M †µem Pµ N B‡jKUªb cÖevn Zš¿ K GbRvB‡gi f‚wgKv †bB
4. wb‡Pi †Kvb evK¨wU mwVK? 13. wb‡¤œi †KvbwUi gva¨‡g DbœZ RvZ m„wó Kiv hvq? L k¦mb nvi e„w× cvq
K fvRK wUmyï †Kvl¸‡jvi wecvKxq nvi Kg K cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm L †hŠb cÖRbb M wecvKxq kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq bv
L RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡qg GK ai‡bi fvRK wUmy¨ M A½R cÖRbb N K…wÎg cÖRbb N A¨vbvqb I K¨vUvqb c„_Kfv‡e †kvwlZ nq
M g~‡ji ewniveiY‡K GwcWvwg©m e‡j  20. wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvRb‡K Kx e‡j?
K
N Kv‡Ði RvB‡jg web¨vm GÛvK© K B›UviKvB‡bwmm L †gUvKvB‡bwmm
5. wb‡Pi †KvbwU C4 Dw™¢`?
F
E
M K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm N mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm
K Avg L fzÆv
H
G 21. wb‡¤œ i †Kvb ai‡bi fvRK wUmy¨ n‡Z
M KuvVvj N avb
M GwcWvwg©m m„wó nq?
wPÎ-X
6. Rev dz‡ji `jgÐ‡ji web¨vm wb‡Pi †KvbwU? K †cÖv‡UvWvg© L †cÖvK¨vw¤^qvg
Dc‡ii wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 14 I 15 bs M MÖvDÛ †gwi‡÷g N B›UviK¨vjvwi
K I‡cb L fvj‡fU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M UzB‡÷W N Bgweª‡KU 22. w`‡bi †ejvq Av‡jvK eY©vwji †Kvb Ask
14. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ iÿx‡Kv‡li wi‡mÞi‡K DÏxß K‡i?
7. fv¯‹zjvi evÛj Gi msL¨v 6 Gi AwaK i. ÔKÕ wW¤^Kbvfx bv‡g cwiwPZ K †e¸wb L jvj
wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢‡ì g~‡j †`Lv hvq ii. wPÎ ÔXÕ Mf©vk‡qi Agiv n‡Z ˆZwi nq M meyR N bxj
i. KPz iii. civMbvwjKv mvaviYZ ÔMÕ w`‡q 23. bMœexRx Dw™¢‡` wb‡Pi †KvbwU Abycw¯’Z?
ii. fzÆv cÖ‡ek K‡i K †¯úv‡ivwdj L Mf©vkq
iii. KjveZx wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M wW¤^K N mm¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii 24. Ô÷KÕ I ÔmvqbÕ kã¸‡jv wb‡¤œi †KvbwUi
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 15. DÏxc‡Ki wb‡l‡KvËi cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î K KvwUs L evwWs
8. K¨vjwfb P‡µ evqy¯’ CO2 †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M MÖvdwUs N †jqvwis
†÷ªvgv‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Kq Kve©bwewkó K ÔFÕ åƒ‡Y cwiYZ nq 25. wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡b X AvK…wZi MVb
†hŠ‡Mi mv‡_ hy³ nq? L ÔGÕ d‡j cwiYZ nq †`Lv hvq wb‡¤œi †KvbwU‡Z?
K3 L4 M ÔEÕ G‡Ûv¯úv‡g© cwiYZ nq K †j‡ÞvwUb L RvB‡MvwUb
M5 N6 N ÔHÕ ex‡R cwiYZ nq M c¨vKvBwUb N WvqvKvB‡bwmm
1 K 2 L 3 K 4 N 5 L 6 M 7 N 8 M 9 L 10 K 11 K 12 N 13 N
14 M 15 M 16 N 17 K 18 L 19 L 20 M 21 K 22 N 23 L 24 M 25 M

1. wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvRb‡K Kx e‡j? 9. cvZvi MÖvDÛ wUmy¨‡K Kx e‡j? 16. D³ av‡c
K B›UviKvB‡bwmm L mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm K K‡U©· L †g‡mvwdj i. ATP eënvi nq
M K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm N WvqvKvB‡bwmm M †cwimvB‡Kj N g¾v ii. A¨vj‡Wv‡jR GbRvBg eënvi nq
2. Rev dz‡ji êwkó¨ †KvbwU? 10. C3 Dw™¢‡` Kve©b weRviY cÖwµqvq cÖ_g iii. Mg++ Avq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq
K DccÎhy³ L GKcÖwZmg ¯’vqx c`v_© †KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M Mf©KwU N g~jxq Agivweb¨vm K A·v‡jv A¨vwmwUK GwmW K i I ii L i I iii
3. mvBKv‡mi cÖavb g~j bó nIqvi d‡j L g¨vwjK GwmW
i. A¯’vwbK g~j m„wó nq 17. †Kv‡li †Kvb A½vYy ‡Z †µem Pµ m¤úbœ
M 3-dm‡dvwMømvivjwWnvBW
ii. Anabaena Øviv AvµvšÍ nq nq?
N 3-dm‡dvwMømvwiK GwmW
iii. Gi AvK…wZ mvgyw`ªK cÖev‡ji gZ nq K MjwR ewW L ivB‡ev‡mvg
 DÏxcKwU †`L Ges 11 I 12 bs cÖ‡kœi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M gvB‡UvKwÛª q v N wbDwK¬qvm
DËi `vI :
K i I ii L i I iii 18. g~j Øviv RbbKvh© m¤úbœ K‡i
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. Wvwjqv
ii. Avjy
4. B‡jKUªb cÖevn Z‡š¿ ATP m„wó nq
iii. cUj
i. NADH2 Rvi‡Y
wPÎ-A wPÎ-B wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. Cyt b Rvi‡Y
11. wPÎ ÔAÕ †Kvb ai‡bi fv¯‹zjvi ev‡Ûj? K i I ii L i I iii
iii. Cyt a Rvi‡Y
K †Kw›`ªK L e× mgcvk¦©xq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M gy³ mgwØcvk¦©xq N Aixq
K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 12. B-wPÎ mswkøó Dw™¢` A‡½i êwkó¨
5. †Kvl wefvRb †K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib? i. RvB‡jg GÛvK©
K †ev‡fwi L iæWjd wfiPvI ii. †cwimvB‡Kj GK¯Íiwewkó 19. wPÎwU K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi †Kvb avc?
M WweøI †d¬wgs N UªvmevR©vi iii. nvB‡cvWvwg©m Abycw¯’Z K e¨vwMs L Bgv¯‹z‡jkb
6. Dw™¢‡ì AšÍtw÷jxq Ask n‡”Q wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M †j‡ewjs N U¨vwMs
K nvB‡cvWvwg©m L GwcWvwg©m K i I ii L i I iii 20. dv‡g© ‡›Uk‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb Dw³wU mwZ¨?
M g¾viwk¥ N K‡U©· M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K †`‡ni Af¨šÍixY Møy‡KvR eën„Z nq
L GwU †Kv‡li g‡a¨ m¤úbœ nq
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU †`L Ges 7 I 8 bs 13. †Kvb Avqb me‡P‡q `ªæZMwZ‡Z †kvwlZ
M GwU GK cÖKvi AevZ k¦mb
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : nq?
N Rjxq gva¨‡g N‡U bv
K K+ L Ca++
A M SO4  N PO4   21. wb‡l‡Ki ci wW¤^K Kx‡m cwiYZ nq?
14. †Kvb cÖwµqvwU wb‡lK wµqv Qvov wW¤^vYy K åƒY L exR
M dj N †U÷v
†_‡K Kg©ÿg åƒY Drcv`‡b mÿg?
22. mevZ k¦m‡b GK AYy Mø‡y KvR RvwiZ n‡q
K cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm L A¨v‡cv‡¯úvwi
7. wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z cÖwµqvwU †Kvb Dcav‡c KqwU ATP Drcbœ K‡i?
M A¨v‡cvM¨vwg N A¨v‡Ûªv‡R‡bwmm
K 34 L 35
msNwUZ nq?
 wb‡Pi DÏxcK †_‡K 15 I 16 bs cÖ‡kœi M 36 N 38
K †j‡ÞvwUb L RvB‡MvwUb
DËi `vI : 23. jy K vwqZ cÎiÜª cvIqv hvq †Kvb Dw™¢‡`?
M c¨vKvBwUb N wW‡cøvwUb
B K kvcjv L nvBwWª jv
8. DÏxc‡K ÔAÕ As‡k msNwUZ cÖwµqvq N‡U A d«z‡±vR 1, 6 wem dm‡dU
M KPzwicvbv N Kiex
i. KvqvRgvi m„wó nq C ADP
24. mevZ I AevZ k¦m‡bi Awfbœ avc †KvbwU?
ii. jvB‡MR GbRvBg RwoZ 15. A wPwýZ †hŠMwUi bvg Kx?
K MøvB‡KvjvBwmm L A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G
iii. wR‡bi cwieZ©b N‡U K d«z‡±vR 6-dm‡dU
M †µem Pµ N ETS
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? L Mø‡y KvR 6-dm‡dU 25. Dw™¢‡ì cywói Rb¨ gvB‡µvGwj‡g›U †KvbwU?
K i I ii L i I iii M 3-dm‡dvwMømvivjwWnvBW K K¨vjwmqvg L Kve©b
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii N WvBnvB‡Wªvw· A¨vwm‡Uvb dm‡dU M mvjdvi N Kcvi
1 M 2 K 3 N 4 N 5 M 6 M 7 N 8 N 9 L 10 N 11 M 12 M 13 K
14 K 15 K 16 L 17 M 18 L 19 L 20 M 21 L 22 M 23 N 24 K 25 N

1. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi gva¨‡g gvZ…Dw™¢‡ì 9. wPÎwU †h Dw™¢‡ì Ask Zv‡K ejv nq  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 17 I 18 bs
êwk‡óï cwieZ©b nq? i. RxešÍ Rxevk¥ cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K eyjwej L msKivqb ii. wjfvi IqvU© mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y Kve©b weRvi‡Yi `ywU c_
M gyK‡z jv`&&Mg N `vevKjg i‡q‡Q| h_v : K¨vjwfb Pµ Ges n¨vP I
iii. cvg dvb©
†d¬v‡qg wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? mœ¨v‡Ki Pµ| Dfq P‡µi gva¨‡gB Møy‡KvR
ˆZwi nq|
RvB‡jg K i I ii L ii I iii
17. DÏxc‡Ki 1g P‡µi †ÿ‡Î CO2
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
2. DÏx‡Ki fv¯‹zjvi evÛjwU †Kvb Dw™¢‡` 10. fv¯‹zjvi evÛ‡ji m„wó nq †Kvb ai‡bi AvËxKi‡Y †Kvb GbRvBg eën„Z nq?
†`Lv hvq? K cvBiæwfK GwmW KvB‡bR
fvRK wUmy¨ n‡Z? L wWnvB‡WªvwR‡bR
K wmjvwR‡bjv L jvB‡Kv‡cvwWqvg
K †cÖv‡UvWvg© L †cÖvK¨vw¤^qvg M iæwe‡¯‹v N dm‡d‡UR
M Wªvwmbv N †Uwim
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4 bs M MÖvDÛ †gwi‡÷g N †cÖv‡gwi‡÷g 18. DÏxc‡Ki 2q PµwU 1g Pµ †_‡K DbœZ, KviY
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 11. gvB‡Uvwmm wefvR‡bi †Kvb ch©v‡q i. kK©iv Drcv`b †ewk nq
2 AYy AÅvwmUvBj ˆKv-‰ †µv‡gv‡mvgxq b„Z¨ †`Lv hvq? ii. Kg ZvcgvÎvq N‡U
K †cÖv-†gUv‡dR L †gUv‡dR iii. `yB ai‡bi †K¬v‡ivcøv÷
AÅvÝvGjv ‰wmwUK ‰wmW M A¨vbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L ii I iii
‘P’ PKÌ M i I iii N i, ii I iii
19. GKexRcÎx Kv‡Ði êwkó¨ †KvbwU?
mÅvwÝwbK ‰wmW K KvÐ‡ivg we`¨gvb
3. DÏxc‡Ki ÔPÕ P‡µ KZ AYy ATP ˆZwi nq? L fv¯‹zjvi evwÛj mgwØcvk¦©xq
K6 L 12
12. Dc‡ii wP‡Îi wW¤^ K wU †Kvb Dw™¢
‡ ` †`Lv
M fv¯‹zjvi evwÛj AmsL¨
M 24 N 36 hvq?
N K¨vw¤^qvg Dcw¯’Z
4. DÏxc‡Ki Pµ K cvwb gwiP L wkg
20. †KvlP‡µi †Kvb ch©v‡q DNA ms‡kølY N‡U?
i. CO2 Drcbœ K‡i M Avwdg N mwilv K G1 LS
ii. gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq N‡U  DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 13 I 14 bs cÖ‡kœi M G2 NM
iii. Am¤ú~Y© RviY N‡U DËi `vI : 21. C4 P‡µi cÖ_g ¯’vqx †hŠM †KvbwU?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K 3-dm‡dvwMømvwiK GwmW
K i I ii L i I iii L A·v‡jvGwmwUK GwmW
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M cvBiæwfK GwmW N g¨vwjK GwmW
5. MøvB‡KvjvBwmm cÖwµqvq e¨wqZ kw³ KZ
AYy ATP? 13. Dc‡ii wPÎ `ywU †h †MvÎ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i
K2 L4 †mB †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢` †KvbwU?
M6 N8 K Triticum aestivum 22. Dc‡ii wPÎwU †Kvb ai‡bi Agivweb¨v‡mi?
6. †Kvb Dw™¢`wU Wvqv‡ewUm †iv‡M eën„Z nq? L Zea mays K Aÿxq L g~jxq
M Gossypium herbaceum M GK cÖvšÍxq N MvÎxq
K Kvc©vm Zzjv L Rev
N Oryza sativa  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 23 I 24 bs
M avb N †Xuom
7. mwµq LwbR jeY cwi‡kvl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î 14. DÏxc‡Ki †Mv‡Îi êwkó¨ n‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
i. cys‡Kki GK¸”QK wg‡qvwmm-1 Gi †Kv‡bv GK Dcch©v‡q `ywU
cÖ‡qvRb nq
ii. DccÎ gy³cvk¦©xq †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi g‡a¨ Ask wewbg‡qi d‡j
i. wecvKxq kw³
ii. mvB‡Uv‡µvg evnK
iii. dj †eix ev K¨vcmyj ÔXÕ wP‡ýi gZ AvK…wZi m„wó nq|
iii. A¨vbvqb I K¨vUvqb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 23. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwU †Kvb Dcch©v‡q msNwUZ nq?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L ii I iii K †j‡ÞvwUb L RvB‡MvwUb
M I N I M c¨vKvBwUb N wW‡cøvwUb
K i I ii L ii I iii i iii i, ii iii
M i I iii N i, ii I iii 15. Cycas Gi êwkó¨ †KvbwU? 24. D³ NUbvwUi d‡j
K †Kvivj‡qW g~jL wUªcø‡qW km¨ i. bZzb ai‡bi †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi m„wó nq
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 8 I 9 bs
ii. Rx‡e bZzb †fwi‡qkb †`Lv hvq
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M dj nq N wØ-wb‡lK N‡U
iii. wgD‡Uk‡bi m„wó nq
C 16. Bgv¯‹z‡jk‡bi êwkó¨ n‡jv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. cys‡Kki AcmviY K i I ii L ii I iii
ii. GKwj½ dz‡j N‡U M i I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. ¯^civMvqb †iva 25. wb‡Pi †Kvb djwU‡Z K¨vwiIcwmm †`L‡Z
8. wP‡Îi ÔCÕ wPwýZ AskwUi bvg Kx? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? cvIqv hvq?
K A¨v‡cvdvBwmm L wcwbDj K i I ii L i I iii K Kjv L ZigyR
M †mvivm N wW¤^K M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M avb N †Xuom
1 L 2 M 3 M 4 K 5 K 6 N 7 N 8 L 9 M 10 L 11 K 12 K 13 M
14 N 15 K 16 L 17 M 18 M 19 M 20 L 21 L 22 K 23 M 24 N 25 M
59 wm‡jU †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

1. †m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii c~Yw© efvRb N‡U wb‡¤œi 10. wP‡Îi Agivweb¨vm enb K‡i †KvbwU? 18. DÏxc‡Ki we‡kl cÖwµqvwU‡Z Ask †bq
†Kvb av‡c? K kmv L wkg i. gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
K †cÖv‡gUv‡dR L †gUv‡dR M Rev N kvcjv ii. cviAw·‡mvg
M A¨vbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR 11. Cycas-Gi g~‡j emevm K‡i iii. †K¬v‡ivcøv÷
2. †KvbwUi RvB‡Mv‡U gv‡qvwmm N‡U? i. e¨vK‡Uwiqv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K Ulothrix L Pteris ii. Nostoc K i I ii L i I iii
M Oryza N Hibiscus iii. Anabaena M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
3. B›UviKvB‡bwm‡m wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 19. jy‡ÛMo-Gi gZev‡` LwbR jeY
i. †cÖvwUb ms‡kølY N‡U K i I ii L i I iii i. cwi‡kvl‡Y ATP Ask †bq
ii. DNA Abywjcb N‡U M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. Nb‡Z¡i AvbwZi wecix‡Z cwi‡kvlY N‡U
iii. cÖ‡qvRbxq RNA ˆZwi nq 12. Dw™¢‡ì åƒYve¯’vq DrcwËjvf K‡i †KvbwU? iii. Avq‡bi wbi‡cÿZvq Aw·‡Rb Ask †bq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K †cÖv‡gwi‡÷g L cÖvBgvwi fvRK wUmy¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii M †cÖvK¨vw¤^qvg N KK© K¨vw¤^qvg
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 13. GwcWvwg©‡mi AšÍfz©³ n‡jv  wb‡¤œi wewµqvwU †`L Ges 20 I 21 bs
4. †`‡n wUDgvi Qwo‡q cov‡K Kx e‡j? K †÷vgvUv L UªvB‡Kvg cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K Oncogenesis L Necrosis M iÿx‡Kvl N nvBWv‡_vW
M Apoptosis N Metastasis C6H12O6 + A + 6H2O  6CO2 +
 wb‡¤œi wPÎwU †`L Ges 14, 15 I 16 bs 12H2O + kw³
5. Cycas Gi km¨ †Kvb ai‡bi?
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 20. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwUi mvB‡UvcøvR‡g msNwUZ
K n¨vcø‡qW L wWcø‡qW
avcwUi wbU Drcvw`Z ATP KZwU?
M wUªc‡ø qW N †UUªvcø‡qW
K5 L6
6. Cycas Gi wW¤^vYy ˆZwii mwVK avivµg †KvbwU? P
M9 N 10
K wW¤^K  ¯¿x‡iYy gvZ…‡Kvl  ¯¿x‡iYy  wW¤^vYy [Note : beg Aa¨vq 465 c„óvi 88bs
L wW¤^K  AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg  ¯¿x‡iYy  wW¤^vYy Z_¨/e¨vL¨v `ªóe¨|]
14. Dc‡ii wPÎwU n‡jv
M wW¤^K  ¯¿x‡iYy gvZ…‡Kvl  ¯¿x‡iYy 21. DÏxc‡Ki A Dcv`vbwUi eën„Z av‡c
K †gmvK© L G·vK©
i. g¨vwUª‡· cvwb ˆZwi nq
 AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg  wW¤^vYy M GÛvK© N n¨v‡Wªv‡mw›UªK
ii. avcwU gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi †gg‡eª‡b N‡U
N AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg  wW¤^K  ¯¿x‡iYy  wW¤^vYy 15. Dc‡ii wPÎwU enb K‡i †KvbwUi g~‡j? iii. B‡jKUªb evnK _v‡K 4 ai‡bi
 wb‡¤œi wPÎwU †`L Ges 7 I 8 bs cÖ‡kœi i. m~h©gyLx wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
DËi `vI : ii. Gnetum K i I ii L i I iii
iii. Avg M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
B wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  wb‡¤œ i wPÎwU †`L Ges 22 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
A
C
K i I ii L i I iii
7. wP‡Îi cy®úweb¨vm n‡jv [Note : wPÎ Abyhvqx cÖkœwU‡Z g~‡ji cwie‡Z© KvÐ
n‡e| †m‡ÿ‡Î mwVK DËi n‡e (M) ii I iii]
K K¨vwcPzjvg L †iwmg 22. Dc‡iv³ wP‡Îi cÖwµqvwU n‡jv
M ¯úvBK N ¯úvBK‡jU
16. wP‡Îi ÔPÕ As‡ki êwkó¨ n‡jv
K porogamy L mesogamy
i. †KvlcÖvPxi cvZjv M chalazogamy N syngamy
8. wP‡Îi
ii. †KvlcÖvPxi K‡qK ¯Íiwewkó  wb‡¤œi wPÎwU †`L Ges 23 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
i. A = gÄixcÎ
iii. Lv`¨ mÂq K‡i bv
ii. B = †cwjqv A
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? B
iii. C = DcgÄixcÎ
K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii 23. wP‡Îi cÖwµqvwU n‡jv
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  wb‡¤œi DÏxcKwU co Ges 17 I 18 bs
K MÖvdwUs L ¸wU
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M †jqvwis N KvwUs
9. wjwMDg n‡jv GK ai‡bi
wkÿK K¬v‡m C3 Pµ cov‡bvi GK ch©v‡q 24. KvÐ Øviv eske„w× K‡i wb‡¤œi †KvbwU?
K dj L Dce„w×
ej‡jb, Zxeª Av‡jv I D”P ZvcgvÎv K Wvwjqv L KvK‡ivj
M cy®úweb¨vm N Gw÷‡fkb
_vK‡j PµwU eÜ n‡q hvq, ZLb Ab¨ M cUj N IjKPz
 wb‡¤œi wPÎwU †`L Ges 10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : GKwU we‡kl cÖwµqv msNwUZ nq| 25. e„w×iZ civM‡iYyi cywó mieivn K‡i
17. DÏxc‡Ki we‡kl cÖwµqvwU n‡jv wb‡¤œi †KvbwU?
K dm‡dvivB‡jkb L d‡Uv‡imcvB‡ikb K civMavbx L †hvRbx
M C4 Pµ N †imcvB‡ikb M U¨v‡cUvg N AvwK©‡¯úvwiqvj
1 L 2 L 3 N 4 N 5 K 6 M 7 N 8 K 9 K 10 K 11 N 12 L 13 L
14 L 15 * 16 N 17 L 18 N 19 M 20 L 21 N 22 K 23 K 24 N 25 M

1. AwaKvsk Dw™¢‡ì wW¤^K †Kvb ai‡bi? 9. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb 19. Dw™¢`‡`‡n D³ wUmyï f‚wgKv
K A‡avgyLx L EaŸ©gyLx avc wb‡`©k K‡i? i. wewfbœ wUmy¨ Drcbœ Kiv
M eµgyLx N cvk¦©gyLx K †cÖv‡dR L †gUv‡dR
ii. `„pZv `vb Kiv
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 2 I 3bs cÖ‡kœi M A¨vbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR
iii. e„w× mvab Kiv
DËi `vI : 10. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨
i. †µv‡gv‡mvg Lv‡Uv, †gvUv
ii. †µv‡gv‡mvg welyexq AÂ‡j _v‡K K i I ii L i I iii
iii. †gUvKvB‡bwmm N‡U M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 20. wØexRcÎx Dw™¢‡ì fv¯‹zjvi evÐj †KvbwU?
2. DÏxc‡Ki cÖRbb c×wZ †KvbwU? K i I ii L i I iii K Aixq L mgwØcvk¦©xq
K KvwUs L evwWs M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M mgcvk¦©xq N n¨v‡Wªv‡mw›UªK
M †Rvo Kjg N `vev Kjg 11. wb‡l‡Ki c~‡e© †KvbwU‡Z km¨ Drcbœ nq?
 DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 21bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
3. DwjøwLZ Rbb c×wZ eënvi Kivi KviY K g‡m L dv‡b©
i. Rv‡Zi ¸Yv¸Y wVK _v‡K M wRg‡bv¯úv‡g© N GbwRI¯úv‡g©
RvBGjg
ii. dzj I dj `ªæZ nq 12.
ˆdÑvGqg
iii. †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax nq
DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î †Kvb ai‡bi cy®úcÎ wPÎ : X
K i I ii L i I iii
web¨vm †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q? 21. DÏxc‡Ki ÔXÕ fv¯‹zjvi evÛj †Kvb Dw™¢‡`
K f¨vj‡fU L UzB‡÷W Aew¯’Z?
4. ÔAve„ZexRx Dw™¢‡` wW¤^vYyi mv‡_
cysM¨v‡g‡Ui wgjb‡K Kx e‡j? M Bgweª‡KU N †fw·jvwiq K Pteris L Dracaena
K A¨v‡cvM¨vwg L wmbM¨vwg 13. me©gyL civMavbx †Kvb Dw™¢‡` cvIqv hvq? M Lycopodium N Selaginella
M wmD‡WvM¨vwg N †g‡mvM¨vwg K Rev L av‡b
22. Dw™¢` †KvbwU gvwU n‡Z †bq?
5. wb‡l‡Ki ci wW¤^vYy wK‡m cwiYZ nq? M Kvc© v m N †Xuom
K bvB‡Uªv‡Rb L nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
K km¨ L dj 14. bMœexRx Dw™¢‡`
M Aw·‡Rb N Kve©b
M exR N åƒY i. AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg Dcw¯’Z
6. †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb `kvq w¯úÛjhš¿ ii. km¨ wUªcø‡qW 23. †µem P‡µ MÖvnK †KvbwU?
A`„k¨ n‡q hvq? iii. exR Drcbœ nq K A·v‡jvGwmwUK GwmW
K †cÖv-†gUv‡dR L †gUv‡dR wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? L mvBwUªK GwmW
M Gbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR K i I ii L i I iii M wdDgvwiK GwmW
7. †µv‡gv‡mvgxq b„Z¨ †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb M ii I iii N i, ii I iii N g¨vwjK GwmW
`kvq †`Lv hvq? 15. M‡gi êÁvwbK bvg Kx?
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 24 I
K †cÖv‡dR L †cÖv-†gUv‡dR K Oryza sativa L Triticum aestivum
M Gbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR M Zea mays N Bambusa tulda 25bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
8. Rx‡ei Rxeb P‡µi Rb¨ gvB‡Uvwmm 16. Bgv¯‹ z ‡jk‡b eën„ Z nq †KvbwU? C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2
K cwjw_b L myZv 24. Dc‡iv³ wewµqvwU †Kvb ˆRweK cÖwµqvq
cÖ‡qvRb KviY
M U¨vM N wPgUv msNwUZ nq?
i. GwU RvB‡MvU‡K åƒ‡Y cwiYZ K‡i
ii. GwU Rbb †Kvl Drcbœ K‡i
17. Dw™¢‡ì g~j I Kv‡Ði kx‡l©i wUmy¨ †KvbwU? K mevZ k¦mb L AevZ k¦mb
iii. GwU e„w×mvab K‡i K fvRK wUmy¨ L mij wUmy¨
M †Kjwfb Pµ N n¨vP I mœ¨vK Pµ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M RwUj wUmy¨ N ÿiYKvix wUmy¨
K i I ii L i I iii  wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 18 I 19bs cÖ‡kœi 25. Dc‡iv³ wewµqvwU

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M Nv‡mi ce© N Kv‡Ði kx‡l© M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 K 2 K 3 M 4 L 5 N 6 N 7 L 8 L 9 L 10 N 11 M 12 L 13 L
14 L 15 L 16 N 17 K 18 N 19 L 20 M 21 L 22 K 23 K 24 L 25 K

1. †h fvRK wUmyï †Kvl¸‡jv GK Z‡j 9. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z g~‡ji gva¨‡g Rbb nq? 20. mwilv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †Kvb cÖKv‡ii wW¤^K
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K wie L gvm M Kjv N Wvwjqv K DaŸ©gyLx L wb¤œgyLx
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11. AevZ k¦ m ‡b GK AYy Mø ‡
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K2 L6
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M 24 N 38
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M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii 23. Dw™¢`wUi êwkó¨
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K †j‡ÞvwUb L RvB‡MvwUb
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M c¨vKvBwUb N wW‡cøvwUb
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14. †fw·jvwi Gw÷‡fkb †`Lv hvq †Kvb Dw™¢‡`?
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K Solanum tuberasum
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
L Pisum sativum
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M Brassica napus  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 24 I 25bs
5. wb‡Pi †Kvb Avqb `ªæZ MwZ‡Z †kvwlZ N Calotropis procera cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
nq? 15. g~‡ji Z¡K‡K Kx e‡j?
†Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqvq RxeRM‡Z êwPÎ¨
K Ca L SO4 K GwcWvwg©m L Gwc‡eøgv
m„wó nq| Rbb gvZ…‡Kvl GB wefvRb
MK N Mg M nvB‡cvWvwg©m N K‡U©·
cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i|
 DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU †`L Ges 6 I 7bs 16. wb‡¤œ i †Kvb ch©v‡q †Kvl‡cøU ˆZwi nq?
DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wefvRb cÖwµqvi
K †cÖv‡dR L A¨vbv‡dR
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : êwkó¨
M †U‡jv‡dR N mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm
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K Kjv L avb
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M Avbvim N AvZv ii. GKwU wbw`©ó msL¨K evBf¨v‡j›U ˆZwi
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K Diacytic L Anisocytic
M WvqvKvB‡bwmm N wmb¨vcwmm K‡i †µv‡gvwU‡W wef³ nq
M Paracytic N Actinocytic
7. wb‡Pi MVbwU wb‡Pi †Kvb ˆRewbK 19. bMœexRx Dw™¢‡ì Rbbv‡½ †bB 24. c¨vKvBwUb Dc`kvq N‡U
i. Mf©`Ð K i I ii L i I iii
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K mv‡jvKms‡kølY L k¦mb
M cÖ‡¯^`b N me¸‡jv‡Z iii. Mf©vkq 25. DÏxc‡K wb‡¤œi †Kvb welqwU †evSv‡bv
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1 K 2 L 3 K 4 L 5 M 6 K 7 M 8 L 9 N 10 M 11 K 12 M 13 M
14 L 15 L 16 M 17 K 18 L 19 L 20 N 21 N 22 M 23 L 24 N 25 M

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M MøvB‡KvjvBwmm N n¨vP-mø¨vK Pµ K Cycas L Pinus
Y
12. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvq AskMÖnYKvix P-Gi M Gnetum N Ephedra
Z
bvg Kx? 21. Cycas Dw™¢‡ì †Kvivj‡qW g~‡ji wfZ‡i
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K RvB‡jg L K¨vw¤^qvg M wWnvB‡WªvwR‡bR N wgD‡UR i. Rhizobium
M †d¬v‡qg N G‡ÛvWvwg©m 13. †Kvb Dw™¢`‡K Ôcvg dvb©Õ ejv nq? ii. Nostoc
5. Z wPwýZ As‡ki KvR †KvbwU? iii. Anabaena
K Gnetum L Cycas
K kK©iv ˆZwi L LwbR jeY cwi‡kvlY M Pinus N Ephedra wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
14. Poaceae †Mv‡Îi Agivweb¨vm †Kvb ai‡bi? K i I ii L i I iii
M cvwb cwienb N Lv`¨ cwienb
K Aÿxq L g~jxq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
6. Cycas-Gi †Kvivj‡qW g~‡ji †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨
M MvÎxq N cÖvšÍxq 22. Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡ì †Kvb As‡k Aixq
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mgq K g~‡j L Kv‡Ð
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M 30  50% N 90  95% 23. †µem P‡µi gva¨‡g 1 AYy A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-
K i I ii L ii I iii
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Mi I iii N i, ii I iii
K K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm L †gUvKvB‡bwmm K 8 L 12
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K Z¡Kxq †Kvl L cÎiÜª
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1 K 2 K 3 L 4 L 5 M 6 N 7 L 8 K 9 K 10 M 11 M 12 L 13 L
14 L 15 L 16 M 17 M 18 M 19 N 20 N 21 M 22 K 23 L 24 L 25 K
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K KvbvWv L eªvwRj cÖ‡qvRb K ivB‡evR L g‡ëvR
M A‡÷ªwjqv N kÖxj¼v i. Av‡jvK eY©vjxi bxj Ask M †m‡jvev‡qvR N my‡µvR
2. A·v‡jvGwmwUK Gwm‡W Kve©b msL¨v KZ? ii. cUvwmqvg Avq‡bi †Kv‡l cÖ‡ek 19. Mø‡y KvR-6 dm‡dU HooooI d«z‡±vR-6
K `yB L wZb iii. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb †Kvl †_‡K †ei dm‡dU GB wewµqv †Kvb GbRvBg Øviv
M Pvi N Qq nIqv cÖfvweZ nq?
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K Ulothrix L Pteris
K i I ii L i I iii M UªvÝdv‡iR N jvB‡qR
M Agricus N Riccia
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 4 I 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 20 I 21bs cÖ‡kœi
`vI : 12. DÏxc‡Ki kvixiZvwË¡K cÖwµqvi †ÿ‡Î DËi `vI :
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n
L Dw™¢`‡K kxZj iv‡L
M Zvc evo‡j cÖwµqvwU n«vm cvq
4. ÔA’ cÖwµqv Ges ÔB’ cÖwµqv msNwUZ nq
N Kg Av`ª©Zvq cÖwµqvwU K‡g hvq
h_vµ‡g
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K ivB‡ev‡mvg I wbDwK¬qv‡m 20. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU cÖKvk K‡i
†KvbwU?
L wbDwK¬qv‡m I gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq i. wjwMD‡ji msL¨v `ywU
K KvBwUb L †mjy‡jvR
M jvB‡mv‡mvg I wbDwK¬qv‡m ii. †jwWwKD‡ji msL¨v `ywU
M ÷vP© N MøvB‡Kv‡Rb
N wbDwK¬qvm I ivB‡ev‡Rv‡g iii. Agivweb¨vm g~jxq
5. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvmg~‡ni †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU 14. †KvbwU DNA enbKvix A½vYy? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K MjwRe¯‘ L jvB‡mv‡mvg
mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii
K ÔAÕ cÖwµqvq cÖvBgvi ˆZwi nq M ivB‡ev‡mvg N gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
L ÔBÕ cÖwµqvi mv‡_ tRNA mswkøó 15. †Kvb Dw™¢‡` `yB ai‡bi †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ cvIqv
hvq? 21. DÏxcK mswkø ó Dw™¢ ` Kv‡Ði fv¯‹zjvi
M ÔAÕ cÖwµqv B›Uvi‡d‡R m¤úbœ nq
K Avg L cvU evÛ‡ji cÖK…wZ n‡e
N ÔBÕ cÖwµqvq ¯úøvBwms N‡U
M AvL N Kjv K †Kw›`ªK L mgcvk¦©xq e×
6. †Mvj Avjyi A½R cÖRbb A½ †KvbwU?
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 16 I 17bs cÖ ‡kœ i M mgcvk¦©xq gy³ N mgwØcvk¦©xq
K KvÐ L g~j M cvZv N gyKzj
7. †Kvb av‡c wn‡gvR‡qb ˆZwi nq? DËi `vI : 22. †KvbwU‡Z wg‡qvwmm N‡U?
K Rbb‡Kv‡l L †`n‡Kv‡l
K mvBR›U L wµ‡ÞvR‡q›U
M civM‡iYy‡Z N Rbb gvZ…‡Kv‡l
M A¨vwge‡qW Uª‡dvR‡qU
N Uª‡dvR‡qU 23. Cycas Gi êwkó¨ n‡jv
8. †KvbwU cvZv m`„k ˆkevj? i. UªvÝwdDkb wUmyï Dcw¯’wZ
K Ulothrix L Chlorella wPÎ-A wPÎ-B ii. n¨vcø‡qW m‡mï m„wó
M Chara N Ulva 16. DÏxc‡Ki A cÖwµqvwUi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ iii. mg‡iYy cÖm~Zv
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K Kiex L nvBwWªjv g‡a¨ N‡U K i I ii L i I iii
M kvcjv N KPzwicvbv ii. wm÷vi †µvgvwU‡Wi g‡a¨ N‡U M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
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K g~j‡ivg L g¾v
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DËi `vI :
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K êwPÎ¨ ˆZwi K‡i K Acivax mbv³Ki‡Y
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K †j‡ÞvwUb L RvB‡MvwUb K †mjy‡jvR L my‡µvR DËi `vI :
M c¨vKvBwUb N wW‡cøvwUb M g‡ëvR N †m‡jvev‡qvR
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ii. AvswkK weRviYÿg B
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M K¨vw¤^qvg N G‡ÛvWvwg©m K Uª‡dvR‡qU L †g‡ivR‡qU
iii. åƒY _wj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i
M †¯úv‡ivR‡qU N wµ‡ÞvR‡qU
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K avb L Avg
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M Kjv N AvZv
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13. †µv‡gv‡mvgvj b„Z¨ †`Lv hvq †Kvb `kvq?
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M †gUv‡dR N Gbv‡dR M Volvox N Ulothrix
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K gvm L wie A C U C C G
U G C U A C G C A G C A U C A U
M †cøU N †cÖv‡UvWvg© 5 M B‡KvcvK© 3 N wPwoqvLvbv
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nq †KvbwU‡Z? eZ© g vb? Drcv`b m¤¢e?
K ivBey‡jvR L ivB‡evR K KvÐ L åƒY
K †÷ªvgv L Aw·‡mvg
M Mø‡y KvR N wW-Aw·ivB‡evR M civMavbx N g~j
M †÷ªvgv j¨v‡gjvg N _vBjvK‡qW
6. †Kvb Av‡jv‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk 15. DÏxc‡Ki ˆRe AYywU
i. DNA †_‡K Drcbœ nq DËi `vI :
mv‡jvKms‡kølY msNwUZ nq?
ii. Rx‡ei eskMZ PwiÎ enb K‡i mygvBqv RxeweÁvb eënvwiK K¬v‡k GKwU
K Kgjv L †e¸bx
iii. †cÖvwUb Drcv`‡b AskMÖnY K‡i dzj ch©‡eÿY K‡i †`Lj Gi civMavbx
M jvj N njy`
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? e„°vKvi Ges KwP Ask wgDwm‡jR
7. Pteris Gi fv¯‹zjvi evÛj †Kvb ai‡bi?
K i I ii L i I iii imhy³|
K n¨v‡Wªv‡mw›UªK L †j‡Þv‡mw›UªK
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 24. DÏxc‡K ch©‡eÿYK…Z dzjwUi
M mshy³ N Aixq
Agivweb¨vm
8. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †MvjAvjyi wejw¤^Z aŸmv 16. evsjv‡`k †Kvb cÖvwY‡fŠ‡MvwjK AÂ‡j
Aew¯’Z? K cÖvšÍxq L g~jxq
†iv‡Mi c¨v‡_v‡Rb?
K A‡÷ªwjqvb L Iwi‡q›Uvj M eûcÖ v šÍ x q N Aÿxq
K Trichophyton L Microsporium
M Phytophthora N Xanthomonus M Bw_Iwcqvb N wbAvK©wUK 25. DÏxc‡Ki dzjwUi †Mv‡Îi êwkó¨ n‡jv
17. †KvWb †KvbwU? i. DccÎ we`¨gvb
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 9 I 10bs cÖ‡kœi Stop
K AUG L UAA ii. civM‡iYy e„nr KÈwKZ
DËi `vI :
CH OH
2 CH OH
2
M UGC N AGU iii. cy®úweb¨vm ¯úvBK‡jU
H
H
O H H
H
O H 18. PRSV †KvbwU Øviv evwnZ nq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
OH H OH H K evqy L cvwb K i I ii L i I iii
OH OH
O
H OH H OH M gkKx N GwdW M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 M 2 M 3 L 4 M 5 N 6 M 7 K 8 M 9 M 10 K 11 M 12 K 13 L
14 L 15 L 16 L 17 L 18 N 19 L 20 N 21 N 22 N 23 M 24 N 25 K
†mU-N 65 h‡kvi †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

1. †KvbwU G·wmUz KbRvi‡fkb? 10. weZwji R¡‡ii RxevYywUi êwkó¨ n‡jv  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 19 I 20bs cÖ‡kœi
K b¨vkbvj cvK© L B‡KvcvK© i. G‡ì `yBwU †cvlK cÖ‡qvRb DËi `vI :
M mvdvix cvK© N wmW e¨vsK ii. Bnv GK‡Kvlx
2. †KvbwU‡K †KjvwmZ Kiv hvq? iii. Bnv ciRxex
K AvwK©e¨vK‡Uwiqv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
L g¨v‡jwiqv ciRxex K i I ii L i I iii
M fvBivm M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wPÎ-A wPÎ-B
N mvqv‡bve¨vK‡Uwiqv 11. †µv‡gv‡mvgvj b„ Z ¨ †`Lv hvq †Kvb `kvq?
19. A wP‡Î fv¯‹zjvi evÛj †Kvb ai‡bi?
3. civM_wji cÖvPx‡ii me‡P‡q †fZ‡ii K †cÖv‡dR L †cÖv-†gUv‡dR
K Aixq L RvB‡jg †Kw›`ªK
¯Íi‡K Kx e‡j? M †gUv‡dR N A¨vbv‡dR
M †d¬v‡qg †Kw›`ªK N mshy³
K cÖv_wgK †¯úv‡iv‡Rbvm
12. cvi‡_‡bv‡R‡bwmm N‡U †Kvb Dw™¢‡`?
K wkg L cwc 20. B wP‡Îi êwkó¨ n‡jv
L GwcWvwg©m
M †jey N mwilv i. K¨vw¤^qvg ejq _v‡K
M †hvRK
13. mycvi ivB‡m _v‡K †Kvb wfUvwgb ii. mgvb e¨vmv‡a© RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡qg
N U¨v‡cUvg
K wfUvwgb-D L wfUvwgb-C _v‡K
4. UªvBKv‡e©vw·wjK Pµ wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
M wfUvwgb-A N wfUvwgb-B iii. RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡qg mshy³
K MøvB‡KvjvBwmm L †µem Pµ
14. †Kvb QÎvKwU RjR? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M C3 Pµ N C4 Pµ K Saprolegnia L Ehizopus K i I ii L ii I iii
5. mvBweªW Gi †ÿ‡Î wgjb n‡e M Aspergillus N Cercospora
K wbDwK¬qv‡mi L mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi 15. giæR Dw™¢‡ì êwkó¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
21. Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU †_‡K j¨vKwUK GwmW Drcbœ
M ivB‡ev‡mv‡gi N †Kvl cÖvPx‡ii K RivqyR A¼z‡iv`Mg
L cvZv KÈ‡K cwiYZ nq
nq †Kvb cÖwµqvq?
6. †KvbwU kw³ iƒcvšÍ‡ii A½vYy?
M Z¡‡K wKDwUKj _v‡K bv K mv‡jvKms‡kølY L AevZ k¦mb
K gvB‡UvKwÛªqv L †K¬v‡ivcøv÷
N eo eo evqyKzVix _v‡K M cÖ‡¯^`b N AwfmÖeY
M jvB‡mv‡mvg N ivB‡ev‡mvg
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 16 I 17bs cÖ‡kœi 22. Mø‡y Kv‡Ri  wjs‡K OH hy³ _v‡K
7. †Mvj Avjyi wejw¤^Z amv †ivM m„wó K‡i
DËi `vI : K 1bs Kve©‡bi Dc‡i
K Alternaria SP
L Phytophthora SP
cvg Mv‡Qi I dv‡b© i cvZv wgjm¤úbœ Ggb L 2bs Kve©‡bi Dc‡i
M Trichophyton SP GKwU Dw™¢` RxeweÁv‡b †Zvgviv c‡oQ| M 1bs Kve©‡bi wb‡P
N Parmelia SP Zviv cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q wU‡K N 2bs Kve©‡bi wb‡P
8. MøvB‡KvjvBwmm Gi mgq NADH + H+ Av‡Q| 23. G·d¬v‡R‡jkb †Kv_vq N‡U?
†_‡K KqwU ATP cvIqv hvq? 16. DÏxc‡Ki Dw™¢`wU n‡jv K hK…‡Z L †jvwnZ KwYKvq
K 1wU L 2wU K Cycas L Riccia
M jvjvi‡m N gkKxi †µv‡c
M 3wU N 4wU M Ephedra N Pteris
24. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡K ev‡qvjwRK¨vj K‡qb
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 9 I 10bs cÖ‡kœi 17. DÏxc‡Ki Dw™¢`wUi êwkó¨ n‡jv
i. cvZv †hŠwMK
e‡j?
DËi `vI : K DNA L RNA
ii. wØwb‡lK N‡U
wZZwj I weZwji gvivZ¥K R¡i n‡jv| M ADP N ATP
iii. ïµvYy e„nr
Zv‡ì i³ cixÿv K‡i †`Lv †Mj †h, 25. B›Uvi‡dR `kvq †KvbwU N‡U?
wZZwji R¡‡ii RxevYywU‡Z †Kv‡bv †Kvlxq i. DNA cÖwZwjcb
K i I ii L i I iii
A½vby †bB Ges weZwji R¡‡ii RxevYywU ii. gvB‡µvwUDweDj&m m„wó
†Kvlxq Z‡e †Kvl cÖvPxiwenxb| iii. ADP ˆZwi nq
18. Ulothrix Gi A‡hŠb Rb‡bi Ry‡¯úv‡i
9. wZZwji R¡‡ii RxevYywU n‡jv KZwU d¬v‡Rjv _v‡K? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K Virus L Bacteria K i I ii L ii I iii
K 1wU L 2wU
M Fungus N Plasmodium
M 3wU N 4wU M i I iii N i, ii I iii
1 N 2 M 3 N 4 L 5 L 6 L 7 L 8 N 9 K 10 N 11 L 12 M 13 M
14 K 15 L 16 K 17 L 18 N 19 K 20 K 21 L 22 M 23 N 24 N 25 M
†mU-M 66 Kzwgjøv †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Ex-situ msiÿY? 8. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvi wb‡`©wkZ ÔxÕ n‡jv 20. DÏxc‡K ÔAÕ wPwýZ msNwUZ cÖwµqvi
K RvZxq D`¨vb L †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b K g‡bvm¨vKvivBW d‡j hvÕ N‡U
M mvdvwi cvK© N B‡KvcvK© L WvBm¨vKvivBW i. wm÷vi †µvgvwU‡Wi g‡a¨ Ask
2. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢‡` jyKvwqZ cÎiÜª M Awj‡Mvm¨vKvivBW wewbgq
we`¨gvb? N cwjm¨vKvivBW
ii. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g wRbMZ cwieZ©b
K Avg L kvcjv 9. g¨v‡jwiqv RxevYyi †Kvb `kv gvbe‡`‡n
iii. bZzb cÖKiY m„wó
M Kiex N †m¸b msµgY NUvq?
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi K †g‡ivR‡qU L †¯úv‡ivR‡qU
K i I ii L ii I iii
`vI : M wµ‡ÞvR‡qU N mvBR›U
10. †KvbwU Mø‡y Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mgcwigv‡Y hy³ M i I iii N i, ii I iii
n‡q my‡µvR MwVZ nq? 21. DÏxc‡K cÖ ` wk© Z cÖ w µqvwU msNU‡bi c~‡e©
K Bwi‡_ªvR L i¨vwd‡bvR hvÕ N‡U
M ivB‡evR N d«z‡±vR i. wmb¨vcwmm
11. †Kvb Dcv`vbwU gvB‡µv‡gŠj? ii. evBf¨v‡j›U
3. DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z Dw™¢`wU wb‡Pi †Kvb K bvB‡Uªv‡Rb L Aw·‡Rb iii. †UUªvW Ae¯’v
†Mvôx‡Z †`Lv hvq? M Kcvi N Kve©b
K eªv‡qvdvBUv L †Uwi‡WvdvBUv 12. †Kv‡bv †KvWwUi A¨vwg‡bv GwmWevnx
K i I ii L ii I iii
M ˆkevj N QÎvK tRNA bvB?
K CCA L UAA M i I iii N i, ii I iii
4. DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z Dw™¢‡ì †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ 22. †KvbwU gv÷vi gwjwKDj bv‡g cwiwPZ?
M AUG N UCU
i. mnevmx
13. †KvbwU Preris Gi †¯úv‡ivdvB‡Ui cÖ_g K DNA L RNA
ii. †hŠb cÖRbb N‡U M †cÖvwUb N Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU
†Kvl?
iii. †¯úvi A¼zwiZ n‡q m„ó K †¯úvi L †mvivm 23. †KvbwU Øviv e¨vK‡Uwiqv †cvlK †Kv‡li
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M D‡¯úvi N †¯úvi gvZ…‡Kvl mv‡_ Ave× nq?
K i I ii L ii I iii 14. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢‡` nvBWv‡_vW we`¨gvb? K wcwj L d¬¨v‡Rjv
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K kmv L KPz M K¨vcwmW N †g‡mv‡mvg
5. kZKiv cÖvq KZwU Dw™¢‡` g‡bv‡¯úvwiK M †e¸b N gwiP
cÖwµqvq åƒY_wj MwVZ nq? 15. d¬v‡Rjvevnx †¯úvi‡K Kx e‡j?  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi
K 25 L 50 K A¨vcø v ‡bv‡¯úvi L wnc‡bv‡¯úvi DËi `vI :
M 75 N 95 M A¨vKvBwbwU N Ry‡¯úvi 2n
6. wUmy¨ KvjPv‡ii gva¨‡g cvIqv hvq 16. Riccia- i cy s Rbbv‡½i bvg Kx?
2n
K A¨v‡š’wiwWqvg L AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg
i. †ivMgy³ Pviv
M Ry‡¯úvivwÄqvg N †¯úvivwÄqvg 2n
ii. ûeû gvZ… ¸Ym¤úbœ Pviv
17. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi êwkó¨? 24. DÏxc‡Ki †Kvl wefvRbwU msNwUZ nq
iii. Aí mgq I ¯’v‡b AwaK Pviv
K civMavbx me©gyL L civMavbx
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. †`n‡Kv‡l
e„°vKvi
K i I ii L ii I iii ii. Rbb‡Kv‡l
M gÄwi ¯úvBK‡jU N dj K¨vwiIcwmm
M i I iii N i, ii I iii iii. Rbbv‡½
18. hyMœ †cÖvwU‡bi A‡cÖvwUb Ask ˆReivmvqwbK
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 7 I 8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
c`v_© n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq
`vI : K A¨vw±‡fUi L †Kv-d¨v±i
K i I ii L ii I iii
m~h©v‡jvK M †Kv-GbRvBg N A¨v‡cv-GbRvBg M i I iii N i, ii I iii
6CO2 + 12H2O  x + 6H2O + y
†K¬v‡ivwdj 19. †Kvb Dcv`vbwU Dw™¢` K¨vUvqb wn‡m‡e 25. DÏxc‡K cÖ ` wk© Z †Kvl wefvR‡bi †ÿ‡Î
7. DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z wewµqvq ÔyÕ Gi †ÿ‡Î †kvlY K‡i? cÖ‡hvR¨
cÖ‡hvR¨ KN L Cl i. GK‡Kvlx my‡µw›`ªK Rx‡e eske„w×
i. Av‡jvK wbi‡cÿ Aa¨v‡q Drcbœ MB NK N‡U
ii. DcRvZ wn‡m‡e wbM©Z  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 20 I 21bs cÖ‡kœi
ii. †`‡ni ÿqc~iY I e„w× mvab N‡U
iii. Drm n‡jv cvwb DËi `vI :
iii. gvZ… êwkó¨ AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? A
K i I ii L ii I iii K i I ii L ii I iii
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
1 L 2 M 3 L 4 N 5 M 6 N 7 L 8 K 9 L 10 N 11 M 12 L 13 M
14 L 15 N 16 K 17 L 18 M 19 N 20 L 21 N 22 K 23 K 24 M 25 N
†mU-L 67 PÆMÖvg †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

1. †Kvb fvBiv‡m DNA _v‡K? 10. DÏxc‡Ki †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ 18. †KvbwU Agaricus Gi d«zU ewWi Ask?
K HIV L TMV i. †c›Uv‡givm K B‡Ûvwmqvg L A¨vbyjvm
M T2 N PRSV
ii. eûcÖwZmg M †÷vwgqvg N ivB‡Rvgd©
2. Pteris Gi ivB‡Rv‡gi kécÎ‡K Kx e‡j?
iii. gy³ Dce„wZ 19. giæR Dw™¢‡ì Awf‡hvRb
K i¨vwKm L †µvwRqvi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. AvKv‡i †QvU
M d«Û N i¨v‡g›Uv
K i I ii L ii I iii ii. KvÐ I cvZv imv‡jv
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
M i I iii N i, ii I iii iii. Z¡‡K wKDwUKj Abycw¯’Z
`vI :
11. DÏxc‡Ki cy®úwU †Kvb Dw™¢‡` cvIqv hvq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K avb L Mg K i I ii L ii I iii
M †Xuom N fzÆv
wPò-A wPò-B 12. GKwU civM _wj‡Z 25wU †iYy gvZ…‡Kvl 20. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Riccia _¨vjv‡m _v‡K?
3. DÏxc‡K ÔAÕ †Z †KvbwU msNwUZ nq? _vK‡j w_‡ivwmm wefvR‡bi ci KZwU
K ivBR‡qW L ivB‡Rvg
K N2 Pµ L TCA Pµ civM‡iYy ˆZwi n‡e?
M ivBRvBb N ivB‡Rvgd©
M C3 Pµ N C4 Pµ K 25 L 50
21. †KvbwU †Kv‡li †cÖvwUb d¨v±ix?
4. wPÎ B †Z M 75 N 100
K MjwRe¯‘ L gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
i. kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ ˆZwi nq 13. †Kvb AvqbwUi †kvlY nvi me‡P‡q gš’i?
M ivB‡ev‡mvg N jvB‡mv‡mvg
ii. Av‡jvK kw³ ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z
+ +
K Na LK
iƒcvšÍi nq M Mg ++
N Ca ++ 22. †KvbwU dm‡dvwjwc‡Wi D`vniY?
iii. mvB‡UvcøvRgxq eskMwZ‡Z mvnvh¨ 14. mvBKv‡m Kx ai‡bi mm¨ †`Lv hvq? K †jwmw_b L my‡ewib
K‡i K n¨vcø‡qW L wWcø‡qW M wKDwUb N Uviwcb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M wUªc‡ø qW N †UUªvcø‡qW 23. †Kvb cÖwµqvq wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvRb N‡U?
K i I ii L ii I iii 15. wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³i KvjPvi wgwWqv‡gi K B›Uvi‡dR
M i I iii N i, ii I iii cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv L K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm
5. †Kvl P‡µi †Kvb ch©v‡q DNA Abywjcb K AvUv L Pv‡ji ¸ov M mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm
nq? M A¨vMvi N Kb©‡d¬Km N B›Uvi KvB‡bwmm
KM LS
M G1 N G2
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 16 I 17bs cÖ ‡kœ i  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi
6. gkKxi jvjvMÖwš’‡Z g¨v‡jwiqv RxevYyi DËi `vI : DËi `vI :
†Kvb `kv cvIqv hvq? A
Mø‡y KvR  cvBiæwfK GwmW  _¨v‡jvdvBUv wefv‡Mi GKwU ¯^‡fvRx Rxe
K †¯úv‡iv‡Rv‡qU L Uª‡dvR‡qU AÅvwmUvBj CO-A I GKwU ci‡fvRx Rxe GK‡Î Ae¯’vb
M wµ‡ÞvR‡qU N †g‡ivR‡q›U K‡i Ab¨ GKwU Rxe‡`n m„wó nq|
7. me‡P‡q ÿz`ª †cÖvwUb †KvbwU? P PKÌ
24. D`xc‡Ki Rxe‡`nwU n‡jv
K †cÖvjvwgb L wn‡÷vb
16. DÏxc‡K ÔAÕ av‡c bxU KqwU ATP Drcbœ K ciRxex L wg‡_vRxex
M †cÖvUvwgb N Mø‡y Uwjb
8. †KvbwU‡Z n¨v‡Wªv‡mw›UªK fv¯‹zjvievÛj nq? M g„ZRxex N civkÖqx
_v‡K? 2 K L3 25. DÏxc‡Ki Rxe‡`nwU n‡jv

K Riccia L Pteris M4 N5 i. ¯^‡fvRx Rxe ci‡fvRx Rx‡e AvkÖq
M Cycas N Orya
17. DÏxc‡K ÔPÕ P‡µ MÖnY K‡i
9. †KvbwU g¨vb‡MÖvf Dw™¢`?
i. 1g Drcbœ nq mvBwUªK GwmW ii. ci‡fvRx Rx‡ei ivBR‡qW _v‡K
K kvj L †m¸b
ii. †k‡l Drcbœ nq g¨vwjK GwmW iii. ci‡fvRx Rx‡ei eR©¨ ¯^‡fvRx Rxe
M Mivb N †gnMwb
iii. PµwU gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z N‡U MÖnY K‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
DËi `vI :
K i I ii L ii I iii K i I ii L ii I iii

 ♂ De„ e„(5) `5 cys () M (5) M i iiiI N i, ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
+
1 M 2 N 3 L 4 N 5 L 6 K 7 M 8 L 9 M 10 N 11 M 12 N 13 N
14 K 15 M 16 K 17 M 18 L 19 K 20 K 21 M 22 K 23 L 24 L 25 M
†mU-M 68 wm‡jU †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z †Kvqv‡›Uv‡mvg cvIqv 8. DÏxc‡K †h cÖhyw³i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q †mwU 19. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z mvqb I ÷K eën„Z nq?
hvq? eënvi K‡i m¤¢e n‡q‡Q K kvLv Kjg L `vev Kjg
K ivB‡ev‡mvg L MjwRe¯‘ i. exRnwb dj m„wó Kiv M ¸uwU Kjg N †Rvo Kjg
M †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ N gvB‡UvKwÛªqb ii. ÿwZKi cZ½ eÜ¨vKiY  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 20 I 21bs cÖ‡kœi
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 2 I 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi iii. Bbmy w j‡bi evwYwR¨K Drcv`b DËi `vI :
`vI : wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii
bvwn`v el©vKv‡j dwi`cyi †_‡K XvKv
Avmvi c‡_ †`Lj GKwU cÖvYx nVvr K‡i
9. wb‡Pi †KvbwU AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î Dw™¢‡`
cvwbi Dc‡i D‡V Avevi Wz‡e †Mj|
Bwi‡_ªvR-4 dm‡dU wn‡m‡e weivR K‡i?
bvwn`vi evev ej‡jb GUv ïïK| K C3H6O3 L C4H8O4
2. DÏxc‡Ki cÖvYxwU †Kvb cÖvYx †fŠ‡MvwjK M C5H10O5 N C6H12O6 20. DÏxc‡Ki RxevbywU †Kvb †iv‡Mi Rb¨
10. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwµq cwi‡lvkY gZev`? `vqx?
AÂ‡ji
K e¨vcK cÖevn L Avqb wewbgq K h²v L K‡jiv
K A‡÷ªwjqvb AÂ‡ji
M †jwmw_b evnK M UvBd‡qW N wbD‡gvwbqv
L wbIUªwdK AÂ‡ji
N †Wvb¨vb mvg¨ve¯’v 21. DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z RxevYywUi msµgY
M Bw_Iwcqvb AÂ‡ji
11. wb‡Pi †KvbwU g~‡ji gva¨‡g esk we¯Ívi cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq n‡jv
N Iwi‡q›Uvj AÂ‡ji
K‡i? i. weï× cvwb cvb
3. DÏxc‡Ki cÖvYxwU K IjKPz L †MvjAvjy ii. Dš§y³ Lvevi cwinvi
i. ev”Pv cÖme K‡i M PzcwiAvjy N wgwóAvjy iii. f¨vw·b MÖnY
ii. b`x‡Z emevm K‡i 12. wb‡Pi †KvbwU RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡qg Dfq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. wecbœ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ wUmy¨‡ZB we`¨gvb?
K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K UªvwKW L †f‡mj
K i I ii L i I iii M dvBevi N wmfbj
22. Diplococcus Pneumoniae Gi AvK…wZ
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 13. AvMi MvQ †Kv_vq cvIqv hvq?
K dwi`cyi L wK‡kviMÄ
†Kgb?
4. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Dw™¢‡ì fvi enb K‡i? K cu¨vPv‡bv L KgvKvi
M w`bvRcyi N †gŠjfxevRvi
K †mjy‡jvR L MøvB‡Kv‡Rb M `ÐKvi N †MvjvKvi
M A¨vwg‡bv GwmW N †Kv‡j÷ij
14. †Kv-GbRvBg
i. †cÖvwUb bq
5. Kzgov Dw™¢‡ì Kv‡Ði fv¯‹zjvi evÛj ii. WvqvjvBwmm Kiv hvq DËi `vI :
K Aixq L mgwØcvk¦©xq iii. ¯^Zš¿fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i B
M n¨v‡Wªv‡mw›UªK N †j‡Þv‡mw›UªK wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 6, 7 I 8bs cÖ‡kœi K i I ii L i I iii A
DËi `vI : M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 23. DÏxc‡Ki ÔAÕ AskwUi bvg Kx?
GKwU we‡kl Dcv`vb cÖ‡qvM K‡i K¨vbmvi 15. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Dw™¢‡` myMwÜ m„wói Rb¨ K †fwmKj L wm÷vwb©
†Kv‡li e„w× †ivwnZKiY I †ncvUvBwUm `vqx? M f¨vwKDj N _vBjvK‡qW
ÔBÕ Gi wPwKrmv Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GKwU K †÷i‡qW L Uviwcb‡qW
M UªvBwMømvivBW N MøvB‡KvwjwcW
24. DÏxc‡Ki ÔBÕ wPwýZ AskwU
we‡kl cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i D³ Dcv`vbwUi i. wewfbœ ai‡bi GbRvB‡g cwic~Y©
evwYwR¨K Drcv`b QvovI gvbe Kj¨v‡Y 16. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †_‡K GMvi GMvi cvIqv
hvq? ii. Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU, wjwcW I †cÖvwUb Øviv
cÖ‡qvM m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| MwVZ
K meyR ˆkevj L AwMœ ˆkevj
6. DÏxc‡Ki we‡kl Dcv`vbwUi bvg Kx? iii. gm„Y G‡ÛvcøvRwgK †iwUKzjvg †_‡K
M ev`vgx ˆkevj N †jvwnZ ˆkevj
K jywm‡dwib L MøvB‡Kv‡mU Drcbœ
17. wUmy¨ KvjPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ gvZ… Dw™¢` n‡Z
M B›Uvi‡dibm N Bwi‡_ªv‡cvBwUb c„_KxK…Z As‡ki bvg Kx? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
7. DÏxc‡Ki we‡kl Dcv`vbwU K K¨vjvm L G·cøv›U K i I ii L i I iii
K Zworag©x M †gwi‡÷g N AYyPviv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
L cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq 18. wb‡Pi †KvbwU eûg~Î †iv‡Mi Dcmg K‡i? 25. wb‡Pi †Kvb av‡c KvqvRgv m„wó nq?
M pH Øviv wbqwš¿Z K †Xuom L ¯’jcÙ K †j‡ÞvwUb L RvB‡MvwUb
N Zv‡c A½v‡i cwiYZ nq M `ye©vNvm N bjLvMov M c¨vKvBwUb N wW‡cøvwUb
1 M 2 N 3 N 4 K 5 L 6 M 7 K 8 N 9 L 10 M 11 N 12 M 13 N
14 K 15 L 16 N 17 L 18 K 19 N 20 L 21 N 22 N 23 K 24 L 25 M
†mU-N 69 ewikvj †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

1. ev‡qvgv‡mi wcivwg‡Wi êwkó¨ 8. †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax RvZ D™¢ve‡b wb‡¤œi †Kvb 16. wPÎwU wb‡¤œi †Kvb †Kvb Dw™¢‡` †`Lv hvq?
i. ï®‹ IR‡bi Dci wbf©i wRbwU eën„Z nq? K Kjv L KPz
ii. Rxe fi wbP †_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K Kg‡Z _v‡K K CP L CRT-l M Avjy N †e¸b
iii. m‡e©v”P Lv`K ch©v‡q f‡ii cwigvY Kg M Nif N PG 17. wP‡Îi MVbwUi êwkó¨ n‡jv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 9. Ulothrix-Gi A‡hŠb Ry‡¯úvi KZ i. cvwb wbM©gb N‡U
K i I ii L ii I iii d¬v‡Rjvwewkó¨? ii. kx‡l© iÿx‡Kvl _v‡K
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K24 L36 iii. wb‡P cÎiÜªxq MnŸi _v‡K
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 2 I 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M48 N 8  10 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Dw™¢‡ì mv‡jvKms‡kølY GKwU Acwinvh©  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 10 I 11bs cÖ‡kœi K i I ii L i I iii
cÖwµqv| wKš‘ †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ cÖ_‡g hv ˆZwi nq DËi `vI : M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
Dw™¢` Zv mivmwi MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 18 I 19bs cÖ‡kœi
GLv‡b ˆZwiK…Z 1g Dcv`vbwU cieZ©x‡Z `ywU DËi `vI :
c„_K Lv‡`¨vcv`v‡b cwiYZ nq| 6 CH2OH
CH OH 2 H
H
2. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ cÖ_g †Kvb C
5
O H
10. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎwUi bvg n‡jv 2
Dcv`vbwU ˆZwi nq? K Actinocytic L Anisocytic
C4
H
OH H 1C
OH
5
H
K Starch L Glucose 3 2 OH 6
M Diacytic N Tetracytic OH C C OH 3 4 CH2OH
M Fructose N Sucrose
3. cÖ_g Dcv`vbwU cwiewZ©Z n‡q ci ci †h `y‡Uv 11. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ MVbwUi êwkó¨ n‡jv H OH OH H
i. CO2 I O2 Gi Av`vb-cÖ`vb NUvq wPÎ : K wPÎ : L

Dcv`v‡b cwiYZ nq Zv‡ì êwkó¨ n‡jv 18. ÔKÕ wP‡Îi Dcv`vbwUi bvg Kx?
ii. g~‡ji cvwb ev®úvKvi wbM©Z K‡i
i. GKwU wiwWDwms ï¨Mvi K -D glucose L -Dglucose
ii. GKwU bb-wiwWDwms ï¨Mvi iii. Gi wb‡P evqy KzVzix _v‡K
M L-glucose N Fructose
iii. bb-wiwWDwms Gi GK Ask Pwe© I wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
19. wP‡Îi `ywU †hvM Ki‡j wK Dcv`vb MwVZ
Avwg‡l cwiYZ nq K i I ii L i I iii
n‡e?
K Starch L Glycogen
K i I ii L i I iii 12. Pteris-Gi cvZvq Aew¯’Z †¯úvivwÄqv‡gi M Sucrose N Cellulose
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ¸”Q‡K e‡j 20. Dcv`vb MV‡bi mgq †h êwk‡óï m„wó nq
4. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi mgq eY©vjxi †Kvb K A¨vbyjvm L G‡Ûvwmqvg i. GK AYy cvwb
Av‡jv¸‡jv †ewk eën„Z nq? M Agiv N †mvivm ii. MøvB‡KvmvBwWK e¯‘
K †e¸bx-bxj I Avmgvbx-meyR 13. PCR-Gi mwVK c~Yi© ƒc Kx? iii. g‡bvm¨vKvivBWØ‡qi wK‡Uvb I
L †e¸bx-jvj I bxj-meyR K Peptide Chain Reaction A¨vjwWnvBW webó nq
M †e¸bx-bxj I Kgjv-jvj L Polysaccharide Chain Reaction
M Polyribosome Chain Reaction
N †e¸bx-njy` I bxj-Kgjv K i I ii L i I iii
N Polymerase Chain Reaction
5. exR ïwK‡q 20C ZvcgvÎvq wd«wRs Ki‡j M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
cÖvq AwaKvsk exRB kZvãx a‡i msiÿY  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 14 I 15bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
21. Energy currency kãwU †Kvb †Kvl
Kiv hvq| Dw™¢‡` G ai‡bi exR cÖvq 70 `vI :
A½vYyi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z?
fvM| evwK 30 fvM exR‡K e‡j Bbmywjb AMœ¨vkq †_‡K ˆZwi nq| GwU GKwU
K MjwR ewW L gvB‡UvKwÛªqb
K Diploid L Haploid ni‡gvb Ges B›Uvi‡diY †cÖvwU‡bi ÿz`ª MÖæc|
M wbDwK¬qvm N ivB‡ev‡mvg
M Orthodex N Recalcitrant 14. †cÖvwUbwU wb‡¤œi †Kvb Rx‡ei AvµgY
22. †Kvb fvBivm w`‡q K¨v‡cvwm mvi‡Kvgv
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 6 I 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : †iv‡a KvR K‡i?
†ivM nq?
Rxe‡`n MV‡b †cÖvwU‡bi f‚wgKv Acwinvh©| K e¨vK‡Uwiqv L fvBivm
K B‡evjv fvBivm L nvwc©m wmg‡cø·
Avevi †`‡ni wewfbœ wµqv-wewµqv M ˆkevj N QÎvK
M wi‡Uªv fvBivm N Gb‡mdvjvBwUm fvBivm
GbRvBg Øviv wbqwš¿Z| 15. DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ †hŠM `ywU K…wÎgfv‡e ˆZwi nq 23. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU m~Pbv †KvW?
6. DÏxc‡Ki Acwinvh© MVbwUi we‡kl Dcv`vb eøvW i. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi gva¨‡g K AUA L AUC
K¨vÝv‡ii wbivg‡q eënvi nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU? ii. wRb †K¬vwbs Gi gva¨‡g M AUG N ACG
K gv‡qvwmb L B›Uvi‡dib iii. wUmy¨ KvjPv‡ii gva¨‡g 24. Stabilizer Ges Lobilizer wb‡¤œi †Kvb
M wmWv‡ivwdwjb N †m‡jvcøvRwgb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? A½vYyi êwkó¨?
7. DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq Dcv`vbwUi êwkó¨ n‡jv K i I ii L i I iii K Centrosome L Lysosome
i. cvwb, wMømvij I jNy A¨vj‡Kvn‡j `ªeYxq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M Nucleosome N Ribosome
ii. U¨vbvwii KuvPv Pvgov †_‡K †jvg Qvovq 25. gvbe wR‡bv‡g gvÎ `yBfvM wRb wewfbœ
iii. GwU Kg Zv‡c bó n‡q _v‡K êwk‡ó¨ Ask MÖnY K‡i Ges evKx 98 fvM
DËi `vI :
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wRbB wbw®µq _v‡K| G‡ì e‡j
K i I ii L i I iii K DTTP L DCTP
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M Splicing DNA N Junk DNA
1 N 2 M 3 M 4 M 5 N 6 L 7 M 8 K 9 K 10 N 11 N 12 N 13 N
14 L 15 K 16 L 17 N 18 K 19 M 20 N 21 L 22 L 23 M 24 L 25 N
†mU-K 70 w`bvRcyi †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 8

1. †Kv‡j‡÷ij †Kvb RvZxh c`v_©? 9. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvq Drcbœ RxevYy gvby‡li 18. wW¤^vYyhš¿ KZ wbDwK¬qvm wewkó¨?
K Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU L †cÖvwUb i‡³ cÖ‡ek Ki‡j K GK L `yB
M wjwcW N wfUvwgb i. M¨v‡g‡UvmvBU Drcbœ nq M wZb N AvU
2. DNA Gi KvR n‡jv ii. cvB‡iv‡Rb Gi ÿiY N‡U  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 19 I 20bs cÖ‡kœi
i. eskMwZi AvYweK wfwË ¯’vcb iii. i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q DËi `vI :
ii. Rx‡ei mKj êwkó¨ wbqš¿Y wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. ˆRweK ms‡KZ †cÖiY K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii 10. †KvbwU ˆkev‡ji A‡hŠb Rbb?
K ni‡gv‡Mvwbqv L LÐvqb
M evwW©s N Ry‡¯úvi wPò : A wPò : B
3. †cÖv‡dR-1 Gi †Kvb Dcch©v‡q wbDwK¬qvi
11. Pteris Dw™¢‡ì KzÐwjZ KwPcvZv‡K wK e‡j? 19. DÏxc‡Ki A Dw™¢‡ì êwkó¨ †KvbwU?
†gg‡eª‡bi Aejywß N‡U?
K d«Û L wcbv K KvÐ I cvZvq evqy KzVzix _v‡K
K RvB‡MvwUb L c¨vKvBwUb
M i¨v‡g›Uvg N †µvwRqvi L g~j gvwUi Lye Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i
M wW‡cøvwUb N WvqvKvB‡bwmm
12. eªv‡qvdvBUv Dw™¢‡ì DbœZ êwkó¨ †KvbwU? M g~j I KvÐ `„p nq
4. QÎv‡Ki mvaviY êwkó¨ †KvbwU?
K Dw™¢` n¨vcø‡qW cÖK…wZi N cwienb wUmy¨ myMwVZ
K Av‡jvi Dci wbf©ikxj
L ivBR‡qW we`¨gvb 20. A I B Dw™¢‡ì g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ †Kv_vq?
L Rbbv½ eû‡Kvlx
M AwaKvsk _¨vj‡qW K cÖ‡¯^`‡bi nvi Kg
M cwienb wUmy¨ Av‡Q N K¨vcwmD‡j fvRK wUmyï Dcw¯’wZ L wbgw¾Z cÎiÜª _v‡K
N †Kvl cÖvPxi KvBwUb wbwg©Z
13. bMœexRx Dw™¢‡ì êwkó¨ n‡jv M g~j myMwVZ
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 5 I 6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi i. wØwb‡lK nq N KvÐ bgbxq I ¯úÄx
`vI : ii. AvwK©‡Mvwbqv m„wó nq
6 CH2OH 6 CH2OH CH2 OH 21. evsjv‡`k †Kvb cÖvwY-†fŠ‡MvwjK AÂ‡ji
H C5 O H C5 iii. Amg AvK…wZi Rbytµg we`¨gvb
O H C O OH
AšÍf©y³?
H H
C4 H 1C O C4 1C O H
OH H C H C
K c¨vwjAvK©wUK L Iwi‡q›Uvj
OH OH
3 2 3 2
HO C C H C C C C
K i I ii L i I iii
H H
M A‡÷ªwjqvb N wbIUªwcK¨vj
H OH H OH H OH
n
5. ˆReivmvqwbK c`v_©wUi bvg Kx? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

K ÷vP© L †mjy‡jvR 14. Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi Agivweb¨vm †Kvb
DËi `vI :
M MøvB‡Kv‡Rb N KvBwUb ai‡bi?
K g~jxq L eû cÖvšÍxq
msKivq‡b c¨v‡i›U wbe©vPb K…wÎg ¯^civMvqb
6. ˆReivmvqwbK c`v_©wUi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb Dw³wU
mwVK? M Aÿxq N kxl©K  P   F1 eskai
K  (1, 4) eÜb w`‡q MwVZ  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 15 I 16bs cÖ ‡kœ i 22. DÏxc‡K P av‡c †KvbwU N‡U?
L †KejgvÎ Dw™¢`‡`‡n cvIqv hvq
DËi `vI : K µwms L †j‡ewjs
CO2
M Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡`‡n cvIqv hvq M Bgv¯‹z‡jkb N e¨vwMs
Pyruvic acid  M  Ethanol
N cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq I weRiK c`v_© 15. M †hŠM †KvbwU? 23. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwU †_‡K †KvbwU cvIqv
7. e¨vK‡Uwiqvi êwkó¨ n‡jv K A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW hvq?
i. Giv my‡Kw›`ªK L j¨vKwUK GwmW K D”P djbkxj RvZ
ii. ivB‡ev‡mvg 70S gv‡bi M A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G L gvZ…¸Y m¤úbœ Dw™¢`
iii. esk e„w×i cÖavb cÖwµqv wØ-fvRb N mvBwUª K GwmW M GM dmj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 16. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ w µqvwU eën„ Z nq N n¨vcø‡qW jvBb
K i I ii L i I iii i. g`¨ wk‡í 24. GKexRcÎx g~‡ji AšÍM©VbMZ kbv³Kvix
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. †Pv‡Li Qvwb Acv‡ik‡b êwkó¨ †KvbwU?
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 8 I 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi iii. Pv cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Y K ewntZ¡‡K wKDwUKj Dcw¯’Z
`vI : wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? L AatZ¡‡K †¯‹¬‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨ Av‡Q
ˆÕ·vGivRGqU K i I ii L i I iii M RvB‡jg V ev Y AvK…wZwewkó
A M ii I iii N i, ii I iii N fv¯‹zjvi evÛj Aixq cÖK…wZi
hK‡r ˆKvl 17. cvZvq †K¬v‡ivwdj AYy m„wói Rb¨ †Kvb 25. AvKl©Yxq I SzjšÍ jvB‡Kb †KvbwU?
8. A wPwýZ As‡ki bvg Kx? †gŠjwU Acwinvh©? K µvm‡UvR L d«zwU‡KvR
K wµ‡ÞvR‡qU L mvBR›U K g¨vM‡bwkqvg L K¨vjwkqvg M †dvwj‡qvR N †j‡cÖvR
M wµ‡Þv‡g‡ivR‡qU N †g‡ivR‡qU M †mvwWqvg N cUvwmqvg
1 M 2 N 3 N 4 N 5 L 6 L 7 M 8 K 9 N 10 N 11 N 12 N 13 M
14 M 15 K 16 L 17 K 18 M 19 K 20 K 21 L 22 M 23 K 24 N 25 L
G·K¬zwmf g‡Wj †U÷ : m„Rbkxj

1 G·K¬zwmf g‡Wj †U÷ 01 welq ˆKvW : 1 7 8
mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
†h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  6CO2 + 12H2O  X + 6H2O + Y K. A¨vwKwbwU Kx? 1
K. BgevBwekb Kx? 1 L. ˆkev‡ji †hŠbRbb c×wZi msÁv †jL| 2
L. AZ¨vek¨Kxq Dcv`vb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 M. DÏxc‡Ki welgc„ô Dw™¢`wUi AšÍM©Vb eY©bv Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki Y wbM©g‡bi Drm cÖgvY Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡Ki †k‡li jvBbwUi h_v_©Zv we‡kølY Ki| 4
6  Dw™¢` I cÖvYx Dfq †Kv‡l we`¨gvb mRxe wSwjøwUi MVb
N. K¨vjwfb I e¨vkvg Gi g‡Z DÏxc‡Ki X Drcv`b
m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ weÁvbx wewfbœ gZev` I g‡Wj cÖ`vb
e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
K‡i‡Qb| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU g‡Wj GLb ch©šÍ me©RbMÖvn¨|
2  GKwU we‡kl †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqvq wWcø‡qW Rx‡ei wSwjøwU †Kv‡li Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
†µv‡mv‡Rvg msL¨v cwiewZ©Z n‡q AcZ¨ †Kv‡l n¨vcø‡qW K. KvB‡b‡Uv‡Kvi Kx? 1
msL¨K †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g cwiYZ nq| L. †m›Uªvj WMgv (Central Dogma) ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
K. †KvlPµ Kx? 1 M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wSwjøwUi MVb m¤úwK©Z me©RbMÖvn¨
L. UªvÝwµckb Ges UªvÝ‡jkb cÖwµqvi `ywU cv_©K¨ †jL| 2 g‡WjwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqvi ¸iæZ¡ †jL| 3 N. DÏxc‡Ki wSwjøwU †Kv‡li Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©-
Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki| 4
N. D‡jøwLZ †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqvi cÖ_g avc e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
7  wb‡Pi Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
3  X GKwU kK©iv hv Rxe‡`‡ni kw³i Drm| Y GKwU ˆRe
MÖæc êwkó¨ KvR
ivmvqwbK c`v_© hv RviY-weRviY cvwbi AYyi ms‡hvRb, P †Kvl¸”Q RxweZ Ges e„w×
AvB‡mvgvwiK cwieZ©b Ges Kve©b-WvBA·vBW AYyhy³ ev mge¨vmxq
wehy³ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Q †Kvl¸”Q RxweZ Ges g„Z cvwb I LwbR
K. Awj‡Mvm¨vKvivBW Kx? 1 jeY cwienb
L. Rxe‡Kv‡l K¨vUv‡jR I RvB‡gR GbRvB‡gi R †Kvl¸”Q g„Z Lv`¨`ªe¨
Kvh©KvwiZv †jL| 2 cwienb
M. X Gi †kÖwYweb¨vm Ki| 3 K. wfwiqb Kx? 1
L. †ncvwUK mvB‡RvMwb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki Y Gi wewµqvmg~n we‡kølY Ki| 4
M. Ae¯’vb Abymv‡i P Gi †kªwYweb¨vm Ki| 3
4  wkÿK eënvwiK K¬v‡m `yBwU bgybv cy®ú †`Lv‡jb cÖ_gwUi
N. Dw™¢`‡`‡n Q Ges R Ae¯’vb Ges MVbMZfv‡e wfbœ-
Mf©gÐy cvj‡Ki b¨vq| wØZxqwUi civMavbx e„°vKvi| e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
K. ¯úvBK‡jU Kx? 1 8  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
L. mvbdvY© ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki bgybv Dw™¢‡ì cy®ú cÖZxK AsKb Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki bgybv Dw™¢‡ì †Mv‡Îi êwkó¨ we‡kølY Ki| 4
5  cªwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k wKQy Dw™¢` Rš§vq hviv _¨vj‡qW, welgc„ô K. AcysRwb Kx? 1
I ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©| Giv GKKfv‡e cÖK…wZi Lv`¨P‡µ MyiæZ¡c~Y© L. RxešÍ Rxevk¥ ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
Ae`vb iv‡L Avevi G‡ì Avµg‡Y A_©bxwZi e¨vcK M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖwµqvi ¸iyZ¡ Dc¯’vcb Ki| 3
ÿwZmvab nq| N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖwµqvi avcmg~n we‡kølY Ki| 4

1  gv‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡b Ggb GKwU we‡kl Dcch©vq K. mv‡jvKms‡kølY Kx? 1
we`¨gvb †hLv‡b bZzb †R‡bwUK êwk‡óï D™¢e nq| L. d‡Uv‡imwc‡ikb ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
K. †KvlPµ Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖwµqvwUi cÖ_g wZbwU avc e¨vL¨v
L. †Kvl wefvR‡b mvB‡UvKvB‡bwm‡mi cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? 2
M. D‡jøwLZ Dcch©vqwUi eY©bv †jL| 3 Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K Av‡jvwPZ Dcch©vqwUi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. Dw™¢` Rxe‡b DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖwµqvwUi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
2  KbK `ywU AYyRxe wb‡q M‡elYv K‡ib| G‡ì g‡a¨ 'A'
we‡kølY Ki| 4
AYyRxewU A‡Kvlxq GK B n‡jv Avw`‡Kvlxq|
K. K¨vcwmW Kx? 1 6  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
L. e¨vK‡Uwiqv Avw`‡Kvlx †Kb? 2
M. D‡jøwLZ AYyRxe `ywUi Zzjbv Ki| 3
N. D³ ch©‡eÿYwU we‡kølY Ki| 4
3  mgv½‡`nx Dw™¢‡ì wKQymsL¨K meyR Avevi wKQy msL¨K A B
AmeyR n‡q _v‡K| meyR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ eû‡Kvlx GKwU‡Z
wPÎ-X wPÎ-Y
MvW©j †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ _v‡K| AmeyR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU †eKvwi
wk‡í ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| K. wmbviwRW Kx? 1
K. jvB‡Kb Kx? 1 L. cv‡_©v‡bv‡R‡bwmm ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
L. welv³ gvkiæg †Pbvi Dcvq †jL| 2 M. DÏxc‡Ki X m„wói cÖwµqvi e¨vL¨v `vI| 3
M. meyR Dw™¢`wU A‡hŠb Rbb wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI| 3
N. 'A' I 'B' Gi wgjb QvovB Dw™¢‡ì eske„w× m¤¢e-
N. DÏxc‡Ki Dw™¢` †Mvôx `ywUi Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv
Ki| 4 we‡kølY Ki| 4
4  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 7  Wv‡qv‡ewU‡m AvµvšÍ Rvwn` mv‡ne‡K Wv³vi GK ai‡bi
C ni‡gvb MÖnY Ki‡Z e‡jb| ni‡gvbwU eZ©gv‡b GKwU we‡kl
B
cÖwµqvq ˆZwi Kiv nq|
A K. G·cøv›U Kx? 1
K. w÷wj Kx? 1 L. wUmy¨ KvjPvi c×wZ‡Z RxevYyg³
y KiY ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb? 2
L. cÎiÜª I cvwbcÎi‡Üªi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL| 2 M. D³ ni‡gvb ˆZwii cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki A, B I C Gi KvR †jL| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki we‡kl cªwµqvwUi K…wl‡ÿ‡Î ¸iZ¡ we‡kølY
N. A Ges C Gi Ae¯’vbwfwËK †kÖwYweb¨vm Ki| 4
5  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : Ki| 4
Møy‡KvR 8  evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY cwðgvÂ‡j Aew¯’Z GKwU we‡kl ebf‚wg

wbqwgZ †RuvqvifvUvi gva¨‡g cÖfvweZ nq| GjvKvwU‡Z

 êwPÎ¨c~Y© Rxe i‡q‡Q|

K. ev‡qvg Kx? 1
3-dm‡dvwMømvivwìnvBW HooI WvB nvB‡Wªvw· A¨vwmUvb dm‡dU
 L. nU¯úU ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
 M. DwjøwLZ ebf‚wgi Dw™¢‡ì Awf‡hvRbxq êwkó¨ †jL| 3

 N. DÏxc‡Ki ebf‚wgi Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ Ex-Situ A‡cÿv In-
cvBiæwfK GwmW Situ c×wZ‡Z mn‡RB msiÿY Kiv hvq- we‡kølY Ki|4

1  gvV ch©v‡q ey‡bv RvZ †_‡K Kvw•ÿZ êwkó¨ Avevw` Rv‡Z 5  Avgv‡ì †`‡n wbw`©ó cÖwZiÿv ¯Í‡i B-lymphoeyte †_‡K
¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g D”P djbkxj av‡bi RvZ D™¢veb m¤¢e| GK ai‡bi Protein AYy Drcbœ nq hv Abyc‡Ö ekKvix
K. ÷K I wmqb ej‡Z Kx eyS? 1 AYyRxe‡K aŸsm K‡i| †`n cÖwZiÿvq D³ Protein AYy
L. Bgv¯‹z‡jkb †Kb Kiv nq? 2 we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
K. cªwZeZ© wµqv Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwU eY©bv Ki| 3
L. mnRvZ I AwR©Z cÖwZiÿvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL| 2
N. A_©bxwZ I weeZ©‡b cÖwµqvwUi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ Protein AYyi wPÎmn MVb eY©bv
2  W. gÄyi †nv‡mb exR Qvov X Dw™¢‡ì AYyPviv Drcv`b K‡ib
Ki| 3
Ges Y Dw™¢‡` weUvK¨v‡ivwUb wRb mshy³ K‡i bZzb RvZ
N. †`n cÖwZiÿvq DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ AYy Kxfv‡e AYyRxe
D™¢veb K‡ib| aŸsm K‡i Zv we‡kølY Ki| 4
K. UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe Kx? 1 6  Av¸‡b nvZ co‡j `ªæZ nvZ mwi‡q †bqv, KvUv we× n‡j AwZ
L. †K¬vb ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2 wÿcÖZvi mv‡_ cv mwi‡q †bqv, †Pv‡L wKQy co‡j Avcbv
M. DÏxc‡K Pviv ˆZwii cÖwµqvwU ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q Avcwb †PvL eÜ n‡q hvIqv BZ¨vw` n‡jv gvby‡li GKwU
wfbœZi- e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 ¯^Ztù‚Z© AvPiY|
N. DÏxc‡Ki wRe mshy³ cÖwµqvwU K…wl Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y©- K. cª`vn Kx? 1
we‡kølY Ki| 4 L. Non-Specific barrier ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ AvPi‡Yi mv‡_ mvgvwRK AvPi‡Yi
Zyjbv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki AvPiY¸‡jv gw¯Í®‹ Øviv wbqwš¿Z bq-
0.1% d we‡kølY Ki| 4
1% c 7  †`n RxevYy Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡j Z¡K me©c_Ö g Zv‡K cÖwZnZ
10% b K‡i| Z¡K civ¯’ n‡j GKwU we‡kl i³KwYKv RxevYy‡K
100% a fÿY K‡i|
K. ev‡qvg Kx? 1 K. Vaccine Kx? 1
L. my›ìeb‡K g¨vb‡MÖvf eb ejv nq †Kb? 2 L. Antigen Ges Antibody-i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL| 2
M. ev¯‘Z‡š¿i AšÍtm¤ú‡K©i Av‡jv‡K DÏxc‡K Aw¼Z M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g A½wU GKwU AvZ¥‡ivM RxevYybvkK
bKkvwU eY©bv Ki| 3 A½ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. a Gi msL¨v K‡g †M‡j d Gi Dci Kx cÖfve co‡e Zv N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ KwYKvi RxevYy fÿY †KŠkj wPÎmn
eY©bv Ki| 4
we‡kølY Ki| 4
8  †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj 7 eQi hver gUi Mv‡Qi Dci M‡elYv
4  M cÖhyw³- Dw™¢‡ì wefvRbÿg Ask †_‡K Dw™¢` m„wó|
K‡i 2wU KvjRqx m~Î Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
N cÖhyw³- Avw`‡Kvlxq e„ËvKvi DNA eënvi K‡i AYyRxe
K. wj_vj Rxe Kx? 1
m„wó L. †g‡gvix †Kvl ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
K. B›Uvi‡dib Kx? 1 M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ weÁvbx cÖ`Ë GK †Rvov êwk‡óï
L. Acivax kbv³Ki‡Y Rx‡bvg wm‡Kv‡qwÝs wKfv‡e †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ †gŠwjK m~ÎwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
eën„Z nq| 2 N. cÖKU wRbwU hw` m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ n‡Z bv cv‡i
M. N cÖhyw³‡Z eën„Z A½vYyi êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki| 3 Zvn‡j m~ÎwU †h e¨wZµg cÖ`k©b K‡i Zv †PKvi
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖhyw³Ø‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki| 4 †ev‡W©i gva¨‡g we‡kølY Ki| 4

1  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki 6  Dw™¢‡ì g~j, KvÐ I kvLv-cÖkvLvi e„w× GK ai‡bi wefvRb
5 wUmy¨ Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| Av‡iK ai‡bi wUmy¨ cwien‡bi Kv‡R
3
5 3 wb‡qvwRZ|
5
3 K. Gwc‡eøgv Kx? 1
wPÎ : A wPÎ : B
L. cvZvi †h iÜªc‡_ cvwb ev®úvKv‡i †ei nq Zvi KvR
K. wbDwK¬IUvBW Kx? 1
L. AvZ¥NvZx †Kvl A½vYyi KvR †jL| 2 †jL| 2
M. wPÎ-A Gi †fŠZ MVb I KvR †jL| 3 M. DÏxc‡Ki 2q ai‡bi wUmyï cÖKvi‡f` wP‡Îi gva¨‡g
N. wPÎ-B Gi cÖKvi‡f` D‡jøL K‡i A  B ˆZwii †`LvI| 3
cÖwµqv ms‡ÿ‡c †jL| 4
N. DÏxc‡Ki 1g ai‡bi wUmyï êwkó¨ D‡jøL K‡i
E
2  C   – D-Mø‡y KvR (AmsL¨) Ae¯’vb Abymv‡i Zvi cÖKvi‡f` †jL| 4
Av`ÆËweGkÏlY
K. †ccUvBW eÜb Kx? 1 7  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
L. my‡µvR‡K †Kb AweRviK kK©iv ejv nq? 2 c
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'C' †hŠMwUi êwkó¨ D‡jøLc~e©K MVbwfwËK a
b
†kÖwYweb¨vm †`LvI| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki E †hŠMwUi êwkó¨ D‡jøL K‡i Gi
wµqv‡KŠk‡ji GKwU gZev` `vI| 4
3  ivwd A I B `ywU Dw™¢` ch©‡eÿY Kij| 'A' Dw™¢`wUi
civMavbx e„°vKvi I 'B' †Z cvj‡Ki b¨vq Mf©gÐy †`L‡Z
†cj|
K. B‡Kvwm‡÷g Kx? 1
L. Cycas †K RxešÍ Rxevk¥ ejv nq †Kb? 2 wPÎ : Y
M. 'A' Dw™¢`wU †h †Mv‡Îi Zvi mbv³Kvix êwkó¨ wj‡L
GKwU Dw™¢‡ì êÁvwbK bvg †jL| 3 K. wfwiqb Kx? 1
N. 'B' Dw™¢`wU †h †Mv‡Îi m`m¨ Zvi cy®úcÎweb¨v‡mi L. GK‡Kvlx cÖvK‡Kw›`ªK Rx‡ei 2wU cÖavb êwkó¨ †jL| 2
wPÎ A¼b Ki| 4 M. DÏxc‡Ki 'a' `kvwU †h cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Drcbœ nq Zvi
4  bgybv-K : m~ÎvKvi †`n, †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ MvW©j AvK…wZi, AkvL wPwýZ wPÎ †`LvI| 3
bgybv-L : QvZvK…wZi †`n, wKQy cÖRvwZ Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e eën„Z
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'b' I 'c' `kv `ywUi êwkó¨ D‡jøL K‡i
nq|
K. A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi Kx? 1 ciRxexi Rb‡b G‡ì f‚wgKv †jL| 4
L. †nUv‡ivgiwdK Rbyµg ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 8  Dw™¢‡ì †Kvb wefvRbÿg A½ †_‡K AwZ Aí mg‡q we‡kl
M. DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ bgybvwUi ˆ`wnK MVb wPÎmn wjL| 3 c×wZ‡Z AwaK msL¨K Pviv Drcv`b Kiv hvq| gvbe
N. DÏxc‡Ki ÔLÕ bgybvwUi d«zUewWi MVb D‡jøL K‡i Gi Kj¨v‡Y weÁvbxiv Av‡iv GKwU cÖhyw³ D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb hv
A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ ms‡ÿ‡c †jL| 4
gvby‡li i‡³ Mø‡y Kv‡Ri gvÎv wbqš¿YKvix ni‡gvb Drcv`‡b
5  Dw™¢`‡`‡n A A½vYyi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³ Drcbœ nq| B-
A½vYywU m~‡h©i Av‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡l kK©iv ˆZwi K‡i| mÿg|
K. d‡Uvdm‡dvivB‡jkb Kx? 1 K. wRb †K¬vwbs Kx? 1
L. mwµq cwi‡kvl‡Yi `ywU gZev‡ì bvg †jL| 2 L. wR‡bvg wm‡Kv‡qwÝs-Gi `ywU ¸iæZ¡ †jL| 2
M. A-A½vYy‡Z kw³ Drcv`bKvix kvixie„Ëxq cÖwµqvq †h M. DÏxc‡Ki 1g c×wZi ¸iæZ¡ D‡jøL K‡i cÖwµqvwU
avcwU PµvKv‡i N‡U Zvi cÖ_g 3wU wewµqv
ms‡ÿ‡c †jL| 3
GbRvB‡gi bvgmn †jL| 3
N. B-A½vYy‡Z Av‡jvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Kve©b weRvi‡Yi †h N. DÏxc‡Ki 2q ev‡Kï ni‡gv‡bi DrcwË D‡jøLc~e©K
†Kvb GKwU MwZc_ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`LvI| 4 Zv Drcv`‡bi †KŠkj ms‡ÿ‡c †jL| 4

1  6CO2 + 12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 K. †gmvK© Kx? 1
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 12H2O + ATP L. cy®úcÎweb¨vm ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
K. cvwbi mv‡jvK wefvRb Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-D Øviv wK eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q? GwU Dw™¢‡ì
L. dv‡g©‡›Ukb Kx e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. wØZxq wewµqvwUi mvaviY MwZc_ †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g †h As‡k we`¨gvb Zvi AšÍM©VbMZ wPwýZ wPÎ AsKi
†`LvI Ges bxU ATP wn‡me Ki| 3 Ki| 3
N. 1g I 2q wewµqv `ywUi bvg D‡jøLc~e©K Zzjbv Ki| 4 N. wPÎ-C Øviv †h †MvÎ wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi AšÍM©Z
2  RxeweÁv‡bi Ggb GKwU kvLv Av‡Q †hLv‡b Aí mg‡q Dw™¢`mg~n AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡kølY Ki| 4
AwaK Pviv Drcv`b Ges wRb cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g Kvw•ÿZ 6  M I N `ywU ˆRe ivmvqwbK c`v_© Ges N n‡jv M Gi GKwU
êwkó¨ m¤úbœ Rxe Drcv`b cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
we‡kl iƒc hv wewfbœ wewµqvq Dcw¯’Z †_‡K wewµqvi MwZ‡K
K. cwjwbqvg Kx? 1
L. cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm Kx e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 wbqš¿Y K‡i|
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ 1g cÖwµqvwUi bvg Kx? cÖwµqvwU K. B›UviKvB‡bwmm Kv‡K e‡j? 1
wKfv‡e m¤úbœ nq eY©bv Ki| 3 L. µwmsIfvi Kx e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
N. 2q cÖwµqvwUi bvg D‡jøLc~e©K ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4 M. DÏxc‡Ki M Øviv wK eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q? `ªeYxqZvi Dci
3  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : wfwË K‡i Gi †kÖwYwefvM Ki| 3
N. N Gi bvg D‡jøLc~e©K Kvh©KvwiZvi cÖfveKmg~n
Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
7  G = meyR Dw™¢`  nwiY  i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi
H= K¨v±vm  Bu`yi  mvc  DU
wPÎ-A wPÎ-B
K. G‡ÛwgK Kx? 1
K. wjfviIqvU© Kx? 1
L. jvB‡Kb Kx e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 L. ev‡qvg Kx e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. wPÎ-B Gi bvg D‡jøLc~e©K Rbyµg eY©bv Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡Ki G Øviv wb‡`©wkZ e‡bi eY©bv `vI| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki A RvZxq Dw™¢`¸‡jvi DcKvix I AcKvix N. DÏxc‡Ki H Øviv wb‡`©wkZ ¯’v‡bi Dw™¢`¸‡jvi
`y‡Uv w`KB we`¨gvb  we‡kølY Ki| 4 Awf‡hvRb cÖwµqv we‡kølY Ki| 4
4  wibv I wgbv `yRbB R¡‡i AvµvšÍ n‡jv Ges cixÿv K‡i †`Lv 8 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
†Mj wibvi i‡³ AYyPwµKvi cwigvY Ges wgbvi i‡³
†jvwnZ i³KwYKvi cwigvY A‡bK K‡g †M‡Q|
K. eUzwjRg Kx? 1
L. BgvwR©s fvBivm Kx e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ 1g e¨w³i R¡‡ii eY©bv `vI| 3 wPÎ-I wPÎ-J
N. 2q e¨w³i †jvwnZ i³KwYKvi n«vm c×wZ we‡kølY K. m¨vU †µv‡gv‡mvg Kx? 1
Ki| 4
L. A‡cib Kx e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
5  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
M. 'I' †h ˆRe Gwm‡Wi MvVwbK Dcv`vb Zv 'J' Øviv MwVZ
gc. Dgc. % cy2 cys3+3M1
ˆRe GwmW †_‡K m„ó| eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'I' I 'J' Øviv MwVZ ˆRe GwmW `ywUi g‡a¨
wPÎ-C
wPÎ-D Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
G·K¬zwmf g‡Wj †U÷ I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb

6 G·K¬zwmf g‡Wj †U÷ 06 welq †KvW : 1 7 8
mgq : 25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb : 25
1. †Kvb weÁvbx µwms Ifvi m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g 11. cwienb wUmy¨ enbKvix Dw™¢` †KvbwU? 18. wb‡Pi †Kvb Z_¨wU DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq
aviYv †`b? K gm L dvb© Dw™¢‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨?
K _gvm nv›U gM©vb L A¨vwi÷Uj M QÎvK N ˆkevj i. GwU GKwU RxešÍ-Rxevk¥
M WviDBb N g¨v‡Ûj  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 12 I 13 bs ii. wØ-wb‡lK N‡Ubv
2. †Kvb Dw™¢‡` cwj‡mw›UªK †µv‡gv‡Rvg cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : iii. Gi †Kvivj‡qW g~j Av‡Q
cvIqv hvq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K Avg L Kjv A·v‡jv GwmwUK GwmW mvBwUªK GwmW K i I ii L ii I iii
M Rvg N Avjy M i I iii N i, ii I iii
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU GKwU A-weRviK kK©iv? wPÎ-A 19. wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb N‡U
K ivB‡evR L d«z‡±vR K M¨vwg‡U
g¨vwjK GwmW wKUzMUøy vwiK GwmW
M my‡µvR N Mø‡y KvR L n¨vcø‡qW Dw™¢‡ì RvB‡Mv‡U
4. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †Kv‡li †cÖvwUb d¨v±i? M civM‡iYy‡Z
K MjwMe¯‘ L ivB‡ev‡Rvg N åƒY_wj‡Z
12. Pµ-AwU m¤úbœ nq
M jvB‡mv‡Rvg N gB‡UvKwÛªqv 20. evsjv‡`k †Kvb cÖvwY‡fŠ‡MvwjK AÂ‡ji AšÍf‚©³?
K mvB‡UvcøvR‡g L gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq
5. mevZ I AevZ k¦m‡bi Awfbœ avc †KvbwU? M ivB‡ev‡Rv‡g N †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ K A‡÷ªwjqvb L Bw_Iwcqvb
K MøvB‡KvjvBwmm L wU.wm.G Pµ M Iwi‡q›Uvj N c¨vwjAvK©wUK
13. DÏxc‡Ki Pµ A †Z Drcbœ `ªe¨ n‡”Q
M B.wU.Gm N GwmUvBj †Kv-G m„wó 21. Pv‡ji ÔAivB‡RwbbÕ Kx ai‡bi †cÖvwUb?
i. 2ATP
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU †`L Ges 6 I 7 bs cÖ‡kœi ii. 8NADH2 K †cÖvjvwgb L Mø‡y Uwjb
DËi `vI : iii. 2FADH2 M †MøvweIwjb N †cÖvUvwgb
B wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 22. wb‡Pi †KvbwU jvB‡K‡bi Rb¨ mwVK?
K i I ii L ii I iii i. QÎvK n‡”Q jvB‡K‡b gvB‡Kvev‡qv›U
M i I iii N i, ii I iii ii. GwU GKwU †n‡jvwURg ai‡bi wg‡_vRxweZv
14. wb‡Pi †KvbwU M‡gi DbœZ D”Pdjbkxj RvZ? iii. G‡ì ivBRvBb Av‡Q
6. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢`wU‡Z wPÎ X ai‡bi
K AvKei L gvjv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
fv¯‹zjvi evÛj cvIqv hvq?
M kÖveYx N gy³ K i I ii L i I iii
K wgwóKzgov L bvwi‡Kj
15. wb‡Pi †KvbwU G·-wmUz msiÿ‡Yi D`vniY? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M †cqvR N Avg
K B‡KvcvK© L RvZxq D`¨vb 23. K¨vcwmW _v‡K †Kvb AYy Rx‡e?
7. DÏxc‡Ki B-wPwýZ AskwU †Kvb ai‡bi wUmy¨?
M mvdvwi cvK© N Dw™¢` D`¨vb K ˆkevj L fvBivm
K fv¯‹zjvi wUmy¨ L fvRK wUmy¨
16. G·-d¬v‡R‡jkb cÖwµqvwU g¨v‡jwiqv M e¨vK‡Uwiqv N QÎvK
M RwUj wUmy¨ N ¯’vqx wUmy¨
ciRxexi RxebP‡µi †Kvb av‡c †`Lv hvq? 24. wb‡Pi †Kvb e¨vK‡UwiqvwU bt-CORN
8. Rev Dw™¢‡` †Kvb Agivweb¨vm †`Lv hvq?
K †ncvwUK mvB‡RvMvwb ˆZwi‡Z eën„Z nq?
K g~jxq L eûcÖvšÍxq
L Gwi‡_ªvmvBwUK mvB‡RvMwb K Bacillus anthracis
M GKcÖvšÍxq N Aÿxq
M M¨vwg‡UvMwb L Bacillus alba
9. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ÒAwMœ ˆkevjÓ wnmv‡e cwiwPZ? M Bacillus denitrificans
N †¯úv‡ivMwb
K Chrysophyta L Euglenophyta N Bacillus thuringiensis
M Pyrrophyta N Rhodophyta  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 17 I 18 bs
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 25. wR‡bvg wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ eën„Z nq
10. wb‡Pi †KvbwU evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU wejyßcÖvq cÖvYx?
wkÿK Zvi K¬v‡m `y‡Uv Dw™¢` †`Lv‡jb| i. Acivax mbv³Ki‡Y
i. Gavialis gangeticus
ii. Kachuga kachuga cÖ_g Dw™¢`wU‡K wjf©viIqvU© e‡j Ges ii. Rxe Z_¨we`¨vq
iii. Tenualosa ilisha
wØZxq Dw™¢`wU‡K cvg-dvY© e‡j| iii. Dw™¢‡ì †ivM cÖwZ‡iva RvZ D™¢ve‡b
17. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g Dw™¢`wUi êÁvwbK bvg Kx?
Ki L i I ii K i I ii L ii I iii
K Pteris sp. L Riccia sp.
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M Cycas sp. N Pinus sp. M i I iii N i, ii I iii
1 K 2 L 3 M 4 L 5 K 6 K 7 L 8 N 9 M 10 L 11 L 12 L 13 N
14 K 15 N 16 M 17 L 18 N 19 L 20 M 21 L 22 N 23 L 24 N 25 N

1. †Kv‡li †cÖvwUb d¨v±wi ejv nq †Kvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 18. †Kvb Dw™¢‡` †÷vwgqvg (Stomium) _v‡K?
A½vYy‡K? K i I ii L i I iii K Riccia L Anthoceros
K Ribosome L Lysosome M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M Pteris N Hibiscus
M Centrosome N Oxysome 9. †Kv‡j‡÷ij †Kv_vq ˆZwi nq? 19. †KvbwU RNA fvBivm bq?
2. wm‡÷vwj_ cvIqv hvq wjfvi
K L wKWwb K Mamps L Rabies
M dzmdzm N n„rwcÐ M Polio N Varida
i. eU
10. †KvbwU †cÖvwU‡qR GbRvBg bq? 20. evsjv‡`k †Kvb cÖvwY‡fŠ‡MvwjK AÂ‡j
ii. Wzgyi
K RvB‡jg L †ccwmb Aew¯’Z?
iii. ivevi Mv‡Qi cvZvq
M wUªcwmb N c¨v‡cBb K Bw_Iwcqvb L wbIUªwcK¨vj
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡ov Ges 11 I 12 bs M wbAvK©wUK N Iwi‡q›Uvj
K i I ii L i I iii
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 21. Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢‡ì ¯îƒc n‡jv
iwd‡Ki A‡Kvlxq AYyRxewU kwd‡Ki i. exiær
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Replisome-Gi AšÍfz©³ GK‡Kvlx AYyRxe‡K fÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g ii. ¸j¥
GbRvBg bq? msL¨ve„w× (eske„w×) K‡i| iii. e„ÿ
K MvB‡iR 11. kwd‡Ki AYyRxewU 1 w`‡b KZwU wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
L †nwj‡KR †Rbv‡ikb (Rby) m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i? K i I ii L i I iii
M A¨vwg‡bv-A¨vwmj t-RNA wm‡š’‡UR K 24 L 36
N cÖvB‡gR M 48 N 72
22. d‡UvjvBwmm Ae IqvUvi (Photolysis of
4. †Kvb †Kvl KLbI wefvwRZ nq bv? 12. iwd‡Ki AYyRxewU Ae¯’vb K‡i
Water) Dw™¢‡ì †Kv_vq N‡U?
i. gvby‡li cwiYZ RBC i. evZv‡m
K PS-I G L PS-II †Z
ii. gvwU‡Z
ii. †cwk‡Kvl M C3 P‡µ N C4 P‡µ
iii. cvwb‡Z
iii. ¯œvqy‡Kvl
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  wb‡Pi wewµqvwU DÏxcK n‡Z 23 bs
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 6CO2 + 12H2O + kw³ (ATP)
13. Plasmodium falciparum w`‡q AvµvšÍ ‰bRvBg C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

5. cywói Afv‡e †Kv‡li g„Zz¨‡K Kx e‡j? e¨w³i KZ NÈv cici R¡i Av‡m? 23. D³ cÖwµqvq PQ Gi gvb KZ?
K Necrosis L Apostosis
K 3648 L 48 K1 L2
M Kinesis N Cytokinesis
M 72 N 96
6. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb av‡c M3 N4
14. cv_‡ii Mv‡q Rš§v‡bv ˆkevj‡K e‡j?
cÖwZwU †µv‡gvwUW AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡mv‡g 24. evsjv‡`k †Kvb cÖwZôvb me©cÖ_g
K Benthic Algae L Lithophyte
cwiYZ nq? M Endophyte N Epiphytic
wUmy¨KvjPvi c×wZi m~ÎcvZ K‡i?
K Prophase L Metaphase 15. †KvbwU welv³ gvkiæg? K eª¨vK
M Anaphase N Telophase K Amanita L Volvariella L XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
M Pleurofus N Nostoc M ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
7. Mø‡y KvR m¤^‡Ü †KvbwU mwVK bq?
16. ev‡qvdz‡qj ˆZwi K‡i †Kvb ˆkevj? N PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq
K GKwU wiwWDwms my¨Mvi
K Botrycoccus L Nostoc
L G‡K Av‡Li wPwb ejv nq 25. cv‡_©‡bvKvwc©K dj n‡jv
M Osullatoria N Dedogonium
M MøvB‡Kv‡Rb wn‡m‡e mwÂZ _v‡K 17. †Kvb ai‡bi Dw™¢‡` cwienbZš¿ †bB? i. †jey
N wfUwgb-wm ˆZwi‡Z eën„Z nq| i. Bryophyto ii. Kgjv‡jey

ii. Thallophyta iii. Wvwjg
8. ÷v‡P© †Kvb eÜb _v‡K? iii. Pteridophyta
i.   1, 4 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii
ii.   1, 4 K i I ii L i I iii
  1, 6 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 K 2 L 3 M 4 N 5 K 6 M 7 L 8 L 9 K 10 K 11 N 12 N 13 K
14 L 15 K 16 K 17 K 18 M 19 N 20 N 21 N 22 L 23 K 24 L 25 K

1. Dw™¢`‡Kv‡li eqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ wb‡Pi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 19. DNA AYyi wbw`©ó RvqMvq bv †K‡U †h
†KvbwUi AvK…wZ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K? K i I ii L i I iii †Kvb †eR †Rv‡oi g‡a¨ KvU‡Z cv‡i †Kvb
K gvB‡UvKwÛªqv L jvB‡mv‡mvg M ii I iii N i, ii I iii GbRvBg?
M †Kvl MnŸi N †Kvl cÖvPxi 10. e¨vK‡Uwiqv bvgKiY K‡ib †K? K G‡ÛvwbDwK¬‡qR
 `ya †_‡K gvLb, `B, cwbi BZ¨vw` ˆZwi‡Z K G‡ibevM© L jyB cv¯‘i L †imwUªKkb G‡ÛvwbDwK¬‡qR
Avw`‡Kvlx AYyRxe f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i M ievU© KP N wjD‡qb ûK M jvB‡MR
_v‡K| G‡ì g‡a¨ wKQy AYyRx‡e g~j DNA 11. †gwi‡÷g wUmy¨ RxevYygy³ _v‡K †Kb? N wgD‡UR
†Z AwZwi³ ÿz`ª e„ËvKvi DNA _v‡K| K wKDwUKj cyiæ e‡j  wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 20 I 21 bs cÖ‡kœi
2. DÏxc‡Ki Kv‡R f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i wb‡Pi L fv¯‹zjvi evÛj _v‡K bv e‡j DËi `vI :
†Kvb AYyRxe? exi‡kÖô gyÝx M †Kvl AbeiZ wefvwRZ nq e‡j
K Azotobacter sp. N †Kv‡l cyiæ AveiY _v‡K e‡j Xylem
L Lactobacillus sp. 12. wb‡Pi †KvbwU bMœexRx Dw™¢`? Phloem
M Rizobium sp. K Pteris sp. L Corypha sp.
N Saccharomyces sp. M Thuja sp. N Nerium sp
3. Gme AYyRxe Av‡iv †h me †ÿ‡Î Ae`vb iv‡L
13. cÖvYxi i³ I g~Î †_‡K Jla AvniY n‡”Q
i. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb mseÜ‡b K gwjKzjvi dvwg©s L †gwWwmb KvjPvi 20. wP‡Îi fv¯‹zjvi ev‡Ûj †Kvb ai‡bi?
ii. wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA †UK‡bvjwR‡Z M wRb †K¬vwbs N BDwi‡bkb K Aixq
iii. Pv ˆZwi‡Z 14. TMV Gi cÖwZwU K¨vc‡mvwgqv‡i KZwU L †Kw›`ªq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? A¨vwg‡bv A¨vwmW _v‡K? M gy³ mgcvk¦x© q
K i I ii L i I iii K 150wU L 158wU N mgwØcvk¦©xq
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M 160wU N 2200wU 21. Dc‡ii fv¯‹zjvi evÛj cvIqv hvq wb‡Pi
4. B‡jKUªb cÖevnZ‡š¿ ATP ˆZwi nq 15. wb‡Pi †Kvb d¨vwU A¨vwmW †`‡ni Rb¨ †Kvb Dw™¢‡`?
i. NADH2 Rvi‡Y AcKvix? K †h †Kvb Dw™¢‡ì g~‡j
ii. Cyt. -b Rvi‡Y K UªvÝ-d¨vwU A¨vwmW L ïay GKexRcÎx Dw™¢‡ì g~‡j
iii. Cyt. -a RviY L I‡gMv-3 M †h †Kv‡bv Dw™¢‡ì Kv‡Ð
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M I‡gMv-6 N ïay wØexRcÎx Dw™¢‡ì g~‡j
K i I ii L i I iii N wmm-d¨vwU A¨vwmW 22. cwiùzwUZ civM‡iYy‡K cywó `vb K‡i?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K U¨v‡cUvg
16. Ex-situ Conservation Gi †ÿÎ¸‡jv n‡jv
5. g~j Øviv eskwe¯Ívi N‡U wb‡Pi †KvbwUi? L AvwK©‡¯úvwiqvj †Kvl
i. wPwoqvLvbv
K Avgiæj kvK L PzcwiAvjy ii. †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b M BbUvBb
M K¨vKUvm N cUj iii. mvdvwi cvK© N G·vBb
6. wejyßcÖvq Dw™¢` †KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 23. ˆkevj m¤ú‡K© mZ¨ n‡jv
K Shorea robusta i. Giv _¨vj‡qW cÖK…wZi
K i I ii L i I iii
L Heritiera fomes
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. c„w_ex‡Z m„ó cÖ_g Dw™¢` wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z
M Cassia alata
N Knema bengalensis  wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 17 I 18 bs cÖ‡kœi iii. Giv c„w_ex‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk Aw·‡Rb
7. †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb av‡c wbDwK¬Ijvm I DËi `vI : wbM©gb K‡i
wbDwK¬qvi †gg‡eª‡bi wejywß N‡U? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K †cÖv‡dR L †cÖv-†gUv‡dR K i I ii L i I iii
M †gUv‡dR N A¨vbv‡dR M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
8. kw³ cÖev‡ni êwkó¨ 24. †Kvl MnŸ‡ii KvR n‡jv
i. g~j Drm †mŠikw³ 17. Dc‡ii wPÎwU †Kvb ai‡bi Placentation i. wewfbœ iÄK c`v_© aviY K‡i bv
ii. cÂgvsk wbqg bv‡g cwiwPZ ev Agivweb¨vm? ii. †Kv‡li cvwb Pvc iÿv Kiv
iii. cÖevn GKg~Lx nq K Aÿxq L gy³ ga¨ iii. †Kv‡li eR©¨ c`v_© aviY Kiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M eûcÖ v šÍ x q N g~jxq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii 18. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi b¨vq Placentation ev K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii Agivweb¨vm †`Lv hvq wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢‡ì M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
Mf©vk‡q? 25. †Kvb †`k cÖ_g B‡jKUªb gvB‡µv‡¯‹vc
9. A¨v‡cv‡¯úvwi cÖwµqvq Drcbœ Dw™¢` n‡e
K Portulaca oleracea D™¢veb K‡i?
i. wWcø‡qW L Lagenaria vulgaris
ii. gvZ…Dw™¢‡ì ¸Ym¤úbœ M Lablab purpureus K Rvcvb L Rvg©vwb
iii. Abye©i N Nelumbo nucifera M myB‡Wb N d«vÝ
1 M 2 L 3 N 4 N 5 N 6 N 7 L 8 L 9 K 10 K 11 M 12 M 13 K
14 L 15 K 16 K 17 L 18 K 19 L 20 K 21 K 22 K 23 N 24 N 25 L

1. †KvbwU fvBivmNwUZ †ivM? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K K‡jiv L h²v K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
M RjvZ¼ N abyósKvi M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
2. 8. GbRvBg eën„Z nq 17. UªvÝ‡jkb eÜ nq †KvbwU hy³ n‡j?
K UAA L AUA
i. Lv`¨ nR‡g
M AUU N AUG
ii. `ya †_‡K cwbi ˆZwi‡Z
18. KxUcZ½ AvK…ó n‡q civMvq‡b mvnvh¨
iii. kw³i Drm wn‡m‡e
DÏxc‡Ki AYyRxewUi êwkó¨ n‡jv K‡i
i. †KvlcÖvPx‡ii wgDevwgK GwmW _v‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. †µv‡gvcøv÷ Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨
ii. †R‡bwUK wiKw¤^‡bkvb N‡U K i I ii L i I iii ii. †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨
iii. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis G eën„Z nq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. wjD‡Kvcøv÷ Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 9. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii CH2OH
K i I ii L i I iii
H O OH
H
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii H M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4 bs HO
OH H
OH
H 19. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z mgwØcvk¦ x©q Kjv¸”Q
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : OH
H OH
CH cvIqv hvq?
A I B `ywU _¨v‡jvdvBwUK Rxe| A Lv`¨ K fzÆvi Kv‡Ð L fzÆvi g~‡j
wP‡Îi †hŠMwU MVb K‡i
ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡jI B Zv cv‡i bv| Giv M m~ h © gL
y xi Kv‡Ð N av‡bi g~‡j
K ÷vP© L my‡µvR
Df‡q wg‡j C bvgK GKwU Rx‡e cwiYZ 20. †KvbwU c¨v‡ibKvBgv RvZxq †Kvl?
M †mjy‡jvR N †m‡jvev‡qvR
nq| K mxfbj L m½x‡Kvl
10. wb‡Pi †KvbwU me‡P‡q `ªæZMwZ‡Z †kvwlZ
3. DÏxc‡Ki C RxewU n‡jv M UªvwKW N †f‡mj
K ˆkevj L QÎvK
nq?
K Ca ++
L NO3 – 21. †¯úv‡idvBwUK Dw™¢ ‡` †Kv_vq wg‡qvwmm
M gm N jvB‡Kb – – N‡U?
M SO4 N PO4
4. A I B DfqB K †`n‡Kv‡l
i. my‡Kw›`ªK
11. Sayer Gi g‡Z pH e„w× †c‡j
L Rbb‡Kv‡l
ii. cwienb wUmy¨ Abycw¯’Z i. cÎiÜª Ly‡j hvq
M Rbb gvZ…‡Kv‡l
iii. †¯úv‡ii gva¨‡g eskwe¯Ívi K‡i ii. Kve©wbK GwmW Drcbœ nq
N RvB‡MvU
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. Awf¯ªeYxq Pvc e„w× cvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 22. KL‡bv wef³ nq bv
K i I ii L i I iii
i. c~Yv© ½ jvj i³‡Kvl
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii
ii. †cwk †Kvl
5. Ômycvi ivBmÕ G _v‡K †Kvb wfUvwgb? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K wfUvwgb A L wfUvwgb B iii. mœvqy‡Kvl
12. cvBiæwfK GwmW Kq Kve©bwewkó?
M wfUvwgb C N wfUvwgb D wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K1 L2
K i I ii L i I iii
6. wR‡bvg wm‡Kv‡qwÝs cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq M3 N4
i. Acivax mbv³ Ki‡Z
13. K¨vjwfb P‡µ CO2 Gi MÖvnK †KvbwU? 23. cÖ_g fv¯‹zjvi Dw™¢‡ì ivB‡Rvg †h ev`vgx
ii. wcZ…Z¡ wbY©q Ki‡Z K 3 PGA L RUBP
iii. KxUcZ½‡ivax Dw™¢` Drcv`‡b kécÎ Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K Zvi bvg 
M OAA N PEP
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K d«Û L wcbv
14. wbDwK¬qvm Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †K?
K i I ii L i I iii M †µvwRqvi N i¨v‡g›Uvg
K ievU© ûK L ievU© eªvDb
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 24. Cycas Dw™¢‡ì mm¨ †Kvb ai‡bi?
M Aëg¨vb N †eÛv
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 7 I 8 bs K n¨vcø‡qW L wWcø‡qW
15. K¨vwg‡jv MjwM †Kvb †Kv‡l MjwM ewW
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M wUªc‡ø qW N cwjcø‡qW
†`L‡Z cvb?
†iLv cÖwZw`b Zvi mšÍvb‡ì‡K gvQ, gvsm 25. Hibiscus rosa-sineunsis 
K mœvqy‡Kv‡l L †cwk †Kv‡l
I wWg †L‡Z †`q| i. Dfwj½
M n„`‡Kv‡l N AveiYx †Kv‡l
7. DÏxc‡Ki me©‡kl Lv‡`ï eY©nxb ii. eûcÖwZmg
Dcv`vbwUi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ 16. wR‡bi KvR n‡jv iii. Mf©KwU
i. cvwb‡Z mn‡R `ªexf‚Z nq i. GbRvBg ms‡kølY K‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. Zvc w`‡j RgvU euv‡a ii. ˆRewbK Kvh©vejx wbqš¿Y K‡i K i I ii L i I iii
iii. je‡Yi `ªe‡Y `ªeYxq iii. wRb GbRvB‡gi KvR wbqš¿Y K‡i M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 M 2 M 3 N 4 N 5 K 6 K 7 N 8 K 9 K 10 L 11 L 12 M 13 L
14 L 15 K 16 K 17 K 18 K 19 M 20 L 21 M 22 L 23 N 24 K 25 K

1. Dw™¢‡ì mwµq †kvlY gZev‡ì AšÍf©~³ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 15. DÏxc‡Ki †hŠMwU
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iii. †e†bU K¬vK© Gi †jwmw_b gZev`  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 9 bs cÖ‡kœi iii. -1, 4 MøvB‡KvmvBwWK eÜbhy³
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? DËi `vI : wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
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M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
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K‡i? wn‡m‡e †Kvb wjwcW cvIqv hvq
K cv_iKzwP L Av`v K Uviwcb&m L †Kv‡j÷ij
9. 'Q' wPwýZ AskwU‡K ejv nq
M KvK‡ivj N cUj M dm‡dvwjwcW N mvi‡dvwjwcW
K wcwbDj L †mvivm
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs 17. †KvbwU †gUv‡dR av‡ci Ab¨Zg êwkó¨
M i¨vwKm N A¨v‡cvdvBwmm
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wm‡jU miKvwi gwnjv K‡j‡Ri QvÎxiv 10. dvb© †cÖv_¨vjv‡mi êwkó¨ L †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †m‡›Uªvwgqvi c„_K nq
my›ìe‡b †eov‡Z wM‡qwQj| †mLv‡b Zviv i. n„rwcÐvKvi M w¯úÛj h‡š¿i MVb ïiæ nq
Mv‡Qi †Mvovq wks AvK…wZi g~j †`L‡Z ii. †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK N AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg wecixZ †giæ‡Z †cuŠQvq
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K RivqyR AsKz‡iv`Mg M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 19. DNA -aviYKvix †Kvlxq A½vYy
L KuvUvq cwiYZ cvZv i. †K¬v‡ivcøv÷
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K ÿzw`cbv L †gnMwb 11. wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z jvB‡KbwU Kx ai‡bi K i I ii L i I iii
M †m¸b N †MvjcvZv jvB‡Kb? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
5. cvwb‡Z ˆZj `~lY Kgv‡bvi Rb eën„Z K †j‡cÖvR L µvm‡UvR 20. Ògvóvi eø–-wcÖ›UÓ ejv nq †KvbwU‡K?
AYyRx‡ei bvg M †dvwj‡qR N d«zwU‡KR K DNA L genome
K Pseudomonas L E.coli 12. Ulothrix ˆkev‡ji cv`‡`kxq †KvlwU M Chromosome N nucleus
M Xanthomonas oryzae
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M ii I iii N i, ii I iii N cvk¦©xq fvRK wUmy¨
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13. †mvqvBb d¬z †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx fvBivm 22. eûcÖ všÍxq Agiweb¨vm †Kvb Dw™¢‡` cvIqv
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B M iæ‡ejv N H1N1 M kkv N Rev
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 14 I 15 23. Riccia Gi ivBR‡qW †Kvb ai‡bi

bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K eû‡Kvlx L kvLvhy³
7. 'A' wPwýZ As‡ki bvg Kx? CH2OH CH2OH M GK‡Kvlx N AMÖxq LvRhy³
K iÿx †Kvl L MÖwš’‡Kvl H H H H K
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M _v‡qvKvB‡bR N wWnvB‡WªvwR‡bR
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14 M 15 K 16 K 17 K 18 N 19 K 20 L 21 N 22 M 23 M 24 N 25 M
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50 HSC m„Rbkxj m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ TEST PAPERS with SUGGESTIONS + BANK
GBPGmwm cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ : m„Rbkxj

19 XvKv †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 9
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mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi h_vh_ DËi `vI| †h‡Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|]
1  wb‡Pi wPÎ¸‡jv jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 5  DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
A
K. cÖwZmvg¨Zv Kx? 1
B
L. wÎc` bvgKiY ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' wP‡Î DwjøwLZ cÖvYxi `k©b GK‡Ki mwPÎ K. ¯’~jZv Kx? 1
L. AMœ¨vkq‡K wgkÖMÖwš’ ejv nq †Kb? 2
MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'B' wPwýZ As‡k AvwglRvZxq Lv`¨
N. DÏxc‡Ki B I C wP‡Î cÖvYx `ywU GKB Dcce©f³ z n‡jI cwicvK eY©bv Ki| 3
GKB †kÖwYfz³ bq we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡K 'A' wPwýZ A½wU wecvKxq Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk
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ewai| wRbZvwË¡K we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q Zvi evev-gv‡qi
G¸wji †kÖwYweb¨vm e¨vL¨v Ki‡jb|
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e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 cÖKvk cv‡e? †PKvi †ev‡W©i gva¨‡g †`LvI| 4
7  DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
3  wkÿK iæB gvQ m¤ú‡K© cvV`vbKv‡j ej‡jb, G‡ì †`‡ni
wcZvgvZv : ♀ wb‡MÖv  ♂ †k¦Zv½
Af¨šÍ‡i evqyc~Y© Ggb GKwU we‡kl A½ Av‡Q hv cvwb‡Z
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cÖvYxwUi i³msenb c×wZ †Zvgv‡ì i³msenb c×wZ
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L. gwnjv‡ì Zzjbvq cyiæliv eY©vÜ †ewk nq †Kb? 2
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4  wkÿK gvby‡li i³msenbZš¿ m¤ú‡K© cvV`vbKv‡j ej‡jb, we‡kølY Ki| 4
wZb ai‡bi †Kvlxq Dcv`vb c„_K c„_K KvR m¤úv`b K‡i 8  wjgv wPwoqvLvbvi g~j dU‡K wRivd I WvB‡bvmi-Gi Qwe
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Z…ZxqwU i³ ZÂ‡b mnvqZv K‡i| RxešÍ wRivd †`L‡jI WvB‡bvmi †`L‡Z †cj bv|
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M. DÏxc‡K wjgvi †`Lv RxešÍ cÖvYxwUi we‡kl ˆ`wnK MVb
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wØZxq †Kvlxq Dcv`vbwUi f‚wgKv weeZ©wbK Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
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1  DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 5  kvšÍby mxwgZ cwigv‡Y fvZ, gvQ I gvsm †L‡q _v‡K, ZeyI
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M. DÏxc‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨ RwUjZvi KviY I cÖwZKvi D‡jøL Ki| 3
R (i) R (ii)
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f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i? we‡kølY Ki| 4
K. wn‡gvwmj Kx? 1
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L. gvby‡li g‡a¨ AšÍtcÖRvwZK êwPÎ¨ †Kb †`Lv hvq? 2
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M. 'P' Gi AšÍfz©³ †kÖwY¸wji cv_©K¨ Ki| 3
ga¨gwb wn‡m‡e GKwU A½ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
N. DÏxcK 'R' Gi cÖvYx¸‡jvi gv‡S †kÖwYMZ cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI
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L. i³ KwYKv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ e‡Y©i wfbœZv †`Lv hvq †Kb? 2
M. DwjøwLZ A‡½i j¤^‡”Q` Gu‡K Af¨šÍixY cÖevn wPÎ ()
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†`LvI| 3
c~Y©v½ ? c~Y©v½ ? N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖvYxwUi msenb c×wZi mv‡_ Actinopterygii
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K. IgvwUwWqvg Kx? 1 7  DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
L. cZ½ Av‡_ª©v‡cvWv c‡e©i AšÍfz©³ †Kb? 2 1
M. wPÎ-1 Gi cÖvYxiv Kxfv‡e eR©¨ c`v_© wb®‹vkb K‡i? e¨vL¨v
Ki| 3 n„`‡ivM 2
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cwijwÿZ nq Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4 3
3  ¯^v`y cvwbi GKwU cÖvYx, hvi †`n mvBK¬‡qW AuvBk Øviv Ave„Z P
Ges GKwU _wj cÖvYxwU‡K cvwb‡Z †f‡m _vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| K. jwmKv Kx? 1
K. RvB‡MvU Kx? 1 L. cÖvK…wZK †cm‡gKvi Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i? 2
L. mvBK¬‡qW AuvBk Øviv Kxfv‡e eqm wbY©q Kiv nq? 2 M. DÏxc‡Ki 'P' Dcv`vb Kxfv‡e dvBweªb Zš‘ ˆZwi nq?
M. DÏxc‡Ki _wjwUi wPÎmn MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖvYxwUi h_vh_ msiÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g RvZxq N. DwjøwLZ wPÎ (1, 2 I 3)-Gi mvwe©K Ae¯’v I cÖwZ‡iva
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4  D”P gva¨wgK †kÖwYi QvÎ iwb gvbe‡`‡ni cwicvKZš¿ m¤ú‡K© 8  Kwig mv‡n‡ei evev-gv `yR‡bB g~K I ewai wQ‡jb, wKš‘
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M. †`n‡K m‡ZR ivL‡Z _wjwUi Kvh©µg e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. Awfi mgm¨vwU Kx Kvi‡Y n‡”Q? wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v `vI| 3
N. Af¨šÍixY w¯’wZ iÿvq D³ MÖwš’wUi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv N. DÏxc‡Ki wiwgi mv‡_ mgwR‡bvUvBcavix †jv‡Ki we‡q
Ki| 4 nIqvq cieZ©x cÖR‡š§i wR‡bvUvBc F2 we‡kølY Ki| 4
21 h‡kvi †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 9

1  wPÎ¸‡jv jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 5  DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
gvbe i³KwYKv
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B C
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M. DÏxc‡Ki 'B' wPwýZ cÖvYxwUi Dc-c‡e©i êwkó¨ wjL| 3 L. evÛj Ae wnR ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
N. DÏxc‡K A I C wPwýZ cÖvYx `ywU ÒGKB ce© n‡jI Dc- M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'A' wPwýZ As‡ki cÖKvi‡f` wjL| 3
ce© wfbœÓ we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. DÏxcK mswkøó 'B' I 'C' Gi Zzjbv Ki| 4
6  Kwi‡gi lv‡Uva© eqmx evevi cÖvqB ey‡K e¨_v, K¬vwšÍfve I
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nVvr gv_v wSgwSg K‡i| cixÿv-wbixÿvi ci Wv³vi ej‡jb
Ki‡Z †`Lj hv †`L‡Z meyR e‡Y©i, mwÜc`x I Wvbvhy³|
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M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½wUi j¤^‡”Q‡ì wPwýZ wPÎ AsKb
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Ki| 3
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4  Kvwgbx iæBgvQ eë‡”Q‡ì mgq KvbKzqv Øviv XvKv wPiæbxi
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m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|Ó K. wR‡bvUvBc Kx? 1
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54 XvKv †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 9
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1. gvby‡li wj½RwoZ A¯^vfvweKZv n‡jv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 19. i³ RgvU euva‡Z mnvqZv K‡i †KvbwU?
i. wn‡gvwdwjqv K i I ii L i I iii K dvBweªb L †ncvwib
ii. _¨vjv‡mwgqv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M wn÷vwgb N wmivg
iii. gvmKzjvi wWmUªwd 10. iæB gv‡Qi eÿ cvLbvq iwk¥i msL¨v  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 20 I 21bs
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K 11  12 L 13  14 cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K i I ii L i I iii M 16  17 N 17  18wU UªvBKvmwcW I evBKvmwcW KcvwUKv e‡Üi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 11. AMœ¨vkq †_‡K wbtm„Z nq Kvi‡Y wbjq n‡Z i³ h_vµ‡g
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU †_‡K 2 I 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : i. M¨vw÷ªb ii. Bbmywjb iii. wUªcwmb cvj‡gvbvix I wm‡÷wgK gnvagbx‡Z hvq|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 20. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ NUbvwUi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi
K i I ii L i I iii
†KvbwU mwVK?
K Awj‡›ì Wvqv‡÷vj
12. ÔbvwjKv c`Õ †Kvb c‡e©i cÖvYxi Pjbv½?
K Nematoda L Annelida L Awj‡›ì wm‡÷vj
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi Ask? M Mollusca N Echinodermata M wbj‡qi wm‡÷vj
K Kv‡W©v L M¨vwjqv 13. jvjvMÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z Dr‡mPK wb‡¤œi †KvbwU? N wbj‡qi Wvqv‡÷vj
M †g›Uvg N †÷vBcm K g‡ëR L A¨vgvB‡jR 21. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ KcvwUKv `ywU eÜ _v‡K
3. wP‡Îi Dcv½wUi †ÿ‡Î hv cÖ‡hvR¨ M j¨v‡±R N my‡µR
†h av‡c
i. Lv`¨ P‚YK © i‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i 14. iæB gv‡Qi cÖavb cÖvK…wZK cÖRbb †ÿÎ i. Awj‡›ì wm‡÷vj
ii. GwU AatIô K cÙv L †gNbv
ii. Awj‡›ì Wvqv‡÷vj
iii. cví we`¨gvb M KY©dzjx N nvj`v
iii. wbj‡qi wm‡÷vj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 15. XX  XO c×wZ‡Z wj½ wba©vwiZ nq
i. gvby‡l ii. Qvi‡cvKvq iii. dwos-G
K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii
K I L I M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 wb‡Pi cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K 4 I 5bs cÖ‡kœi i ii i iii
DËi `vI : M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 22. †Kvb¸‡jv †g‡Û‡ji cÖ_g m~‡Îi e¨wZµg?
A c¨viv‡Kwmb (B)  wb‡Pi DÏxcK wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 16 I i. Am¤ú~ Y © cÖ K UZv
†Kwmb + cvwb  17bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : ii. Gwc÷¨vwmm
4. DÏxc‡Ki A wPwýZ mwµq GbRvBg iii. wj_vj wRb
†KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K †ccwm‡bv‡Rb L wUªcwmb K i I ii L i I iii
M M¨vw÷ªb N †iwbb M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
5. DÏxc‡Ki B Ask fv½‡j cvIqv hvq 16. DÏxc‡Ki †iPb A½wUi bvg
K gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv L †bwd«wWqv
23. AwR© Z êwk‡óï DËivwaKvi gZev`wU Kvi
K †ccUvBW L †cc‡Uvb †`qv?
M wkLv †Kvl N gvjwcwRqvb ewW
M A¨vwg‡bv GwmW N d¨vwU GwmW K Pvj©m WviDBb
17. DÏxc‡Ki A½wU
6. †bwd«wWqv †Kvb Z‡š¿i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z? L R¨v e¨vcwU÷ jvgvK©
i. cwicvK bvjx‡Z Dš§y³
K †iPb L k¦mb M AvM÷ fvBRg¨vb
ii. wn‡gvwmj n‡Z wecvKxq eR©¨ msMÖn K‡i
M cwicvK N msenb iii. gvB‡µvwfjvB mw¤§wjZfv‡e eªvk eW©vi MVb K‡i N û‡Mv `¨ wåm
7. BD‡ivKW©vUv Dcc‡e©i êwkó¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU †_‡K 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi
i. †`n wUDwbK Øviv Ave„Z K i I ii L i I iii DËi `vI :
ii. cwiYZ cÖvYxiv wbðj M ii I iii N i, ii I iii `ywU Kv‡jv wMwbwc‡Mi g‡a¨ µm NUv‡bvi
iii. AvRxeb b‡UvKW© Dcw¯’Z 18. n„rwc‡Ði gv‡qv‡RwbK n„`¯ú›`‡b we`y¨r d‡j mv`v I Kv‡jv Dfq ai‡biB AcZ¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? cÖev‡ni mwVK MwZc_ †KvbwU? Rš§ wbj|
K i I ii L i I iii K SAN  AVN  cvwK©bwR Zš‘  24. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wMwbwc‡Mi gvZvwcZvi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii evÛj Ae wnR wR‡bvUvBc Kx ai‡bi?
8. wSbyK †Kvb c‡e©i cÖvYx? L SAN  cvwK©bwR Zš‘  AVN  K Bb, Bb L BB, Bb
K Platyhelminthes L Echinodermata evÛj Ae wnR M Bb, bb N BB, bb
M Annelida N Mollusca M SAN  AVN  evÛj Ae wnR 25. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Kv‡jv I mv`v
9. Nvmdwos-Gi D`‡ii LÐ‡K we`¨gvb  cvwK©bwR Zš‘ Ac‡Zï AbycvZ KZ?
i. UvM©vg ii. ÷vb©vg N AVN  SAN  evÛj Ae wnR K1:1 L2:1
iii. wcøDib  cvwK©bwR Zš‘ M3:1 N1:2
1 L 2 M 3 M 4 N 5 L 6 K 7 K 8 N 9 K 10 M 11 M 12 N 13 K
14 N 15 M 16 K 17 N 18 M 19 K 20 M 21 M 22 L 23 L 24 K 25 M

1. BMI = 30  34.9 kg/m2 n‡j gvbylwU 9. AB i‡³i MÖæ‡ci †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ 17. †cÖv‡±vwWqv‡gi Ask¸‡jv n‡jv
†Kvb †kÖwYi? i. Dfq A¨vw›U‡Rb we`¨gvb i. wMRvW©
K AwZwi³ IRb L ¯’~jZvi 1g ¯Íi ii. Dfq A¨vw›UewW Abycw¯’Z ii. Bwjqvg
M ¯’~jZvi 2q ¯Íi N ¯’~jZvi 3q ¯Íi iii. me©Rbxb MÖnxZv iii. †Kvjb
2. Am¤ú~Y© cÖKUZvi †ÿ‡Î wR‡bvUvBwcK wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
AbycvZ KZ?
K3:1 L9:7
10. 9 : 7 Abycv‡Zi KviY  DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 18bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
M1:2:1 N 13 : 3
K gviY wRb L cwjwRb `vI :
3. jwmKvi KvR n‡”Q M B›UviwgwW‡qU wRb
i. wjwcW cwienb N Wzwcø‡KU cÖ”Qbœ wRb
A
ii. †`‡ni cÖwZiÿv 11. wÎ-c`x bv‡gi cÖeZ©K †Kvb weÁvbx?
iii. †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv e„w× K K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? L `¨ j¨vgvK©
K i I ii L i I iii M wmø‡Mj N Avb©÷ gvqvi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 12 I 13bs
cÖ‡ kœ i DËi `vI : 18. DÏxc‡Ki A wPwýZ AskwUi bvg n‡jv
4. †KvbwU‡K †cm‡gKvi ejv nq? K cøyiv L †cwiKvwW©qvg
K A¨vwUªI-†fw›UKzjvi †bvW‡K
M wUDwbKv G·Uvb©v N wMømÝm K¨vcmyj
L cvwK©bwR Zš‘‡K 19. m¤ú~Y© iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M mvB‡bv-A¨vwUªqvj †bvW‡K
K wWg  jvf©v  wcDcv  Bgv‡Mv
N e¨v‡Ûj Ad wnR
L wWg  wcDcv  jvf©v  Bgv‡Mv
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU †_‡K 5 I 6bs cÖ‡kœi
12. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvYxwU †Kvb c‡e©i? M jvf©v  wWg  wcDcv  Bgv‡Mv
DËi `vI :
K Porifera L Platyhelminthes N Bgv‡Mv  wWg  wcDcv  jvf©v
M Nematoda N Annelida 20. evqy_wji ÔwbDg¨vwUK bvwjÕ †Kv_vq hy³ _v‡K?
P Q 13. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvYxwUi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ K Abœbvwji mv‡_
i. A¨vwm‡jv‡gU
L AšÍtK‡Y©i I‡q‡ewiqvb AwmK‡ji mv‡_
R S ii. †iPb A½ wkLv †Kvl
M n„rwc‡Ði c„ôxq AÂ‡ji mv‡_
iii. gy³Rxex
N n„rwc‡Ði A¼xq AÂ‡j
5. DÏxc‡Ki UªvBKvmwcW KcvwUKv c„_K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii
 DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 21bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K‡i †Kwmb + cvwb  A c¨viv‡Kwmb
KPIQ LPIR
 DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 14 I 15bs cÖ‡kœi 21. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' wPwýZ ¯’v‡b wµqvkxj
MRIS NQIS DËi `vI : GbRvBg n‡jv
6. DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb Ask †_‡K O2 hy³ i³
X K †ccwmb L †iwbb
†`‡n cÖevwnZ nq?
M wUªcwmb N KvB‡gvwUªcwmb
KP LQ
MR NS 22. `y a ù v ‡Z Aby cw¯’ Z _v‡K †KvbwU?
 DÏxcKwU co Ges 7 I 8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi K Bbwmmi L K¨vbvBb
`vI : M wcÖ ‡ gvjvi N †gvjvi
GKwU ¯^vfvweK `¤úwZi mg¯Í mšÍvb- 23. jvjvi‡m we`¨gvb GbRvBg †KvbwU?
mšÍwZi 50% cyÎ wn‡gvwdwjK Ges 50% 14. DÏxc‡Ki 'X' wPwýZ AskwUi bvg K Uvqvwjb L †iwbb
K Kv‡W©v L ÷vBcm& M †ccwmb N wUªcwmb
cyÎ I Kb¨viv ¯^vfvweK|
M j¨vwmwbqv N M¨vwjqv 24. wcËi‡mi KvR n‡jv
7. DÏxcK Abymv‡i `¤úwZi wR‡bvUvBc n‡jv 15. DÏxc‡Ki MVbwUi KvR n‡jv
K ♂ xBy, ♀ xBxB i. Bgvjwmwd‡Kkb Kiv
i. Lv`äiv ii. Lv‡`ï ¯^v` MÖnY ii. jvB‡cR‡K mwµqKiY
L ♂ xBy, ♀ xBxb
iii. cv cwi®‹vi iii. †Kvj‡bi †cwi÷vjwmm Kgv‡bv
M ♂ xBy, ♀ xbxb
N ♂ xby, ♀ xbxb
K i I ii L i I iii
8. DÏxc‡Ki NUbvwUi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ K i I ii L i I iii
K wcZv †_‡K cyÎ mÂvwiZ nq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
16. iæB gv‡Qi †iYy †cvbvi ˆ`N©¨ KZ
L êwkó¨wU Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg RwoZ wgwjwgUvi ch©šÍ nq? 25. gvbe‡`‡ni wbw®Œq A½ †KvbwU?
M †nUv‡ivRvBMvm Kb¨v evnK nq K7 L 15 K Mv‡qi †jvg L KZ© b ùvZ
N gvZv †_‡K Kb¨v mÂvwiZ nq M 20 N 30 M Pÿz cjø e N †Pv‡Li †cwk
1 L 2 M 3 N 4 M 5 L 6 N 7 L 8 M 9 N 10 N 11 M 12 L 13 K
14 L 15 N 16 K 17 M 18 L 19 K 20 K 21 L 22 M 23 K 24 K 25 K
56 h‡kvi †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 9

1. Nvm dwos-Gi †iPb A½ †KvbwU? 9. DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb c_wU‡K cvj‡gvbvwi 18. ˆØZ cÖ”Qbœ Gwc÷¨vwmm Gi wd‡bvUvBwcK
K †bwd«wWqv L wkLv‡Kvl msenb e‡j? AbycvZ †KvbwU?
M gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv K QLRS K9:3:3:1 L1:2:1
N gvjwcwRqvb ewW L PQLR M 13 : 3 N9:7
2. RxešÍ Rxevk¥ †KvbwU? M LRSB 19. wkLv‡Kvl cvIqv hvq †Kvb c‡e©i cÖvYx‡Z?
K Branchiostoma N SBPQ K Porifera L Cnidaria
L Latimaria 10. DÏxc‡Ki 'Q' cÖ‡Kv‡ôi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ M Platyhelminthes
M Petromyzon N Plesiobatis N Nematoda
i. GwU A¨vIU©vi mv‡_ hy³
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi 20. hK…‡Z kK©ivi mwÂZiƒc †KvbwU?
ii. GwU cvj‡gvbvwi agwbi mv‡_ hy³
DËi `vI : K wejyiæweb L MøvB‡Kv‡Rb
iii. UªvBKvmwcW KcvwUKv Dcw¯’Z
dvinvb I gvwn mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z †eov‡Z wM‡q M MøyKvMb N †Kv‡j‡÷ij
A‡bK¸‡jv kvgyK I ZvivgvQ msMÖn Kij| 21. †cÖvwUb cwicv‡K Ask †bq †KvbwU?
K i I ii L i I iii
3. dvinvb I gvwni msM„nxZ wØZxq cÖvYxwU i. †ccwmb
†Kvb ce©fz³? ii. A¨vgvB‡jR
K Cnidaria L Arthropoda 11. Aves †kÖwYi êwkó¨ n‡jv iii. Kv‡e©vw·‡ccUvBW
M Echinodermata N Mollusca i. Dò i³wewkó wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
4. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvYx¸‡jvi †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi ii. †`n cvj‡K Ave„Z K i I ii L i I iii
wfwË iii. Aw¯’ evqyc~Y© M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. k¦mb †KŠkj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 22 I
ii. K¼vjZš¿ K i I ii L i I iii 23bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
iii. Avevm¯’j M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ♀  ♂
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 12. cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb gZev‡ì cÖeZ©K †K? O  Ve B + Ve
22. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ gwnjvi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii K WviDBb L j¨vgvK©
K i‡³ A I B Gw›U‡Rb, a I b Gw›UewW Av‡Q
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M fvBRg¨vb N †¯úbmvi
L i‡³ Gw›U‡Rb †bB, a I b Gw›UewW Av‡Q
5. j¨vweqv‡gi Ask 13. wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖvYxwU wØ¯Íix?
M i‡³ A I B Gw›U‡Rb Av‡Q, †Kv‡bv
i. †g›Uvg K ZvivgvQ L Nvmdwos
Gw›UewW †bB
ii. M¨vwjqv M †RuvK N nvBWªv
N i‡³ A Gw›U‡Rb Av‡Q, b Gw›UewW †bB
iii. wjwMDj 14. n„`P‡µi †Kvb ch©v‡q cÖ_g n„` kã m„wó 23. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K hv n‡Z cv‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? nq? i. Bwi‡_ªveøvw÷K wdUvwjm
K i I ii L i I iii K A¨vwUªqv‡gi Wvqv‡÷vj
ii. mšÍv‡bi i³ Rh + (Rh cwRwUf)
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii L †fw›UªK‡ji wm‡÷vj d¨v±ihy³
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 6bs cÖ‡kœi M A¨vwUªqv‡gi wm‡÷vj iii. mšÍv‡bi i³ Rh  (Rh †b‡MwUf)
DËi `vI : N †fw›UªK‡ji Wvqv‡÷vj d¨v±ihy³
wjwcW + 'X'  d¨vwU GwmW + wMømvij|  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 15 I 16bs wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
6. DÏxc‡K 'X' †Kvb GbRvBg‡K wb‡`©k K‡i? cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K i I ii L i I iii
K jvB‡cR L A¨vgvB‡jR wiqv‡bi eqm 18 eQi| Zvi ˆ`wnK IRb M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M †iwbb N †ccwmb 45 †KwR, D”PZv 1.57 wgUvi|  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 24 I
7. iæB gv‡Qi AuvBk †Kvb ai‡bi? 15. wiqv‡bi BMI-Gi gvb KZ n‡e? 25bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K cøvK‡qW L wUb‡qW K 20.00 L 28.66
M mvBK¬‡qW N M¨vb‡qW M 14.33 N 18.25
A
8. eY©vÜZvi Rb¨ `vqx wRb n‡jv 16. WHO-Gi g‡Z wiqv‡bi IRb ¯’~jZv
K wj_vj L Gwc÷¨vwUK wba©vi‡Yi Q‡Ki †Kvb †kÖwY‡Z c‡o? 24. DÏxc‡K 'A' wPwýZ As‡k †h mKj M¨vm
M mn-cÖKU N †m·wjsKW K IRb Kg L ¯^vfvweK IRb cvIqv hvq Zv n‡jv
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 9 I 10bs M AwZwi³ IRb N 1g †kÖwYi ¯’j ~ Zv i. O2
ii. N2
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 17. iæB gv‡Qi hyM¥ cvLbv n‡jv iii. CO2
dzmdzm (L) i. †kÖvwY cvLbv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. eÿ cvLbv K i I ii L i I iii
P R
iii. cy”Q cvLbv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
Q S
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 25. †ncvwib _v‡K †Kvb †k¦Z i³KwYKvq?
†`n (B) K i I ii L i I iii K BDwm‡bvwdj L g‡bvmvBU
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M †e‡mvwdj N wj‡çvmvBU
1 M 2 L 3 M 4 N 5 L 6 K 7 M 8 N 9 K 10 M 11 N 12 K 13 N
14 L 15 N 16 K 17 K 18 N 19 M 20 L 21 L 22 L 23 K 24 N 25 M

1. †fbvm nvU© cvIqv hvq wb‡Pi †Kvb †kÖwYi 10. AMœ¨vk‡qi †Kvb †Kv‡li ÿiY i‡³i 16. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' wPwýZ AskwUi KvR n‡jv
cÖvYx‡ì g‡a¨? Mø‡y Kv‡Ri gvÎv Kgvq? K Lv`¨ wbe©vPb Kiv
K Actinopterygii L Amphibia K Avjdv L weUv L A¨v‡›Ubv cwi®‹vi Kiv
M Reptilia N Mammalia
M †Wëv N Mvgv M Lv`ë¯‘ KZ©b Kiv
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 11 I 12bs N Lv`ë¯‘i mv‡_ jvjv wgwkÖZ K‡i
K c¨viv‡cvwWqv  Mollusca
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 17. †Kvb b`x‡K cÖvK…wZK wRb e¨vsK mg„×
L i¨vWzjv  Arthropoda Ôgrm¨LwbÕ ejv nq?
gvbe‡`‡ni cvK¯’jxi AšÍM©V‡b wgD‡Kvmv
M ¯ú‡Ävwmj  Porifera K myigv L KY©dzjx
¯Í‡i iæwM _v‡K| GB ¯Í‡i M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’
N b‡UvKW©  Echinodermata M hgybv N nvj`v
_v‡K| GB me MÖwš’ n‡Z GbRvBg,
3. †÷v‡gvwWqv‡gi Ask n‡jv wgDKv‡mi cvkvcvwk we‡kl GK ai‡bi 18. †Kvb i³ KwYKv n‡Z wn÷vwgb ÿwiZ nq?
i. µc K †e‡mvwdj L wbD‡Uªvwdj
A‰Re GwmWI ÿwiZ nq|
ii. †g‡m‡›Uib M BIwm‡bvwdj N g‡bvmvBU
11. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Ask n‡Z ÿwiZ GbRvBg
iii. wMRvW© 19. XX  XO c×wZ‡Z wj½ wba©viY nq †Kvb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? n‡jv
cÖvYx‡Z?
K i I ii L i I iii K †ccwmb L Uvqvwjb
K Nvmdwos L Wª‡mvwdjv
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M wUªcwmb N g‡ëvR
M wMwbwcM N gvbyl
4. mveK¬vwfqvb agbx iæB gv‡Qi †Kvb A‡½ 12. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ we‡kl ai‡bi A‰Re  DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 20bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
i³ mieivn K‡i? e¯‘wUi KvR n‡jv `vI :
K cvK¯’jx L hK…r i. A¤øxq gva¨g ˆZwi Kiv †iwbb c¨viv‡Kwmb
M eÿ cvLbv N AMœ¨vkq
`y» †cÖvwUb + cvwb 
ii. wbw®‹q GbRvBg‡K mwµq K‡i
'A' †cc‡Uvb
5. †kÖwY Sarcopterygii-Gi êwkó¨ n‡jv iii. e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm K‡i
K AšÍtK¼vj ZiæYvw¯’gq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 20. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' wPwýZ ¯’v‡b wµqvkxj
L evqy cUKv i³RvjK mg„× K i I ii L i I iii GbRvBgwU ÿwiZ nq †Kvb †Kvl †_‡K?
M †jR †nUv‡ivmvK©vj K RvB‡gv‡RwbK L Av‡R©›Uvwdb
N AuvBk cøvK‡qW M wgDKvm N c¨vivBUvj
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 13 I 14bs
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 6 I 7bs cÖ‡kœi cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 21. †MÖ Mi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj †Kvb †`‡k Rš§MÖnY
DËi `vI : K‡ib?
Øv`k †kÖwYi QvÎ Kwe‡ii D”PZv 1.75
mvwebv cZ‡½i GKwU we‡kl A½ m¤ú‡K© K d«vÝ L Bsj¨vÛ
wgUvi Ges IRb 87 †KwR|
Rvb‡jv hvi bvgKiY weÁvbx 'Malpighi' M BZvjx N Aw÷ªqv
Gi bvg Abymv‡i Kiv n‡q‡Q| 13. DÏxcK Abymv‡i Kwe‡ii ¯^v¯’¨MZ †kÖwY  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 22 I
K 1g †kÖwYi ¯’j ~ Zv 23bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
6. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z A½wU †Kvb Z‡š¿i Ask?
K cwicvK L †iPb L 2q †kÖ w Yi ¯’
j ~ Zv wcZvgvZv ♀ jvj dzj  ♂ mv`v dzj
M k¦mb N i³ msenb M AwZwi³ IRb
 
7. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z A½wUi KvR n‡jv N ¯^vfvweK IRb
F2  †Mvjvcx dzj
i. bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©¨ msMÖn 14. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ e¨w³i G Ae¯’vi KviY 
ii. cUvwkqvg evBKve©‡bU cybt‡kvlY i. wRbMZ F2  jvj, †Mvjvcx I mv`v dzj
iii. Am‡gv‡i¸‡jkb ii. cvwievwiK RxebhvÎv 22. DÏxc‡Ki NUbvwUi Rb¨ `vqx wRb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. wb`ªvnxbZv K wj_¨vj wRb L Gwc÷vwUK wRb
K i I ii L i I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M cwj wRb N B›UviwgwW‡qU wRb
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii 23. DÏxc‡Ki µg Abyhvqx F2 Rbyi
8. wcËi‡mi KvR n‡jv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wR‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ n‡e
i. Bgvjwmwd‡Kkb 15. iæB gv‡Qi PjvP‡j mvnvh¨Kvix cÖavb K2:1 L9:7
ii. jvB‡cR mwµqKiY cvLbv n‡jv M1:2:1 N3:1
iii. A‡š¿ ÿvixq gva¨g m„wó K eÿ cvLbv L †kÖvYx cvLbv 24. mge„wË A½ n‡jv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M cy”Q cvLbv N cvqy cvLbv K cvwLi Wvbv, ev`y‡oi Wvbv
K i I ii L i I iii
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 16bs cÖ‡kœi L cvwLi Wvbv, cÖRvcwZi Wvbv
DËi `vI : M cvwLi Wvbv, gvby‡li nvZ
9. †mœn`ªe¨ cwicv‡Ki me©‡kl Dcv`vb
N cvwLi Wvbv, weov‡ji AMÖc`
†KvbwU?
K g‡ëvR I Møy‡KvR 25. j¨vgvK© gZev`wU KZwU bxwZi Dci
L †ccUvBW I A¨vwg‡bv GwmW cÖwZwôZ?
M d¨vwU GwmW I wMømvij K2 L3
N my‡µvR I d«z‡±vR 'A' M 4 N5
1 K 2 M 3 L 4 M 5 L 6 L 7 N 8 N 9 M 10 L 11 K 12 N 13 M
14 N 15 M 16 K 17 N 18 K 19 K 20 K 21 N 22 N 23 M 24 L 25 M

1. Øv`k †kÖwYi QvÎ Rwbi D”PZv 1.65 wgUvi 8. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z A½wUi KvR n‡jv 18. cÖK…Z wm‡jvghy³ cÖvYx †KvbwU?
Ges IRb 78 †KwR n‡j †m ¯’j ~ Zvi †Kvb i. fvimvg¨ iÿv K Tacnia solium
ch©vq Av‡Q? ii. kã Drcv`b L Ascaris humbricoides
K AwZwi³ IRb L 1g †kÖwYi ¯’j ~ Zv iii. Aw·‡R‡bi fvÐvi M Metaphire postluma
N Fasciala hepotica
M 2q †kÖwYi ¯’j ~ Zv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N 3q †kÖwYi ¯’j ~ Zv K i I ii L i I iii
19. wcZv I gvZv Df‡qi i³MÖæc AB n‡j
 DÏxcwU jÿ Ki Ges 2 I 3bs cÖ‡kœi M ii I iii N i, ii I iii mšÍ v b‡ì g‡a¨ AB i³MÖæc Kx nv‡i cÖKvk
DËi `vI : 9. ÔAwR©Z êwk‡óï DËivwaKviÕ gZev‡ì cv‡e?
cÖeZ©K †Kvb weÁvbx? K 25% L 50%
K j¨vgvK© L Pvj©m WviDBb M 75% N 100%
M û‡Mv `¨ wåm N Avj‡d«W iv‡mj 20. †ncvwib wbtmiY K‡i †Kvb i³ KwYKv?
10. i³ msenb I k¦mbZš¿ Abycw¯’Z K wbD‡Uªvwdj L †e‡mvwdj
i. nematoda M BIwm‡bvwdj N wj‡çvmvBU
wPÎ-A ii. mollusca
iii. platyhelminthes 21. Pwe© cwicvKKvix GbRvBg n‡jv
2. DÏxc‡Ki MVbwUi cÖ_g As‡ki bvg wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K †iwbb I wUªcwmb
n‡jv K i I ii L i I iii L †ccwmb I †KvjvwR‡bR
K j¨vwmwbqv L ÷vBc&m M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M jvB‡cR I dm‡dvjvB‡cR
M Kv‡W©v N M¨vwjqv 11. Ôg¨v›UjÕ bvgK cvZjv AveiY _v‡K N jvB‡cR I wbDwK¬IUvB‡WR
3. DÏxc‡Ki MVbwUi KvR n‡jv K Porifera L Nematoda 22. Nvmdwos-Gi cv‡qi MV‡bi mwVK µg
i. ¯^v` MÖnY M Mollusca N Annelida
12. Nvmdwos-Gi eÿAÂ‡j KZ †Rvov n‡jv
ii. Lv`¨ KZ©b
k¦vmiÜª _v‡K? K K·v  †UªvK¨v›Uvi  wdgvi 
iii. cv‡qi AMÖfvM cwi®‹vi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K2 L5 wUweqv  Uvm©vm
K i I ii L i I iii M8 N 10 L †UªvK¨v›Uvi  wdgvi  wUweqv 
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  DÏxcKwU co Ges 13 I 14bs cÖ‡kœi
K·v  Uvm©vm
4. AMœ¨vk‡qi Avjdv †Kvl †_‡K wbtm„Z DËi `vI :
M K·v  wdgvi  †UªvK¨v›Uvi 
ni‡gvb †KvbwU? iæB I nv½i DfqB gvQ n‡jI G‡ì g‡a¨
†kÖ w Yweb¨vmMZ I MvVwbK cv_© K ¨ wUweqv  Uvm©vm
K MøyKvMb L Bbmywjb
M †mvgv‡Uv÷vwUb we`¨gvb| N †UªvK¨v›Uvi  K·v  wUweqv 
N c¨vbwµ‡qwUK cwj‡ccUvBW 13. DÏxc‡K Dwjø w LZ cÖ _ g cÖ v YxwU †h †kÖ w Yi wdgvi  Uvm©vm
5. †Kvb Dcv`vbwU jwmKvq Abycw¯’Z? AšÍM©Z 23. iæB gv‡Qi †kÖvYx cvLbvq i³ wb‡q hvq
K wµ‡qwUb L A¨vw›UewW K Myxini L Sarcopterygii †Kvb agwb?
M Actinopterygii N Chondriethyes
M AYyPwµKv N wj‡çvmvBU K wmwjqv‡Kv-†g‡m›UvwiK
6. Ôjve-WveÕ kã m„wó nq KvwW©qvK P‡µi †h 14. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wØZxq cÖvYxwUi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ L BwjqvK
i. cøvK‡qW Auvk we`¨gvb
av‡c ii. cy”Q cvLbv †nUv‡ivmvK©vj
M c¨vivBUvj N KWvj
i. A¨vwUªqv‡gi wm‡÷vj  DÏxcKwU co Ges 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi
iii. 4 †Rvov dzjKv _v‡K
ii. †fw›UªK‡ji wm‡÷vj DËi `vI :
iii. †fw›UªK‡ji Wvqv‡÷vj iwdK ¯^vfvweK eY© `k©‡b Aÿg n‡jI
K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii Zvi †evb kvnbvR ¯^vfvweK eY© `k©‡b
K i I ii L i I iii mÿg| hwÌ Zvi wcZv-gvZv Df‡qB
15. cvK¯’jxi HCl GwmW wbtmiY wbqš¿Y K‡i
†Kvb ni‡gvb? ¯^vfvweK eY© `k©‡b mÿg|
 DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 7 I 8bs cÖ‡kœi K M¨vw÷ªb L wm‡µwUb 24. DÏxcK Abymv‡i iwd‡Ki wcZv-gvZvi
DËi `vI : M †Kv‡jwm‡÷vKvBwbb wR‡bvUvBc n‡e
N G›Uv‡ivKvBwbb K XBXb, XBY L XBXB, XbY
A
16. Gw›UewW wenxb i³MÖæc n‡”Q M XbXb, XBY N XBXB, XBY
KA LB 25. DÏxcK Abymv‡i iwdK I kvnbv‡Ri
M AB NO
7. DÏxc‡Ki A wPwýZ AskwU n‡jv 17. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cÖwZmiYkxj A½ wn‡m‡e wR‡bvUvBc n‡e
K XBY I XBXB, XBXb
K †iwUqv wgivwewjqv KvR K‡i?
L wbDg¨vwUK bvwj K wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb L XbY I XBXB, XbXb
M I‡q‡ewiqvb AwmK&j L wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb †Kvl M XBY I XBXb, XbXb
N wUDwbKv B›Uvibv M i¨ve‡Wvg N Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kvl N XbY I XBXB, XBXb
1 K 2 M 3 L 4 K 5 M 6 M 7 K 8 N 9 K 10 L 11 M 12 K 13 M
14 K 15 K 16 M 17 K 18 M 19 L 20 L 21 M 22 K 23 L 24 K 25 N
59 wm‡jU †evW© 2021 welq †KvW : 1 7 9

1. Chondrichthyes †kÖwYi cÖvYx‡ì 10. ÔcÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb gZev`Õ Gi cÖe³v †K? 18. †KvbwU n„rwc‡Ði KcvwUKv¸‡jv Ave„Z
dzjKvi‡Üªi msL¨v K †g‡Ûj L WviDBb iv‡L?
K 4  5 †Rvov L 5  12 †Rvov M j¨vgvK© N K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm K †cwiKvwW©qvg
M 5  7 †Rvov N 5  15 †Rvov 11. ˆØZ cÖ”Qbœ Gwc÷vwmm Gi Aby cvZ L GwcKvwW©qvg
2. †Kvlxq MVbgvÎvi cÖvYx ce© †KvbwU? †KvbwU? M gv‡qvKvwW©qvg
K Cnidaria L Porifera K3:1 L 13 : 3 N G‡ÛvKvwW©qvg
M Platyhelminthes M9:7 N2:1 19. j¨veªvg Gi KvR n‡jv
N Nematoda
 DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 12 I 13bs cÖ‡kœi i. Lv`ë¯‘ KvUv
3. Nvmdwos Gi Dì AÂ‡j KqwU k¦vmiÜª
DËi `vI : ii. Lv`¨ a‡i ivLv
_v‡K?
K4 L8 iii. ¯^v` MÖnY Kiv
M 20 N 16 Q wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
4. iwe‡bi †`‡ni IRb m~PK 38| Zvi K i I ii L i I iii
IRb‡K Kx ejv nq? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
P
K ¯’~jZvi 1g ch©vq 20. `y‡ai Avwg‡li bvg Kx?
L ¯’~jZvi 2q ch©vq 12. ÔPÕ wPwýZ AskwUi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨? K †iwbb L B‡icwmb
M ¯’~jZvi 3q ch©vq K A¨v¤úyjv Ae f¨vUvi M j¨v‡±vR N †Kwmb
N AwZwi³ IRb L wcË_wj
21. wm‡÷wgK msen‡b i³cÖev‡ni MwZc_
5. ÔAÂjvqbÕ †Kvb c‡e©i †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi Rb¨ M wgkÖMÖwš’
K evg wbjq  A¨vIU©v  Kjv I A½
¸iæZ¡c~Y?© N M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’
K Mollusca L Arthropoda L Wvb wbjq  dzmdzm  A¨vjwfIjvm
13. Q
M Annelida N Echinodermata i. hK…Z im wbtm„Z K‡i M evg wbjq  K‡ivbvix agbx  n„`‡cwk
6. i¨vWzjv †Kvb †Kvb cÖvYx‡Z †`Lv hvq? ii. wfUvwgb †kvl‡Y mnvqZv K‡i N dzmdzm  wkiv  evg wbjq
i. A‡±vcvm 22. †KvbwU cÖvK…wZK †cm‡gKvi?
iii. jvB‡cR enb K‡i
ii. †RuvK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K Wvb Awj‡›ì †cwk LÐ
iii. kvgyK
K i I ii L i I iii L evg Awj‡›ì †cwkLÐ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M A¨vIU©vi †cwkLÐ
K i I ii L i I iii
14. i³ RgvU euvavi Dcv`vb †KvbwU? N Wvb I evg Awj‡›ì ms‡hvM¯’‡ji †cwkLÐ
K wbD‡Uªvwdj L wj‡çvmvBU 23. †Kvb MÖwš’ †_‡K Uvqvwjb ÿwiZ nq?
7. cyÄvwÿi †Kvb AskwU Av‡jvK MÖnY K‡i? M BDwm‡bvwdj N _ª‡¤^vmvBU K M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ L jvjvMÖwš’
K Kwb©qv L Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kvl
P  DdEe × ddEE M AMœ¨vkq N hK…r
M wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb 15. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ µm Øviv g~K I ewai 24. †Kvb c‡e©i cÖvYxiv mgy‡`ªi rain forest
N i¨ve‡Wvg mšÍvb nevi m¤¢vebv KZ fvM?
bv‡g cwiwPZ?
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 8 I 9bs cÖ‡kœi K 25% L 50%
K Cnidaria
DËi `vI : M 75% N 100% L Nematoda
X  jvB‡cR Y + Z 16. Archeopteryx †Kvb hy‡M D™¢e n‡qwQj? M Arthropoda
8. wb‡Pi †KvbwU DÏxc‡Ki X? K RyivwmK L Kv‡e©vwb‡divm N Echinodermata
K d¨vwU GwmW L wjwcW M A‡W©vwfwmqvb N K¨vgweªqvb 25. M¨vw÷ª K Rym
M †cÖvwUb N Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU 17. iæB gv‡Qi cvK¯’jx I A‡š¿ †Kvb agbxi i. †Kvlxq wbtmi‡Yi wgkÖY
9. DÏxc‡Ki Y + Z n‡jv gva¨‡g i³ msevwnZ nq? ii. cvK¯’jxi cÖvPxi iÿv K‡i
K g‡ëvR + wMømvij K mveK¬vwfqvb agbx iii. †cÖvwUb‡K †cc‡Uv‡b cwiYZ K‡i
L wMømvij + dmdwiK GwmW L wmwjqv‡Kv †g‡m›UvwiK agbx wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M wMømvij + A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW M c¨vivBUvj agbx K i I ii L i I iii
N d¨vwU GwmW + wMømvij N BwjqvK agbx M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 M 2 L 3 N 4 L 5 L 6 L 7 N 8 L 9 N 10 L 11 M 12 M 13 K
14 N 15 L 16 K 17 L 18 N 19 M 20 N 21 K 22 K 23 L 24 K 25 N

1. cÖvwYwe`¨vi RbK †K? 10. gvby‡li i‡³ †jvwnZ I †k¦Z KwYKvi 17. wPÎ C †K Kx ejv nq?
K wjwbqvm L w_Id«v÷vm AbycvZ KZ? K g‡bvmvBU L wj‡çvmvBU
M A¨vwi÷Uj N WviDBb K 700 : 1 L 500 : 1 M BIwm‡bvwdj N †e‡mvwdj
2. wm‡jvgwenxb ce© †KvbwU? M 1 : 500 N 1 : 700 18. wPÎ A Gi êwkó¨ n‡jv
K Nematoda 11. gvby‡li i‡³i cøvRgv †cÖvwUb i. mgmË¡ I A¤øxq
L Annelida i. wdweª‡bv‡Rb ii. mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi cvZjv Avei‡Y Ave„Z
M Platyhelminthes ii. †Kvjv‡Rb iii. eo wbDwK¬qvmhy³
N Chordata iii. †MøvweDwjb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
3. KW©vUv ce©f³ z cÖvYxi †`‡n wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii
i. Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv `kvq K i I ii L ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
b‡UvKW© _v‡K M i I iii N i, ii I iii 19. eskMwZ weÁv‡bi RbK †K?
ii. Mjwejxq dzjKv iÜª we`¨gvb  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 12 I 13bs K †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj
iii. AcÖK…Z wm‡jvg _v‡K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : L A¨vwi÷Uj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? UªvB-KvmwcW I evB-KvmwcW KcvwUKv M wjwbqvm N DBwjqvg nv‡f©
K i I ii L ii I iii e‡Üi Kvi‡Y wbjq †_‡K i³ h_vµ‡g 20. gvby‡li †`n‡Kv‡l KZwU A‡Uv‡mvg _v‡K?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii cvj‡gvbvix I wm‡÷wgK gnvagbx‡Z hvq| K 22 L 23
4. †KvbwU Nvmdwos‡qi †`‡n †`Lv hvq? 12. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ NUbvwUi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi M 44 N 46
K †g‡mvwMøqv L wn‡gvwmj †KvbwU mwVK? 21. Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ msMÖvg Dw³wU Kvi?
M †m‡j‡›Uib N mgLÐKvqb K Awj‡›ì Wvqv‡÷vj K j¨vgvK© L WviDBb
5. Nvmdwos‡qi cwiùzU‡bi mwVK avc L Awj‡›ì wm‡÷vj M †n‡Kj N `¨ wåm
†KvbwU? M wbj‡qi wm‡÷vj  Kv‡jv eY© I Lv‡Uv †jv‡gi cyiæl
N wbj‡qi Wvqv‡÷vj wMwbwc‡Mi mv‡_ ev`vwg eY© I j¤^v †jv‡gi
K wWg  jvf©v  wcDcv  Bgv‡Mv
13. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ KcvwUKv `ywU eÜ _v‡K ¯¿x wMwbwc‡Mi msKivq‡b F1 eska‡i
L wWg  wbç  wcDcv  Bgv‡Mv Kv‡jv eY© I Lv‡Uv †jv‡gi wMwbwcM cvIqv
hLb, ZLb
M wWg  wbç  Bgv‡Mv i. G‡Z jve m`„k kã m„wó nq hvq|
N wWg  jvf©v  Bgv‡Mv ii. Wve m`„k kã m„wó nq Dc‡ii DÏxcK n‡Z 22, 23 I 24bs
6. iæB gv‡Qi cUKvq we`¨gvb M¨vm n‡jv iii. 0.3 †m. mgq jv‡M cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
i. Aw·‡Rb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 22. G‡ÿ‡Î cyiæl wMwbwcM‡K Kx ejv n‡e?
K i I ii L i I iii K weï× cÖKU L weï× cÖ”Qbœ
ii. Kve©b WvBA·vBW
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M msKi N weï× msKi
iii. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
14. †cm‡gKvi Kx? 23. F 1 eska‡ii wR‡bvUvBc Kxiƒc n‡e?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K BBSS L BbSs
K AwiI †fw›UªKj †bvW
K i I ii L i I iii M BBss N bbSS
L mvB‡bv A¨vwUªqvj †bvW 24. eskai Gi msKivq‡bi †ÿ‡Î F2
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii F 1
M mvB‡bv †fw›UªKj †bvW
7. cwicv‡K mvnvh¨Kvix ni‡gvb †KvbwU? Rby‡Z
N A¨vwUªI †fw›UªKj †bvW
K MøyKvMb L GwWªb¨vwjb i. wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
15. iæB gv‡Qi AuvBk Kx ai‡bi? n‡e wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ
M Bbmywjb N wm‡µwUb
K mvKz©jvi L †fw›UªKzjvi
8. ÿz`ªv‡š¿i Ask bq †KvbwU? ii. 1:2:2:4:1:2:2:2:1
M K›UKhy³
K wWI‡Wbvg L wmKvg
n‡e
N mvKz©jvi I K›UKhy³ iii. ûeû P1 Gi gvZvi b¨vq wR‡bvUvBc
M †RRybvg N Bwjqvg
gvÎ GKwU eska‡i cvIqv hvq
9. kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ wecvK wbqš¿YKvix
ni‡gvb K i I ii L i I iii
i. Bbmywjb M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
A B C
ii. Mø‡y KvKwU©K‡qW  DÏxcK Abyhvqx 16, 17 I 18bs cÖ‡kœi 25. weeZ© ‡bi PvweKvwV †KvbwU?
iii. _vBiw·b DËi `vI : K cwi‡e‡ki cÖ f ve I mwµq cÖ‡Póv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 16. wP‡Îi †KvbwU `vbvwenxb †k¦Z KwYKv? L A‡½i eënvi I Aeënvi
K i I ii L i I iii KAIB LBIC M AwR©Z êwk‡óï DËivwaKvi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii MCIA N A, B I C N †R‡bwUK cÖKiY
1 M 2 M 3 K 4 L 5 M 6 K 7 N 8 L 9 K 10 K 11 M 12 M 13 L
14 L 15 K 16 K 17 M 18 M 19 K 20 M 21 L 22 K 23 L 24 L 25 N

1. Me‡jU †Kvl †Kv_vq _v‡K? 9. DwjøwLZ A½wUi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e i³ 17. evsjv‡`‡k iæB gv‡Qi me‡P‡q eo
K ÿz`ªvš¿ L e„n`vš¿ mÂvjb nq? cÖvK…wZK cÖRbb‡ÿÎ †KvbwU?
M cvK¯’jx N hK…r K Wvb Awj›`  Wvb wbjq  K cÙv L nvj`v
2. ¯úvBivKj cvj‡gvbvwi agwb  dzmdzm M KY© d w
z j N †gNbv
i. msL¨vq 10 †Rvov L evg Awj›`  evg wbjq 
18. †Kvb ce© w U wm‡jvgwenxb?
ii. cÖ_g 2 †Rvov Dìxq LÐ‡K Aew¯’Z K Cnidaria L Mollusca
cvj‡gvbvwi agwb  dzmdzm M Arthropoda N Echinodermata
iii. A¨vwUªqvj MnŸ‡i Dš§y³
M evg Awj›`  Wvb wbjq  19. †KvbwU Aixq cÖwZmg cÖvYx?
cvj‡gvbvwi agwb  dz m dz m K KxUcZ½ L nvBWªv
K i I ii L i I iii
N evg Awj›`  cvj‡gvbvwi agwb  M ZvivgvQ N ¯úÄ
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖvYxwU c½cvjfz³? Wvb wbjq  dzmdzm 20. †Kvb¸‡jv Nvmdwos Gi gyLcv‡½i Ask
i. j¨veªvg
K cÖRvcwZ L †gŠgvwQ 10. wn÷vwgb wbtmiY K‡i
ii. g¨vw·jv
M dwos N Nvmdwos K †e‡mvwdj L BDwm‡bvwdj
iii. g¨vwÛej
4. GKRb e¨w³i BMI 38 kg/m2. wZwb M wj‡çvmvBU N g‡bvmvBU
 wb‡Pi DÏxcK n‡Z 11 I 12bs cÖ‡kœi
¯’j ~ Zvi †Kvb ¯Í‡i Av‡Qb?
K i I ii L i I iii
K cÖ_g ¯Íi L wØZxq ¯Íi DËi `vI :
M Z…Zxq ¯Íi N ¯^vfvweK ¯Íi wcZvgvZv jvj  mv`v
21. IgvwUwWqv‡gi †Kvb As‡k cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ
5. †k¦Z i³ KwYKv 
nq?
i. wbDwK¬qvmhy³
†ivqvb
11. DwjøwLZ wcZvgvZvi †R‡bvUvBc †KvbwU? K KwY©qv L wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb
ii. †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i M †iwUby j vi †Kvl N i¨ve‡Wvg
K RW, RW L RR, RW
iii. wn‡gv‡Møvwebhy³ M RR, WW N RW, WW 22. DfPi (A¨vwçweqv) Gi êwkó¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 12. wØZxq eskai wR‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ KZ i. n„rwcÐ wZb cÖ‡Kvôwewkó
K i I ii L i I iii n‡e? ii. Z¡‡K Auvk _v‡K bv
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K3:1 L2:1 iii. RxebP‡µ jvf©v `kv Dcw¯’Z
6. †KvbwU mge„Ëxq A½? M1:1 N1:2:1 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K gvby‡li nvZ I wZwgi wd¬cvi 13. †KvbwU gvbe‡`‡ni me‡P‡q eo MÖwš’? K i I ii L i I iii
L gvby‡li nvZ I †Nvovi mvg‡bi cv K hK…r L AMœ¨vkq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M cvwL I ev`y‡ii Wvbv M M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ N Avwš¿K MÖwš’  wb‡Pi DÏxcK †_‡K 23 I 24bs cÖ‡kœi
N cvwLi Wvbv I cÖRvcwZi Wvbv 14. †KvbwU Avwgl cwicvKKvix GbRvBg? DËi `vI :
7. weeZ©bev‡ì RbK †K? K g‡ëR L jvB‡cR
K j¨vgvK© L WviDBb M wUªcwmb N my‡µR
M Gwi÷Uj N †g‡Ûj  wb‡Pi DÏxcK †_‡K 15 I 16bs cÖ‡kœi
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU †_‡K 8 I 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
DËi `vI : gvbe‡`‡ni cwicvKZ‡š¿ cvZvi gZ GKwU
23. DwjøwLZ cÖvYxwUi c‡e©i bvg Kx?
A½ Av‡Q|
K Mollusca L Echinodermata
15. DwjøwLZ A½wUi bvg Kx? M Arthropoda N Annelida
K AMœ¨vkq L hK…r
24. DwjøwLZ c‡e©i êwkó¨
M cvK¯’jx N cøxnv
i. †`n wØcvk¦©xq cÖwZmg
16. DwjøwLZ A½wUi KvR ii. †`n g¨v›Uj c`©vq Ave„Z
8. DÏxc‡Ki A½wU i. M¨vw÷ªK im ÿiY Kiv iii. †`n big
i. †cwiKvwW©qvg Avei‡Y Ave„Z ii. kK© i v cwicvKKvix GbRvBg ÿiY wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. †cwkhy³ I KcvwUKv mg„× K‡i K i I ii L i I iii
iii. Am¤ú~Y© Pvi cÖ‡Kvôwewkó iii. wgkÖMÖwš’ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 25. iæB gv‡Qi †Rvo cvLbv KZwU?
K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii K 1wU L 2wU
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M 3wU N 4wU
1 K 2 L 3 N 4 L 5 K 6 N 7 L 8 K 9 K 10 K 11 M 12 N 13 K
14 M 15 K 16 M 17 L 18 K 19 L 20 N 21 N 22 N 23 K 24 N 25 L

1. †Kvb c‡e© ÔwkLv †KvlÕ cvIqv hvq? 9. ˆØZ-cÖ”Qbœ Gwc÷¨vwm‡mi F2 Rbyi  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 19 I 20bs
K Nematoda AbycvZ †KvbwU? cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
L Arthropoda K2:1 L3:1
M Platyhelminthes
M9:7 N 13 : 3
N Echinodermata
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 10 I 11bs
2. ÿZ¯’v‡b _ª‡¤^vmvB‡Ui fv½‡bi d‡j †h
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
Dr‡mPKwU †ei nq Zvi bvg Kx? A
K dvBweª‡bv‡Rb L †cÖv_ªw¤^b
M _ª‡¤^vcøvw÷b N KvB‡bR
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †cÖvwUb cwicvKKvix
GbRvBg?
K wUªcwmb I †KvjvwR‡bR 10. DÏxc‡Ki cÖvYxwUi †nW K¨vcmy¨‡ji Ask 19. DÏxc‡K ÔAÕ wPwýZ As‡ki bvg Kx?
L KvB‡gvwUªcwmb I dm‡dvjvB‡cR †KvbwU? K †cwigvBwmqvg L A¨vjvwi †cwk
M †KvjvwR‡bR I jvB‡cR K †¯‹c L †cwW‡mj M GwcgvBwmqvg N mvi‡Kv‡jgv
N †ccwmb I A¨vgvB‡jR M K¬vBwcqvm N j¨vweqvg 20. DÏxc‡Ki wPwýZ AskwU
4. wcËi‡mi KvR n‡”Q 11. DÏxc‡Ki cÖvYxwUi êwkó¨ i. i³ msen‡b f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i
i. Pwe©RvZxq Lv`¨‡K BgvjwmdvB Kiv i. g¯ÍK nvB‡cvMb¨vm ai‡bi ii. Aw÷qvi ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i
ii. wfUvwgb A, D, E I K †kvl‡Y ii. I‡mwj _v‡K iii. †cwiwf‡mivj mvBbv‡m Ae¯’vb K‡i
mnvqZv Kiv iii. 8 †Rvov ¯úvBivKj _v‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. Kcvi, wRsK, cvi` I Uw·b c`v_© wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii
wb®‹vwkZ Kiv K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 21. my‡ µR GbRvBg my ‡ µvR‡K †f‡½ Kx ˆZwi K‡i?
K i I ii L i I iii 12. †Kb 3 : 1 bv n‡q 1 : 2 : 1 nq? K Mø ‡
y KvR + d« z ‡ ±vR
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K Gwc÷¨vwmm L wj_vjwRb L g‡ëvR + Mø‡y KvR
M g‡ëvR + M¨vjvK‡UvR
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 5 I 6bs M mgcÖ K UZv N cwic~ i K wRb
13. gvZv eY©vÜ I wcZv ¯^vfvweK n‡j cyÎMY N Mø‡y KvR + M¨vjvK‡UvR
kZKiv KZ Ask eY©vÜ n‡e?  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 22 I 23bs
K 100 L 75 cÖ ‡ kœ i DËi `vI :
M 50 N 25 Kvgvj mv‡ne I Zuvi ¯¿x Df‡q g~K-ewai, wKš‘
P 14. ÔOÕ i³ MÖæcavix i³ w`‡Z cv‡i †`Lv †Mj Zu v‡ì mšÍv‡biv mevB ¯^vfvweK|
5. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ P wPwýZ AskwUi bvg hv‡ì‡K 22. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K mšÍv‡biv ¯^vfvweK
Kx? i. ÔAÕ i³ MÖæc
nIqvi KviY Kx?
K Abœ bvwj L wbDg¨vwUK bvwj K cÖ”Qbœ Gwc÷¨vwmm
ii. ÔBÕ i³ MÖæc
M gvjwcwRqvb bvwj iii. ÔABÕ i³ MÖæc L cÖKU Gwc÷¨vwmm
N DBm©vs bvwj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ˆØZ cÖ”Qbœ Gwc÷¨vwmm
6. DÏxc‡Ki A½wUi f‚wgKv K i I ii L i I iii N cwj‡RwbK Bb‡nwi‡UÝ
i. GwU ni‡gvb Drcv`‡bi KviLvbv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 23. F2 Rbyi mšÍv‡biv g~K ewai nIqv m¤¢e
ii. cvwb‡Z gv‡Qi fvimvg¨ eRvq ivL‡Z 15. iæB gv‡Qi †Rvo cvLbv †KvbwU? i. wmewjs µ‡mi gva¨‡g
mvnvh¨ K‡i K eÿ L c„ô ii. cÖ”Qbœ wR‡bi †nUv‡ivRvBMvm Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
iii. Aw·‡R‡bi Avavi wn‡m‡e eën„Z nq M cvqy N cy”Q iii. cÖ”Qbœ wR‡bi †nv‡gvRvBMvm Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 16. A¨v‡gvwmU (Ammocete) jvf©v `kv †`Lv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii hvq †KvbwU‡Z? K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K n¨vMwdk L nvOi M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
7. Wvb Awj›` I Wvb wbj‡qi gv‡S Kx fvj¦ M w÷s‡i N j¨vg‡cÖ 24. BDwiqv †Kv_vq ˆZwi nq?
_v‡K? 17. ev`yo-Gi n„rwc‡Ð cÖ‡Kv‡ôi msL¨v KZwU? K e„° L AMœ¨vkq
K evBKvmwcW L UªvBKvmwcW K2 L3 M dzmdzm N hK…r
M BD‡÷wkqvb N †mwgjybvi M4 N7 25. †KvbwU‡K †cm‡gKvi e‡j?
8. A¨vwUªqv‡gi wm‡÷v‡ji w¯’wZKvj KZ 18. ÒAwR©Z êwk‡óï DËivwaKviÓ gZev‡ì K mvB‡bv A¨vwUªqvj †bvW
†m‡KÛ? cÖe³v †K? L A¨vwUªI †fw›UªKzjvi †bvW
K 0.1 L 0.3 K WviDBb L nv·wj M evÛj Ae wnR
M 0.5 N 0.7 M †n‡Kj N j¨vgvK© N cviwKbwR Zš‘
1 M 2 M 3 K 4 N 5 L 6 M 7 L 8 K 9 M 10 M 11 K 12 M 13 K
14 N 15 K 16 N 17 M 18 N 19 L 20 L 21 K 22 M 23 K 24 N 25 K
63 XvKv †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 9

1. †KvbwUi cy”Q cvLbv †nUv‡ivmvK©vj 8. gvZ…`y‡» cvIqv hvq †Kvb Gw›UewW? 17. Nvm dwos Gi gv_vq †¯‹¬ivBU †KvbwU?
ai‡bi? K IgG L IgM K fv‡U©· L ÷vibvg
K iæB L jvswdk M IgE N IgA M UviMvg N j¨vweqvg
M UvwK N nv½i 9. †Kv_vq BDwiqv ˆZwi nq? 18. †Kvb MÖæ‡ci i‡³ a I b Dfq A¨vw›UewW
2. nvBWªvi †Kvb †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷ †dbj _v‡K? K hK…‡Z L e„‡° _v‡K?
K fj‡f›U M AMœ¨vk‡q N cøxnv‡Z KA LB
L †÷ªc‡Uvwjb MøywUb¨v›U  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 10 I 11bs cÖ‡kœi M AB NO
M †cwbUªv›U DËi `vI : 19. †Kvb †k¦ Z i³ KwYKvq †ncvwib _v‡K?
N †÷wiIwjb MøywUb¨v›U B K †e‡mvwdj L wbD‡Uªvwdj
 DÏxcKwU co Ges 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : A M BDwm‡bvwdj N wj‡ùvmvBU
k¼mb 20. cÖ _ g cÖ w Ziÿv ¯Í‡ii D`vniY wb‡Pi
†KvbwU?
K B›Uvi‡dib L mnRvZ gvib
ewntk¼mb A¯¦tk¼mb 10. A A‡½i cÖwZkÖæZ Zi‡j wµ‡qwUwbb Gi †Kvl
A B
3. A wPwýZ As‡k wb‡Pi †KvbwU N‡U? kZKiv nvi KZ? M wmiæ‡gb N g¨v‡µv‡dR
K w¯’wZkw³‡K Zvckw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K 0.04 L 0.05  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 21 I 22bs cÖ‡kœi
L Aw·‡Rb I Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi e¨vcb M 0.07 N 0.35 DËi `vI :
M RviY cÖwµqvq kw³ Drcv`b 11. DÏxc‡Ki ÔBÕ MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z ni‡gvb A
N kw³i mylg eÈb †KvbwU?
C
4. cysRbb Z‡š¿i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z MÖwš’ n‡jv K _vB‡gvwmb L _vBiw·b
i. †cÖv‡÷U M †f‡mv‡cÖwmb N A¨v‡Wªbvwjb B
ii. ev‡_©vwjb 21. A wPwýZ A½wU KqwU LÐvs‡k wef³?
12. mvBbymvBwU‡m AvµvšÍ mvBbvm¸‡jv
iii. KvIcvi K 4 L 3
i. g¨vw·jvwi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M2 N1
ii. G_g‡qW
K i I ii L i I iii 22. wP‡Îi B Ask n‡Z wbtm„Z i‡m cvIqv
iii. †ùb‡qW
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii hvq
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 5 I 6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi i. wewfbœ iÄK
K i I ii L i I iii
`vI : ii. wewfbœ Dr‡mPK
mvwenv cyKzi cv‡o e‡m iæB gv‡Qi †cvbvi iii. wewfbœ cÖvYim
muvZviKvUv †`LwQj| nVvr jÿ¨ Kij 13. m¤ú~Y© Pvi cÖ‡Kvôwewkó n„rwcÐ †Kvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
GKwU †kvj gvQ GKSvK †cvbv wb‡q cÖvYx‡Z †`Lv hvq? K i I ii L i I iii
cvwb‡Z muvZvi KvU‡Q| K wUKwUwK L Kzwgi M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
5. mvwenvi †`Lv 2q gvQwU‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi M K”Qc N mvc 23. ÔCÕ A‡½i †Kvb †Kvl †_‡K HCl wbtm„Z
AvPiY cÖKvk cvq| 14. IVF c×wZi ïiæ‡Z ¯¿xi cwiYZ wW¤^vYy nq?
K mnRvZ L Uvwg©‡bwUs †Kvb c×wZ‡Z †ei K‡i Avbv nq? K Me‡jU L Av‡R©›UvdvBj
M wkLb N AbyKiY K AvëªvmwbK wj_wUªcwm M RvB‡gv‡RwbK N Aw·bwUK
6. DÏxc‡Ki 1g gv‡Qi AvB‡ki e„w× †ewk L mvR©vwi 24. ÔXÕ K‡ivwUK mœvqy we¯Í…Z nq
nq M j¨vcv‡iv‡¯‹vwcK i. ¯îh‡š¿
i. el©vKv‡j N Bb‡RKkb ii. n„rwc‡Ð
ii. MÖx®§Kv‡j
15. †Kvb †Kv‡li Kvi‡Y Hydra †K Agi cÖvYx iii. wRnŸv‡Z
iii. emšÍKv‡j
ejv nq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K wb‡WvmvBU L †cwk AveiYx K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii
M Rbb †Kvl N B›Uviw÷wkqvj M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
7. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mgcÖKUZvi wd‡bvUvBwcK 16. `y w U K‡kiæKvi gaëZ© x ¯’
v ‡b †Kvb 25. †KvbwU ms‡hvMKvix †hvMm~Î iÿvKvix
AbycvZ? ZiæYvw¯’ cvIqv hvq? cÖ v Yx?
K9t7 L3t1 K nvqvwjb L †k¦Z Zš‘gq K K¨v½viæ L cøvwUcvm
M2t1 N1t2t1 M w¯’ w Z¯’ v cK N Pz b gq M j¨v‡¤úÖ N n¨vMwdm
1 N 2 M 3 L 4 L 5 K 6 M 7 N 8 N 9 K 10 M 11 N 12 N 13 L
14 M 15 N 16 L 17 K 18 N 19 K 20 M 21 K 22 M 23 N 24 K 25 L

 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 1 I 2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 11 I 12bs cÖ‡kœi 17. A¨vjwfIjv‡mi êwkó¨ n‡jv
`ywU Kv‡jv wMwbwc‡Mi g‡a¨ µm NUv‡bvi DËi `vI : i. mvi‡dKU¨v›U ÿiY K‡i
d‡j mv`v I Kv‡jv Dfq ai‡biB AcZ¨ ii. AuvBkvKvi †Kv‡l MwVZ
me‡P‡q wgkÖ
Rš§ wbj : iii. M¨vmxq wewbgq NUvq
1. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wMwb‡c‡Mi wcZvgvZvi eo MÖ w š’ MÖ w š’
wR‡bvUvBc Kx ai‡bi? P Q
K i I ii L i I iii
K Bb, Bb L BB, bb 11. gvb‡`‡ni ÔPÕ Gi KvR n‡jv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M Bb, bb N BB, bb i. GbRvBg ˆZwi Kiv
2. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Kv‡jv I mv`v 18. wdgv‡ii êwkó¨ †KvbwU?
ii. wfUvwgb mÂq Kiv K †Wë‡qWwiR L K¬¨vwfKj
Ac‡Zï AbycvZ KZ?
iii. wel AcmviY Kiv M †UªvK¨v›Uvi N UªKwjqv
K1t1 L2t1
M3t1 N1t1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 19. V bs K‡ivwUK mœ v qy i bvg Kx?
K i I ii L i I iii K Uª K wjqvi L A¨veWz‡mÝ
3. UªvwKI‡ji êwkó¨ n‡jv
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M AwWUwi N UªvB‡Rwgbvj
i. kvLv cÖkvLvq wef³
ii. †`n‡Kv‡li KvQvKvwQ Aew¯’Z
12. gvbe‡`‡n ÔQÕ Gi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨? 20. ÔAwR©Z êwk‡óï DËivwaKviÕ gZev`wU
iii. wUmy¨ i‡m c~Y© K M¨vw÷ªK Rym ÿiY K‡i cÖeZ©b K‡ib †Kvb weÁvbx?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? L wcUzBUvix MÖwš’ Øviv wbqwš¿Z K Pvj©m WviDBb L AvM÷ fvBRg¨vb
K i I ii L i I iii M Bgvjwmwd‡Kk‡b mnvqZv K‡i M R¨v e¨vcwU÷ j¨vgvK© N û‡Mv `¨ wfm
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii N GwU GKwU AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 21 I 22bs cÖ‡kœi
4. Av‡jvi cÖwZ cÖvYxi mvov †`qv‡K Kx e‡j? 13. wm‡jvghy³ cÖvYx †KvbwU? DËi `vI :
K d‡UvU¨vw·m L †U‡jvU¨vw·m K ¯úÄ L †Rwj wdm
M †b‡gvU¨vw·m N †Uªv‡cvUªvw·m M P¨vÞv wdm N †Zjv‡cvKv
5. AMœ¨vkq †_‡K wbtm„Z nq 14. ¯¿xRbb Z‡š¿i Ask †KvbwU?
i. M¨vw÷ªb ii. Bbmywjb iii. wUªcwmb K †¯µvUvg L †cÖv‡÷U MÖwš’
21. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU wb‡¤œi †Kvb Ae¯’v?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M mviwf· N †mwgbvj †fwmKj
K Awj‡›ì wm‡÷vj
K i I ii L i I iii  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 15 I 16bs cÖ‡kœi L wbj‡qi Wvqv‡÷vj
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii DËi `vI : M Awj‡›ì Wvqv‡÷vj
6. gv‡Qi †Rvov cvLbv †KvbwU?
N wbj‡qi wm‡÷vj
K c„ô cvLbv L cy”Q cvLbv
M cvqy cvLbv N †kÖvYx cvLbv
P 22. wP‡Î DwjøwLZ Ae¯’vq hv N‡U
7. i³ RgvU euva‡Z mnvqZv K‡i †KvbwU? i. Ôj¨veÕ m`„k kã m„wó nq
K †ncvwib L dvBweªb ii. †fw›UªKj `ywU i‡³ c~Y© nq
M wn÷vwgb N wmivg 15. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi ÔPÕ wPwýZ As‡ki bvg Kx? iii. evB I UªvBKvmwcW fvj&f eÜ _v‡K
8. Hidra-i †Kvb †KvlwU †KejgvÎ ewnt¯Í‡i K †evg¨vbm K¨vcmyj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
we`¨gvb? L †nbwji jyc K i I ii L i I iii
K wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl L mœvqy †Kvl M cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M MÖwš’ †Kvl N ÿYc`xq †Kvl N †Møv‡giæjvm 23. wØZxq cÖwZiÿv ¯Í‡i f‚wgKv †KvbwU?
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 9 I 10bs cÖ‡kœi 16. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi Zxi wPwýZ mwVK MwZc_ K wbD‡Uªvwdj L jvB‡mvRvBg
DËi `vI : †KvbwU? M ¯úvwg©b N wmiæ‡gb
K †Møv‡giæjvm  cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv 24. ÔcÖfzMÖwš’Õ †_‡K wbtm„Z nq
bvwjKv  msMÖvnx bvwjKv  i. ACTH
ii. FSH
†nbwji jyc iii. CT
9. wb‡Pi †KvbwU DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi Ask? L †evg¨vbm& K¨vcmyj  †nbwji jyc wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K Kv‡W©v L M¨vwjqv
 wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv  K i I ii L i I iii
M †g›Uvg N ÷vBcm
msMÖvnx bvwjKv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
10. wP‡Îi Dcv½wUi †ÿ‡Î hv cÖ‡hvR¨
M cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv  †nbwji 25. nvBWª v i cwicv‡K Ask †bq
i. Lv`¨ P‚YK © i‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i
ii. GwU AatIô jyc  wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv  i. d¬ v ‡Rjxq †Kvl
ii. ÿYc`xq †Kvl
iii. cví we`¨gvb msMÖvnx bvwjKv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. MÖwš’ †Kvl
N †ibvj Kicvmj  msMÖvnx bvwjKv
K i I ii L i I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv  K i I ii L i I iii
†nbwji jyc M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 K 2 M 3 M 4 K 5 M 6 N 7 L 8 K 9 M 10 M 11 M 12 N 13 N
14 M 15 N 16 M 17 N 18 M 19 N 20 M 21 N 22 N 23 K 24 K 25 N
65 h‡kvi †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 9

1. kix‡ii me‡P‡q eo MÖwš’i bvg Kx?  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 11bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 18bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
K hK…Z L AMœ¨vkq XcY  X+Xc `vI :
M _vBi‡qW N wcUzBUvix (♂) (♀)
2. †Kvb GbRvBg jvjvMÖwš’‡Z cvIqv hvq? 11. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K mšÍvb‡ì †ÿ‡Î †Kvb
K wUªcwmb L †ccwmb
djvdjwU mwVK n‡e?
K 50% †g‡q ¯^vfvweK
M A¨vgvB‡jR N Uvqvwjb 18. wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z A½wU
L 50% †g‡q eY©vÜ
3. O2 Ges CO2 Gi wewbgq N‡U wb‡¤œi †Kvb i. wbDib bvgK GKK w`‡q MwVZ
M 50% †Q‡j eY©vÜ wRb evnK
As‡k? ii. bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZ eR©¨ Acmvi‡Y
N 100 % †Q‡j ¯^vfvweK
K A¨vjwfIjvm L †bd«b f‚wgKv iv‡L
M wbDib N wfjvB
12. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cÖ _g cÖ wZiÿv ¯Í ‡ii D`vniY?
iii. †`‡n cvwbi fvimvg¨ iÿv K‡i
K d¨v‡MvmvBU L B›Uvi‡dib
4. †Møv‡giæjvi wd‡ëª‡Ui AwaKvsk wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M Z¡K N Kgwcø‡g›U wm‡÷g
cybt‡kvwlZ nq †Kvb As‡k? K i I ii L i I iii
K wbKUeZ©x †cuPv‡bv bvwjKvq
L †nbwji jy‡c
DËi `vI :
iwbi i³MÖ æc A+| Zvi fvB‡qi i³MÖæc AB+|
19. ïµvYyi †Kvb As‡k A¨v‡µv‡Rvg Aew¯’Z?
M `~ieZ©x †cuPv‡bv bvwjKvq K gv_v L MÖxev
N msMÖvnx bvwj‡Z 13. iwbi i‡³
M ga¨LÐ N †jR
5. gvbe‡`‡n Aw¯’i msL¨v KZ? i. R factor Dcw¯’Z
h
20. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Platyhelminthes ce©fz³
K 106 L 126 ii. Gw›U‡Rb A Dcw¯’Z
cÖvYx?
M 206 N 226 iii. Gw›UewW a Dcw¯’Z
K Scypha L Fasciola
6. †Kvb †cwk‡Z B›UviK¨v‡j‡UW wW¯‹ cvIqv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M Ascaris N Metaphira
hvq? K i I ii L i I iii 21. iæB gv‡Qi AuvB‡ki bvg Kx?
K A‰bw”QK L KvwW©qvK M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K mvBK¬‡qW L wUb‡qW
M îwLK N Hw”QK 14. iwbi fvB‡qi i‡³i †ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œi †Kvb M cøvK‡qW N M¨vb‡qW
7. †KvbwU cðvr gw¯Í‡®‹i Ask? Z_¨wU mwVK? 22. Aixq cÖwZmv‡gï D`vniY n‡jv
K †m‡ieªvg L _¨vjvgvm K mve©Rwbb `vZv MÖæc i. Hydra
M nvB‡cv_¨vjvgvm N †m‡i‡ejvg L ïay Gw›U‡Rb ÔAÕ Dcw¯’Z ii. Taenia
M Gw›UewW ÔbÕ Dcw¯’Z iii. Astropecten
8. iW †Kvl wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N iwbi KvQ †_‡K i³ wb‡Z cvi‡e
i. i‡Wvcwmb bvgK iÄK c`v_© mg„× K i I ii L i I iii
ii. Av‡jvi cÖwZ AwaK ms‡e`bkxj 15. cÖvYx‡ì †ÿ‡Î A¨vjUª–BRg n‡jv
iii. iv‡Zi `k©‡b eën„Z nq i. civ_©ciZv
23. Nvmdwos Gi i‡³i bvg Kx?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. AwR©Z ¸Y
K wn‡gvmvBU L wn‡gvwmj
K i I ii L i I iii iii. mvgvwRK eÜb
M wn‡gvwjç N wn‡gvmvqvwbb
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 9 I 10bs cÖ‡kœi K i I ii L ii I iii
DËi `vI :
DËi `vI : M i I iii N i, ii I iii
C
A  bvwjKvwenxb MÖwš’i ÿiY hv i‡³  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 16 I 17bs cÖ‡kœi
cwievwnZ nq DËi `vI : †Ww›UªKj
B  bxjhy³ MÖwš’i ÿiY hv bvjxi gva¨‡g gw¯Í ¯ ‹

A D B
cwievwnZ nq †PvL
B C
gyL A
9. DÏxc‡K ÔBÕ n‡”Q n„rwcÐ
bvK 24. wP‡Î ÔAÕ Ges ÔBÕ Gi bvg Kx?
i. ni‡gvb
wPÎ : K‡ivwUK mœvqy K A¨vwUªqvg Ges †f›Uªvj A¨vIU©v
ii. GbRvBg
16. †Kvb mœvqywU me‡P‡q j¤^v? L A¨vwUªqvg Ges evj¦vm AvU©vwiImvm
iii. jvwmKv M mvBbvm †f‡bvmvm Ges evj¦vm A¨vU©vwiImvm
KA LB
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? MC ND N mvBbvm †f‡bvmvm Ges A¨vwUªqvg
K i I ii L i I iii 17. wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z mœvqy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 25. wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z A½wUi êwkó¨ n‡jv
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. A n‡”Q AcwUK mœvqy i. O2 hy³ i³ cwienb
10. wb‡Pi †Kvb Z_¨wU mwVK? ii. C Gi PviwU kvLv i‡q‡Q ii. GKgyLx i³cÖevn
K ÔAÕ Gi GKwU D`vniY n‡jv †ccwmb iii. D Gi DrcwË †gWzjv AejsMvUv n‡Z iii. A Ges C Dc-cÖ‡Kvô
L ‘AÕ †`‡ni ivmvqwbK `~Z wnmv‡e mycwiwPZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M ‘B’ `~ieZ©x Uv‡M©U ¯’‡j KvR K‡i K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
N ÔBÕ Gi Kv‡Ri djvdj `xN©¯’vqx M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 K 2 N 3 K 4 K 5 M 6 L 7 N 8 L 9 L 10 L 11 L 12 M 13 K
14 N 15 M 16 M 17 N 18 M 19 K 20 L 21 K 22 L 23 M 24 N 25 M

1. wb‡¤œi †Kvb cÖvYx‡Z wmD‡Wvwm‡jvg †`Lv  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 9 I 10bs cÖ‡kœi 16. ÔYÕ wPwýZ Ask
hvq? DËi `vI : i. Mjwe‡ji mv‡_ hy³
K Fasciola hepatica Rvgvj eskMZ kvixwiK ÎæwUi Rb¨ ii. AYyRxe Øviv msµwgZ n‡Z cv‡i
L Taenia solium WªvBwfs jvB‡mÝ cvbwb| wKš‘ Rvgv‡ji iii. wkï‡ì †ÿ‡Î †ewk msµwgZ nq
M Ascaris lumbricoides ¯¿xi GB ÎæwU †bB| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N Metaphire posthuma K i I ii L ii I iii
9. Rvgv‡ji †Q‡j‡ì ÎæwUc~Y© nIqvi
2. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU †cwbUªv›U †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i M I N i, ii I iii
m¤¢vebv i iii
êwkó¨? i. 0% ii. 50% iii. 100% 17. iRtP‡µi †klw`‡K wK N‡U?
K m~ÎK KuvUvhy³ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K FSH I †cÖv‡R÷ib ÿiY K‡g
L AvVv‡jv im ÿiY K‡i K i I ii L ii I iii L FSH I LH ÿiY ev‡o
M kxl©‡`k eÜ M i I iii N i, ii I iii M LH I G‡÷ªv‡Rb ÿiY ev‡o
N evU cÖk¯’ 10. wb‡¤œi †Kvb MÖwš’wU Rvgv‡ji ÎæwUc~Y© A‡½ N G‡÷ªv‡Rb I †cÖv‡R‡÷ib ÿiY ev‡o
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Aew¯’Z bq? 18. ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq i³ RgvU eÜ bv nIqvi Rb¨
`vI : K wmiwgbvm L j¨vµvBgvj `vqx †cÖvwUbwU †Kv_v n‡Z wbtm„Z nq?
M nv‡W©wiqvb N †g‡evwgqvb K g‡bvmvBU L wbD‡Uªvwdj
11. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU Nvmdwos-Gi †ÿ‡Î M †e‡mvwdj N BIwm‡bvwdj
cÖ‡hvR¨? 19. AYyRx‡ei Avµg‡Y ÿwZMÖ¯Í wUzmï w`‡K
X K IgvwUwWqv‡g m¤ú~Y© we¤^ ˆZwi nq d¨v‡MvmvB‡Ui Mgb‡K wK e‡j?
L iƒcvšÍ‡i wb‡g©vP‡bi msL¨v cuvP K †b‡gvU¨vw·m L †g‡bvU¨vw·m
3. ÔXÕ wPwýZ ¯Íi n‡Z wbtm„Z GbRvB‡gi M †K‡gvU¨vw·m N K¬vB‡bvU¨vw·m
M i³ msenbZš¿ eÜ
bvg Kx? 20. B›Uvi‡di‡bi †ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œ i †KvbwU mwVK?
N UªvwKI‡j Bw›Ugv _v‡K
K A¨vgvB‡jR L jvB‡cR K Abvµg¨Zv †¯úwmwdK
12. e„‡°i Kv‡R mnvqZvKvix ni‡gv‡bi
M wUªcwmb N †ccwmb L MvVwbK Dcv`vb wj‡cv‡cÖvwUb
4. KZ b¤î K‡ivwUK mœvqy DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ DrcwË¯’j M T-wj‡çvmvBU n‡Z Drcbœ nq
i. wcUzBUvix MÖwš’ N e¨vK‡Uwiqvi eske„w×‡Z e¨vNvZ NUvq
A‡½ we¯Í…Z?
ii. A¨v‡Wªbvj MÖwš’  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 21bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K IX LX
M XI N XII iii. hK…r wbtmšÍvb `¤úwZ wg. ingvb mšÍvb jv‡fi
5. _vBiw·b wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Rb¨ IVF Gi wm×všÍ †bb| wKš‘ cixÿv-
K i I ii L ii I iii wbixÿvi ci Wv³vi IVE Gi mdjZvi
i. Avwgl †kvlY wbqš¿Y K‡i
M i I iii N i, ii I iii e¨vcv‡i m‡›`n cÖKvk K‡ib|
ii. wjwcW †kvlY wbqš¿Y K‡i
13. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU wmwdwjm †iv‡Mi jÿY bq? 21. Wv³vi mv‡n‡ei Giƒc m‡›`‡ni m¤¢ve¨
iii. †µwUwbR‡gi Rb¨ `vqx
K AwbqwgZ iRtPµ KviY wK n‡Z cv‡i?
L e¨_vnxb ÿZ K wW¤^bvjxi mgm¨v
K i I ii L ii I iii
M jvj‡P ev`vgx `vM L Rivqy‡Z ÿZ we`¨gvb
N ÿz`ª ÿz`ª dzmKzwo M wW¤^vYy mwVKfv‡e cwic° nq bv
6. wb‡¤œi †Kvb M¨vm †iwUqv wgivwewjqv KZ©„K 14. 1g †kÖwYi wjfv‡ii †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK?
N ex‡h© ïµvYyi msL¨v Kg
wbtm„Z nq bv? 22. wb‡¤œi †Kvb msenb gvby‡l Abycw¯’Z?
K ej  fvi  d¨vjµvg
K H2 L O2
M N2 N CO2 L d¨vjµvg  ej  fvi K cvj‡gvbvix L K‡ivbvix
7. †Kvb cÖvYx‡Z 7 †Rvov Mjwejxq dzjKviÜª M fvi  d¨vjµvg  ej M †ibvj †cvU©vj N †ncvwUK †cvU©vj
cvIqv hvq? N fvi  ej  d¨vjµvg
23. wkïi R‡š§i m‡½ ¯Íbcvb †Kvb ai‡bi
K Myxine glutinosa  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 15 I 16bs cÖ‡kœi AvPiY?
L Petromyzon marinus K FAP L Reflex
DËi `vI : M Taxis N Learning
M Scoliodon laticaudus
N Channa punctatus 24. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU †Wë‡qW †cwki cÖwZcÿxq
8. nvBWªvi †hŠb Rb‡bi †ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œi †KvbwU †Rvo?
mwVK? K †cK‡Uvjvwim †gRi
'X'
L B‡iKUvm ¯úvBbx
K ¯úvg©v‡Uv‡Mvwbqv  ¯úvg©vwUW  'Y' M evB‡mcm wd‡gvwim
¯úvg©v‡UvmvBU  ïµvYy 15. ÔXÕ wPwýZ AskwUi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK? N †mvwjqvm gvmjm
L cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k msNwUZ nq K Gi bvg BbKvm 25. KZ mßvn eq‡mi gvbe åƒY‡K ¯^vaxb
M cwiYZ wW¤^vYyi Pviw`‡K KvBwU‡bi L †`‡ni me‡P‡q ÿz`ª Aw¯’ Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix MY¨ Kiv nq?
AveiYx _v‡K M †d‡b÷ªv †ivUvÛv Gi mv‡_ hy³ K 22 L 23
N ¯^-wb‡lK N‡U N GwU †`L‡Z †bnvB Gi g‡Zv M 24 N 25
1 M 2 N 3 N 4 L 5 N 6 K 7 L 8 L 9 K 10 K 11 L 12 K 13 K
14 M 15 L 16 N 17 K 18 M 19 M 20 M 21 N 22 M 23 K 24 K 25 M

1. gvby‡li cÖwZ 100 wgwjwjUvi i‡³ KZ 8. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvYxwUi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ 17. mge„Ëxq A½ n‡jv
MÖvg wn‡gv‡Møvweb _v‡K? K †iPb A½ †bwd«wWqvg K ev`y‡oi Wvbv cvwLi Wvbv
K 16 L 20 L wm‡jvg we`¨gvb L cvwLi Wvbvgvby‡li nvZ
M 22 N 24 M gy‡Lvcv½ g¨vwÛey‡jU cÖK…wZi
M gvby‡li nvZev`y‡oi Wvbv
2. A‰bw”QK †cwki †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨? N RxebP‡µ jvf©v `kv we`¨gvb
Note : mwVK DËi (L) I (M)| N cvwLi WvbvcZ‡½i Wvbv
K cÖwZwU †Kv‡l AmsL¨ wbDwK¬qvm we`¨gvb
9. wgkÖ cÖK…wZi mœvqy n‡jv  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 18 I 19bs cÖ‡kœi
L B›UviK¨vj‡UW wW¯‹ _v‡K
i. UªKwjqvi ii. d¨vwmqvj iii. f¨vMvm DËi `vI :
M †cwk Zš‘ gvKz AvK…wZi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Aš¿
N †PvL I wRnŸvq we`¨gvb hK…Z n„rwcÐ
K i I ii L i I iii (Lv`¨mvi)
3. †Kvb mvBbv‡mi cÖ`v‡ni Kvi‡Y gvby‡li
Mvj, ùvZ I gv_vq e¨L¨v Ki| M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 18. wb‡Pi †Kvb msenb DÏxc‡Ki ÔAÕ wPwýZ
K d«›Uvj L g¨vw·jvwi
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 10 I 11bs cÖ ‡ kœ i DËi `vI : MwZc_ AbymiY K‡i?
M G_g‡qW N †ùb‡qW
†mvnv‡Mi evev wn‡gvwdwjK n‡jI Zvi K wm‡÷wgK L cvj‡gvbvix
GKgvÎ †evb mywg I Zvi gv ¯^vfvweK M †cvU©vj N K‡ivbvix
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 4 I 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
10. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †mvnvM I mywgi wcZv- 19. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ msenb eë¯’vwU
`vI :
gvZvi wR‡bvUvBc n‡e i. †giæ`Ðx cÖvYx‡Z Dcw¯’Z
K XHY I XHXh L XhY I XHXh ii. hK…‡Z Lv`¨ mÂq K‡i
‘A’ M XHY I XhXh N XhY I XHXH iii. M¨vm wewbg‡q AskMÖnY K‡i
‘B’ 11. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Kb¨v mywgi mv‡_ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
¯^vfvweK cy‡Îi weev‡n êwkó¨wU cieZ©x K i I ii L i I iii
4. ÔAÕ wPwýZ AskwU ˆZwi‡Z AskMÖnYKvix eska‡i cÖKvk cv‡e M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. mKj Kb¨v mšÍvbB ¯^vfvweK
Dcv`vb n‡jv 20. Agiv MV‡b AskMÖnYKvix ewntåƒYxq c`©v n‡jv
ii. 50% cyÎ mšÍvb wn‡gvwdwjqvK
i. †cv‡WvmvBU †Kvl K A¨vgwbqb I Kzmyg _wj
iii. 50% cyÎ mšÍvb ¯^vfvweK
ii. K¨vcmyjvi †¯úm L A¨vjvbU‡qm I †KvwiIb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M †KvwiIb I Kzmyg _wj
iii. †Møv‡giæjvi G‡Ûv‡_wjqvg
K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N A¨vgwbqb I †KvwiIb
K i I ii L i I iii 21. m~‡h©i cÖwZ mvov w`‡q wcucovi Pjb
12. †KvbwU gvby‡li Uvm©vj Aw¯’? wb‡¤œv³ †Kvb ai‡bi?
K U¨vjvm L Uªv‡cwRqvg
5. DwjøwLZ MVbwUi ÔBÕ wPwýZ AskwUi K †Uªv‡cvU¨vw·m L †U‡jvUvw·m
M Uªv‡cR‡qW N UªvBKz‡qUªvj
Kvh©KvwiZv wbqš¿YKvix ni‡gvb †KvbwU? M †g‡bvU¨vw·m N †b‡gvU¨vw·m
13. gvby‡li †Pv‡Li Avbylw½K Ask †KvbwU? 22. wÎc` bvgKi‡Yi cÖe³v †Kvb weÁvbx?
K ADH L FSH
K AvBwik L wmwjqvwi ewW
M STH N LH K wjwbqvm L †mœ‡Rj
M KbRvswUfv N mvm‡cÝwi wjMv‡g›U
6. gvby‡li n„r¯ú›`b I i³Pvc e„w×Kvix M j¨vgvK© N n¨v·‡j
ni‡gvb †KvbwU? 14. †KvbwU gvbe‡`‡ni wØZxq cÖwZiÿv ¯Íi 23. iæB gv‡Q †Kvb ai‡bi AuvBk cvIqv hvq?
K Mø‡y KvKwU©K‡qW L A¨v‡Wªbvwjb
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i? K cøvK‡qW L wUb‡qW
K d¨v‡MvmvBU L Z¡K M mvBK¬‡qW N M¨vb‡qW
M B‡÷ªv‡Rb N †f‡mv‡cÖwmb
M wmiæ‡gb N jvjv  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 7 I 8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
GKv`k †kÖwY‡Z co–qv evejy I iwe K‡jR
DËi `vI : †lvj eQi eqmx iwn‡gi †`‡ni D”PZv 1.6
QywU †k‡l gvV w`‡q AwZµ‡gi mgq
c„w_ex‡Z GK ai‡bi †giæ`Ðx cÖvYx i‡q‡Q wgUvi n‡jI Zvi ˆ`wnK IRb 80 †KwR|
†`Lj, wKQy meyR is‡qi cZ½ Nv‡mi
hviv Rxe‡bi cÖ_g ch©v‡q dzjKv Ges 24. DÏxc‡K iwn‡gi †`‡ni IRb m~PK
Dc‡i jvdvjvwd Ki‡Q| iwe ejjGB cieZ©x ch©v‡q dzmdzm Øviv k¦mb Kvh© 2
(BMI) KZ †KwR/wgUvi ?
cZ‡½i †ÿ‡Î D¾¡j I w¯ÍwgZ Av‡jv‡Z m¤úbœ K‡i| K 30.75 L 31.25
wfbœ ai‡bi `k©b †KŠkj †`Lv hvq| 15. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvYx †Kvb †kÖwYfz³? M 31.75 N 32.25
7. DÏxc‡K cÖvYxwUi `k©b †KŠk‡ji †ÿ‡Î K Amphibia L Aves
M N
25. DÏxc‡K iwn‡gi ¯^v¯’¨MZ mgm¨vi Rb¨
†KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨? Reptilia Mammalia
`vqx
K D¾¡j Av‡jvq mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó K‡i 16. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †kÖwYi cÖvYx‡ì
i. i³ kxZj cÖK…wZi i. RxbMZ ms‡e`bkxjZv
L Aby¾¡j Av‡jvq cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqvg
ii. Av½y j bLihy ³ ii. cvwievwiK RxebhvÎv
ci¯úi †_‡K Avjv`v nq iii. gvbwmK AvNvZ
iii. n„rwcÐ wZb cÖ‡Kvôwewkó
M D¾¡j Av‡jvq `ywU iÄK AveiY cÖmvwiZ nq
N mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe‡¤^ j¤^fv‡e AvMZ
Av‡jvK iwk¥ IgvwUwWqv‡g cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó K‡i M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 K 2 M 3 L 4 N 5 K 6 L 7 M 8 * 9 M 10 N 11 N 12 K 13 M
14 K 15 K 16 M 17 K 18 M 19 K 20 L 21 M 22 L 23 M 24 L 25 N
68 wm‡jU †evW© 2019 welq †KvW : 1 7 9

1. AMœ¨vkq †_‡K wbtm„Z nq  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 9 I 10bs cÖ‡kœi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. M¨vw÷ªb DËi `vI : K i I ii L i I iii
ii. Bbmywjb M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. wUªcwmb 17. Av‡jvi cÖwZ cÖvYxi mvov‡K Kx e‡j?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K d‡UvU¨vw·m L †U‡jvU¨vw·m
K i I ii L i I iii M †b‡gvU¨vw·m N †Uªv‡cvU¨vw·m
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 18. wSby K †Kvb c‡e© i cÖ v Yx?
9. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU wb‡¤œi †Kvb Ae¯’v?
2. ¯¿x RbbZ‡š¿i Ask †KvbwU? K Awj‡›ì wm‡÷vj K Platyhelminthes L Mollusca
K †¯µvUvg L †cÖv‡÷U MÖwš’ M Annelida N Echinodermata
L wbj‡qi Wvqv‡÷vj
M mviwf· N †mwgbvj †fwmKj 19. gv‡Qi †Rvov cvLbv †KvbwU?
M Awj‡›ì Wvqv‡÷vj
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi N wbj‡qi wm‡÷vj
K c„ô cvLbv L cy”Q cvLbv
`vI : M cvqy cvLbv N †kÖvYx cvLbv
10. wP‡Î DwjøwLZ Ae¯’vq hv N‡U
i. ÔjveÕ m`„k kã m„wó nq
20. i³ RgvU eu v a‡Z mnvqZv K‡i †KvbwU?
P K †ncvwib L dvBweªb
ii. †fw›UKj `ywU i‡³ c~Y© nq
iii. evB I UªvBKvmwcW fvj&f eÜ _v‡K M wn÷vwgb N wmivg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 21. Hydra- i †Kvb †KvlwU †KejgvÎ ewnt¯Í‡i
3. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î ÔPÕ wPwýZ As‡ki bvg Kx? K i I ii L i I iii we`¨gvb?
K †evg¨vbm& K¨vcmyj M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl L mœvqy †Kvl
L †nbwji jyc 11. wØZxq cÖwZiÿv ¯Í‡i f‚wgKv iv‡L †KvbwU? M MÖwš’ †Kvl N ÿYc`xq †Kvl
M cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv K wbD‡Uªvwdj L jvB‡mvRvBg  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 22 I 23bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
N †Møv‡giæjvm M ¯úvwg©b N wmiæ‡gb
4. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi Zxi wPwýZ mwVK MwZc_ 12. ÔcÖfzMÖwš’Õ †_‡K wbtm„Z nq
†KvbwU? i. ACTH
K †Møv‡giæjvm  cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv ii. FSH
iii. CT 22. wb‡Pi †KvbwU DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi Ask?
bvwjKv  msMÖvnx bvwjKv  †nbwji jyc wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K Kv‡W©v L M¨vwjqv
L †evg¨vbm& K¨vcmyj  †nbwji jyc K i I ii L i I iii M †g›Uvg N ÷vBcm
 wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv  M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 23. wP‡Îi Dcv½wUi †ÿ‡Î hv cÖ‡hvR¨
msMÖvnx bvwjKv 13. nvBWªvi cwicv‡K Ask †bq i. Lv`¨ P‚YK © i‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i
M cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv  i. d¬v‡Rjxq †Kvl ii. GwU Aat Iô
†nbwji jyc  wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv ii. ÿYc`xq †Kvl iii. cví we`¨gvb
bvwjKv  msMÖvnx bvwjKv iii. MÖwš’ †Kvl wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N †ibvj Kicvmj  msMÖvnx bvwjKv  wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv  †nbwji jyc
5. A¨vjwfIjv‡mi êwkó¨ n‡jv  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi
i. mvi‡dKU¨v›U ÿiY K‡i
DËi `vI :
ii. AuvBkvKvi †Kv‡l MwVZ me‡P‡q eo MÖwš’ wgkÖ MÖwš’
`ywU Kv‡jv wMwbwc‡Mi g‡a¨ µm NUv‡bvi
iii. M¨vmxq wewbgq NUvq
d‡j mv`v I Kv‡jv Dfq ai‡biB AcZ¨ P Q
Rš§ wbj| 24. gvbe‡`‡n Ô P Õ Gi KvR n‡jv
K i I ii L i I iii
14. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wMwbwc‡Mi wcZvgvZvi i. GbRvBg ˆZwi Kiv
wR‡bvUvBc Kx ai‡bi? ii. wfUvwgb mÂq Kiv
6. wdgv‡ii êwkó¨ †KvbwU? K Bb, Bb L BB, Bb
K †Wë‡qWwiR L K¬¨vwfKj iii. wel AcmviY Kiv
M Bb, bb N BB, bb
M †UªvK¨v›Uvi N UªKwjqv 15. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Kv‡jv I mv`v wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
7. V bs K‡ivwUK mœvqyi bvg Kx? Ac‡Zï AbycvZ KZ? K i I ii L i I iii
K UªKwjqvi L A¨veWz‡mÝ K1:1 L2:1 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M AwWUwi N UªvB‡Rwgbvj M3:1 N1:2 25. gvbe‡`‡n ÔQ Õ Gi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨?
8. ÔAwR©Z êwk‡óï DËivwaKviÕ gZev`wU 16. UªvwKI‡ji êwkó¨ n‡jv K M¨vw÷ªK Rym ÿiY K‡i
cÖeZ©b K‡ib †Kvb weÁvbx? i. kvLv cÖkvLvq wef³ L wcUzBUvix MÖwš’ Øviv wbqwš¿Z
K Pvj©m WviDBb L AvM÷ fvBRg¨vb ii. †`n‡Kv‡li KvQvKvwQ Aew¯’Z M Bgvjwmwd‡Kk‡b mnvqZv K‡i
M R¨v e¨vcwU÷ N û‡Mv `¨ wåm iii. wUmy¨ i‡m c~Y© N GwU GKwU AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’
1 M 2 M 3 N 4 M 5 N 6 M 7 N 8 M 9 N 10 N 11 K 12 K 13 N
14 K 15 M 16 M 17 K 18 L 19 N 20 L 21 K 22 M 23 M 24 M 25 N

1. iæB gv‡Qi cÖavb Pjb cvLbv †KvbwU? 8. DÏxc‡K we‡kl ¯ÍiwU‡Z Kvh©Kix f‚wgKv 18. wkLv‡Kvl †Kvb c‡e©i cÖvYx‡Z cvIqv hvq?
K c„ô L eÿ iv‡L †KvbwU? K Platyhelminthes
M cy”Q N †kÖvYx K g¨v‡µv‡dR L NK Cell L Annelida
M jvB‡mvRvBg N B-wj‡çvmvBU M Arthropoda
2. d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z RxevYy fÿY N Echinodermata
9. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Kg©m~wPi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv
K‡i i. myß Abvµg¨Zv‡K DØy× Kiv 19. AMœ¨¨vkq i‡m we`¨gvb GbRvBg †KvbwU?
i. †k¦Z i³KwYKv ii. †jvwnZ i³KwYKv ii. my¯’ I mej eskai MV‡b mnvqZv Kiv K †ccwmb L wUªcwmb
iii. AbyPwµKv iii. wkï g„Zzï nvi Kgv‡bv M †iwbb N wR‡jwU‡bR
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 20. wb‡Pi †Kvb Z_¨wU mwUK bq?
K wgDKvm †Kvl  wgDwmb
10. gvbe‡`‡ni ¯¿x cÖRbbZ‡š¿ we`¨gvb MÖwš’ L c¨vivBUvj †Kvl  HCl
3. AB i³ MÖæ‡ci †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨?
†KvbwU? M †ccwUK †Kvl  †ccwmb
K ÔOÕ MÖæ‡ci i³ wbZ cv‡i
K †cÖv‡÷U L ev‡_©vwjb N Av‡R©›UvdvBb †Kvl  †iwbb
L Dfq A¨vw›UewW a I b we`¨gvb M KvIcvi N gvkiæg
M ÔAÕ MÖæ‡ci i³ `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i
11. hK…‡Z Aew¯’Z g¨v‡µv‡dR †Kvl‡K e‡j DËi `vI :
N †jvwnZ KwYKvq Gw›U‡Rb ÔBÕ we`¨gvb K gvB‡µvwMøqv L †WbWªvBwUK
4. g~‡Î we`¨gvb bb-bvB‡Uªv‡Rbvm Dcv`vb M Aw÷Ieøv÷ N Kvcdvi
†KvvbwU? 12. ¯^”Q ZiæYvw¯’ †Kv_vq cvIqv hvq?
K wµ‡qwUwbb L BDwiK GwmW K ¯îhš¿ L ewntKY©
M wK‡Uvb ewWm N BDwiqv M AvjwRnŸv N BD‡÷wkqvb bvjx 21. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A‡½ we`¨gvb M¨vm
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 5 I 6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 13 I 14bs cÖ
‡ kœ i K H2, N2, CO2 L O2, N2, Na
DËi `vI : M O2, CO2, N2 N CO2Na, O2
wkÿK gvbe‡`‡ni mœvqyZš¿ cov‡bvi mgq wgt Kwei weï× j¤^v †jvgwewkó 22. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½wUi KvR n‡jv
ej‡jbgvbe‡`‡n 12 †Rvov K‡ivwUK wMwbwc‡Mi g‡a¨ msKivq‡bi d‡j F1 i. AwZwi³ k¦m‡b mnvqZv Kiv
mœvqy Av‡Q, hvi g‡a¨ GK‡Rvov mœvqy Rby‡Z ïaygvÎ Lv‡Uv †jvgwewkó wMwbwcM ii. kã Drcv`b Kiv
Avgv‡ì Mjwej, ¯îhš¿, MÖxev I Kuv‡ai †c‡jI F2 Rby‡Z j¤^v I Lv‡Uv †jvgwewkó iii. Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ wbqš¿Y
Kvh©KvwiZv wbqš¿Y K‡i| wZwb AviI wMwbwcM †c‡jb| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ej‡jb †Pv‡Li mÂvj‡b GKvwaK 13. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ RxbZvwË¡K µ‡m F2 K i I ii L i I iii
Rbyi wR‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ KZ?
K‡ivwUK mœvqy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| K3t1 L2t1 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
5. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖ_g †Rvov mœvqyi bvg Kx? M1t2t1 N1t1 23. wb‡Pi †KvbwU A`vbv`vi †k¦Z i³KwYKv?
K UªvB‡Rwgbvj L †fMvm 14. DÏxc‡K F1 cÖvß wMwbwcM I cÖ”Qbœ c¨v‡i‡›Ui K BIwm‡bvwdj L g‡bvmvBU
M ¯úvBbvj A¨vK‡mmwi N UªKwjqvi µ‡m cÖvß wMwbwc‡Mi †jv‡gi êwkó¨ n‡e M †e‡mvwdj N wbD‡Uªvwdj
6. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †k‡lv³ A½ wbqš¿YKvix i. weï× Lv‡Uv ii. msKi Lv‡Uv  DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi
mœvqy¸wj n‡jv iii. weï× j¤^v DËi `vI :
i. AKz‡jv‡gvUi ii. UªvB‡Rwgbvj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? dzmdz‡mi Kvwh©K GKK n‡jv
K i I ii L i I iii A¨vjwfIjvm, hv AZ¨šÍ cvZjv Ges
iii. UªKwjqvi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? P¨vÞv AuvBkvKvi †Kvl Øviv MwVZ| GB
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 15bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K i I ii L i I iii 'A' †Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K we‡kl GK ai‡bi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii †Kvl _v‡K| GB †Kvl †_‡K ÿwiZ we‡kl
7. gvby‡li K‡ivwUKvi Aw¯’ †KvbwU? GKwU c`v_© gvbe åƒ‡Yi ¯^vaxb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i
K †ùb‡qW L RvB‡Mvg¨vwUK 15. ÔAÕ wPwýZ ¯Íi n‡Z m„ó A½ n‡jv Ab¨Zg aviK wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨|
M †fvgvi N c¨vjvUvBb K AšÍtKY© L ùv‡Zi †Ww›Ub 24. DÏxc‡Ki we‡kl c`v_©wU n‡jv
 DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 8 I 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi M k¦mb Zš¿ N †g` Kjv K mvi‡dKU¨v›U L †miæ‡gb
`vI : 16. k¦mb e„‡ÿi †Kvb Ask M¨vm wewbg‡q M B›Uvi‡dib N cvB‡iv‡Rb
wUKv`vb Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g wkï‡ì †cvwjI, AskMÖnY K‡i? 25. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ we‡kl c`_©wU KvR n‡jv
K †m‡KÛvix eª¼vm L Uviwmqvix eª¼vm
wWc‡_wiqv I K‡jivmn †ek wKQy †iv‡Mi i. A¨vjwfIjv‡mi cÖvPx‡ii c„ôUvb Kgv‡bv
M Uvwg©bvj eªw¼Ij N A¨vjwfIjvi bvjx
RxevYyi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v M‡o 17. mnRvZ AvPi‡Yi êwkó¨ †KvbwU? ii. M¨vm wewbg‡q mvnvh¨ Kiv
†Zvjv nq| GB wUKvi gva¨‡g wkïi †`n K eyw×i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z iii. †ivM RxevYy aŸsm Kiv
we‡kl GKwU cÖwZiÿv ¯Íi‡K mwµq Kivi L cÖRvwZ wbw`©ó bq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
gva¨‡g wbw`©ó †ivM RxevYyi weiæ‡× M eskvbyµ‡g GKBfv‡e cÖ`wk©Z K i I ii L i I iii
cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j| N Abykxjb Øviv AwR©Z M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 M 2 L 3 K 4 M 5 M 6 L 7 K 8 N 9 N 10 L 11 N 12 K 13 M
14 N 15 K 16 N 17 M 18 K 19 L 20 N 21 M 22 N 23 L 24 K 25 N

1. eÿ‡`kxq K‡kiæKv KqwU? 11. Mf©ve¯’vq Rivqy AvKv‡i KZ ¸Y e„w× cvq? 19. †KvbwU Nvmdwos-Gi cv‡qi Ask?
K5 L7 K 10 L 15 K GwjUªv L †UMwgbv
M 12 N 14 M 20 N 25 M K·v N mvwK©
2. Platyhelminthes c‡e©i †iPb A‡½i bvg 12. A½Kuywoi MV‡b cÖwµqvi bvg 20. wj_vj wR‡bi êwkó¨ n‡jv
Kx?
K eøv‡÷v‡jkb L M¨v÷z‡jkb i. wgDU¨v›U wRb
K †bwd«wWqv
M AM©v‡bv‡R‡bwmm N M¨v‡g‡Uv‡R‡bwmm ii. Rx‡ei g„Zz¨ NUvq
L wkLv †Kvl
13. †m· wj¼W †ivM bq †KvbwU? iii. wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ 1 t 2 t 1
M gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv
N †bd«b K gvmKzjvi wWmUªwd wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
L M‡bvwiqv K i I ii L i I iii
3. Archaeopteryx Gi êwkó¨
i. ùvZhy³ †Pvqvj M eY© v ÜZv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. †`n cvj‡K Ave„Z N wn‡gvwdwjqv 21. Rx‡ei ˆ`wnK ¯úk© RwbZ U¨vw·m‡K ejv
iii. cyiæ I fvix nvo  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 14 I 15bs nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K wiIU¨vw·m L A¨v‡ivU¨vw·m
K i I ii L i I iii M †K‡gvU¨vw·m N w_M‡gvU¨vw·m
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 22 I 23bs
4. Agiv AwZµg Ki‡Z mÿg †Kvb
Gw›UewW?
A
K IgG L IgM
M IgD N IgE
14. DÏxc‡K 'A' wPwýZ As‡ki bvg Kx?
5. BDwiqv Drcbœ nq †Kvb A‡½?
K Bwjqvg L wcDwem
K AMœ¨vk‡q L n„rwc‡Ð
M hK…‡Z N dzmdz‡m M A¨vwmUveyjvg N Bwðqvg
6. Rh d¨v±iRwbZ mgm¨v n‡jv 15. DÏxc‡K 'A' Gi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨? A
i. i³ mÂvjb RwUjZv K wdgvi hy³ _v‡K

L wnD‡givm hy³ _v‡K
22. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' As‡ki bvg Kx?
ii. gvmKzjvi wWmUªwd
K †m‡i‡ejvg L †m‡ieªvg
iii. Mf©aviY RwUjZv M wUweIwdeyjvg hy³ _v‡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N ¯‹¨vcyjv hy³ _v‡K
M _¨vjvgvm N cbm
K i I ii L i I iii 16. Echinodermata c‡e©i êwkó¨ 23. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' Ask

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. evKkw³ wbqš¿Y K‡i
i. Aixq cÖwZmg
7. A¨vjwfIjvm cÖvPxi †_‡K wbtm„Z nq ii. †cwk Uvb wbqš¿Y K‡i
ii. cvwb msenb Zš¿
†KvbwU? iii. PjvP‡ji w`K wbY©q K‡i
iii. bvwjKv c`
K mvi‡dKU¨v›U wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
L †mwi‡eªv¯úvBbvj d¬zBW K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii
M †cwiKvwW©qvj d¬zBW M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
N †mivm d¬zBW M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
17. A¨vKzqvm wnDgv‡ii †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK? 24. w÷‡bvwUj †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷ _v‡K
8. g~‡Îi Lo e‡Y©i Rb¨ `vqx Dcv`vb
K Av‡jvi cÖwZdj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i i. mwc©jvKvi evwe©Dj
†KvbwU?
L †jÝ I Kwb©qvq cywó †hvMvq ii. Zxÿè eve©
K †mvwWqvg L BDwiqv
M BD‡iv‡µvg N wµ‡qwUwbb M †jÝ I †iwUbvq cywó †RvMvq iii. wnc‡bvUw·b
9. †KvbwU gwnjv‡ì ¯’vqx Rš§ wb‡ivaK N Awÿ‡MvjK‡K Nyi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i
c×wZ? K i I ii L i I iii
18. A¨v‡_‡iv‡gUvm cø¨vK (Plaque) Gi
K Wvqvd«vg L Bgcøv›U M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
Avwa‡Kï cÖfv‡e †KvbwU nq?
M f¨v‡mKUwg N wUD‡eKUwg GbRvBg
K i³ cÖevn `ªæZZi nq 25. †Kwmb + cvwb  c¨viv‡Kwmb
10. DBm©vs bvwj gvbe †`‡ni †Kvb A‡½ cvIqv
L i³ cÖevn K‡g hvq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
hvq?
M agwb c_ msKxY© nq K †ccwmb L †iwbb
K AMœ¨vk‡q L hK…‡Z
N gw¯Í‡®‹ i³ÿiY nq M wUªcwmb N KvB‡gvwUªcwmb
M cvK¯’jx‡Z N †Kvj‡b
1 M 2 L 3 N 4 K 5 M 6 L 7 K 8 M 9 N 10 K 11 M 12 M 13 L
14 M 15 K 16 N 17 L 18 M 19 M 20 K 21 N 22 K 23 M 24 N 25 L
84 HSC m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ TEST PAPERS with SUGGESTIONS + BANK
G·K¬zwmf g‡Wj †U÷ : m„Rbkxj

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
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N. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' wPwýZ As‡ki wecvKxq f‚wgKv we‡kølY
Ki| 4 iv‡L  Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
3  cÖvwYweÁvb K¬v‡m wkÿK ej‡jb, Ògywóe× nv‡Zi 7  wb‡lK GKwU ˆRweK cÖwµqv| wb‡l‡K m„ó RvB‡MvU åƒ‡Y
AvK…wZwewkó cv¤ú hš¿wU `ywU dzmdz‡mi gvSLv‡b Ae¯’vb cwiYZ nq| gvbe åƒY GK we‡kl c×wZ‡Z Rivqyi cÖvPx‡i
K‡i| Rxe‡bi cÖvi¤¢ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ i³‡K mÂvjb I ms¯’vwcZ nq|
msenb K‡i, hvi MwZc_ A‡bK¸‡jv KcvwUKv Øviv wbqwš¿Z K. iRtPµ Kx? 1
nq| L. weM †eex wm‡Wªvg ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2
K. nvU©weU Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ we‡kl c×wZwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
L. K‡ivbvix i³ msenb ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ ˆRweK cÖwµqvwUi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ hš¿wUi j¤^‡”Q` wPwýZ wPÎ AuvK| 3
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ A‡½ i³ mÂvjb MwZc_ KcvwUKv Ki| 4
Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq  e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 8  Wv³vi mv‡ne †ivMx‡ì ej‡jb †h, †`‡n cÖ‡ek Kiv
4  wkÿK ej‡jb Avgv‡ì †`‡ni wecvKxq eR©¨ wn‡m‡e Drcbœ RxevYy¸‡jvi weiæ‡× `yBfv‡e cÖwZ‡iva M‡o I‡V| hvi GKwU
CO2 I N2 Avjv`v Avjv`v A‡½i gva¨‡g cwiZ¨³ nq| d‡j Rš§MZ Ges AciwU AwR©Z| GB `yB ai‡bi cÖwZ‡iva
Avgiv my¯’ _vwK| eë¯’vB n‡jv BwgDbZš¿|
K. †bd«b Kx? 1 K. WviDBb †K wQ‡jb? 1
L. †cwi‡Uvwbqvj WvqvjvBwmm ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2
L. †g‡gvwi ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g wecvKxq eR©¨ Drc‡bœi cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v `ywUi wfbœZv Zz‡j ai| 3
Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K wØZxq cÖKvi eR©¨ wb®‹vk‡b wb‡qvwRZ A‡½i N. gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ DÏxc‡Ki Zš¿wUi f‚wgKv
weKjZv gvbeRxe‡bi Rb¨ ûgwK¯îƒc  we‡kølY Ki| 4 we‡kølY Ki| 4
G·K¬zwmf g‡Wj †U÷ I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb

1. iW †Kvl n‡jv 8. wbw®µq Ask †KvbwU? 16. †bwd«wWqv cvIqv hvq †Kvb c‡e©i cÖvYx‡Z?
i. i‡Wvcwmb GbRvBg we`¨gvb K Kw°· L bL K Cnidaria L Platyhelminthes
ii. AwaK Av‡jvK ms‡e`x M Wvqvd«vg N wcbv M Annelida N Mollusca
iii. ¯^í Av‡jv‡Z Kvh©Kix  wb‡Pi DÏxcK †_‡K 9 I 10 bs cÖ‡kœi
17. cÖ v Yx‡`‡ni wewfbœ A½ cÖZ¨½ m„wó nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? DËi `vI : †Kv_v †_‡K?
K i I ii L ii I iii cÖwZw`b Avgiv Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e gvQ, gvsm, K wm‡jvg L åƒY¯Íi
M i I iii N i, ii I iii wWg, Wvj, ev`vg BZ¨vw` †L‡q _vwK| GB M LÐK N b‡UvKW©
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡K †_‡K 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi Lv`¨¸‡jv Avgv‡ì †`n MVb I kvixwiK 18. †h c‡e© i cÖ vYx‡Z k¦ m bZš¿ I i³msenbZš¿
DËi `vI : e„w×i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb| Aby c w¯’ Z ?
i. Platyhelminthes
K  bvwjwenxb, wbtmiY i³‡mÖv‡Zi 9. Dc‡ii Lv`¨¸‡jv‡Z †Kvb¸‡jv cÖavb Dcv`vb? ii. Nematoda
mv‡_ wg‡k hvq K A¨vjey w gb I †Mø v weDwjb iii. Mollusca
L  bvwjhy³, wbtmiY bvwji gva¨‡g L †Kvjv‡Rb I †RjvwUb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
evwnZ nq M wUªcwmb I wgDwmb K i I ii L i I iii
N K¨vwmb I A¨vjeywgb M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
2. DÏxcK ÔLÕ †_‡K wbtm„Z nq
10. DÏxc‡Ki Lv`¨¸‡jv iƒcvšÍwiZ nq 19. dzmdz‡mi cÖ`vn‡K Kx ejv nq?
i. GbRvBg
ii. ni‡gvb AMœ¨vkq i‡mi gva¨‡g K IwUwUm wgwWqv L mvBbymvBwUm
iii. im i. cwj‡ccUvB‡W M eª¼vBwUm N GgdvB‡mgv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. c¨vivK¨vwm‡b 20. gvbe åƒ‡Y Kq mßvn eqm †_‡K
K i I ii L ii I iii iii. A¨vwg‡bv Gwm‡W mvi‡dKU¨v›U ÿiY ïiæ nq?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K 21 L 22
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK Z_¨? K i I ii L ii I iii M 23 N 24
K DÏxcK ÔKÕ n‡jv †ccwmb wbtm„Z nq M i I iii N i, ii I iii
 DÏxcKwU †_‡K wb‡Pi `yBwU cÖ‡kœi DËi
L DÏxcK ÔLÕ AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’ 11. iæB gv‡Qi evqy_wji KvR n‡jv `vI :
M DÏxcK ÔLÕ †_‡K GbRvBb ÿiY nq i. gvQ‡K cvwb‡Z fvwm‡q ivLv
wW-A¨vgvB‡bkb
N DÏxcK ÔKÕ GKwU ewntÿiv MÖwš’ ii. Av‡cwÿ ¸iæZ¡ iÿv Kiv A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW  X
iii. kã Drcv`b Kiv
wW-A¨vgvB‡bR
4. †Kvb mvBbv‡mi cÖ`v‡ni Kvi‡Y Kcvj, + – NH2
ùvZ Ges gv_vq cÖ`v‡ni m„wó nq| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 21. D‡jøwLZ cÖwµqvwU †Kv_vq nq?
K d«›Uvj L g¨vw·jvwi K i I ii L ii I iii
K hK…r L †Møv‡giæjvm
M G_g‡qW N †ùb‡qW M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M †nbwji jyc N c¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv
5. †Kvb c`v‡_©i Kvi‡Y g~Î Lo is cÖvß nq? 12. Nvmdwos-Gi g¯ÍK Gi †¯‹¬ivBU Gi Ask 22. 'X' wPwýZ c`v_©wU
K BDwiqv L wµ‡qwUwbb †KvbwU?
K Vertex L Sternum i. GwmW
M A¨v‡gvwbqv N BD‡iv‡µvg ii. kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq
M Tergum N Labrum
 wb‡Pi wPÎ †`L Ges 6 I 7 bs cÖ‡kœi 13. iæB gv‡Q wK ai‡bi AuvBk cvIqv hvq? iii. g~Îm„wó K‡i
DËi `vI : K cø¨vK‡qW L wUb‡qW wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
A M mvBK¬‡qW N M¨vb‡qW K i I ii L i I iii
14. wb‡Pi †Kvb Z_¨wU fzj? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K wgDKvm †Kvl  wgDwmb 23. nvqvwjb ZiæYvw¯’ †Kv_vq cvIqv hvq?
L c¨vivBUvj †Kvl  HCl K j¨vwis·
M †ccwUK †Kvl  †ccwmb L wcbv
6. wP‡Îi A wPwýZ As‡ki bvg Kx? M Gwc‡MøvwUm
N Avi‡R›Uvwdb †Kvl  †iwbb
K wbDwK¬qvm L A¨v‡µv‡mvg N BD‡÷wkqvb bvwj
15. hyM¥ cvLbv n‡jv
M †µv‡gv‡mvg N d¬¨v‡Rjvg 24. wdgvi Gi êwkó¨ Kx?
i. eÿ cvLbv
7. wP‡Îi 'A' wPwýZ As‡ki Rb¨ Kx Kx cÖ‡hvR¨ K †Wë‡qW wiR L K¬¨vwfKj
ii. †kÖvwY cvLbv
K gvB‡UvKwÛªqv enb K‡i M †UªvK¨v›Ui N BD‡÷wkqvb bvwj
iii. c„ô cvLbv
L ïµvYy‡K mPj K‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 25. †c‡±vivj Mv‡W© j Gi Aw¯’i bvg Kx?
M wW¤^vYy‡Z ïµvYy cÖ‡e‡k mvnvh¨ K‡i K ÷vb©vg L Bwðqvg
K i I ii L ii I iii
N N msL¨K †µv‡gv‡mvg _v‡K M wie N K¬¨vwfKj
1 M 2 M 3 M 4 L 5 N 6 L 7 M 8 K 9 L 10 M 11 N 12 K 13 M
14 N 15 K 16 M 17 L 18 K 19 N 20 M 21 K 22 L 23 K 24 M 25 N

1. wb‡Pi wPÎwU †`L 7. iæB gv‡Qi k¦mb A½ †KvbwU? 17. g‡bvnvBweªW µ‡mi wj_vj wR‡bi †ÿ‡Î
K Kvb‡Kv L dzmdzm wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ Kx n‡e?
M †Kvbvm AvU©vwiImvm N dzjKv K3t1 L2t1
8. †`‡ni ÿZ¯’v‡bi AYyPwµKv¸‡jv †f‡O wK M1t2t1 N1t1
m„wó K‡i? 18. †Kvb cÖvYx Øviv Rh d¨v±i Avwe®‹vi Kiv nq?
K †cÖv_ªw¤^b L _ª‡¤^vcøvw÷b K Drosophilla melanogaster
M dvBweª‡bv‡Rb N _ªw¤^b L Macaca mulatta
M Homo sapiens
Dc‡iv³ wPÎwU †Kvb c‡e©i? 9. nvU© †dBjD‡ii wPwKrmvi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU
N Dissoreteria longopensin
K Porifera L Cnidaria Kiv nq? 19. A¨vw›UewWi Aci bvg Kx?
M Platyhelminthes N Nematoda K †cm‡gKvi ms¯’vcb
K A¨vMøywUwbb L Bgy¨‡bv‡Møvweb
2. †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi µwgK avç‡jvi g‡a¨ L I‡cbnvU© mvR©vwi
M †MøvweDwjb N A¨vMøywU‡bv‡Rb
†KvbwU mwVK? M evBcvm mvR©vwi
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Ki Ges 20 I 21 bs
K ce©  †kÖYx  †MvÎ  eM©  MY  cÖRvwZ N A¨vbwRIcøvw÷
cÖ‡kœi DËi :
L ce©  †kÖYx  eM©  †MvÎ  MY  cÖRvwZ  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Ki Ges 10 I 11 bs A
M ce©  eM©  †kÖYx  †MvÎ  MY  cÖRvwZ cÖ‡kœi DËi :
B
N †kÖYx  †MvÎ  ce©  eM©  MY  cÖRvwZ
3. nvBWªvi bvgKiY †K K‡ib?
K †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj
L Aveªvnvg †Uª¤‡^ j
10. Dc‡iv³ wPÎwUi bvg Kx? 20. Dc‡iv³ wPÎwUi B AskwU‡Z _v‡K
M K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm
K †_vivwmK fvwU©eªv L jv¤^vi fvwU©eªv K wbDwK¬qvm L MjwR ewW
N Aveªvnvg wjsKb M gvB‡UvKwÛª q v N †µv‡gv‡mvg
M A¨vw·m N fvwU©eªv cÖwgb¨vÝ
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Ki Ges 4 I 5 bs 11. Dc‡iv³ wPÎwUi êwkó¨ 21. Dc‡iv³ wPÎwU m„wói cÖwµqv‡Z
cÖ‡kœi DËi : i. †m›Uªvg †PvOvK…wZi I `yBcv‡k i. cÖ_g ch©v‡q gvB‡Uvwm‡mi gva¨‡g
C A †Kv÷vj †d‡mU _v‡K ¯úvg©v‡Uv‡Mvwbqv ˆZwi K‡i

ii. wbDivj ¯úvBb j¤^v, miæ I wb‡Pi ii. wØZxq ch©v‡q mv‡U©vjx †Kvl †_‡K cywó
D B
w`‡K wb‡`©wkZ MÖnY K‡i cÖvBgvwi ¯úvg©v‡UvmvBU ˆZwi
iii. †cwWKj cðvrw`‡K wb‡`©wkK K‡i
E iii. Z…Zxq ch©v‡q gvB‡Uvwm‡mi gva¨‡g
F K i I ii L ii I iii 4wU n¨vcø‡qW ¯úvg©vwUW ˆZwi K‡i
M i I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
G 12. CSF †Kvb Kjvi cywó mieivn K‡i? K i I ii L ii I iii
K AveiYx Kjv L †hvRK Kjv M i I iii N i, ii I iii
4. Dc‡iv³ wPÎwUi E AskwUi bvg wK? M fvRK Kjv N mœvqy Kjv 22. †Kvb cÖvYxi †Pvqvj nv‡mi b¨vq PÂzwewkó?
K Crop L Gizard 13. MÖwš’i ivRv ejv nq †Kvb MÖwš’‡K? K BKzqvm L cøvwUcvm
M Mesenteron N Rectum K _vBi‡qW L ïµvkq M wcøIwnàvm N AvwK©I‡Þwim
5. Dc‡iv³ wPÎwUi E AskwUi KvR †KvbwU? M wcUzBUvwi N G‡Wªbvj 23. †K›`ªxq mœvqyZš¿ †_‡K cÖvšÍxq †`‡k mœvqy
i. Gi cÖvPx‡i we`¨gvb wfjvB Lv`¨ mvi 14. †iPbZš¿ I cÖRbb Z‡š¿i mvaviY bvjx DÏxcbv cwienb K‡i K‡i?
†kvlY K‡i †KvbwU? K myly¤œv mœvqy L †mbmwi mœvqy
ii. Gi jy‡g‡b Lv`ë¯‘i cwicvK N‡U K BD‡i_ªv L ïµbvjx M wgkÖ mœvqy N gUi mœvqy
M †ÿcbbvjx N g~Î_jx 24. mnRvZ AvPiY cÖvYxiv wKfv‡e AR©b K‡i?
iii. Gi gva¨‡g Lv`ë¯‘ µ‡c †cuŠQvq
15. †Kvb ni‡gvb cÖ m ‡ei mgq †kÖvYx‡`kxq K wRbZvwË¡Kfv‡e
wjMv‡g›U I †ckxi cÖmviY NUvq? L cÖRvwZMZfv‡e
K i I ii L ii I iii
K Androsterone L Texstosterone M PP©vi gva¨‡g
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M Relaxin N LTH N AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g
6. wcËi‡mi PH KZ? 16. M‡bvwiqv wK ai‡bi †ivM? 25. mve©Rbxb `vZv ejv nq †Kvb MÖæc‡K?
K 4.5 L 5.5 K fvBivmRwbZ L e¨vK‡UwiqvRwbZ KA LB
M 6.5 N 7.5 M †cÖv‡Uv‡RvqvRwbZ N KvwW©Ifv¯‹zjvi MO N AB
1 N 2 L 3 M 4 M 5 K 6 N 7 N 8 L 9 M 10 K 11 N 12 N 13 M
14 K 15 M 16 L 17 L 18 L 19 L 20 M 21 K 22 N 23 N 24 K 25 M

1. wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖvYxwU †gŠwjKfv‡e Aixq 11. GgdvBwmgv gvby‡lï †Kvb Z‡š¿i mv‡_ 20. †Kv‡jvUvwiqvj MÖwš’i êwkó¨ n‡jv
n‡jI wØAixq cÖwZmg cÖvYx wn‡m‡e MY¨ RwoZ? i. ¯¿x Rbbi‡Üªi c„ô‡`‡k Dš§y³
K i³msenb L cwicvK ii. cys Rbb Z‡š¿ _v‡K
nq
M †iPb N k¦mb iii. wm‡g›U RvZxq c`v_© wbtmiY
K Metridium L Ceolopalan
M Aurelia N †KvbwU bq
12. †`‡n cvwbi Afve n‡j bx‡Pi †KvbwU N‡U wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
bv? K i I ii L ii I iii
2. Annelida c‡e©i cÖvYxi i³i‡m †KvbwU
K i³i‡mi NbZ¡ cwieZ©b M i I iii N i, ii I iii
_v‡K?
L A¨vj‡Wv‡÷iY ni‡gvb ÿiY  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 21 I 22 bs cÖ‡kœi
K wn‡gv‡Møvweb L wngGwiw_ªb
M †mvwWqvg Avq‡bi Kg †iPb DËi `vI :
M †K¬v‡ivµz‡qvwbb N me¸‡jv N †Kv‡bvwUB bq gvby‡li n„rwcÐ AweiZ ÎæwUcY© Rxeb
3. Hydra i †Kvb †KvlwU ïaygvÎ GwcWvwg©‡m 13. K‡c©viv †KvqvwWª‡Rwgbvi KvR †KvbwU?
hvc‡bi Kvi‡Y GB g~jëvb A½wUi e¨vcK
_v‡K? K †µva wbqš¿Y ÿwZ n‡”Q|
K Rbb L ms‡e`x L `„wóRwbZ DÏxcbvq mvov 21. gv‡qvKvwW©qvj BbdvK©mb Gi †ÿ‡Î
M MÖwš’ N †KvbwU bq M Ny‡gi Abyf‚wZ
cÖ‡hvR¨
4. †iwUqv wgivevBj †Kvb cÖvYx‡Z Dcw¯’Z? N me¸wj
K agbxi AšÍM©v‡Î cø¨vK ˆZwi nq
K Nvmdwos L nv½i
14. KwU© K ‡qW ni‡gvb ÿiY †ewk n‡j †KvbwU
L AYyPwµKv cø¨v‡Ki PZzw`©‡K RgvU ev‡a
nq?
M wUKwUwK N iæB gvQ M Aci bvg G‡_‡iv‡¯‹¬v‡ivwmm
K Kzwms wmb‡Wªvg L A¨v‡µv‡gMvwj
5. Nvmdwos-Gi K‡c©viv A¨vjvUv †Kvb N Dc‡ii me¸‡jv
M BwWgv N ev‡d‡jv nv¤ú
ni‡gvb ÿiY K‡i? 15. g¨v‡µv‡dR wnmv‡e KvR K‡i †KvbwU? 22. GbwRI‡Ubwmb Gi KvR
K ADH K Kvddvi †Kvl L g‡bvmvBU i. i‡³i ni‡gvb wnmv‡e _v‡K
L ACTH M jwmKvMÖwš’i †Kvl N me¸wj ii. e„° bvjxKvi cvwb I jeY cybt‡kvlY
M †Mvbv‡WvUªwcK ni‡gvb 16. †KvWwgb¨v‡Ýi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU N‡U bv? iii. i³ Pvc wbqš¿Y K‡i bv
N me¸wj K GKB †jvKv‡m _v‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
6. gvby‡li jvjvi‡mi KZ Ask cvwb? L GKB êwk‡óï wRb K i ii I L ii I iii
K 94.5% L 95.5% M wRb `ywU mgfv‡e cÖKvwkZ M i I iii N i, ii I iii

N †nv‡gv‡jvMvm †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g _v‡K 23. me‡P‡q †ewk cwigvY †k¦Z KwYKvi †ÿ‡Î
M 96.5% N 97.5 %
17. †Nvovi Avw` c~e© cyiæl B‡qvwncv‡mi cÖ‡hvR¨ bq †KvbwU?
7. f¨vUvi Gi A¨v¤úyjv †KvbwUi mv‡_
D”PZv wQj K B‡qvwmb iÄ‡K eY© aviY K‡i
m¯ú„³?
K 50 dyU L 40 dzU L 2-5 LÐK hy³ wbDwK¬qvm
K wcË_wj L wcËbvjx
M 24 dzU N 11 BwÂ M RvjKvK…wZi duv` ˆZwi K‡i
M Awfbœ wcËbvjx N hK…Z bvjx N me¸wj
18. Kg©x n‡Z ivbx †gŠgvwQi iƒcvšÍi‡K e‡j
8. wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡b KZwU cwj‡ccUvBW †PBb 24. gv¯‹ zjvi wWmUªwd †iv‡Mi KviY n‡”Q
K mycvi wmwWIi L A¨vjUªBRg
_v‡K? M †jK AvPiY N †Kv‡bvwUB bq i. wWmUªvwdb †cÖvwUb ˆZwi nq bv
K 4wU L 5wU  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 19 I 20 bs cÖ‡kœi ii. wµ‡qwUb KvB‡b‡Ri gva¨‡g kw³ Drcv`b
M 6wU N 8wU DËi `vI : iii. †ckx `~e©j nIqv
9. _ªw¤^b †Kvb cøvRgv †cÖvwU‡bi mv‡_ wg‡k Arthropoda c‡e©i cÖvYx‡ì we‡kl ai‡bi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
A`ªeYxq †cÖvwUb m~Î ˆZwi K‡i? êwkó¨, Zv‡ì‡K Ab¨vb¨ ce© †_‡K c„_K K i I ii L ii I iii
K _ª‡¤^vcøvw÷b L dvBweª‡bv‡Rb K‡i‡Q| M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M dvBweªb N †Kv‡bvwU bq
19. D‡jø w LZ cÖ v Yxi msenb Z‡š¿ i †ÿ‡Î 25. A¨vivKb‡qW g¨vUvi Gi †ÿ‡Î mwVK bq
†KvbwU mwVK bq? †KvbwU?
10. O2 Gi NbZ¡ KZ n‡j k¦m‡bi nvi wØ¸Y
K wn‡gvwjç c„ôxq gnvagbx n‡Z g¯Í‡K hvq K Wziv g¨vUvi I cvqv g¨vUv‡ii gv‡S
nq?
L Aw÷qvi gy‡L KcvwUKv _v‡K bv L †gwbb‡Ä‡mi ga¨ c`©v
K 15%5% L 17%5% M wn‡gvmvBU bvgK †k¦Z KwYKv _v‡K M mveWzivj †¯úm _v‡K
M 20%5% N 22%5% N k¦vmiÄK _v‡K bv N wkiv I mvBbvm Dcw¯’Z
1 L 2 N 3 K 4 N 5 M 6 L 7 M 8 K 9 L 10 M 11 N 12 N 13 L
14 K 15 N 16 L 17 N 18 N 19 L 20 L 21 N 22 K 23 M 24 M 25 M

1. ÔmvBweªWÕ kãwU wb‡¤œi †Kvb cÖwµqvi mv‡_ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 17. Aóg K‡ivwUK mœvqyi KvR Kx?
hy³? K i I ii L i I iii K ¯^v` L `k©b
K MÖvdwUs L wRb †K¬vwbs M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M kÖeY N NªvY
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mwc©jvKvi, RvwjKvKvi, ZviKvKvi, †MvjvKvi BZ¨vw` DNA Abywjcb cÖwµqvwU eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
AvK…wZiI n‡Z cv‡i| Acic‡ÿ gvB‡UvKwÛªqv mvaviYZ 1. DNA Wvej †nwj·-Gi GK ev GKvwaK we›`y‡Z cÖwZwjcb
e„ËvKvi, `ÐvKvi, Zš‘Kvi, ZviKvKvi I KzÛjx AvKvi n‡Z Kv‡Ri m~Pbv N‡U hv‡K ejv nq Origin of replication ev
ms‡ÿ‡c Iwi (Ori) ev cÖwZwjcb m~Pbv we›`y|
cv‡i|
2. m~Pbv we›`y †_‡K Wvej †nwj‡·i GK cvK Lyj‡Z ïiæ K‡i
3. mvaviYZ M‡o cÖwZwU D”P‡kÖwYi Dw™¢`‡Kv‡l 10-14wU Ges GKB mv‡_ A = T, G º C wbDwK¬‡qvUvB‡Wi ga¨Kvi
†K¬v‡ivcøv÷ _v‡K| Aciw`‡K M‡o cÖwZ †Kv‡l 300-400wU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| Gi d‡j D³ ¯’v‡b Wvej
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv _v‡K| †nwj· `ywU GKK †nwj·-G cwiYZ nq| †nwj‡KR GbRvBg
4. ivmvqwbKfv‡e Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU, wjwcW, †cÖvwUb, †K¬v‡ivwdj, ATP †_‡K kw³ wb‡q nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ fv½vi KvR K‡i|
3. †iwcø‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ c„_K nIqv cÖwZwU ÷ª¨vÛ bZzb ÷ª¨vÛ
K¨v‡ivwUb‡qW (K¨v‡ivwUb I R¨v‡š’vwdj), DNA, RNA, wKQy
ˆZwii QuvP (Template) wn‡m‡e eën„Z nq|
msL¨K GbRvBg I †Kv-GbRvBg wb‡q †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ MwVZ|
4. cÖwZwU m~Pbv we›`y‡Z `ywU K‡i †iwcø‡Kkb Kg‡cø· _v‡K|
Aciw`‡K, gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi ï®‹ IR‡bi 65% †cÖvwUb, 29% Wvej †nwj· Gi †Rvov †f‡½ AMÖmi nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_
wMømvivBW, 4% †jwmw_b I †mdvwjb Ges 2% †Kv‡j‡÷ij, †iwcø‡Kkb Kg‡cø· `ywU GKwU AciwUi wecixZ w`‡K Pj‡Z
wjwc‡Wi g‡a¨ 90% dm‡dvwjwcW, evwK 10% d¨vwU GwmW, ïiæ K‡i|
K¨v‡ivwUb‡qW, wfUvwgb E Ges wKQy A‰Re c`v_© we`¨gvb| 5. cÖvB‡gR GbRvBg c„_KK…Z GKwU m~Î‡K QuvP wn‡m‡e eënvi
5. †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ Lv`¨ ms‡kø‡l mvnvh¨ K‡i e‡j G‡K †Kv‡li K‡i Zvi GKwU Ask Kwc K‡i GKwU cÖvBgvi ˆZwi K‡i †`q|
cÖvBgvi n‡jv RNA-Gi K‡qKwU ÿvi‡Ki mswÿß wm‡Kv‡qÝ|
ivbœvNi ev kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`ï KviLvbv ejv nq| Aciw`‡K,
6. c„_KK…Z `ywU m~‡Îi GKwU Zvi cÖwZiƒc m„wó K‡i
†Kv‡li hveZxq ˆRewbK Kv‡Ri kw³ mieivn K‡i e‡j wbiew”Qbœfv‡e dK©-Gi w`‡K e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| GB m~Î‡K
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K †Kv‡li cvIqvi nvDm ev kw³Ni ejv nq| ejv nq AMÖMvgx m~Î ev wjwWs m~Î| Aci m~ÎwU wbiew”Qbœfv‡e
6. †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ ïaygvÎ Dw™¢` †Kv‡l we`¨gvb| Aciw`‡K cÖwZiƒc m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GB m~Î‡K ejv nq axiMvgx m~Î
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv Dw™¢` I cÖvYx mKj †Kv‡lB we`¨gvb| ev j¨vwMs m~Î|
7. wjwWs m~Î wbiew”Qbœfv‡e Zvi cÖwZiƒc m„wó K‡i AMÖmi nIqvi L Rx‡ei êwkó¨ ¯’vbvšÍiKvix †KvW‡K ejv nq †R‡bwUK †KvW|
Kvi‡Y j¨vwMs m~‡Î †Rvovwenxb wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi mvwi ˆZwi nq| DNA †Z GB †KvW Aew¯’Z| DNA AYy‡Z cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z
8. DNA AYyi †iwcø‡Kk‡b j¨vwMs m~‡Îi LÐ LÐ wew”Qbœ Ask‡K wZbwU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em wgwjZfv‡e GKwU †R‡bwUK †KvW ˆZwi
IKvRvwK (Okazaki) LÐ e‡j| K‡i| †R‡bwUK †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g Rx‡ei êwkó¨ GK eskai †_‡K
9. DNA AYyi wew”QbœK…Z ÷ª¨vÛ `ywUi bZzb m„ó m¤ú~iK ÷ª¨v‡Ûi cieZx© eska‡i ¯’vbvšÍi n‡q _v‡K|
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviK¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e wg‡j †M‡j (A = T Ges C º M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖ_g A½vYywU n‡jv gvB‡UvKwÛªqv| wb‡P
G) G‡·vwbDwK¬‡qR GbRvBg Øviv cÖvBgvi¸‡jv AcmvwiZ nq gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
Ges G‡ì Lvwj ¯’vb¸‡jv m¤ú~iK wbDwK¬IUvBW Øviv c~Y© nq| 1. AveiYx : cÖwZwU gvB‡UvKwÛªqb wj‡cv‡cÖvwUb evB‡jqv‡ii `ywU †gg‡eªb
10. †iwcø‡Kk‡bi †kl ch©v‡q DNA jvB‡MR GbRvBg ÷ª¨v‡Ûi DNA wb‡q MwVZ| evB‡ii †gg‡eªb †f` K‡i wewfbœ ÿz`ª AYy Ges Avqb
wmKz‡qÝ cÖj¤^b iwnZ K‡i †`q| d‡j QuvP ÷ª¨vÛ I m¤ú~iK †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i, Avevi †ei n‡q †h‡ZI cv‡i|
÷ª¨v‡Ûi wcDwib I cvBwiwgwWb ÿviK¸‡jv mywbw`©ó wbq‡g 2. cÖ‡Kvô : `yB †gg‡eª‡bi gvSLv‡bi duvKv ¯’vb‡K ejv nq
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ Øviv mshy³ n‡q GKwU DNA AYy MVb K‡i| ewnt¯’ Kÿ ev AvšÍt‡gg‡eªb duvK Ges †fZ‡ii †gg‡eªb w`‡q
11. Gfv‡e Aa©msiÿYkxj †iwcø‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU DNA Ave× †K›`ªxq AÂj‡K ejv nq Af¨šÍixY Kÿ| Af¨šÍixY
AYyi `ywU ÷ª¨vÛ `ywU QuvPiƒ‡c eën„Z n‡q `ywU bZzb DNA AYy Kÿ †Rwji b¨vq Nb mgmË¡ g¨vwUª· Øviv c~Y© _v‡K|
m„wó K‡i Ges cÖwZwjcb mgvß nq| 3. wµw÷ ev cÖea©K : evB‡ii †gg‡eªb †mvRv wKš‘ †fZ‡ii
N DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z AYywU n‡jv DNA| wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA
†gg‡eªbwU wbw`©ó eëav‡b †fZ‡ii w`‡K fuvR n‡q Av½y‡ji g‡Zv
cÖhwy ³i gva¨‡g DNA Gi MVbMZ cwieZ©b K‡i Zv gvbeKj¨v‡Y cÖea©K m„wó K‡i| cÖewa©Z Ask‡K wµw÷ e‡j| G¸‡jv
gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi avÎ‡K KZK¸‡jv Am¤ú~Y© cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³ K‡i|
eënvi Kiv hvq| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
4. Aw·‡mvg : gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi AšÍtAveiYxi AšÍMv© ‡Î AwZ m~²
1. gvby‡li Lv‡`ï cÖavb Drm Dw™¢‡ì †ÿ‡Î wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA AmsL¨ `vbv †j‡M _v‡K| G‡ì Aw·‡mvg e‡j| Aw·‡mvg
cÖhwy ³ Avg~j cwieZ©b mvab K‡i‡Q| †Kv‡bv eb¨ Dw™¢‡ì DrK…ó e„šÍK ev Ae„šÍK n‡Z cv‡i| e„šÍK Aw·‡mvg g¯ÍK, †euvUv I
wRb dmwj Dw™¢‡` cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i wKsev wR‡bi MVb ev web¨vm f‚wg wb‡q MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|
cwieZ©b K‡i DbœZ Rv‡Zi dmwj Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| 5. ATP-Synthases I ETC : wµw÷‡Z ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b ATP-
2. G cÖhwy ³i gva¨‡g †cu‡ci †gvRvBK cÖwZ‡ivax RvZ D™¢veb Synthases bvgK †MvjvKvi e¯‘ Av‡Q| G‡Z ATP ms‡køwlZ
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g m~h©gyLxi mvjdvi A¨vwg‡bv nq| GQvov mg¯Í wµw÷e¨vcx A‡bK B‡jKUªb UªvÝ‡cvU© †PBb
GwmW m„wóKvix wRb †K¬vfvi Nv‡m ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| (ETC) Aew¯’Z|
†hme †fov H Nvm Lvq Zv‡ì †jvg DbœZ gv‡bi n‡q _v‡K| ˆfZGii ˆggGeËb
3. G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g myB‡W‡bi GK`j weÁvbx mycvi ivBm gvZ‡Kv
D™¢veb K‡ib| Zviv Japonica UvBc av‡b W¨v‡dvwWj †_‡K wKÌwÕ¡
weUv K¨v‡ivwUb ˆZwii PviwU wRb Ges AwZwi³ Avqib ˆZwii DNA AYy
wZbwU wRb cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡ib| ATP synthases
wKÌwÕ¡
4. wPwKrmv weÁv‡bI G cÖhwy ³i h‡_ó Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b
G cÖhwy ³i gva¨‡g Bbmywjb Drcv`bKvix wRb E.coli-†Z ivBGevGmvg
¯’vbvšÍi K‡i e¨vcKnv‡i Bbmywjb Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e|
5. B›Uvi‡dib GK cÖKvi †cÖvwUb hv gvby‡li †Kvl n‡Z wbM©Z nq| evBGii ˆggGeËb
wPÎ : eë‡”Q`K…Z gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
GwU fvBiv‡mi cÖv_wgK msµgY I K¨vÝvi cÖwZ‡iva K‡i _v‡K|
Gfv‡e G cÖhwy ³ eënvi K‡i Av‡iv Drcv`b Kiv n‡”Q wewfbœ 6. e„ËvKvi DNA I ivB‡ev‡mvg : gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi wbR¯^ e„ËvKvi
ai‡bi wUKv, Gw›U‡Rb I Gw›UewW| GQvovI wewfbœ ai‡bi †ivM DNA Ges ivB‡ev‡mvg (70S) i‡q‡Q| GwUI Avw` †Kvlxq
kbv³ Ki‡ZI eën„Z n‡”Q G cÖhyw³| êwkó¨m¤úbœ| Giv g¨vwUª·-G _v‡K|
7. ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb : gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi ï®‹ IR‡bi cÖvq 65%
cÖkœ 83 } wm‡jU †evW© 2017 · cÖkœ 1 †cÖvwUb, 29% wMømvivBWmg~n, 4% †jwmw_b I †mdvwjb Ges
20% †Kv‡j‡÷ij| wjwc‡Wi g‡a¨ 90% dm‡dvwjwcW,
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k¦mwbK Kv‡R Ges Ab¨wU Lv`¨ ˆZwi‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i| A‰Re c`v_©|
K. GKK c`©v Kx? 1
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M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g A½vYywUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
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1. Lv`¨ cÖ¯Z ‘ : Dw™¢‡ì †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq
wUwK‡q ivL‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Zv we‡kølY Ki| 4
mij kK©iv ˆZwi nq| G mKj kK©iv n‡Z cieZ©x‡Z wewfbœ
83bs cÖ‡kœi DËi wecvKxq c×wZ‡Z †¯œn, Avwgl, A¨vwg‡bv A¨vwmW I Ab¨vb¨
K †Kv‡li †hme c`©v †cÖvwUb wjwcW †cÖvwUb (P-L-P) bvgK cÖ‡qvRbxq ˆRe †hŠM m„wó nq †h¸‡jv wewfbœ Lv`ïƒ‡c
wZbwU ¯Íi wb‡q MwVZ Zv‡ì‡K GKK c`©v e‡j| Dw™¢`‡`‡n mwÂZ _v‡K|
œ Î I DËigvjv 5
2. cÖvYxi Lv`¨ : cÖvYxiv wb‡Ri Lv`¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Giv L ivB‡ev‡mvg‡K †Kv‡li †cÖvwUb ˆZwii KviLvbv ejv nq|
Lv‡`ï Rb¨ cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e Dw™¢‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj| mvB‡UvcøvR‡g wewÿßfv‡e Qov‡bv †MvjvKvi ev wW¤^vKvi A½vYyi
Dw™¢`‡`‡ni †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ ˆZwiK…Z kK©iv I Lv`ïƒ‡c mwÂZ bvg ivB‡ev‡mvg| ivB‡ev‡mv‡gi cÖavb ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb n‡jv
wewfbœ †hŠM‡K cÖvYxiv fÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g MÖnY K‡i| RNA Ges †cÖvwUb| †cÖvwUb ms‡kølY KivB ivB‡ev‡mv‡gi cÖavb
3. kw³i Drm : c„w_exi mKj Rxe‡`‡ni wewfbœ wecvKxq Kv‡R KvR| †cÖvwUb ms‡køl‡Yi mv‡_ RwoZ _vKvi Kvi‡Y ivB‡ev‡mvg‡K
eën„Z mKj kw³i GKgvÎ Drm n‡jv Av‡jvKkw³| †Kej †Kv‡li †cÖvwUb ˆZwii KviLvbv ejv nq|
Dw™¢`B †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq Av‡jvKkw³‡K M DÏxc‡K ÔBÕ n‡”Q RNA| DNA †_‡K RNA ˆZwii †KŠkj
ivmvqwbK w¯’wZkw³ wn‡m‡e wewfbœ Lv‡`¨ Ave× K‡i| Dw™¢` ev cÖwµqv UªvÝwµckb bv‡g cwiwPZ| wb‡P RNA m„wói †KŠkjwU
I cÖvYxi e„w× Ges mKj kvixie„Ëxq Kv‡R eën„Z kw³ A_©vr UªvÝwµckb cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
Lv‡`ï gva¨‡gB †c‡q _v‡K| 1. m~Pbv ev cÖviw¤¢K avc : G av‡c DNA AYyi †cÖv‡gvUvi bvgK
4. cÖvYxi k¦mb : cÖvYxi k¦mb Kv‡R eën„Z Aw·‡R‡bi GKgvÎ we‡kl †em wm‡Kv‡qÝ As‡k UªvÝwµckb d¨v±i I RNA-
Drm n‡jv Dw™¢‡ì †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ msNwUZ mv‡jvKms‡kølY cwjgv‡iR GbRvBg hy³ nq| †cÖv‡gvUviB RNA-
cÖwµqvq m„ó Aw·‡Rb| GQvov cÖvYxi k¦m‡b m„ó CO2 Dw™¢` cwjgv‡iR‡K wb‡`©k †`q DNA AYyi †Kvb m~‡Îi UªvÝwµckb
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fvimvg¨ iÿv K‡i| mshy³ nIqvi ci cÖ_‡g RNA-cwjgv‡iR DNA AYyi Ask
5. cwi‡ek `~lY †iva : cÖvYxi k¦mb Ges gvby‡li wewfbœ we‡k‡li cvK Ly‡j †`q Ges nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ †f‡½ m~Î `ywU‡K
aŸsmvZ¥K Kv‡R m„ó CO2 cwi‡e‡k `~lY m„wó Ki‡Q| f‚c„‡ô Avjv`v K‡i †d‡j|
we¯Í…Z e„ÿivwR I mgy‡`ªi dvB‡Uvcøv¼Ub †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ msNwUZ 2. m~Î ewa©ZKiY ev `xN©vqb avc : RNA cwjgv‡iR-II GbRvBg
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq wecyj cwigvY CO2 MÖnY K‡i ATP, GTP, UTP I CTP †_‡K †Ug‡cø‡Ui wfwË‡Z
cwi‡ek `~lY †iva Ki‡Q Ges c„w_ex‡K cÖvYx Z_v gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxq wbDwK¬IUvBW hy³ Ki‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e m~Pbv ¯’vb
emev‡mi †hvM¨ ivL‡Q| †_‡K mRNA-Gi m~Î ewa©ZKiY Pj‡Z _v‡K (5¢ ® 3¢
6. f‚-c„‡ôi ZvcgvÎvi fvimvg¨ iÿv : †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ msNwUZ Awfgy‡L) Ges RNA-cwjgv‡iR AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| RNA-
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi mgq Dw™¢` cÖPzi †mŠikw³ †kvlY Kivq f‚- cwjgv‡iR AMÖmi nIqvi ci DNA AYyi cvK Ly‡j hvIqv
c„‡ôi ZcgvÎv mnbxq ch©v‡q _v‡K| As‡k Avevi cvK ˆZwi nq|
7. gvbemf¨Zv weKv‡k : µgweKwkZ gvbemf¨Zv Lv`¨, e¯¿, 3. mgvwßKiY ev mgvcb avc : RNA m~Î ewa©ZKiY †k‡l
Ilya, R¡vjvwb, Rxevk¥-R¡vjvwb, KvMR, AvmevecÎ BZ¨vwì RNA-cwjgv‡iR mgvwß ¯’v‡b †cuŠQv‡j GbRvBgwU gy³ n‡q
Dci m¤ú~Yi© ƒ‡c wbf©ikxj| Avi Gme wKQyB cÖZ¨ÿ ev hvq Ges UªvÝwµck‡bi mgvwß N‡U|
c‡ivÿfv‡e Av‡m Dw™¢`RMr †_‡K| Dw™¢`‡`‡ni me wKQyB
N DÏxc‡K ÔAÕ n‡”Q DNA Ges ÔBÕ n‡”Q RNA| wb‡P DNA
g~jZ mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi dmj| Gfv‡e nvRvi eQi a‡i M‡o
DVv gvbemf¨Zv Dw™¢‡ì †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ msNwUZ I RNA Gi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv n‡jv-
DNA RNA
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Dci wbf©ikxj|
1. wØm~ÎK cu¨vPv‡bv ev Nyiv‡bv 1. GKm~ÎK wkK‡ji b¨vq|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ msNwUZ
wmuwoi g‡Zv|
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖvwYKz‡ji Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
2. G‡Z wWAw·ivB‡evR 2. G‡Z _v‡K ivB‡evR
my¨Mvi _v‡K Ges DNA my¨Mvi Ges RNA Gi
cÖkœ 84 } ivRkvnx †evW© 2016 · cÖkœ 1
Gi cvBwiwgwW‡b _v‡K cvBwiwgwW‡b BDivwmj I
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RNA cwjgvGiR 3. DNA AYyi †Kv‡bv cÖKvi 3. RNA cuvP cÖKvi| h_v :
†bB| Kvh©Z w`K †_‡K tRNA, mRNA, gRNA,
DNA GKB iKg| rRNA Ges gvBbi RNA|
4. cÖwZwjc‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb 4. bZzbfv‡e RNA m„wó nq|
DNA m„wó nq| †Kv‡bv cÖwZwjcb nq bv|
5. eskMwZi aviK, evnK I 5. †cÖvwUb ms‡køl K‡i|
K. wRb Kx? 1 wbqš¿K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
L. †Kvb A½vYy‡K †Kv‡li †cÖvwUb ˆZwii KviLvbv ejv nq? 2 6. DNA eskMZ PwiÎ enb 6. fvBivj RNA Qvov
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'B' m„wói †KŠkjwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 K‡i| eskMZ PwiÎ enb K‡i
N. DÏxc‡Ki A I B Gi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki| 4 bv|
84bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 7. G‡Z wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi 7. G‡Z wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi
K wRb n‡jv †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †jvKv‡m Aew¯’Z DNA AYyi msL¨v A‡bK †ewk| msL¨v A‡bK Kg|
mywbw`©ó wmKz‡qÝ hv Rx‡ei GKwU wbw`©ó Kvh©Ki ms‡KZ Ave× 8. AwaK cwigv‡Y AwZ 8. Kg AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ †kvlY
K‡i Ges †cÖvwUb wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i êwk‡óï weKvk NUvq| †e¸wb iwk¥ †kvlY K‡i| K‡i|
cÖkœ 85 } h‡kvi †evW© 2016 · cÖkœ 6 ATP Synthases bvgK e¯‘ _v‡K| ATP Synthases bvgK
e¯‘‡Z ATP ˆZwii mKj GbRvBg _v‡K| †gg‡eªb¸‡jv‡Z
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4. G cÖwµqv cwi‡ek cwi‡kvab K‡i _v‡K| Gfv‡e meyR Dw™¢‡ì
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cÖwµqviB dj|
g‡Zv †h Ask¸‡jv _v‡K Zv‡ì _vBjvK‡qW ev MÖvbvg Pµ
Kv‡RB G cÖwµqvi ¸iæZ¡ ev Zvrch© Acwimxg I Zzjbvwenxb|
e‡j| D”P †kÖwYi Dw™¢‡` KZ¸‡jv _vBjvK‡qW ¯Íixf‚Z n‡q
MÖvbv MVb K‡i| cÖwZwU †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ cÖvq 40-60wU MÖvbv
cÖkœ 86 } PÆMÖvg †evW© 2016 · cÖkœ 6
_v‡K| cÖwZwU MÖvbvg 10-100wU _vBjvK‡qW wb‡q MwVZ|
4. †÷ªvgv j¨v‡gwj : `ywU cvkvcvwk MÖvbvi wKQy msL¨K wkÿK eøvK‡ev‡W© Rxe‡`‡ni MV‡bi `yB AveiYx hy³ GKwU Av`k©
_vBjvK‡qWm m~² bvwjKv Øviv mshy³ _v‡K| GB mshy³Kvix GK‡Ki wPwýZ wPÎ AvuK‡jb hvi evB‡ii AveiYxwU wbRx©e Ges
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5. †Kvl cÖvPx‡i †cKwUK 5. cøvRgv‡gg‡eª‡b cÖavbZ 9. †nwj‡·i e¨vm 20A° (= 2 nm)| Z‡e cÖRvwZ‡f‡` AYyi ˆ`N©¨
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MøvB‡Kv †cÖvwUb _v‡K| N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎwU RNA Gi Ges Q wPÎwU DNA
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mnvqZv K‡i| wbqš¿Y K‡i| 1. wØm~ÎK cu¨vPv‡bv ev Nyiv‡bv 1. GKm~ÎK wkK‡ji b¨vq|
wmuwoi g‡Zv|
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cÖkœ 87 } w`bvRcyi †evW© 2016 · cÖkœ 2
my¨Mvi _v‡K Ges DNA my¨Mvi Ges RNA Gi
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki- Gi cvBwiwgwW‡b _v‡K cvBwiwgwW‡b BDivwmj I
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K. Kzc Kx? 1 †bB| Kvh©Z w`K †_‡K tRNA, mRNA, gRNA,
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M. Q wP‡Îi †fŠZ MV‡bi êwkó¨ D‡jøL Ki| 3 4. cÖwZwjc‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb 4. bZzbfv‡e RNA m„wó nq|
N. P I Q wP‡Îi g‡a¨ êmv`„k¨ we‡kølY Ki| 4 DNA m„wó nq| †Kv‡bv cÖwZwjcb nq bv|
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6. DNA eskMZ PwiÎ enb 6. fvBivj RNA Qvov (ETC) Aew¯’Z|
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evBGii ˆggGeËb
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K. GbRvBg Kx? 1 êwkó¨m¤úbœ| Giv g¨vwUª·-G _v‡K|
L. n«vmg~jK wefvRb ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 7. ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb : gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi ï®‹ IR‡bi cÖvq 65%
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ †Kvl A½vYywUi wPwýZ wPÎmn MVb eY©bv †cÖvwUb, 29% wMømvivBWmg~n, 4% †jwmw_b I †mdvwjb Ges
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cvjb K‡iÕ- we‡kølY Ki| 4 A‰Re c`v_©|
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†_‡K wewµqvi nvi‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i, wKš‘ wewµqvi ci wb‡Riv 1. gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq †Kvlxq k¦m‡bi †µemPµ, d¨vwU GwmW Pµ,
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e‡j| Fe++, Mn++ BZ¨vw` mwÂZ _v‡K|
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2. cÖ‡Kvô : `yB †gg‡eª‡bi gvSLv‡bi duvKv ¯’vb‡K ejv nq 8. wbR¯^ DNA I RNA ms‡kølY K‡i I eskMwZ‡Z f‚wgKv iv‡L|
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Ave× †K›`ªxq AÂj‡K ejv nq Af¨šÍixY Kÿ| Af¨šÍixY 10. Giv †Kv‡li c~e© wba©vwiZ g„Z¨z wbqš¿Y K‡i|
Kÿ †Rwji b¨vq Nb mgmË¡ g¨vwUª· Øviv c~Y© _v‡K|
3. wµw÷ ev cÖea©K : evB‡ii †gg‡eªb †mvRv wKš‘ †fZ‡ii cÖkœ 89 } wm‡jU †evW© 2015 · cÖkœ 5
†gg‡eªbwU wbw`©ó eëav‡b †fZ‡ii w`‡K fuvR n‡q Av½y‡ji
g‡Zv cÖea©K m„wó K‡i| cÖewa©Z Ask‡K wµw÷ e‡j| G¸‡jv
gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi avÎ‡K KZK¸‡jv Am¤ú~Y© cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³
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AmsL¨ `vbv †j‡M _v‡K| G‡ì Aw·‡mvg e‡j| Aw·‡mvg
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jv‡M ligase-GbRvB‡gi cÖfv‡e| d‡j KvqvRgv (X AvK…wZ) welyexq Açj
m„wó Ki| ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
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nq| µwmsIfv‡ii d‡j †µvgvwU‡Wi g‡a¨ As‡ki wewbgq
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N‡U| êwkó¨¸‡jv n‡jv-
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Ges welyexq AÂj †_‡K †giægyLx Pj‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
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3. AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †giæ Awfgy‡L Pj‡b †m‡›UªvwgqviB
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L (mve‡gUv‡mw›UªK), J (A¨v‡µv‡mw›UªK), ev I (†U‡jv‡mw›UªK)
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M DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z avcwU n‡jv wg‡qvwmm-1 Gi †cÖv‡dR-1
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wW‡cøvwUb Dc-ch©v‡qi êwkó¨ :
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wefvRb cÖwµqv| gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqvwU mwVKfv‡e †gvUv I Lv‡Uv nq|
m¤úbœ bv n‡j gvby‡li kix‡i wewfbœ mgm¨vi m„wó nq| wb‡P Zv 2. evB‡f‡j‡›Ui †µv‡gv‡mvg `ywUi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK weKl©Y ïiæ
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d‡j †h µwms Ifvi nq Zv‡Z †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi ¸YMZ cwieZ©b 6. weeZ©b I Rbyµ‡gi mv‡_ 6. Rx‡ei g‡a¨ bZzb
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c¨vKvBwUb Dcch©vq| wb‡P c¨vKvBwUb Dcch©v‡qi Zrch© wPÎmn
we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
1. c¨vKvBwUb A‡cÿvK…Z `xN©¯v’ qx Dcch©vq| µgvMZ
wPÎ : RvB‡MvwUb wPÎ : c¨vKvBwUb wPÎ : WvqvKvB‡bwmm
ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j G Dcch©v‡q †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv AviI †gvUv
I Lv‡Uv nq|
cÖkœ 75 } w`bvRcyi †evW© 2016 · cÖkœ 1 2. G Dcch©v‡q me©c_Ö g evB‡f‡j‡›Ui cÖwZwU †µv‡gv‡mvg‡K
cÖ‡dmi W. myjZvb K¬v‡m `y‡Uv AYyexÿY h‡š¿ `y‡Uv c„_K c„_K †m‡›Uªvwgqvi e¨ZxZ j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e wef³ n‡q `ywU K‡i
¯øvBW †`Lv‡jb| cÖ_g h‡š¿ †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †m‡›Uªvwgqvi¸‡jv †µvgvwU‡W wef³ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, A_©vr cÖwZwU evB‡f‡j‡›U
welyexq †iLv eivei Ges wØZxq h‡š¿ †µvgvwUW¸‡jv 'X' Gi g‡Zv `ywU †m‡›Uªvwgqvi Ges PviwU †µvgvwUW †`Lv hvq| G Ae¯’v‡K
MVb Øviv hy³ i‡q‡Q| †UUªvW e‡j|
3. GKB †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi `ywU †µvgvwUW‡K wm÷vi †µvgvwUW M DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î †h cÖwµqvwU †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv µwms
e‡j| GKB †Rvovi `ywU wfbœ †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †µvgvwUW `ywU‡K Ifvi| wb‡P µwms Ifv‡ii e¨vL¨v †Ìqv n‡jv-
bb-wm÷vi †µvgvwUW e‡j| gv‡qvwmm-1 Gi c¨vKvBwUb Dc-ch©v‡q GK †Rvov mgms¯’
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi `ywU bb-wm÷vi †µvgvwUW-Gi g‡a¨ As‡ki wewbgq
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nIqv‡K µwmsIfvi e‡j| µwmsIfv‡ii d‡j †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi
-wm÷vi †µvgvwUW
KvqvRgv wRbmg~‡ni g~j web¨v‡mi cwieZ©b N‡U Ges wj¼W wRbmg~‡ni
g‡a¨ bZzb mgš^q ˆZwi nq| µwmsIfv‡ii †KŠkj wb¤œiƒc :
†µvgvwUW 1. cÖ_‡g `ywU bb-wm÷vi †µvgvwUW GKB ¯’vb eivei †f‡O hvq
(Endonuclease GbRvBg Gi Kvi‡Y)|
†UUªvW 2. c‡i GKwUi As‡ki mv‡_ AciwUi Ab¨ Ask cybivq †Rvov
†Kvl cÖvPxi jv‡M ligase-GbRvB‡gi cÖfv‡e| d‡j KvqvRgv (X AvK…wZ)
m„wó Ki|
wPÎ : c¨vKvBwUb 3. †kl ch©v‡q cÖvšÍxqKi‡Yi gva¨‡g †µvgvwU‡Wi wewbgq †kl
4. G Dc-ch©v‡qi †k‡li w`‡K evB‡f‡j‡›Ui †h‡Kv‡bv `ywU bb- nq| µwmsIfv‡ii d‡j †µvgvwU‡Wi g‡a¨ As‡ki wewbgq
wm÷vi †µvgvwUW m¤¢eZ GKB ¯’v‡b †f‡½ wM‡q cybivq N‡U, mv‡_ mv‡_ wR‡biI wewbgq N‡U (†h‡nZz wRb
GKwUi mv‡_ Ab¨wUi †Rvov jv‡M| d‡j H †Rvovi ¯’v‡b †µv‡gv‡mv‡gB web¨¯Í _v‡K)| wRb-Gi wewbg‡qi d‡j
GKwU Bs‡iwR ÒXÓ AvK…wZi Ae¯’v m„wó nq| PvwiwÎK êwk‡óï wewbgq nq, d‡j Rx‡e PvwiwÎK cwieZ©b
5. `ywU bb-wm÷vi †µvgvwU‡Wi ÒXÓ AvK…wZi ms‡hvM¯’j‡K GK N‡U|
eP‡b KvqvRgv Ges eûeP‡b KvqvRgvUv e‡j|
N DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwU Ôµwms IfviÕ| Rxe‰ewP‡Îï †ÿ‡Î
6. bb-wm÷vi †µvgvwU‡Wi g‡a¨ ci¯úi As‡ki wewbgq‡K
µwms Ifv‡ii f‚wgKv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
µwms Ifvi ev µm Ifvi e‡j|
1. µwms Ifv‡ii d‡j `ywU bb-wm÷vi †µvgvwU‡Wi g‡a¨ As‡ki
7. wbDwK¬I c`©v I wbDwK¬Ijvm ZLbI AweK…Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
wewbgq N‡U d‡j wRbMZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| wRbMZ
cÖkœ 76 } XvKv †evW© 2015 · cÖkœ 1 cwieZ©b mva‡bi d‡j m„ó Rx‡e êwkó¨MZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ
nq| êwkó¨MZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g m„wóKz‡j Av‡m êwPÎ¨,
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki- m„wó nq bZzb cwi‡e‡k wU‡K _vKvi ÿgZv, Avevi KL‡bv m„wó
nq bZzb cÖRvwZ|
2. µwms Ifv‡ii gva¨‡g Kvw•ÿZ DbœZ êwkó¨ m¤úbœ bZzb
cÖKiY m„wó Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e dmjx Dw™¢‡ì µgvMZ DbœwZ
mvab Kiv nq|
3. K…wÎg Dcv‡q µwms Ifvi NwU‡q eskMwZ‡Z cwieZ©b Avbv
K. wnj wewµqv Kx? 1 m¤¢e| Kv‡RB cÖRbbwe`¨vq µwms Ifv‡ii h‡_ó f‚wgKv
L. cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 i‡q‡Q|
M. wP‡Î †h cÖwµqvwU †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zvi e¨vL¨v `vI| 3 4. µwms Ifv‡ii d‡j †µvgvwU‡Wi g‡a¨ As‡ki wewbgq N‡U,
N. wP‡Îi cÖwµqvwU Rxe‰ewP‡Îï †ÿ‡Î Kx f‚wgKv iv‡L Zv mv‡_ mv‡_ wR‡biI wewbgq N‡U| wR‡bi wewbg‡qi d‡j
we‡kølY Ki| 4 PvwiwÎK êwk‡óï wewbgq nq, d‡j Rx‡e PvwiwÎK cwieZ©b
76bs cÖ‡kœi DËi N‡U| Gi d‡j GKmgq bZzb cÖKiYI m„wó n‡q hvq|
K weªwUk cÖvY-imvqbwe` iweb wnj (1937) me© cÖ_g cÖgvY 5. GQvov M‡elYvi †ÿ‡ÎI µwms Ifv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| KviY,
K‡ib †h, mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y wbM©Z Aw·‡Rb Aek¨B cvwb †_‡K †µv‡gv‡mv‡g wR‡bi †iLvKvi web¨vm cÖgv‡Y ev †µv‡gv‡mvg
Av‡m| wewµqvwU wZwb CO2-Gi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z K‡ib| wn‡ji G g¨vwcs-G µwms Ifvi-Gi êwkó¨ eën„Z nq|
wewµqv‡K wnj wewµqv e‡j| 6. Avevi µwms Ifv‡ii gva¨‡g †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g wR‡bi Ae¯’vb
L D”P †kÖwYi Dw™¢‡` mvaviYZ wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ ïµvYyi wgjb Z_v wbY©q Ges †R‡bwUK g¨vcI ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
wb‡l‡di d‡j åƒY m„wó n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, Gfv‡eB µwmsIfv‡ii d‡j
wW¤^vYy wbwl³ bv n‡q mivmwi åƒY m„wó K‡i _v‡K| †h cÖRbb †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi LÐvs‡ki wewbgq N‡U Ges †µv‡gv‡mv‡g bZzb
cÖwµqvq wW¤^vYywU wb‡lK QvovB åƒY m„wó K‡i Ges wW¤^K ¯^vfvweK wR‡bi ms‡hvRb N‡U| Avi wRbMZ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Rx‡ei
ex‡R cwiYZ nq Zv‡K cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm e‡j| êwkó¨MZ cwieZ©b nq, hv Rxe‰ewP‡Îï m„wó K‡i|
œ Î I DËigvjv 19
Aa¨vq 04 AYyRxe
cÖkœ 69 } PÆMÖvg †evW© 2019 · cÖkœ 1 8. †em †Rvo¸‡jv ci¯úi †_‡K A_©vr wmuwoi GK avc †_‡K
Ab¨ avc 0.34 nm `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z|
A e¨vOvwP AvK…wZi GKwU A‡Kvlxq mËv| Gi g¯Í‡Ki †fZi 9. DNA Wvej †nwj·-Gi e¨vm 2 nm A_©vr DNA
cu¨vPv‡bv m~Zvi gZ ˆRe AYy we`¨gvb| Z‡e Av‡iK ai‡bi wbDwK¬IUvBW Zš‘`wy U KvíwbK Aÿ †_‡K 1 nm `~‡i Ae¯’vb
Avw`‡Kvlx AYyRxe B †Z A mËvwUi msL¨v e„w× N‡U| K‡i| G Kvi‡Y KzÐjxi me©Î e¨vm 2 nm|
K. wfwiqb Kx? 1 10. DNA Wvej †nwj· Gi cÖwZ cu¨v‡P GKwU Mfxi LuvR Ges
L. mvBR›U Kx-e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 GKwU AMfxi LuvR `„k¨gvb nq|
M. DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ ˆRe AYyi †fŠZ MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 11. DNA-Gi AvYweK IRb 106 - 109|
N. gvwUi De©iZv n«vm-e„w×‡Z DÏxc‡Ki B AYyRx‡ei ¸iæZ¡
we‡kølY Ki| 4 N DÏxc‡K ewY©Z B AYyRxewU n‡jv e¨vK‡Uwiqv| gvwUi De©iZv
n«vm-e„w×‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqvi ¸iæZ¡ wb¤œiƒc-
gvwUi De©iZv e„w×‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Ae`vb A‡bK| gvwUi ˆRe
K wbDwK¬K GwmW I G‡K wN‡i Aew¯’Z K¨vcwmW mgš^‡q MwVZ c`v_© mÂ‡q e¨vK‡Uwiqvi cÖZ¨ÿ f‚wgKv Av‡Q| e¨vK‡Uwiqv g„Z
GK GKwU msµgYÿg fvBivm KYvB n‡”Q wfwiqb | MvQcvjv, cÖvwY‡`‡ni cPb, weMjb I cwi‡k‡l ˆRe c`v_© gvwUi
L hK…Z †Kv‡l cÖ‡e‡ki ci †¯úv‡ivR‡qU Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i mv‡_ wgwk‡q gvwU‡K ˆRe c`v_© mg„× K‡i †Zv‡j| Azotobacter,
AvK…wZ‡Z eo nq Ges †MvjvK…wZ aviY K‡i| GB `kv‡K Pseudomonas, Clostridium cÖfw… Z e¨vK‡Uwiqv mivmwi evqy n‡Z
wµ‡ÞvR‡qU e‡j| cÖwZwU wµ‡ÞvR‡q‡Ui wbDwK¬qvm AZtci bvB‡Uªv‡Rb MÖnY K‡i bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †hŠM c`v_© wn‡m‡e gvwU‡Z
evievi wefvwRZ n‡q AmsL¨ wbDwK¬qv‡mi m„wó K‡i| eû ¯’vcb K‡i| d‡j gvwUi De©iZv e„w× cvq| Ab¨w`‡K gvwUi
wbDwK¬qvm wewkó GB `kv‡K mvBR›U e‡j| De©iZv n«v‡mI e¨vK‡Uwiqv f‚wgKv iv‡L| wKQy e¨vK‡Uwiqv †hgb-
M DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ ˆRe AYywU n‡jv DNA| wb‡P DNA AYyi Bacillus denitrificans, Thiobacillus denitrificans BZ¨vw` wW-
†fŠZ MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv- bvBwUªwd‡Kkb cÖwµqvq gvwU¯’ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb‡K †f‡O gy³
1. DNA AYy `ywU m~ÎKhy³ e„nr ˆRe †hŠM| bvB‡Uªv‡R‡b cwiYZ K‡i Ges gvwUi De©iZv n«vm cvq| d‡j
2. m~ÎK `ywUi web¨vm cu¨vPv‡bv wmuwo ev gB-Gi g‡Zv| `ywU k‡mï Drcv`b K‡g hvq|
cu¨vPv‡bv m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ DNA AYy MwVZ nq e‡j G‡K Wvej
†nwj· e‡j| cÖkœ 70 } w`bvRcyi †evW© 2019 · cÖkœ 5
3. m~ÎK `ywU wecixZgyLx n‡q (GKwU 5¢ ® 3¢ gyLx, AciwU 3¢ wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki :
® 5¢ gyLx) mgvb `~i‡Z¡ cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i|
4. wmuwoi `yw`‡Ki nvZj ˆZwi nq wWAw·ivB‡evR ï¨Mvi (S) I 'S'
dm‡dU (P) Gi ch©vqµwgK mshyw³i gva¨‡g Ges Gi
wfZ‡ii avç‡jv MwVZ nq bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em, h_v- A¨vwWwbb, wPÎ : R
¸qvwbb, _vBwgb Ges mvB‡Uvwmb w`‡q| K. cÖRvwZ Kx? 1
5. wmuwoi MV‡b GKwU wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi ï¨Mvi (S)-Gi 5g Kve©b L. eªv‡qvdvBU‡K DfPi Dw™¢` ejv nq †Kb? 2
AYyi mv‡_ dm‡dU (P) hy³ _vK‡j Aci wbDwK¬IUvBW M. DÏxc‡Ki AYyRx‡ei esk e„w×i c×wZmg~n wjL| 3
ï¨Mv‡ii 3q Kve©b AYyi mv‡_ dm‡dU hy³ nq| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb N. wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡j DÏxcK wP‡Îi 'S' Gi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4
†em me mgq ï¨Mv‡ii (S) 1g Kve©‡bi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
6. wmuwoi wfZ‡ii av‡ci †em¸‡jv ci¯úi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜbx ev
eÛ w`‡q hy³ nq| H-eÜbx GKwU wbw`©ó bxwZ Abymv‡i MwVZ K cÖRvwZ n‡jv †kÖwYweb¨vm c×wZi me©wb¤œ GKK hv `ywU c‡ì
nq| me©`v A¨vwWwbb Gi mv‡_ _vBwgb Ges mvB‡Uvwm‡bi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq|
mv‡_ ¸qvwbb hy³ _v‡K| GKwU wbDwK¬IUvBW m~‡Îi A¨vwWwbb L mvgvb¨ wKQy cÖRvwZ e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ eªv‡qvdvBUvi cÖRvwZmg~n
(A) Aci m~‡Îi _vBwgb (T) Gi mv‡_ `ywU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ Av`ª© ¯’jR cwi‡e‡k R‡š§ _v‡K| ¯’jR cwi‡e‡k Rš§v‡jI G‡ì
w`‡q (A = T) Ges mvB‡Uvwmb (C) wZbwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ (C RxebP‡µi GKwU we‡kl avc cvwbi Dci wbf©ikxj A_©vr G‡ì
º G) w`‡q ¸qvwbb (G) Gi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| †hŠb Rb‡bi Rb¨ cvwbi Dcw¯’wZ GKvšÍB cÖ‡qvRb| RxebPµ
7. DNA Wvej †nwj· Gi cÖwZwU cu¨vP ev N~Yb© (Wvbw`‡K) m¤úbœ Kivi mgq G‡ì ïµvYy cvwb‡Z muvZvi †K‡U wW¤^vYyi wbKU
m¤úbœ Ki‡Z 10 †Rvov g‡bvwbDwK¬IUvBW cÖ‡qvRb| GK Dcw¯’Z nq Ges cvwbi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z wb‡lK wµqv m¤úbœ nq| Giv
†Rvov g‡bvwbDwK¬IUvBW Gi ˆ`N©¨ 0.34 nm| †m wn‡m‡e RjR Dw™¢‡ì b¨vq cvwb †kvlY K‡i Ges G‡ì †`‡n RjR
DNA Wvej †nwj· Gi cÖwZwU cu¨vP ev N~Y©b Gi `~iZ¡ nq Dw™¢‡ì b¨vq evqyiÜª we`¨gvb| GRb¨ eªv‡qvdvBUv‡K DfPi Dw™¢`
3.4 nm| ejv nq|
M DÏxc‡K wPÎ-R G cÖ`wk©Z AYyRxewU n‡jv e¨vK‡Uwiqv| wb‡P K. †g‡mv‡mvg Kx? 1

e¨vK‡Uwiqvi eske„w×i c×wZmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv- L. Plasmodium Gi RxebP‡µ Rbyµg †Kb ¸iæZ¡cY~ ?© 2
e¨vK‡Uwiqv GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ GK‡Kvlx AvYyexÿwYK Rxe| Gi M. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' wP‡Îi 'P' AskwUi ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i MVb
eske„w× AwZ `ªæZm¤úbœ nq| e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡Z mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi eY©bv Ki| 3
Rbb cÖwµqv cwijwÿZ nq| h_v- 1. A½R Rbb, 2. A‡hŠb N. DÏxc‡Ki 'B', 'A' Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡j aŸsm n‡Z cv‡i Avevi
Rbb I 3. †hŠb Rbb| bvI n‡Z cv‡i- we‡kølY Ki| 4
e¨vK‡Uwiqv wØ-wefvRb, LÐvqb, evwWs ev gyK‡z jv`Mg, kvLv 71bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Drcv`b BZ¨vw` Dcv‡q e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡Z A½R cÖRbb N‡U| G‡ì K e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡li cøvRgv‡gg‡eª‡b †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Ask
g‡a¨ wØ-wefvRb n‡jv e¨vK‡Uwiqvi me‡P‡q `ªæZZg I mij wfZ‡ii w`‡K ewa©Z n‡q _wji g‡Zv MVb m„wó K‡i| _wji g‡Zv
c×wZ| G MVbB n‡jv †g‡mv‡mvg|
Avevi M¨v‡gU Drcv`b I G‡ì QvovB e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †h Rbb N‡U L Plasmodium Gi RxebP‡µ Rbyµg ¸iæZ¡cY~ |© KviY-
Zvi bvg n‡jv A‡hŠb Rbb c×wZ| cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k 1. Rbyµ‡g RxevYy cÖRvwZi aviv‡K AÿzYœ iv‡L|
e¨vK‡Uwiqvi A‡hŠb Rbb N‡U _v‡K| e¨vK‡Uwiqv wewfbœ Dcv‡q 2. Rbyµg RxevYyi Rxebxkw³‡K wdwi‡q Av‡b|
A‡hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ wewfbœ †¯úvi Ab¨Zg| 3. RxevYyi we¯Í…wZ‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
G‡ì †¯úvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ KwbwWqv, RyI‡¯úvi, G‡Ûv‡¯úvi,
4. Rbyµg RxevYyi Rxeb cÖevn‡K mnRZi K‡i|
MwbwWqv, gvB‡µvwm÷ BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
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4. fvBiv‡m wRbMZ cybwe©b¨vm NU‡Z †`Lv hvq| m~Î, (ii) mswÿß ûK Ges (iii) e¨vmvj ewW|
5. fvBiv‡m cÖKiY I cwie¨w³ †`Lv hvq| 4. wcwj : KZK¸‡jv MÖvg †b‡MwUf e¨vK‡Uwiqvq A‡cÿvK…Z
6. G‡ì Awf‡hvRb ÿgZv I cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv i‡q‡Q| ÿz`ª, `„p, msL¨vq AwaK †jvg m`„k A½ _v‡K, hv‡K wcwj
7. GKwU fvBivm Zvi Abyiƒc fvBivm m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| e‡j| wcwj wcwjb bvgK GK cÖKvi †cÖvwUb w`‡q MwVZ|
5. cøvRgv‡gg‡eªb : mvB‡UvcøvRg‡K †eób K‡i mRxe
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3. Rxe‡Kv‡li evB‡i msL¨ve„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KL‡bv †fZ‡ii w`‡K fuvR n‡q _wji g‡Zv MVb m„wó K‡i,
4. fvBivm AvKv‡i e„w× cvq bv Ges cwi‡ewkZ DÏxcbvq mvov hv‡K †g‡mv‡mvg e‡j|
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Zvwbqvi †iv‡Mi KviY : Vibrio cholerae bvgK GKwU MÖvg †Q‡o hvq|
†b‡MwUf e¨vK‡Uwiqv K‡jiv †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx| K‡jiv †iv‡Mi 2. R¡‡ii mgq †ivMx fxlY wccvmv Abyfe K‡i|
RxevYy †`‡n ÿz`vª ‡š¿i wgDKv‡mi mv‡_ †j‡M hvq Ges K‡jiv †Rb 3. ÿzavgv›`¨ I ewg ewg fv‡ei D‡ØM nq|
bvgK Uw·b wgwkÖZ K‡i| 4. gv_v I Zj‡c‡U e¨_v Abyfe nq|
Zvwbqvi †iv‡Mi cÖwZKvi : K‡jiv †ivMxi †`n †_‡K AwZgvÎvq 5. k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡m Amyweav m„wó nq|
cvwb I jeY †ei n‡q hvq, ZvB cvwb I jeY mgš^‡qi Rb¨ wkivq 6. `xN©w`b †iv‡M †fv‡M i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv hvq I †ivMxi cøxnv eo
†mjvBb †`qv n‡jv DËg wPwKrmv| mv‡_ Wv‡ei cvwb I Lvevi n‡q hvq|
†mjvBb †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| †ivMx‡K `ªæZ nvmcvZv‡j ¯’vbvšÍi Ges 7. Plassmodium falciperum AvµvšÍ †ivMxi gw¯Í‡®‹ i³cÖevn
Wv³v‡ii civg‡k© A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Bb‡RKkb †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i| e¨vnZ nq| d‡j †ivMx `ªæZ Ávb nvivq I g„Z¨z gy‡L cwZZ
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z GUv cÖZxqgvb †h, wiZvi †ivM, †iv‡Mi KviY nq|
I cÖwZKvi Zvwbqvi †ivM, †iv‡Mi KviY I cÖwZKvi m¤ú~YB© Avjv`v| 8. Mf©eZx gwnjv‡ì Mf©cvZ ev wkïi c~Yc © vÖ wß evavMÖ¯Í nq I
Acyó wkï Rš§MÖnY K‡i|
cÖkœ 75 } h‡kvi †evW© 2016 · cÖkœ 5 N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ iwd‡Ki g¨v‡jwiqvNwUZ R¡i n‡q‡Q| wb‡P
iwd‡Ki R¡i| Wv³vi Zvi i³ cixÿv K‡i ej‡jb, R¡‡ii KviY iwd‡Ki R¡i nIqvi KviY we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
gkKxevwnZ GK‡Kvlx Rxe hv gvby‡li hK…Z †Kvl I †jvwnZ iwdK g¨v‡jwiqv R¡‡i AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q| g¨v‡jwiqvi ciRxex
KwYKv aŸsm K‡i| gvbe‡`‡n cÖ‡ek Ki‡j †g‡ivR‡qU¸‡jv i³ i‡m gy³ nq Ges
K. jvB‡Kb Kx? 1 G‡ì‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z ZLb i‡³i †k¦ZKwYKv cvB‡iv‡Rb bvgK
L. e¨v‡±wiIdvh ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 c`v_© wbtmiY K‡i| i‡³ AwZwi³ cvB‡iv‡R‡bi cÖfv‡e gw¯Í®‹i
M. DÏxc‡Ki †iv‡Mi RxevYyi bvg I †ivM jÿY wjL| 3 nvB‡cv_¨vjvgvm Ask DÏxß nq| GB DÏxcbv †f‡mv‡gvUi vø qyi
N. iwd‡Ki R¡‡ii KviY we‡kølY Ki| 4 gva¨‡g †`‡ni cÖvšÍxq AÂ‡j †cŠuQv‡j †`‡ni i³bvwjKv¸‡jv
75bs cÖ‡kœi DËi msKzwPZ nq d‡j †`n †_‡K AwZwi³ Zvc †ei n‡Z cv‡i bv|
K wg‡_vRxex wn‡m‡e Nwbôfv‡e emevmKvix GKwU ˆkevj I d‡j †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q A‡bK †ewk †e‡o hvq Ges
GKwU QÎv‡Ki mswgkÖ‡Y MwVZ mgv½‡`nx Dw™¢`B jvB‡Kb| R¡i Av‡m| wVK GKvi‡YB iwd‡Ki R¡i G‡mwQj|
Aa¨vq 07 bMœexRx I Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢`

cÖkœ 63 } h‡kvi †evW© 2021 · cÖkœ 5 M DÏxc‡Ki 2q Dw™¢` †Mvôx n‡jv Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢`| wb‡P
Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢` †Mvôxi kbv³Kvix êwkó¨ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
GKRb Dw™¢` weÁvbx, wZwb Zvi QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì wb‡q wkÿv md‡i
wM‡q Ggb `ywU Dw™¢` †`Lv‡jb hvi GKwU djnxb, exRhy³, 1. Dw™¢` †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK, mcy®úK, ¯^‡fvRx Ges Amg‡iYy cÖm|~
wejyßcÖvq| AciwU djwewkó, cÖvavb¨ we¯ÍviKvix| 2. †`n g~j, KvÐ I cvZvq wef³| †`n big ev k³, Kvôj ev
K. A¨v‡cvdvBwmm Kx? 1 AKvôj, wPimeyR nq|
L. `ywU RxešÍ Rxevk¥ Gi êÁvwbK bvg wjL| 2 3. dj m„wó nq Ges exR d‡ji g‡a¨ Ave„Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
M. DÏxc‡Ki 2q Dw™¢` †Mvôxi kbv³Kvix êwkó¨ wjL| 3 4. Mf©vk‡qi wfZ‡i wW¤^K m„wó nq|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 1g Dw™¢`wUi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4 5. wØwb‡lK N‡U _v‡K|
63bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 6. G‡ì ïµvYy d¬¨v‡Rjvwenxb, me©Î wbðj|
K Cycas Dw™¢‡ì gvB‡µv‡¯úv‡ivwdj ev cys‡iYyc‡Îi kx‡l© 7. AvwK©‡Mvwbqv Abycw¯’Z|
GKwU wÎfzRvKvi eÜ¨v Ask _v‡K ZvB A¨v‡cvdvBwmm| 8. my¯úó Rbyµg we`¨gvb|
L `ywU RxešÍ Rxevk¥ Gi êÁvwbK bvg n‡jv- 9. ex‡R GKwU ev `ywU exRcÎ _v‡K|
1. Ginkgo biloba I 2. Cycas circinalis 10. wØwb‡lK me‡ÿ‡ÎB N‡U ZvB mm¨ wUªcø‡qW (3n)|
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 1g Dw™¢`wU n‡jv bMœexRx Dw™¢`| wb‡P Lvovfv‡e ewa©Z †QvU †QvU g~j Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V Av‡m Ges
bMœexRx Dw™¢‡ì A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv- µgvMZ Ø¨vMÖ kvLvi m„wó K‡i| kvLvwewkó G mKj g~j GK cÖKvi
Cycas †K †kvfvea©bKvix Dw™¢` wn‡m‡e cÖvq me evMv‡bB jvMv‡bv e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| g~‡ji g‡a¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqv e„w×i mv‡_
nq| Gi cvZv Ni mvRv‡bvi Kv‡R Ges wewfbœ Abyôv‡b †MU mv‡_B bxjvf meyR ˆkevj-Gi KwZcq cÖRvwZ (Nostoc,
mvRv‡bvi Kv‡Ri eënvi Kiv nq| Cycas Gi cvZv w`‡q my›ì Anabaena) Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| d‡j AvµvšÍ g~j¸‡jv mvgyw`ªK
gv`yi ˆZwi Kiv nq| dz‡ji Wvwj I †ZviY mvRv‡ZI Cycas Gi KwP †Kviv‡ji g‡Zv †`Lvq| G Kvi‡Y Cycas-Gi g~j‡K †Kvivj‡qW
cvZv eën„Z n‡q _v‡K| Cycas circinalis Gi ùxZK›` I exR g~j e‡j|
n‡Z GK cÖKvi GiviæU (evwj©) cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| Cycas revoluta Gi N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎwU n‡jv Cycas Dw™¢‡ì
exR Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e eën„ Z nq| Cycas pectinata Dw™¢‡ì KwPcvZv †gMv‡¯úv‡ivwdj| wb‡P Cycas-Gi RxebP‡µ †gMv‡¯úv‡ivwd‡ji
mewR wn‡m‡e LvIqv nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZi exR n‡Z mv¸ I f‚wgKv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
Kv‡Ði g¾v n‡Z g` ˆZwi Kiv nq| Cycas circinalis cÖRvwZi KwP
Cycas-Gi ¯¿x Dw™¢‡ì kx‡l© A‡bK¸‡jv †gMv‡¯úv‡ivwdj ev
cvZv cvK¯’jxi cxov I Pg©‡iv‡Mi Ilya wn‡m‡e eën„Z nq| Cycas
¯¿x‡iYycÎ mw¾Z n‡q gyKUz MVb K‡i| cÖwZwU ¯¿x‡iYyc‡Îi
Gi †gMv‡¯úv‡ivwdj ev ¯¿x‡iYycÎ Òmc©gwYÓ bv‡g mc©‡ivMmn
me©‡iv‡Mi Ilya wn‡m‡e wewµ Kiv nq| Avm‡j Gi †Kv‡bv `yÕcv‡k 2-5 †Rvov e„nr jvj e‡Y©i wW¤^K Drcbœ nq| wW¤^‡Ki
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Jlwa ¸Y †bB| Pinus Gi cys‡÷ªvwejvm I wfZ‡i ¯¿x‡iYy gvZ…‡Kvl m„wó nq| ¯¿x‡iYy gvZ…‡Kvl wg‡qvwmm
¯¿x‡÷ªvwejvm w`‡q wewfbœ iK‡gi B‡Kevbv ˆZwi Kiv nq| Ephedra wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g n¨vcø‡qW ¯¿x‡iYy ev †gMv‡¯úvi ˆZwi K‡i|
bvgK Dw™¢` †_‡K k¦vmK‡ói Ilya B‡dwWªb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| ¯¿x‡iYy †_‡K AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg m„wó nq| AvwK©‡Mvwbqv‡gi wfZ‡i m„wó
nq wW¤^vYy| cys‡iYy evqyevwnZ n‡q ¯¿x Dw™¢‡ì wW¤^‡Ki AMÖfv‡Mi
cÖkœ 64 } PÆMÖvg †evW© 2021 · cÖkœ 3 cÖ‡Kv‡ô cwZZ nq Ges †mLv‡b †cv‡jb wUDe m„wó K‡i| †cv‡jb
wUD‡ei wfZ‡i ïµvYy m„wó nq| †cv‡jb wUDe n‡Z GB ïµvYy (n)
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki- AvwK©‡Mvwbqv¯’ wW¤^vYyi (n) mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q wb‡lK m¤úbœ K‡i
Ges RvB‡MvU (2n) m„wó K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z wW¤^KwU GKwU ex‡R
cwiYZ nq| exR A¼zwiZ n‡q bZzb Cycas Dw™¢‡ì m„wó nq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, †gMv‡¯ú‡ivwdj Cycas
Dw™¢‡ì RxebP‡µ ¸iæZ¡cY~ © f‚wgKv iv‡L|

wb‡Pi wPÎ¸‡jv jÿ Ki-
K. cvgdvb© Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. Agivweb¨vm ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ Dw™¢`wU‡Z we`¨gvb weK…Z AvK…wZi g~‡ji
MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
N. Cycas-i RxebP‡µ DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Dw™¢`v½wUi f‚wgKv
we‡kølY Ki| 4 A B
64bs cÖ‡kœi DËi K. cy®úcyU Kx? 1
L. Cycas wfbœevmx †Kb? 2
K Cycas Gi KvÐ I cvZv †`L‡Z A‡bKUv cvg RvZxq Dw™¢` ev
M. DÏxc‡Ki ÔAÕ wPÎwU †h Dw™¢‡ì Ask, †mB Dw™¢‡ì
wUª-dv‡b©i KvÐ I cvZvi g‡Zv, G Kvi‡Y Cycas †K cvgdvb© ejv
nq| †Kviv‡ji b¨vq g~j, wg‡_vRxweZvi D`vniY- e¨vL¨v `vI| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki ÔAÕ Ges ÔBÕ wP‡Îi Dw™¢` †Mvôxi dzj, dj Ges
L Mf©vk‡qi †fZ‡i †h wUmy¨ †_‡K wW¤^K m„wó nq †m wUmy¨‡K
wb‡lK cÖwµqv wfbœ ai‡bi- we‡kølY Ki| 4
Agiv e‡j| Mf©vk‡qi †fZ‡i Agivi web¨vm c×wZ‡K ejv nq
Agivweb¨vm| Agivweb¨vm wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb - 65bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
GKcÖvšÍxq, Aÿxq, eûcÖvšÍxq, MvÎxq, kxl©K, g~jxq Ges gy³ga¨| K cy®úcyU n‡jv Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v hLb dz‡ji e„wZ I `j‡K
M DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë wPÎwU n‡jv bMœexRx Dw™¢` Cycas Gi AvK…wZ I e‡Y© c„_K Kiv hvq bv A_©vr †`L‡Z GKB iKg g‡b
†gMv‡¯úv‡ivwdj| Cycas Dw™¢`wU‡Z we‡kl ai‡bi weK…Z AvK…wZi nq|
†Kvivj‡qW g~j MwVZ nq| wb‡P Cycas Gi we‡kl AvK…wZi L Avgiv Rvwb, hLb `yÕai‡bi Rbb‡Kvl Avjv`v †`‡n m„wó nq
†Kvivj‡qW g~‡ji MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv- ZLb †mB Dw™¢`‡K wfbœevmx Dw™¢` e‡j| Cycas GKwU wfbœevmx
Cycas Dw™¢‡` cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q cÖavb g~j Drcbœ nq| Gi cÖavb g~j Ges GKwj½ bMœexRx Dw™¢`| KviY G‡ì †`‡n `yB ai‡bi †¯úvi
¯^í¯’vqx A_©vr AíKvj †eu‡P _v‡K| cieZ©x‡Z Gi cÖavb g~j bó Drcbœ nq| cys Dw™¢` †_‡K ÿz`K
ª vi, mPj cys‡iYy ev gvB‡µv‡¯úvi
n‡q KZK¸‡jv A¯’vwbK g~j m„wó nq| G cÖKvi A¯’vwbK g~j n‡Z Ges ¯¿x Dw™¢` †_‡K eo, wbðj ¯¿x‡iYy ev †gMv‡¯úvi Drcbœ nq|
œ Î I DËigvjv 25
M DÏxc‡Ki 'A' wPÎwU n‡jv Cycas Gi gvB‡µv‡¯úv‡ivwdj K. cy®úcÎ web¨vm Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Ges †gMv‡¯úv‡ivwdj| Cycas Dw™¢‡` weK…Z AvK…wZi g~‡ji bvg L. RxešÍ Rxevk¥ ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
†Kvivj‡qW g~j hv wg‡_vRxweZvi DrK…ó D`vniY| wb‡P Zv e¨vL¨v M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖ_g Dw™¢`wUi fvRK Kjvi Kvh©µg
Kiv n‡jv- e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wØZxq Dw™¢`wU †h †Mv‡Îi gvbe Kj¨v‡Y
Cycas Dw™¢‡` cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q cÖavb g~j Drcbœ nq| Gi cÖavb g~j
Gi eënvi we‡kølY Ki| 4
¯^í ¯’ vqx A_©vr AíKvj †eu‡P _v‡K| cieZ©x‡Z Gi cÖavb g~j bó
n‡q KZK¸‡jv A¯’vwbK g~j m„wó nq| G cÖKvi A¯’vwbK g~j n‡Z 66bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Lvovfv‡e ewa©Z †QvU †QvU g~j Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V Av‡m Ges K gyKjz ve¯’vq e„Z¨sk¸‡jv A_ev cvcwo¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_
µgvMZ Ø¨vMÖ kvLvi m„wó K‡i| kvLvwewkó G mKj g~j GK cÖKvi Kxfv‡e web¨¯Í _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq Gw÷‡fkb ev cy®úcÎ web¨vm|
e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| g~‡ji g‡a¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqvi e„w×i mv‡_ L eZ©gvbKv‡ji †Kv‡bv RxweZ Dw™¢‡ì êwkó¨ AZxZKv‡ji
mv‡_ bxjvf meyR ˆkevj Nostoc, Anabaena Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| †Kv‡bv Rxevk¥ Dw™¢‡ì êwk‡óï mv‡_ wgjm¤úbœ n‡j Zv‡K RxešÍ
d‡j AvµvšÍ g~j¸‡jv ¯^vfvweK miæ bv n‡q weK…Z AvK…wZ aviY Rxevk¥ ejv nq| †hgb- Cycas GKwU RxešÍ Rxevk¥| †Kbbv
K‡i| GB cwiewZ©Z g~‡j Nostoc, Anabaena bvgK mvqv‡bv Cycas Dw™¢` Cycadales e‡M©i AšÍMZ © | GB e‡M©i A‡bK Dw™¢`
e¨vK‡Uwiqv emevm K‡i| Giv evqygÐ‡ji gy³ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb mseÜb GLb wejyß Ges G‡ì‡K Rxevk¥ wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq|
K‡i| G‡ì g„Z‡`n c‡P gvwU‡Z AwaK cwigv‡Y bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖ_g Dw™¢`wU n‡jv wØexRcÎx Dw™¢`|
NwUZ c`v_© A¨v‡gvwbqv Rgv nq| bvBwUªdvBs e¨vK‡Uwiqv H wØexRcÎx Dw™¢‡ì fvRK Kjvi Kvh©µg wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
A¨v‡gvwbqv‡K bvB‡Uª‡U cwiYZ K‡i| d‡j Rwgi De©iZv e„w× Dw™¢‡ì †Kvb As‡k Kx KvR K‡i Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i fvRK
K‡i| Gfv‡eB Cycas Dw™¢‡ì †Kvivj‡qW g~j wg‡_vRxweZv ev wUmy¨ 3 cÖKvi| h_v-
wmgev‡qvwmm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| 1. †cÖv‡UvWvg© : †h fvRK wUmyï †Kvl¸‡jv Aixqfv‡e wefvR‡bi
N DÏxc‡K wPÎ 'A' Ges wPÎ 'B' n‡jv h_vµ‡g bMœexRx Dw™¢` gva¨‡g Dw™¢` †`‡ni Z¡K m„wó K‡i Zv‡K †cÖv‡UvWvg© e‡j|
Cycas Gi †gMv‡¯úv‡ivwdj Ges Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢` Gi dz‡ji G¸‡jv fvRK wUmyï ewnt¯Íi †_‡K Drcbœ nq A_©vr Giv
j¤^‡”Q`| bMœexRx Ges Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢`Ø‡qi dzj, dj Ges cÖvBgvwi fvRK wUmyï evB‡ii ¯Íi| Gi g~j, KvÐ I G‡ì
wb‡lK wµqv wfbœ ai‡bi| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv- kvLv-cÖkvLvq Z¡K (g~j Gwc‡eøgv Ges Kv‡Ð GwcWvwg©m) m„wó
bMœexRx Dw™¢` : †hme Dw™¢‡ì dz‡ji Mf©vkq _v‡K bv e‡j dj K‡i| Giv †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î cvk¦x© q ev cÖvšÍxqfv‡e wefvwRZ
Drcbœ nq bv Ges exR bMœ Ae¯’vq _v‡K Zv‡K bMœexRx Dw™¢` e‡j| n‡q eû¯Íix Z¡K MVb K‡i|
2. †cÖvK¨vw¤^qvg : K¨vw¤^qvg, RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡qg m„wóKvix fvRK
Giv †¯úv‡ivdvBU Ges Amg‡iYycÖm~ A_©vr Giv gvB‡µv‡¯úvi I
wUmy¨‡K †cÖvK¨vw¤^qvg e‡j| cwienb wUmy¨ ev msenb wUmy¨ ev
†gMv‡¯úvi ˆZwi K‡i| cys cy®ú gvB‡µv‡¯úv‡ivwdj Ges ¯¿x cy®ú
fv¯‹jz vi evÛj MVb KivB †cÖvK¨vw¤^qv‡gi KvR| wØexRcÎx
†gMv‡¯úv‡ivwdj Øviv MwVZ| †gMv‡¯úv‡ivwdj Mf©vkq, Mf©`Ð I
Dw™¢‡ì Kv‡Ð GwU ejq AvKv‡i web¨¯Í _v‡K wKš‘ GKexRcÎx
Mf©gyÐ _v‡K bv| Gi wKbvivq wW¤^K¸‡jv bMœ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Dw™¢‡ì Kv‡Ð G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e ev wewÿßfv‡e _v‡K|
civMvqbKv‡j civM‡iYy¸‡jv mivmwi wW¤^Ki‡Üª cwZZ nq| G‡ì 3. MÖvDÛ †gwi‡÷g : kxl©¯’ fvRK wUmyï †h Ask evievi
wØ-wb‡lK N‡U bv| k¦vm ev km¨ Drcbœ nq| å‡Y GK ev GKvwaK wefvwRZ n‡q K‡U©·, g¾v, g¾viwk¥ m„wó K‡i Zv‡K MÖvDÛ
exRcÎ _v‡K| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î ïµvYy d¬¨v‡Rjvwenxb| AvwK©‡Mvwbqv †gwi‡÷g e‡j| A_©vr †cÖv‡UvWvg© I †cÖvK¨vw¤^qvg e¨ZxZ
Dcw¯’Z| RxebP‡µ Amg AvK…wZi Rbyµg we`¨gvb| cÖv_wgK fvRK wUmyï evKx Ask‡K MÖvDÛ †gwi‡÷g e‡j|
Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢` : †hme Dw™¢‡ì dzj, dj I exR Drcbœ nq Ges Gi KvR n‡jv Dw™¢`‡`‡ni g~j wfwË (K‡U©·, cwiPµ, g¾v,
exR d‡ji †fZ‡i Ave„Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K Zv‡ì‡K Ave„ZexRx g¾viwk¥) m„wó Kiv|
Dw™¢` e‡j| Dw™¢` †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK Ges Amg‡iYycÖm~| dz‡ji N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wØZxq Dw™¢`wU n‡jv Poaceae †Mv‡Îi
Mf©‡Kk‡i Mf©vkq, Mf©`Ð I Mf©gÐy G wZb As‡k wef³| dj Dw™¢`| gvbeKj¨v‡Y Poaceae †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢‡ì eënvi wb‡P
m„wó nq Ges exR d‡ji wfZi Ave„Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Mf©vk‡qi
wfZ‡i wW¤^K m„wó nq| civM‡iYy d¬¨v‡Rjvwenxb civMvqbKv‡j
civM‡iYy Mf©gy‡Ð cwZZ nq| wØwb‡lK N‡U| wØwb‡l‡Ki ci 1. Lv`¨km¨ wn‡m‡e : Poaceae †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢` †hgb- avb, Mg,
fzÆv, he, †Rvqvi, wPbv, KvDb, IU cÖf…wZ Lv`¨km¨ wn‡m‡e
G‡Ûv¯úvg© ev kuvm wUªc‡ø qW| G‡ì ïµvYy d¨v‡Rjvwenxb, me©Î
gvby‡li Lv‡`ï †hvMvb w`‡q _v‡K|
wbðj| AvwK©‡Mvwbqv Abycw¯’Z, my¯úó Rbyµg we`¨gvb|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, bMœexRx Dw™¢` †_‡K 2. †MvLv`¨ wn‡m‡e : nvRvi cÖRvwZi Nvm, †hgb- `~ev© Nvm,
Kv‡c©U Nvm, av‡bi cvZv, Z…YKvÐ BZ¨vw` †MvLv`¨ wn‡m‡e
Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢` †Mvôxi dzj, dj Ges wb‡lK cÖwµqv wfbœ ai‡bi|
eën„Z nq|
3. KvMR ev wk‡ívrcv`‡b : euvk, bjLvMov, Av‡Li †Qveov,
DjyLo †_‡K KvMR ˆZwi Kiv nq| GQvov euvk Øviv dvwb©Pvi
wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ `y‡Uv Dw™¢‡ì bgybv †`Lv‡jb| cÖ_gwUi cvZv ˆZwi nq|
RvwjKv wkivweb¨vm wewkó Ges wØZxqwUi cvZv mgvšÍivj 4. ¸o I wPwb ˆZwi‡Z : wPwbK‡j Av‡Li im †_‡K wPwb I ¸o ˆZwi
wkivweb¨vm hy³ I cÎg~j KvÐ †eóK| Kiv nq| c„w_exi cÖavb wPwb Drcv`bKvix Dw™¢` n‡”Q AvL|
5. cÖmvabx wk‡í : Av`v Nvm I †jeyNvm †_‡K cÖvß myMwÜ †Zj Lvovfv‡e ewa©Z †QvU †QvU g~j Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V Av‡m Ges
cÖmvabx wk‡í I cvbxq ˆZwi‡Z eën„Z nq| µgvMZ Ø¨vMÖ kvLvi m„wó K‡i| kvLvwewkó G mKj g~j GK cÖKvi
6. †flR wn‡m‡e : AviM‡Ui Rb¨ ivB MvQ Pvl Kiv nq| AviMU e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| g~‡ji g‡a¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqv e„w×i mv‡_
Dw™¢` †_‡K cÖ¯Z ‘ AviMU wgKðvi cÖmw~ Z‡ì Rivqy mv‡_B bxjvf meyR ˆkevj-Gi KwZcq cÖRvwZ (Nostoc,
ms‡KvP‡bi cÖwZ‡laK wn‡m‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| `~ev© Nvm Anabaena) Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| d‡j AvµvšÍ g~j¸‡jv mvgyw`ªK
i³cvZ eÜ K‡i| †Kviv‡ji g‡Zv †`Lvq| G Kvi‡Y Cycas-Gi g~j‡K †Kvivj‡qW
7. A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZwi‡Z : wPwbK‡ji eR©¨ wPUv¸o †_‡K g~j e‡j|
A¨vj‡Kvnj, †gw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU Ges †`wk g` ˆZwi Kiv N DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-K Ges wPÎ-L Gi êwkó¨ h_vµ‡g bMœexRx
nq| Dw™¢` Cycas-Gi gvB‡µv‡¯úv‡ivwdj Ges Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢` av‡bi
8. M„nwbg©vY mvgMÖx I R¡vjvwbi Drm : euvk gvby‡li M„nwbg©vY civMavbxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| wb‡P Dw™¢` †MvôxØ‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbv
mvgMÖxi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| GQvov Qb, BKo, Kvk BZ¨vw` Kiv n‡jv-
Dw™¢Ì M„nwbg©v‡Y eën„Z n‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ cÖRvwZi Nvm I
bMœexRx ev e¨³exRx Dw™¢` Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢`
euvk MÖvgxY R¡vjvwbi Ab¨Zg Drm|
9. †mŠwLb evMvb ˆZwi‡Z : †mŠ›`h© e„w×‡Z evMv‡bi j‡b wewfbœ 1. eûel©Rxex, Kvôj, ¸j¥ ev 1. GKel©, wØel© ev
e„ÿ RvZxq| eûel©Rxex big ev Kvôj
cÖRvwZi Nvm‡K †mŠwLb Dw™¢` wn‡m‡e †ivcb Kiv nq|
exiær, ¸j¥ I e„ÿ RvZxq|
10. f‚wgaŸm †ivaK : KwZcq cÖRvwZi Nvm iv¯Ív I euv‡ai gvwU
2. G‡ì Mf©vkq I Mf©`Ð 2. G‡ì Mf©vkq I Mf©`Ð
ÿq †ivaK‡í Ges †mŠ›`h© ea©‡bi Rb¨ `yÕcv‡k jvMv‡bv nq|
†bB| Av‡Q|
11. AvmevecÎ ˆZwi‡Z : wewfbœ Rv‡Zi euvk AvmevecÎ ˆZwi‡Z
3. Mf©vkq bv _vKvq dj nq 3. Mf©vkq d‡j cwiYZ nq|
I KzwUi wk‡í eën„Z nq|
bv|
4. exR Abve„Z ev bMœ 4. exR d‡ji wfZ‡i ¸ß
cÖkœ 67 } gqgbwmsn †evW© 2021 · cÖkœ 1
Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki- 5. AvwK©‡Mvwbqv Dcw¯’Z| 5. AvwK©‡Mvwbqv Abycw¯’Z|
6. wØ-wb‡lK N‡U bv| 6. wØ-wb‡lK N‡U|
7. mm¨ n¨vcø‡qW (n)| 7. mm¨ wUªcø‡qW (3n)|
wb‡l‡Ki c~‡e© mm¨ MwVZ wb‡l‡Ki ci mm¨ MwVZ
nq| nq|
8. civMvq‡bi gva¨g evqy| 8. civMvq‡bi gva¨g evqy,
cvwb I cÖvYx (KxUcZ½)|
wPÎ-K wPÎ-L 9. civM‡iYy mivmwi 9. civM‡iYy Mf©g‡y Ð cwZZ
K. cvgdvb© Kx? 1 wW¤^Ki‡Üª cwZZ nq| nq|
L. mnevmx Dw™¢` ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-K Øviv cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix Dw™¢‡ì g~‡ji we‡kl cÖkœ 68 } wm‡jU †evW© 2019 · cÖkœ 5
ai‡bi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki-
N. DÏxcK wPÎ-K I wPÎ-L cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix As‡ki Zzjbv Ki| 4 A = gc. Dgc. O cy2 cys3+3M1
67bs cÖ‡kœi DËi ¾¾
B = Å O De„5 e„(5) `5 cys(µ)M(5)
K Cycas Gi KvÐ I cvZv †`L‡Z A‡bKUv cvg RvZxq Dw™¢` ev
K. cy®úcÎ web¨vm Kx? 1
wUª-dv‡b©i KvÐ I cvZvi g‡Zv, G Kvi‡Y Cycas †K cvgdvb© ejv
L. Cycas-†K cvgdvb© ejv nq †Kb? 2
nq|
M. A I B ms‡K‡Zi Dw™¢`¸‡jv †h †Mv‡Îi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i
L DbœZ Dw™¢‡` hLb `yB ai‡bi Rbb †Kvl †hgb- ïµvYy ev Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki| 3
cysRbb †Kvl Ges wW¤^vYy ev ¯¿xRbb †Kvl GKB dz‡j ev GKB N. B ms‡K‡Zi Dw™¢`wUi Dce„wZ fvj‡fU, e„wZ fvj‡fU, `j
†`‡n m„wó nq ZLb Zv‡K mnevmx Dw™¢` e‡j| †hgb- Rev, UzB‡÷W Ges Agivweb¨vm Aÿxq n‡j Zvi cy®ú cÖZxK
ayZziv| †Kgb n‡e A¼b K‡i †`LvI| 4
M DÏxc‡Ki cÖ`Ë wPÎ-K n‡jv Cycas Gi gvB‡µv‡¯úv‡ivwdj| 68bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Cycas G we‡kl ai‡bi †Kvivj‡qW g~j MwVZ nq| wb‡P Cycas K gyKjz ve¯’vq e„Z¨sk¸‡jv A_ev cvcwo¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_
Gi we‡kl MV‡bi g~j A_©vr †Kvivj‡qW g~j Gi MVb eY©bv Kiv Kxfv‡e web¨¯Í _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq Gw÷‡fkb ev cy®úcÎ web¨vm|
n‡jv- L Cycas †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK, e„ÿ RvZxq Kvôj Dw™¢`| Dw™¢`
Cycas Dw™¢‡` cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q cÖavb g~j Drcbœ nq| Gi cÖavb g~j eûel©Rxex Ges †`n g~j, KvÐ I cvZvq wef³| GwU †`L‡Z
¯^í¯’vqx A_©vr AíKvj †eu‡P _v‡K| cieZ©x‡Z Gi cÖavb g~j bó A‡bKUv cvg RvZxq Dw™¢` ev e„ÿ dv‡b©i g‡Zv e‡j G‡K cvgdvb©
n‡q KZK¸‡jv A¯’vwbK g~j m„wó nq| G cÖKvi A¯’vwbK g~j n‡Z ejv nq|
œ Î I DËigvjv 27
M DÏxc‡Ki A I B ms‡KZ Øviv †evSv hv‡”Q †h, A ms‡KZwU gvZ‡AÞ

Poaceae †Mv‡Îi Ges B ms‡KZwU Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi| wb‡P ™Ïyg
Poaceae Ges Malvaceae †MvÎØ‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv n‡jv- cÅvwjqv
Poaceae Malvaceae
cysGKki
1. g~j A¯’vwbK I ¸”QvKvi| 1. g~j cÖavb g~jZš¿|
2. KvÐ bjvKvi I 2. KvÐ Kvôj, MfÆvkq
ce©ga¨¸‡jv duvcv| wgDwm‡jRhy³| ˆjgv
3. cvZv wjwMDjhy³, `yB 3. cvZv mij, GKvšÍi, jwWwKDj
mvwi‡Z web¨¯Í| gy³cvk¦x© q DccÎ _v‡K|
™Ïyg
4. dzj Ae„šÍK I Am¤ú~Y©| 4. dzj e„nr GKK, mgv½
mvaviYZ Dce„wZ hy³| wPÎ : Poaceae †Mv‡Îi cy®úcÖZxK (avb)
5. dj K¨vwiIcwmm| 5. dj K¨vcmyj, KL‡bv N DÏxc‡K 'A' †MvÎwU n‡jv Malvaceae †MvÎ| Malvaceae
mvB‡RvKvc© ev †ewi| †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢`mg~n gvbeRxe‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P
6. cy®úgÄix ¯úvBK‡jU| 6. cy®úgÄix wbqZ ev we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
mvB‡gvm| 1. kvK-mewR : †Xuo‡mi KwP dj meRx wn‡m‡e, bvcv Dw™¢` kvK
wn‡m‡e eën„Z nq|
N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ Dw™¢`wUi Dce„wZ fvj‡fU, e„wZ
B
2. Zzjv : e¯¿ wk‡íi Ab¨Zg KvPvgvj wn‡m‡e wek¦e¨vcx Kvc©vm
fvj‡fU, `j UzB‡÷W Ges Agivweb¨vm Aÿxq n‡j Dw™¢`wU n‡e
Zzjvi eënvi mywew`Z| Avi Gi mv‡_ RwoZ Av‡Q nvRvi
Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi| wb‡P Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi cy®úcÖZxK A¼b
nvRvi gvby‡li Kg©ms¯’vb Ges evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv A‡bK
K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
†`‡ki A_©bxwZ|
gvZ‡AÞ
Dce†wZ 3. Zš‘ : †Kbvd I †g¯Ív cvU †_‡K cÖvß Zš‘ Øviv PU, `wo
`j BZ¨vw` cÖ¯Z
‘ Kiv nq|
e†wZ 4. †Zj : Zzjvi ex‡Ri †Zj Øviv cÖ`xc R¡vjv‡bv nq| GQvov
Õ¨xÕ¦eK
†fvR¨ †Zj wn‡m‡eI Gi eënvi Av‡Q|
cysÕ¦eK
5. Ilya : eb IKov, †e‡ijv I Rev dzj Gi wbh©vm †_‡K
AvnwiZ †Zj Ilya wn‡m‡e eën„Z nq|
wPÎ : Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi cy®úcÖZxK 6. †kvfvea©b : Rev, cÙv, †cZvix, nwjnK, gwiP dzj cÖf…wZ
Dw™¢` †kvfv ea©‡bi Rb¨ evMv‡bi Pvl Kiv nq|
cÖkœ 69 } PÆMÖvg †evW© 2019 · cÖkœ 4 7. Pz‡ji h‡Zœ : Rev dz‡ji im gv_vq gvL‡j gv_v VvÐv _v‡K, Pzj
Kv‡jv I j¤^v nq| Gi im Pzj cov eÜ K‡i, bZzb Pzj Rš§vq
w`bv A I B `ywU Dw™¢` ch©‡eÿY Kij| A-†Z e„°vKvi civMavbx
I Pzj D¾¡j K‡i| RevKzmgy †Z‡ji GwU GKwU Dcv`vb|
†`Lj Ges B-†Z cvj‡Ki b¨vq Mf©gÐy †`L‡Z †cj|
8. wewfbœ DcKiY ˆZwi‡Z : G †Mv‡Îi BwÛqvb wUDwjc ev cik
K. †iYycÎ Kx? 1
wccyjv (Thespesia populnea) Gi Kvô †_‡K †cbwmj, †Ljbv
L. RxešÍ Rxevk¥ Kx -e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 I K…wlKv‡Ri DcKiY ˆZwi nq| Rev dzj c~Rvi DcKiY
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'B' Dw™¢‡ì dz‡ji cy®úcÖZxK A¼b Ki| 3 wn‡m‡e eën„Z nq|
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢`mg~n gvbe Rxe‡b ¸iæZ¡cY~ ©
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i- we‡kølY Ki| 4 cÖkœ 70 } ewikvj †evW© 2019 · cÖkœ 4
69bs cÖ‡kœi DËi G eQi wgwgi evev Rwg‡Z myMwÜ euvkgwZ av‡bi Pvl K‡i †ek
K Cycas Dw™¢‡ì cwiYZ Kv‡Ði gv_vq †iYy enbKvix we‡kl jvfevb n‡q‡Qb| Lvevi mgq wgwg gv‡K ejj, avbmn GB
AvK…wZi iƒcvšÍwiZ cÎ ev ké m„wó nq, G‡ì‡K †¯úv‡ivwdj ev †Mv‡Îi Av‡iv Dw™¢` evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËv I A_©bxwZ‡Z
†iYycÎ e‡j| ¸iæZ¡cY~ © f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
L eZ©gvbKv‡ji †Kv‡bv RxweZ Dw™¢‡ì êwkó¨ AZxZKv‡ji K. gÄixcÎ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
†Kv‡bv Rxevk¥ Dw™¢‡ì êwk‡óï mv‡_ wgjm¤úbœ n‡j Zv‡K RxešÍ L. Bÿz‡K C4 Dw™¢` ejv nq †Kb? 2
Rxevk¥ ejv nq| †hgb- Cycas GKwU RxešÍ Rxevk¥| †Kbbv M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Dw™¢`wUi cy®úcÖZxK AuvK| 3
Cycas Dw™¢` Cycadales e‡M©i AšÍMZ © | GB e‡M©i A‡bK Dw™¢` N. DÏxc‡Ki †kl Dw³wUi Zvrch© we‡kølY Ki| 4
GLb wejyß Ges G‡ì‡K Rxevk¥ wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq| 70bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'B'Dw™¢‡ì dzjwU n‡jv Poaceae †Mv‡Îi K †h ÿz`vª K…wZi cvZv ev cvZvi b¨vq A‡½i K‡ÿ †Kv‡bv dzj ev
avb Mv‡Qi dzj| wb‡P dzjwU cy®úcÖZxK A¼b Kiv n‡jv- gÄix R‡š§ Zv‡K gÄixcÎ ev eªv± e‡j|
L †hme Dw™¢` n¨vP I ¯ø¨vK MwZc_ ev C4 P‡µi gva¨‡g CO2 cÖkœ 71 } XvKv, hGkvi, wmGjU, w`bvRcyi êvWÆ 2018 · cÖkœ 4
weRviY m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡ì‡K C4 Dw™¢` ejv nq| Bÿz‡K C4 Dw™¢`
ejv nq| KviY Bÿz C4 P‡µi gva¨‡g CO2 Gi weRviY NwU‡q wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki-
cÖ_g ¯’vqx c`v_© wn‡m‡e A·v‡jv GwmwUK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i|
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Dw™¢`wU n‡jv avb hv Poaceae †Mv‡Îi
Dw™¢`| wb‡P Gi cy®ú cÖZxK Gu‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
gvZ‡AÞ
™Ïyg wPÎ : A wPÎ : B
cÅvwjqv K. cy®úcÖZxK Kx? 1
cysGKki L. bMœexRx I Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| 2
MfÆvkq M. Dc‡iv³ 'B' wPÎwU †h †Mv‡Îi Zvi kbv³Kvix êwkó¨ wjL| 3
ˆjgv
N. Dc‡iv³ wPÎ `ywUi mswkøó †Mv‡Îi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY
jwWwKDj Ki| 4
™Ïyg K †h cÖZx‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ GKwU cy‡®úi gvZ…A‡ÿi Zzjbvq
wPÎ : Poaceae †Mv‡Îi cy®úcÖZxK (avb) cy®úwUi wewfbœ ¯Íe‡Ki cy®úcÎ¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb, msL¨v, mgms‡hvM,
N DÏxc‡Ki †kl Dw³wU‡Z Poaceae †Mv‡Îi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Amgms‡hvM, cy®úcÎweb¨vm, Agivweb¨vm cÖfw… Z êwkó¨ †`Lv‡bv
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P Dw³wUi Zvrch© we‡kølY Kiv nq ZvB cy®úcÖZxK|
n‡jv- L bMœexRx I Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb¤œiƒc-
1. Lv`¨km¨ wn‡m‡e : Poaceae †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢` †hgb- avb, Mg,
bMœexRx Dw™¢` Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢`
fzÆv, he, †Rvqvi, wPbv, KvDb, IU cÖf…wZ Lv`¨km¨ wn‡m‡e
gvby‡li Lv‡`ï †hvMvb w`‡q _v‡K| 1. G‡ì Mf©vkq I Mf©`Ð 1. G‡ì Mf©vkq I Mf©`Ð
†bB| Av‡Q|
2. †MvLv`¨ wn‡m‡e : nvRvi cÖRvwZi Nvm, †hgb- `~ev© Nvm,
Kv‡c©U Nvm, av‡bi cvZv, Z…YKvÐ BZ¨vw` †MvLv`¨ wn‡m‡e 2. Mf©vkq bv _vKvq dj nq 2. Mf©vkq d‡j cwiYZ nq|
eën„Z nq| bv|
3. KvMR ev wk‡ívrcv`‡b : euvk, bjLvMov, Av‡Li †Qveov, 3. dj nq bv e‡j exR bMœ 3. exR d‡ji †fZ‡i jyKvwqZ
DjyLo †_‡K KvMR ˆZwi Kiv nq| GQvov euvk Øviv dvwb©Pvi Ae¯’vq _v‡K| _v‡K|
ˆZwi nq| 4. AvwK©‡Mvwbqv Dcw¯’Z| 4. AvwK©‡Mvwbqv Abycw¯’Z|
4. ¸o I wPwb ˆZwi‡Z : wPwbK‡j Av‡Li im †_‡K wPwb I ¸o
ˆZwi Kiv nq| c„w_exi cÖavb wPwb Drcv`bKvix Dw™¢` n‡”Q M Dc‡iv³ 'B' wPÎwU n‡jv Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi| wb‡P
AvL| Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi kbv³Kvix êwkó¨ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
5. cÖmvabx wk‡í : Av`v Nvm I †jeyNvm †_‡K cÖvß myMwÜ †Zj 1. Kv‡Ði KwP As‡k †ivg Ges wcw”Qj c`v_© we`¨gvb|
cÖmvabx wk‡í I cvbxq ˆZwi‡Z eën„Z nq| 2. DccÎ gy³cvk¦x©q|
6. †flR wn‡m‡e : AviM‡Ui Rb¨ ivB MvQ Pvl Kiv nq| AviMU 3. cy®ú GKK I mvaviYZ Dce„wZhy³|
Dw™¢` †_‡K cÖ¯Z ‘ AviMU wgKðvi cÖmw~ Z‡ì Rivqy 4. cys‡Kki eû, GK ¸”QK|
ms‡KvP‡bi cÖwZ‡laK wn‡m‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| `~ev© Nvm 5. cys‡Kkixq bvwjKv Mf©`‡Ði Pviw`‡K †ewóZ|
i³cvZ eÜ K‡i| 6. civMavbx GKcÖ‡Kvôx I e„°vKvi|
7. A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZwi‡Z : wPwbK‡ji eR©¨ wPUv¸o †_‡K 7. civM‡iYy e„nr Ges KÈwKZ|
A¨vj‡Kvnj, †gw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU Ges †`wk g` ˆZwi Kiv 8. Agivweb¨vm Aÿxq|
nq| 9. cy®úweb¨vm UzB‡÷W|
8. M„nwbg©vY mvgMÖx I R¡vjvwbi Drm : euvk gvby‡li M„nwbg©vY
N Dc‡iv³ wPÎ `ywUi g‡a¨ wPÎ A n‡jv Poaceae †Mv‡Îi Ges
mvgMÖxi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| GQvov Qb, BKo, Kvk BZ¨vw`
Dw™¢Ì M„nwbg©v‡Y eën„Z n‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ cÖRvwZi Nvm I wPÎ B n‡jv Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi| wb‡P Poaceae Ges Malvaceae
euvk MÖvgxY R¡vjvwbi Ab¨Zg Drm| †Mv‡Îi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
9. †mŠwLb evMvb ˆZwi‡Z : †mŠ›`h© e„w×‡Z evMv‡bi j‡b wewfbœ Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi ¸iæZ¡ : G †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢`‡K mewR,
cÖRvwZi Nvm‡K †mŠwLb Dw™¢` wn‡m‡e †ivcb Kiv nq| †kvfvea©bKvix, Kvco ˆZwii myZv, †flRx, †`vjbv I K…wl Kv‡Ri
10. f‚wgaŸm †ivaK : KwZcq cÖRvwZi Nvm iv¯Ív I euv‡ai gvwU bvbv DcKiY ˆZwii Kv‡R eënvi Kiv nq| †hgb- †Xuom‡K
ÿq †ivaK‡í Ges †mŠ›`h© ea©‡bi Rb¨ `yÕcv‡k jvMv‡bv nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k mewR wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq Ges Gi Jlwa ¸Y
11. AvmevecÎ ˆZwi‡Z : wewfbœ Rv‡Zi euvk AvmevecÎ ˆZwi‡Z _vKvq GwU †flR Dw™¢` wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| Rev, ¯’jcÙ,
I KzwUi wk‡í eën„Z nq| gwiP dzj‡K †kvfv ea©‡bi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv nq| ZvQvov Kvc©vm,
œ Î I DËigvjv 29
†Kbvd †g¯ÍvcvU n‡Z myZv I cvU RvZxq Avuk cvIqv hvq| Gme Lv`¨ cÖvq mKj †`‡ki cÖavb Lv‡`ï †hvMvb †`q| AvL, euvk,
myZv I Avuk n‡Z Kvco ˆZwi nq| G †Mv‡Îi BwÛqvb wUDwjc Gi †jgb Nvm, Svo– Nvm Ges bjLvMov‡K h_vµ‡g Lvevi wPwb, M„n
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bÅvq Õ¦i m†wÓ¡ nq| wdZvi bÅvq ‰ Õ¦iwUi bvg KÅvmGcwiqvb cÉk² 100 } KzwgÍÏv êvWÆ 2021 · cÉk² 6
wÕ¡Èc| weævbx Caspery ‰wU cÉ^g kbvÚ KGib eGjB ‰i bvg wbGPi wPòwU jÞ Ki-
KÅvmGcwiqvb wdZv ev wÕ¡c| ÔPÕ M¨vm
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ 'A' wbG`ÆwkZ cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv còi®¬Èxq
cÉGÕ¼`b cÉwKÌqv| cÉGÕ¼`Gbi cÉfveKmgƒnGK `yB fvGM fvM Kiv
hvq| h^v- evwnÅK ev cwiGekxq cÉfveKmgƒn ‰es AfÅ¯¦ixY ev
Dw«¿Gì MVbMZ cÉfveKmgƒn| wbGP Dfq cÉKvi cÉfveKmgƒGni cÖwµqv-1 CO2 cÖwµqv-2
eYÆbv ˆÌqv nGjv- K. ˆKÑvGivwdj Kx? 1
evwnÅK ev cwiGekxq cÉfveKmgƒn : L. ATP-ˆK ŠRweK gy`Ëv ejv nq ˆKb? 2
1. AvGjv : cÉLi mƒhÆvGjvGK Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ cvq dGj evqyi M. DóxcGK Drc®² ‘P’ MÅvm ‰i Drm eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
AvGcwÞK Av`ËZ Æ v nËvm cvq ‰es cÉGÕ¼`Gbi nvi êGo hvq| N. DóxcGKi cÉwKÌqv `ywU RxGei AwÕ¦Z½ iÞvq ài‚Z½cƒY-
Æ
Avevi AvGjvi DcwÕ©wZ I AbycwÕ©wZGZ còi®¬È e®¬ I weGkÏlY Ki| 4
D¯ÃyÚ nq, hv cGivÞfvGe cÉGÕ¼`bGK wbq¯Ÿ KGi| ZxeË 100bs cÉGk²i Dîi
AvGjvGZ cÉGÕ¼`b êwk nq| K ˆKÑvGivwdj nGjv meyR Dw«¿Gì ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡ AewÕ©Z
2. Zvcgvòv : mvaviYZ 10°-15° ˆm. Zvcgvòvq Õ¼vfvweK mvGjvKmsGkÏlYKvix cÉavb iéK c`v^Æ|
cÉGÕ¼`b NGU| ZvGci nËvm e†w«¬i dGj cÉGÕ¼`b nvGii I nËvm
e†w«¬ nGq ^vGK| L Rxeb cwiPvjbvi RbÅ RxeGKvGl Z^v RxeG`Gn cÉwZwbqZ
3. evqyPvc : evqyPvc êwk nGj cÉGÕ¼`b Kg nq ‰es evqyPvc Kg nvRvGiv iKGgi ŠRe ivmvqwbK wewKÌqv NGU| wKQy kwÚmg†«¬ ˆhŒM
nGj cÉGÕ¼`b êwk nq| DœPkwÚ aviY KGi ‰es cÉGqvRGb ‰me wewKÌqvq kwÚ ˆhvMvq
4. gvwUÕ© cvwb : gvwUGZ cvwbi cwigvY Kg ^vKGj Dw«¿Gì ˆhgb- ATP, GTP, NAD, FADH2 BZÅvw`| ‰Gì gGaÅ ATP
cvwb cwiGkvlGYi cwigvY KGg hvq ‰es ‰GZ cÉGÕ¼`b nËvm kwÚ Rgv ivGL ‰es cÉGqvRb AbymvGi AbÅ wewKÌqvq kwÚ mieivn
cvq| AbÅw`GK gvwUGZ cvwbi cwigvY êwk nGj Dw«¿` cvwb KGi| ‰RbÅ ATP ˆK ŠRegy`Ëv ejv nq|
êwk MÉnY KGi dGj cÉGÕ¼`bI êwk nq| M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Drc®² 'P' MÅvmwU nGœQ AwÝGRb (O2)|
AfÅ¯¦ixY ev Dw«¿Gì MVbMZ cÉfveKmgƒn : mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq mƒhvÆ GjvGKi DcwÕ©wZGZ CO2 I H2O
1. còi®¬È : còiG®¬Èi wQ`Ë mÁ·ƒYÆ D¯ÃyÚ nGj cÉGÕ¼`b êwk nq mg®¼Gq ™ÏGy KvR I AwÝGRb Drc®² nq| mvGjvKmsGkÏlGY Drcvw`Z
‰es wQ`Ë AvswkK D¯ÃyÚ nGj cÉGÕ¼`Gbi cwigvY Kg nq| DcRvZ AwÝGRGbi Drm nGjv H2O ev cvwb| wbGP welqwU cÉgvY
còiG®¬Èi msLÅvI cÉGÕ¼`Gbi nviGK cÊfvweZ KGi| mvGcGÞ eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv-
2. cvZvi AvqZb I msLÅv : cvZvi AvqZb I msLÅv hZ êwk 1. wnj wewKÌqv : 1937 mvGj iweb wnj bvgK BsGiR
nq còiG®¬Èi msLÅvI ZZ êwk nq| dGj cÉGÕ¼`Gbi nviI cÉvYimvqbwe` ‰ cixÞv KGib| wZwb CO2 ‰i AbycwÕ©wZGZ
êGo hvq| Avjv`v ˆKÑvGivcÐvÕ¡, cvwb I wKQy A‹Re RviK A^Ævr nvBGWÈvGRb
MÉvnK ‰KGò ivGLb| ‰ cixÞvq ˆ`Lv hvq CO2-‰i AbycwÕ©wZGZ CO2 wbMÆZ nq| meyR Dw«¿` CO2 eÅenvi KGi Lv`Å cÉÕ§Z KGi
ˆKvGbv kKÆiv ŠZwi nq wb, wK¯§ AwÝGRb wbMÆZ nq| evÕ¦Ge cvwbi ‰es ‰ cÉwKÌqvq O2 wbMÆZ nq| ‰fvGe cwiGeGk O2 I CO2 ‰i
nvBGWÈvGRb A‹Re RviK Z^v nvBGWÈvGRb MÉvnKGK weRvwiZ KGi fvimvgÅ msiwÞZ nq hv RxGei AwÕ¦î½ wUGK ^vKvi RbÅ AvekÅK|
‰es AwÝGRbGK êi KGi ˆ`q| wnGji ‰ cixÞv ˆ^GK cÉgvwYZ
nq ˆh, mvGjvKmsGkÐlY cÉwKÌqvq wbMÆZ wewKÌqvwU wbÁ²i…c : cÉk² 101 } wmGjU êvWÆ 2021 · cÉk² 6
AvGjv 1 wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞ Ki ‰es cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI :
A (A‹Re RviK) + H2O ¾¾¾® AH2 + O2
ˆKÑvGivwdj 2 Q R S T
2. i‚Geb I KvGgb ‰i ˆZRwÕ˜q wPwn×ZKiY cixÞv : 1941 cvBi‚wfK avc AÅvwmUvBj avc NADH
™ÏGy KvR avc avc
2
FADH2 ATP
wLËÕ& ¡vGõ KÅvwjGdvwbÆqv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi mÅvgyGqj i‚Geb I KvGgb ‰wmW ˆKv-‰ CO2
ˆZRwÕ˜q O218 (AwÝGRGbi ˆZRwÕ˜q AvBGmvGUvc) «¼viv cvwbi K. cvG^ÆvGbvGRGbwmm Kx? 1
AwÝGRbGK wPwn×Z KGib ‰es H cvwbGZ KZKàGjv Škevj L. AÅvGcvGÕ·vwi ‰es AÅvGcvMÅvwg ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
RvZxq Dw«¿` îGL mvGjvKmsGkÐlY cÉwKÌqvi djvdj jÞ KGib| M. DóxcGKi S avcwU QGKi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvI| 3
mƒhvÆ GjvK N. RxeRMGZ DóxcKwUi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
6CO2 + 12H2O18 ¾¾¾® C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O218
ˆKÑvGivwdj 101bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆ`Lv ˆMj ˆh, wbMÆZ AwÝGRb ˆZRwÕ˜q| ‰GZ wbtmG±`Gn cÉgvwYZ K cvG^ÆGbvGRGbwmm nGœQ wbGlK eÅZxZ wWÁ¼vYy ˆ^GK ö…Y m†wÓ¡
nGjv ˆh, mvGjvKmsGkÐlY cÉwKÌqvq wbMÆZ AwÝGRGbi Drm cvwb| Z^v bZzb Rxe m†wÓ¡i c«¬wZ|
‰KB c«¬wZGZ KveÆb WvBAÝvBWGK O218 «¼viv wPwn×Z KGi ‰es L AÅvGcvGÕ·vwi : wWÁ¼GKi ˆhGKvGbv ˆ`nGKvl ˆ^GK (ˆhgb-
Õ¼vfvweK cvwb eÅenvi KGi ‰KB cixÞv Kiv nGjv : wWÁ¼KZ½K, wbDGmjvm) wWµÏGqW ö…Y^wj m†wÓ¡ nGZ cvGi| wWÁ¼GKi
mƒhvÆ GjvK ˆ`nGKvl ˆ^GK m†Ó¡ wWµÏGqW ö…Y^wji wWµÏGqW wWÁ¼vYywU nGZ
6CO218 + 12H2O ¾¾¾® C6H12O618 + 6H2O18 + 6O2
ˆKÑvGivwdj wbGlK QvovB ö…Y m†wÓ¡i cÉwKÌqvGK AÅvGcvGÕ·vwi eGj|
‰evi ˆ`Lv ˆMj ˆh, kKÆiv I cvwbGZ ˆZRwÕ˜q AwÝGRb we`Ågvb| AÅvGcvGÕ·vwi cÉwKÌqvq m†Ó¡ Dw«¿` wWµÏGqW nq ‰es gvZ‡ Dw«¿Gì
wK¯§ mvGjvKmsGkÐlGYi dGj wbMÆZ AwÝGRb ˆgvGUB ˆZRwÕ˜q bq| mgàbmÁ·®² nq| Heiracium Dw«¿G` ‰i…c nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq|
KvGRB mG±`nvZxZfvGe cÉgvwYZ nGjv ˆh, mvGjvKmsGkÐlY AÅvGcvMÅvwg : wWÁ¼vYy Qvov ö…Y^wji AbÅ ˆhGKvGbv ˆKvl ˆ^GK
cÉwKÌqvq wbMÆZ meUzKz AwÝGRGbi Drm cvwb| ‰i mvgvbÅZg ˆhgb- mnKvix ˆKvl, cÉwZcv` ˆKvl ˆ^GK ö…Y m†wÓ¡i cÉwKÌqvGK
AskI KveÆb WvBAÝvBW ˆ^GK AvGm bv| AÅvGcvMÅvgx eGj| ‰GÞGò wbGlK QvovB ö…Y m†wÓ¡ nq| Allium-‰
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ŠRe ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqv `ywUi cÉ^g cÉwKÌqvwU ‰i…c jÞ Kiv hvq|
nGjv mvGjvKmsGkÏlY I w«¼ZxqwU nGjv k¼mb| RxeRMGZ `yGUv M DóxcGKi 'S' avcwU nGjv mevZ k¼mGbi Z‡Zxq avc
cÉwKÌqvB AwÕ¦î½ iÞvq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| wbGP Zv ˆKÌemPKÌ| gvBGUvKw´£Èqvi gÅvwUÇGÝ ˆKÌemPKÌ msNwUZ nq| wbGP
weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv- ˆKÌem PKÌwU QGKi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-
mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi f„wgKv : mvGjvKmsGkÏlY c†wêxi meGPGq cvBiæwfK GwmW
ài‚Zc ½ Yƒ Æ ŠRe ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqv| ‰ cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg mƒhvÆ GjvK I Co-A NAD
RxeGbi gGaÅ ˆmZze®¬b m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| c†wêxi AbÅvbÅ cÉvYxi CO2 NADH + H+
gGZv gvbylI Zvi wbGRi Lv`Å wbGR ŠZwi KiGZ cvGi bv| Avgiv A¨vwmUvBj
A¨vwmUvBj
Co - A (2 Kve©b)
†Kv-G †Kv-G
ˆ`n MVb I kwÚi RbÅ Lv`Å wnGmGe fvZ, i‚wU, djgƒj, gvQ, 1
A·v‡jv GwmwUK GwmW mvBwUªK GwmW
gvsm, `ya, wWg BZÅvw` hvB MÉnY Kwi bv ˆKb Zvi meB cÉZÅÞ ev mvB‡UªU Uwm‡š’R
O mvB‡Uª
++ H22O, wm‡š’R
cGivÞfvGe meyR Dw«¿` ˆ^GK ˆcGq ^vwK| cÉvwYR Lvevi gvQ, NADH2
A¨v‡Kvwb‡UR H2O
gvsm, wWg, `ya BZÅvwì RbÅ cGivÞfvGe Avgiv Dw«¿Gì IciB 10 g¨vwjK wWnvB‡WªvwR‡bR
2
wbfÆi Kwi| KviY Hme cÉvYx Dw«¿` ˆLGqB ZvGì ˆ`n MVb KGi| NAD
g¨vwjK GwmW wmR-A¨v‡KvbvBwUK GwmW

Avevi Dw«¿` mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq DcRvZ wnGmGe O2 ZÅvM
wdDgv‡iR
KGi| Avgiv cÉkv¼ Gmi gvaÅGg ‰B AwÝGRb MÉnY KGi ^vwK| + H2O
9
A¨v‡Kvwb‡UR + H2O
3
‰Qvov AvgvGì eÅenvhÆ eÕ§ wkÍ¸ mvgMÉx, Jla, wewf®² aiGbi wdDgvwiK GwmW AvB‡mvmvBwUªK GwmW
NAD ev
R¾vjvbx cÉfw‡ Z Avgiv Dw«¿` ˆ^GKB ˆcGq ^vwK| ‰me Dcv`vb FADH2 4 NADP
mvKwmwbK AvB‡mvmvBwUªK
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqviB dj| ZvB mvGjvKmsGkÏlY bv NUGj 8 wWnvB‡WªvwR‡bR wWnvB‡WªvwR‡bR
a»sm nGe RxeRMZ Z^v gvbe mfÅZv| FAD NADH2 ev
NADPH2
mvKwmwbK GwmW A·v‡jv m¨vKwmwbK GwmW
k¼mGbi f„wgKv : cÉwZwbqZ RxGei wewf®² wecvKxq cÉwKÌqvq ˆh Co-ASH
kwÚi cÉGqvRb cGo, k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq ˆKvlÕ© mwçZ Lv`Å RviGYi GTP
(ATP)
5
gvaÅGg ˆm kwÚ Drc®² nq| k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq Drc®² wewf®² gaÅeZÆx 7 mvKwmwbK
_v‡qvKvB‡bR
Kv‡e©
Kv‡e©vw·‡jR
vw·‡bR
c`v^Æ eÅenvi KGi cÉGqvRbxq MvVwbK Dcv`vb ˆ`Gn ŠZwi Kiv Pi + GDP
ADP
(ADP)
CO2
a
-wK‡Uv MUy vwiK
Co-ASH CO2
nq| ‰fvGe mvKwmbvBj ˆKv-‰ ˆ^GK ˆKÑvGivwdj, mvBGUvGKÌvg + H2O

mvKwmbvBj †Kv-G
wWnvB‡WªvwR‡bR
a-wK‡Uv MUy vwiK GwmW
cÉfw‡ Z ‰es AÝvGjv ‰wmwUK ‰wmW ˆ^GK ˆKvGl AÅvmcviwUK Mg++
6
AÅvwmW Drc®² nq| ˆKvl wefvRb I Š`wnK e†w«¬i RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq NADH2 NAD
kwÚ k¼mb cÉwKÌqv ˆ^GK cvIqv hvq| k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq O2 M†nxZ ‰es wPÎ : †µem P‡µi msw¶ß QK
œ Î I DËigvjv 37
N DóxcGK ˆ`LvGbv cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv mevZ k¼mb-‰i wewf®² avc| M DóxcGK ™ÏGy KvR ˆ^GK cvBi‚wfK ‰wmW ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv
RxeRMGZ k¼mb ài‚Zc ½ Yƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| wbGP Zv weGkÏlY ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm cÉwKÌqv| ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm cÉwKÌqvwU ˆKvGli
Kiv nGjv- mvBGUvµÏvRGg msNwUZ nGq ^vGK| wbGP ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm cÉwKÌqvi
1. kwÚ Drcv`b : RxGei meaiGbi ŠRewbK KvhÆKjvGci RbÅ avcmgƒn îLvwPGòi mvnvGhÅ ˆ`LvGbv nGjv-
kwÚ AcwinvhÆ| Avi ‰ kwÚ AvGm k¼mb cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg| ™ÏGy KvR (6 KveÆb)
ATP
KvGRB kwÚ Drcv`Gbi gvaÅGg RxGei mKj ŠRweK cÉwKÌqv Mg++ ˆnGÝvKvBGbR
ADP
cwiPvwjZ Kivi gGaÅB iGqGQ ˆhGKvGbv RxGei RxeGb k¼mb
™ÏGy KvR 6-dmGdU
cÉwKÌqvi cÉKZ‡ MyiZ ‚ |½ dmGdv™ÏGy Kv-AvBGmvgvGiR
2. Lv`Å cÉÕ§Z : k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq wbMÆZ CO2 cÉZÅÞ ev cGivÞfvGe
dÌG~ ÙvR 6-dmGdU
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq eÅen†Z nq ‰es Lv`Å Drc®² KGi| ATP
ˆmB Drc®²Kvix Lv`Å mgMÉ RxeRMGZi (Dw«¿` I cÉvYx) Rxeb Mg++ dmGdvdÌG~ ÙvKvBGbR
ADP
iÞv KiGZ eÅen†Z nq| dÌG~ ÙvR 1, 6-wemdmGdU
3. LwbR jeY cwiGkvlY : Dw«¿Gì LwbR jeY cwiGkvlGY k¼mb AÅvjGWvGjR
cÉwKÌqv ài‚Zc
½ Yƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| k¼mGbi nvi Kg nGj jeY 3-dmGdvw™ÏmviÅvwÎ£nvBW WvBnvBGWÈvwÝ AÅvwmGUvb dmGdU
cwiGkvlGYi nvi KGg hvq ‰es e†w«¬ I AbÅvbÅ ŠRweK cÉwKÌqv (3 KveÆb) AvBGmvgvGiR (3 KveÆb)
eÅvnZ nq| NAD + Pi

dmGdvw™ÏmviÅvwÎ£nvBW wWnvBGWÈvwRGbR
4. ˆKvl wefvRb I Š`wnK e†w«¬ : k¼mb cÉwKÌqvi cÉfve ˆKvl NADH + H+
wefvRb cÉwKÌqvi DciI cÉwZdwjZ nq| ˆKvl wefvRGbi 1, 3-wem dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK ‰wmW 3 dmGdvw™ÏmviÅvwÎ£nvBW
ADP
cÉGqvRbxq kwÚ I wKQy AvbylwãK c`v^Æ k¼mb cÉwKÌqv nGZ ATP
dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK ‰wmW KvBGbR
AvGm| ZvB ‰ cÉwKÌqv RxGei Š`wnK e†w«¬I wbq¯Ÿ KGi|
3-dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK ‰wmW
5. Zvcgvòv iÞv : k¼mGb m†Ó¡ Zvc RxeG`Gni cÉGqvRbxq dmGdvw™ÏmvGivwgDGUR
Zvcgvòv eRvq ^vGK| 2-dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK ‰wmW
6. ‰bRvBg I ŠRe ‰wmW Drcv`b : ‰ cÉwKÌqv wewf®² DcÞvi I BGbvGjR
ŠRe ‰wmW m†wÓ¡GZ mnvqZv Kivi gvaÅGg RxeGbi AbÅvbÅ 2-dmGdvBbj cvBi‚wfK ‰wmW
ŠRweK KvhÆKGÌ gI mnvqZv KGi| ADP
cvBi‚wfK ‰wmW KvBGbR
ATP
7. evqygíGj CO2 I O2 ‰i fvimvgÅ iÞv : mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cvBi‚wfK ‰wmW
cvBi‚wfK ‰wmW (‰K AYy)
cÉwKÌqvq evqygíj nGZ CO2 M†nxZ nq ‰es O2 ewRÆZ nq wK¯§ (3 KveÆb) (3 KveÆbwewkÓ¡)
k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq evqygíj nGZ O2 M†nxZ nq ‰es CO2 ewRÆZ wPÎ : MøvB‡KvjvBwmm cÖwµqvi †iLvwPÎ
nq| ZvB evqygíGj CO2 I O2 ‰i fvimvgÅ iwÞZ nq| N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ mvgwMÉK cÉwKÌqv ejGZ k¼mb cÉwKÌqvGK
eySvGbv nGqGQ| wbGP k¼mb cÉwKÌqvi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv-
cÉk² 102 } w`bvRcyi êvWÆ 2021 · cÉk² 5 1. kwÚ Drcv`b : RxGei meaiGbi ŠRewbK KvhÆKjvGci RbÅ
A cvBi‚wfK ‰wmW ¾® B^vbj/jÅvKwUK ‰wmW
™ÏGy KvR ¾® kwÚ AcwinvhÆ| Avi ‰ kwÚ AvGm k¼mb cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg|
KvGRB kwÚ Drcv`Gbi gvaÅGg RxGei mKj ŠRweK cÉwKÌqv
K. NADP ‰i cƒYiÆ c … Kx? 1
cwiPvwjZ Kivi gGaÅB iGqGQ ˆhGKvGbv RxGei RxeGb k¼mb
L. k¼mwbK nvi KvGK eGj? 2
cÉwKÌqvi cÉKZ‡ MyiZ ‚ |½
M. DóxcGKi A cÉwKÌqvi avcmgƒn QK AvKvGi wjL| 3
2. Lv`Å cÉÕ§Z : k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq wbMÆZ CO2 cÉZÅÞ ev cGivÞfvGe
N. DóxcGKi mvgwMÉK cÉwKÌqvwUi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq eÅen†Z nq ‰es Lv`Å Drc®² KGi|
102bs cÉGk²i Dîi ˆmB Drc®²Kvix Lv`Å mgMÉ RxeRMGZi (Dw«¿` I cÉvYx) Rxeb
K NADP = Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate. iÞv KiGZ eÅen†Z nq|
L k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq Dw«¿` ˆh cwigvY CO2 ZÅvM KGi ‰es ˆh 3. LwbR jeY cwiGkvlY : Dw«¿Gì LwbR jeY cwiGkvlGY k¼mb
cwigvY O2 MÉnY KGi Zvi AbycvZGK k¼mb nvi ev k¼mwbK nvi cÉwKÌqv ài‚Zc
½ Yƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| k¼mGbi nvi Kg nGj jeY
eGj| wewf®² k¼mwbK eÕ§i k¼mb nvi wewf®² iKg nGq ^vGK| cwiGkvlGYi nvi KGg hvq ‰es e†w«¬ I AbÅvbÅ ŠRweK cÉwKÌqv
eÅvnZ nq|
D`vniYÕ¼i…c ejv hvq k¼mwbK eÕ§ hw` ™ÏyGKvR nq ZGe ‰wU mevZ
4. ˆKvl wefvRb I Š`wnK e†w«¬ : k¼mb cÉwKÌqvi cÉfve ˆKvl
k¼mGbi gvaÅGg Qq AYy CO2 ZÅvM KGi ‰es Qq AYy O2 MÉnY KGi
6CO wefvRb cÉwKÌqvi DciI cÉwZdwjZ nq| ˆKvl wefvRGbi
KvGRB ‰i k¼mwbK ev k¼mb nvi (R.Q) = 6O 2 = 1 cÉGqvRbxq kwÚ I wKQy AvbylwãK c`v^Æ k¼mb cÉwKÌqv nGZ
2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ¾® 6CO2 + 6H2O AvGm| ZvB ‰ cÉwKÌqv RxGei Š`wnK e†w«¬I wbq¯Ÿ KGi|
CO2 6 5. Zvcgvòv iÞv : k¼mGb m†Ó¡ Zvc RxeG`Gni cÉGqvRbxq
\ k¼mwbK nvi (R.Q) = = = 1.
O2 6 Zvcgvòv eRvq ^vGK|
6. ‰bRvBg I ŠRe ‰wmW Drcv`b : ‰ cÉwKÌqv wewf®² DcÞvi I ‰es ‰ AeÕ©vq hw` 5 ml - 35 ml chÆ¯¦ CO2 ‰i cwigvY
ŠRe ‰wmW m†wÓ¡GZ mnvqZv Kivi gvaÅGg RxeGbi AbÅvbÅ e†w«¬ Kiv hvq ZvnGj ˆ`Lv hvGe, mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi cwigvY
ŠRweK KvhÆKGÌ gI mnvqZv KGi| e†w«¬i mGã mGã ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mxgv chÆ¯¦ e†w«¬ cvGe| H
7. evqygíGj CO2 I O2 ‰i fvimvgÅ iÞv : mvGjvKmsGkÏlY ‰KB AvGjvi ZxeËZvq CO2 ‰i cwigvY AviI e†w«¬ KiGj
cÉwKÌqvq evqygíj nGZ CO2 M†nxZ nq ‰es O2 ewRÆZ nq wK¯§ mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi nvGii e†w«¬ NUGe bv ‰es ‰KUv wbw`ÆÓ¡
k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq evqygíj nGZ O2 M†nxZ nq ‰es CO2 ewRÆZ nvGi ˆcuŒGQ wÕ©i nGq hvGe| ‰ AeÕ©vq AvGjvi ZxeËZv
nq| ZvB evqygíGj CO2 I O2 ‰i fvimvgÅ iwÞZ nq| Limiting factor wnGmGe KvR KGi|
‰fvGeB mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq AvGjv, Zvcgvòv I CO2 wjwgwUs
cÉk² 103 } gqgbwmsn êvWÆ 2021 · cÉk² 5 dÅvÙi wnGmGe KvR KGi|
MÉ‚c-Q Dw«¿` : BÞz, fzëv, gy^v Nvm N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvq "X" «¼viv ™ÏyGKvRGK
MÉ‚c-R Dw«¿` : Avg, avb, KuvVvj eySvGbv nGqGQ ‰es MÉc ‚ "Q" I "R" nGjv h^vKÌGg C4 ‰es C3
AvGjv Dw«¿`| ™ÏGy KvR Drcv`Gb C4 Dw«¿` AGcÞv C3 Dw«¿` AwaK
CO2 + H2O ¾¾¾® ‘X’ + H2O + O2.
ˆKÑvGivwdj ài‚Z½cƒY|Æ wbGP Zv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv-
K. ATP ‰i cƒYÆi…c ˆjL| 1 Avgiv Rvwb, ˆhme Dw«¿G` C3 PGKÌi gvaÅGg KveÆb AvîxKiY NGU
L. k¼mb nvi ejGZ Kx êvSvq? 2 ˆmàGjvGK C3 Dw«¿` eGj| Avi ˆhme Dw«¿G` C4 PGKÌi gvaÅGg
M. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ ŠRe ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvwUi wjwgwUs dÅvÙi KveÆb AvîxKiY NGU ZvGK C4 Dw«¿` eGj| C4 Dw«¿Gì ev´£jwmGî
eYÆbv Ki| 3 ˆKvGl Õ¼Í¸ msLÅK MÉvbvwewkÓ¡ e†n`vK‡wZi ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ we`Ågvb|
N. DóxcGKi wewKÌqvi ‘X’ Drcv`Gb ‘Q’ I ‘R’ MÉ‚Gci Dw«¿Gì ˆhGKvGbv Dw«¿`B ÷ay C4 PGKÌi gvaÅGg mvGjvKmsGkÏlY KGi bv,
gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaK ài‚Zc ½ Yƒ -
Æ weGkÏlY Ki| 4 ‰Gì cvZvq C3 PKÌI cvkvcvwk KvhÆKix ^vGK| cvZvi ˆgGmvwdj
ˆKvl I ev´£jwm^ ˆKvl mwÁÃwjZfvGe C4 PKÌ mÁ·®² KGi| C4
103bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Dw«¿G` ‰KB mvG^ nÅvP I ÕÏÅvK PKÌ ‰es KÅvjwfb PKÌ DfqB
K ATP = Adenosine Tri Phosphate. cwiPvwjZ nq| ev´£jwm^ ˆKvGl CO2 ‰i Afve nq bv, ZvB ˆKvGbv
L k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq Dw«¿` ˆh cwigvY CO2 ZÅvM KGi ‰es ˆh dGUvGimwcGikb nq bv, dGj KveÆb weRviY nvi AwaK nIqvq C4
cwigvY O2 MÉnY KGi Zvi AbycvZGK k¼mb nvi eGj| wewf®² Dw«¿Gì mvGjvKmsGkÏlY nvi êwk ‰es Drcv`b ÞgZvI êwk|
k¼mwbK eÕ§i k¼mb nvi wewf®² iKg nGq ^vGK| D`vniYÕ¼i…c ejv ‰RbÅB ejv nq, C4 Dw«¿` C3 Dw«¿` AGcÞv êwk ài‚Z½cƒYÆ|
hvq k¼mwbK eÕ§ hw` ™ÏGy KvR nq ZGe ‰wU mevZ k¼mGbi gvaÅGg
Qq AYy CO2 ZÅvM KGi ‰es Qq AYy O2 MÉnY KGi KvGRB ‰i cÉk² 104 } ewikvj êvWÆ 2019 · cÉk² 5
6CO
k¼mwbK ev k¼mb nvi (R.Q) = 6O 2 = 1 wbGPi wPòwU jÞ Ki :
2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ¾® 6CO2 + 6H2O avb, Avg, Rvg A
CO2 6 kKÆiv
\ k¼mwbK nvi (R.Q) = = = 1.
O2 6 B
BÞz, fzëv, gy^vNvm
M DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ ŠRe ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv-
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqv| mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq wjwgwUs dÅvÙi K. k¼mb Kx? 1
L. ˆnGUGivgiwdK RbyKgÌ ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| wbGP Zv eYÆbv Kiv nGjv-
M. DóxcGKi B Dw«¿`àGjvi cvZvq msNwUZ Lv`Å ŠZwii
wjwgwUs dÅvÙGii bxwZ Abyhvqx, ˆhGKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq ÷aygvò cÉwKÌqv QK AvKvGi ˆ`LvI| 3
‰KwU dÅvÙi «¼viv mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi nvi wbqw¯¨Z nq| N. DóxcGKi A I B MÉ‚Gci Dw«¿Gì gGaÅ CO2 weRviGYi
mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi nvi H wbw`ÆÓ¡ dÅvÙGii mgvbycvwZK| A^Ævr wfwîGZ myÕ·Ó¡ Šemv`†kÅ iGqGQ- weGkÏlY Ki| 4
dÅvÙGii cwigvY evoGj mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi nviI evoGe| wK¯§
‰B dÅvÙGii cwigvY AcwUgvg gvb ˆ^GK AGbK êwk nGj 104bs cÉGk²i Dîi
mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi nvGii Ici ‰i cÉfve nVvr e®¬ nGq hvq ‰es K ˆh ŠRe ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvq O2 ‰i DcwÕ©wZGZ ev
‰i Õ©Gj AbÅ ‰KwU dÅvÙi mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi nviGK wbq¯Ÿ AbycwÕ©wZGZ ˆKvGli ŠReLv`Å RviGYi gvaÅGg kwÚ wbMÆZ KGi
KGi| ˆhgb- ‰es DcRvZ`ËeÅ wnGmGe CO2 I H2O Drc®² KGi ZvB k¼ mb|
1. 30°-35° ˆm. Zvcgvòvq mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi nvi meGPGq L ˆKvGbv Dw«¿Gì RxebPGKÌ ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Rbyi mvG^
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(cwiwgZ) Zvcgvòv| Zvcgvòv 0° ˆm. ˆ^GK axGi axGi Avi ˆKvb RxGei RxebPGKÌ ˆÕ·vGivdvBU chÆvq `xNÆ MÅvwgGUvdvBU
DœPZi Zvcgvòvq D®²xZ KiGj ‰B cÉwKÌqvi nvi mvG^ mvG^ chÆvq êk mswÞµ¦ ‰es Dfq chÆvq AvKvi AvK‡wZGZ wf®² cÉK‡wZi
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nvi meGPGq êwk nq| 35° ˆm. Zvcgvòvi DcGi Zvcgvòv Dw«¿G` ‰ aiGbi RbyKgÌ cwijwÞZ nq|
evovGbv nGj mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi nvi nVvr ‰es `ËZ‚ KGg hvq| M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ MÉ‚c B ‰i Dw«¿`àGjv nGjv BÞz, fzëv I
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mvGjvKmsGkÏlGY cÉwZ N¥Ÿvq 35 ml CO2 MÉnY KiGZ cvGi CO2 MÉnY KGi 8-KveÆb wewkÓ¡ AÝvGjv ‰wmwUK ‰wmW ŠZwi
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i‚weGÕ•v| nGjv KvGeÆvwÝGjR| JoooooooooooK
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PKÌ APj| cÉwKÌqv mPj ADP
5. Av`kÆ Zvcgvòv (10-25)°C| 5. Av`kÆ Zvcgvòv (30- ¬ cvBi‚wfK ‰wmW KvBGbR
ATP
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6. mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi RbÅ 6. mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi RbÅ CH3-CO-COOH ® AÅvwmUvBj Co-A
CO2 ‰i cÉGqvRb (50 - CO2 ‰i cÉGqvRb (0.10 (3-KveÆb)
150) PPM| - 10) PPM| N DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ ˆkl Drcvw`Z `ËeÅwU nGjv AÅvwmUvBj Co-A| ‰wU
7. dGUvGimwcGikb NGU| 7. dGUvGimwcGikb NGU bv| ˆKÌem PGKÌ cÉGek KGi| wbGP ˆKÌemPGKÌi ŠRweK ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv-
1. ˆKÌem-PKÌ kwÚ Drcv`Gbi cÉavb ˆK±`Ê| k¼mGb Drcvw`Z kwÚi
8. mvGjvKmsGkÏlY nvi Kg| 8. mvGjvKmsGkÏlY nvi êwk|
AwaKvskB ‰B PGKÌi gvaÅGg NGU| ‰B kwÚ Dw«¿Gì wewf®²
wecvKxq KvGR A^Ævr LwbR jeY ˆkvlY, cvwb ˆkvlY,
cÉk² 105 } KzwgÍÏv êvWÆ 2017 · cÉk² 6 cwienb, e†w«¬, Pjb, cyÓ·vqb BZÅvw` KvGR eÅen†Z nq|
wbGPi DóxcKwU jÞ Ki- 2. ‰B PGKÌ wewf®² cÉKvi ŠRe ‰wmW Drc®² nq|
AvBGmvgvGiR 3. ˆKÑvGivwdj, mvBGUvGKÌvg, dvBGKvwewjb BZÅvw` cvBGivj ˆhŒM
3-dmGdvw™ÏmvGiwÎ£nvBW HooooooooooooooooooooooooI WvB nvBGWÈvwÝ ŠZwii Drm mvwÝwbj ˆKv-‰, ˆKÌem PGKÌi AbÅZg ˆhŒM|
‰wmGUvb dmGdU 4. ˆKÌem-PGKÌ Drc®² wewf®² ŠRe ‰wmW mvaviYfvGe Dw«¿Gì
M ŠRe ‰wmW wecvGK AskMÉnY KGi|
M 5. ˆKÌem-PGKÌi wewKÌqvàGjv gƒjZ AcwPwZgƒjK (Catabolic)
M ˆKÌem PGKÌ wK¯§ A¯¦eÆZxÆ ˆhŒM ŠZwi KGi DcwPwZ (Anabolic)
M agÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi| ˆhgb- ‰ cÉwKÌqvi mvBGUÇU ˆ^GK dÅvwU
c ‰wmW, mvKwmbvBjGKv-‰ ˆ^GK cidvBwib, AÝvGjv
CH3-CO - COOH ¾® AÅvwmUvBj Co-A AÅvwmwUK ‰wmW ˆ^GK ™ÏGy KvR BZÅvwì msGkÏlY NGU|
cÉk² 106 } wmGjU êvWÆ 2017 · cÉk² 6 KÅvjwfb PKÌ (C3) nÅvP I ÕÏÅvK PKÌ (C4)
A : BÞz I fzëv
4. AwaK AvGjvi cÉLiZvq ‰ 4. AwaK AvGjvGZI ‰ cÉwKÌqv
B : Avg I KuvVvj
PKÌ APj| mPj
K. wjwgwUs dÅvÙi Kx? 1 5. Av`kÆ Zvcgvòv (10-25)°C | 5. Av`kÆ Zvcgvòv (30-45)°C |
L. LwbR jeY cwiGkvlY mvaviYZ mwKÌ q cÉwKÌqvq NGU ˆKb? 2 6. mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi RbÅ CO2 6. mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi RbÅ
M. A ‰i Dw«¿`mgƒn ˆh cÉwKÌqvq Lv`Å ŠZwi KGi Zv îLvwPGòi ‰i cÉGqvRb CO2 ‰i cÉGqvRb
gvaÅGg DcÕ©vcb Ki| 3 (50 - 150) PPM| (0.10 - 10) PPM|
N. DóxcK A ‰es DóxcK B ‰i Dw«¿`mgƒGni Lv`Å ŠZwii 7. dGUvGimwcGikb NGU| 7. dGUvGimwcGikb NGU bv|
cÉwKÌqvi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ weGkÏlY Ki| 4 8. mvGjvKmsGkÏlY nvi Kg| 8. mvGjvKmsGkÏlY nvi êwk|
106bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆhGKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq meyR Dw«¿Gì mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvi cÖkœ 107 } Kzwgjøv †evW© 2019 · cÖkœ 4
nvi wbq¯ŸKvix dÅvÙiB nGjv wjwgwUs dÅvÙi| Dw™¢‡ì g~j KZ…K
© †kvwlZ cvwbi AwZwi³ cvwb mvaviYZ cvZvi
L gvwUÕ© `ËeGY ˆKvGbv AvqGbi NbZ½ gƒGji ˆkvlY AçGji g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z GKwU wbw`©ó A‡½i gva¨‡g evqygÐ‡j gy³ nq|
ˆKvliGm ˆmB AvqGbi NbZ½ AGcÞv Kg nGjI ˆ`Lv hvq gvwUi K. k¦mb Kx? 1
`ËeY ˆ^GK H Avqb ˆKvliGmi AfÅ¯¦Gi cÉGek KiGQ| NbZ½KÌGgi L. Aw·‡WwUf dm‡dvivB‡jkb ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AwZwi³ cvwb wegy³KiY m¤úwK©Z
wei‚G«¬ ‰ cwiGkvlY wecvKxq kwÚi cÉZÅÞ cÉGqvGM NGU ^vGK| ‰
A½wUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
KviGYB ‰ RvZxq ˆkvlYGK mwKÌq cwiGkvlY eGj| AwaKvsk
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½wU Dw™¢‡ì wewfbœ kvixie„Ëxq cÖwµqv
LwbR jeY mwKÌq cwiGkvlY cÉwKÌqvq gƒj KZÆK † ˆkvwlZ nGq
^vGK| KviY LwbR jeGYi NbZ½ gƒGji ˆkvlY AçGji ˆKvliGm © v‡e mnvqK - we‡kølY Ki|
msNU‡b ¸iæZ¡cY~ f 4
we`Ågvb NbZ½ AGcÞv Kg ^vGK| 107bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
M DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ MÉ‚c ‰i Dw«¿`àGjv A^Ævr BÞz I fzëv
A
K †h ˆRe ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq O2 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ev
Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †Kv‡li ˆReLv`¨ Rvi‡Yi gva¨‡g kw³ wbM©Z K‡i
nGjv C4 Dw«¿`| C4 Dw«¿G` dmGdvBbj cvBi‚wfK ‰wmW CO2 MÉnY
Ges DcRvZ`ªe¨ wn‡m‡e CO2 I H2O Drcbœ K‡i ZvB k¦mb|
KGi 4 KveÆbwewkÓ¡ AÝvGjv ‰wmwUK ‰wmW ŠZwi KGi| ‰B
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œ Î I DËigvjv 47
1. ûeû gvZ…-¸Yv¸Ym¤úbœ Pviv ˆZwi : †Kv‡bv Dw™¢‡ì dzj, dj M DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ N Øviv wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³‡K †evSv‡bv
ev km¨ ¸‡Y I gv‡b DbœZ e‡j g‡b n‡j †mme Dw™¢‡ì Ask n‡q‡Q| wb‡P wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i avcmg~‡ni wPwýZ wPÎ
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2. n¨vcø‡qW Dw™¢` Drcv`b : civM‡iYy ev civMavbx KvjPvi †_‡K DNA-i c„_Kxfeb
K‡i n¨vcø‡qW Dw™¢` Drcv`b Kiv hvq| Graminae, †iw÷ªKkb GbRvB‡gi
cøvRwgW mvnv‡h¨ Dfq DNA †K KZ©b
Solanaceae I Cruciferae †MvÎmn G hver 50wU cÖRvwZi
n¨vcø‡qW jvBb cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
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K‡i bZzb msKi Dw™¢` ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
6. åƒY D×vi : `ywU wfbœ cÖRvwZi msKivq‡b m„ó F1 AcZ¨ cÖvqkB wiKw¤^‡b›U
DNA cøvRwgW Kvw•¶Z wRb
eÜ¨v nq| Ggb eÜ¨v Dw™¢‡` åƒY MwVZ n‡jI Zv gviv hvq I Zv
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åƒY ev †Kv‡l cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q Pvwn`vg‡Zv wR‡bvg ˆZwi Kiv e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡gi †K¬vwbs
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wPÎ : wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³
cÖkœ 59 } wm‡jU †evW© 2017 · cÖkœ 7 N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wPÎ M wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
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1. †`n wØcvk¦©xq cÖwZmg, mwÜhy³ Dcv½wewkó| 69bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
2. g¯Í‡K GK ev `yB †Rvov A¨v‡›Ubv we`¨gvb|
K ICZN Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv- International Code of Zoological
3. ewntK¼vj KvBwUbgq I wbqwgZ †gvwPZ nq| Nomenclature.
4. †cŠwóKZš¿ m¤ú~Y© I i³ msenbZš¿ Dš§y³|
5. †iPb A½ gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv| L wfbœ cÖRvwZi cÖvYx‡ì g‡a¨ we`¨gvb êwPÎ¨‡K cÖRvwZ êwPÎ¨
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A‡bK wfbœZv ev êwPÎ¨ †`Lv hvq| †hgb : evN Panthera tigris
Mollusca c‡e©i êwkó¨ : gjv¯‹v c‡e©i êwkó¨¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
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1. G c‡e©i cÖvYx‡ì †`n AcÖwZmg ev wØcvk¦xq© cÖwZmg|
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6. †iPbZš¿ †bB|
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5. dzmdz‡mi m‡½ cvZjv evqy_wj hy³ n‡q‡Q| 1. †`nZ¡K wewfbœ MÖwš’hy³ Ges †jvg G Ave„Z _v‡K|
6. GgbwK nv‡oi †fZ‡iI evqy_wj cÖweó nq| 2. cwiYZ ¯¿x cÖvYxi Kvh©Kix ¯ÍbMÖwš’ †_‡K ÿwiZ gvZ…`y‡»
beRvZK jvwjZ nq|
7. n„rwcÐ Pvi cÖ‡Kvôwewkó- `ywU A¨vwUªqv I `ywU †fw›UªKj|
3. ewntK‡Y© wcbv I ga¨K‡Y© wZbwU ÿz`ªvw¯’ _v‡K|
Actinopterygii †kÖwYi êwkó¨ : 4. gvsmj Wvqvd«vg ev ga¨”Q`v w`‡q eÿ I Dì MnŸi c„_K _v‡K|
1. gv‡Qi AšÍtK¼vj Aw¯’gq| 5. cwiYZ †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv wbDwK¬qvmwenxb|
2. Z¡K MÖwš’gq Ges mvaviYZ mvBK¬‡qW ev wUb‡qW ai‡bi Aves-†kÖwYi êwkó¨ :
AvuB‡k Ave„Z| 1. †`n cvj‡K Ave„Z|
3. gv_vi `ycv‡k GKwU K‡i dzjKv iÜª Aew¯’Z hv Kvb‡Kv Øviv 2. DÇqb A½ wn‡m‡e AMÖc` `ywU Wvbvq-iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q|
Ave„Z| 3. †Pvqvj ùvZwenxb PÂz‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
4. cy”Q cvLbv †n‡gvmvK©vj| 4. Aw¯’¸‡jv evqyMnŸihy³ I nvjKv; A‡bK nvo GKxf‚Z n‡q‡Q|
5. A‡bK cÖRvwZ‡Z evqy_wj ev cUKv _v‡K hv cvwb‡Z †f‡m 5. dzmdz‡mi m‡½ cvZjv evqy_wj hy³ n‡q‡Q|
6. kw³`vqK Lv‡`ï `ªæZ wecv‡Ki Rb¨ i‡q‡Q Kvh©Ki
_vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
cwicvKZš¿|
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y êwk‡óï Av‡jv‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, wfbœ †kÖwY‡Z Aew¯’Z
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e‡j gvQivOv I gv‡Qi g‡a¨ h‡_ó cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| AšÍMZ © |
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cÖkœ 78 } h‡kvi †evW© 2016 cÖkœ 1 cÖkœ 79 } wm‡jU †evW© 2016 cÖkœ 1
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L. AMÖvwaKvi AvBb ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki 1bs cÖvYxi 'A' wPwýZ A½wUi GK‡Ki MVb eY©bv
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N. DÏxc‡Ki 2bs I 3bs wP‡Îi cÖvYxi êwk‡óï Av‡jv‡K
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvYx‡ì †gŠwjK êwkó¨¸‡jv we‡kølY
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L AMÖvwaKvi AvBb n‡jv †Kv‡bv cÖvYxi GKvwaK MY ev cÖRvwZi cwi‡ekMZ Kvi‡Y †h wfbœZv cwijwÿZ nq mvgwMÖKfv‡e Zv‡K
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bvgwUB êa n‡e| Ab¨¸‡jv Rywbqi wm‡bvwbg wn‡m‡e evwZj e‡j
M DÏxc‡Ki 1bs cÖvYxwU n‡jv Nvmdwos Ges Gi 'A' wPwýZ
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A½wU cyÄvwÿ| AmsL¨ IgvwUwWqv‡gi mgš^‡q cyÄvwÿ MwVZ|
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ me©vwaK msL¨K cÖvYxi `j n‡jv bb- IgvwUwWqvgB cyÄvwÿi MVb I Kv‡h©i GKK| wb‡P IgvwUwWqv‡gi
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1. b‡UvKW© Abycw¯’Z| 1. Kwb©qv : GwU IgvwUwWqv‡gi evB‡ii w`‡Ki eY©nxb, ¯^”Q,
2. ¯œvqyi¾y MÖwš’h³
y , A¼xq I wb‡iU| DËj I Qq‡KvYv wKDwUKj AveiYx| GwU †j‡Ýi g‡Zv KvR
3. Mjwejxq dzjKviÜª Ges cvqy cðvr †jR _v‡K bv| K‡i|
4. i³ msenbZ‡š¿ n„rwcÐ c„ôxq| 2. Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kvl : Giv Kwb©qvi wb‡P GK‡Rvov Pvcv I
5. i‡³i wn‡gv‡Møvweb i³i‡m _v‡K| cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z †Kvl| G‡ì ÿiY †_‡K Kwb©qv m„wó nq|
6. †ncvwUK †cvU©vjZš¿ _v‡K bv| 3. wµ÷vjvBb †KvY †Kvl : G¸‡jv Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kv‡li wb‡P
N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ K‡W©U‡ì i‡q‡Q wKQy †gŠwjK êwkó¨| wµ÷vjvBb †KvY‡K wN‡i Aew¯’Z `xN© 4wU †Kvl| Gme
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1. åƒYve¯’vq A_ev AvRxeb c„ôga¨‡iLv eivei `ÐvKvi I KwbÆqv
w¯’wZ¯’vcK wb‡iU b‡UvKW© _v‡K| DbœZ cÖvYx‡ì c~Yv© ½
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2. b‡UvK‡W©i wVK Dc‡i j¤^ Aÿ eivei duvcv, bjvKvi, ¯œvqyi¾y
ev bvf©KW© _v‡K| †giæ`Ðx cÖvYx‡ì †ÿ‡Î bvf©KW©wU îwUbyjvi
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4. wµ÷vjvBb †KvY : GwU †KvY †Kv‡l cwi‡ewóZ Ges G¸‡jvi cÖkœ 80 } PÆMÖvg †evW© 2015 cÖkœ 1
gaëZ©x¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z GKwU ¯^”Q, †gvPvK…wZ A½| †KvY †Kvl
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AvswkK Dš§y³ iv‡L| wPÎ-P wPÎ-Q wPÎ-R
6. †iwUbyjvi †Kvl : †KvY †Kvl¸‡jvi wb‡P e„ËvKvi 7/8wU j¤^v K. Mj`v wPswoi êÁvwbK bvg wjL| 1
†iwUbyjvi †Kvl Aew¯’Z| G¸‡jvi wbDwK¬qvm †KvY †Kvl L. U¨vMgvUvB‡Rkb ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
msjMœ cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z| Gme †Kvl GKw`‡K †KvY †Kv‡li mv‡_ M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ 'R' Ges iæB gv‡Qi g‡a¨ †KvbwU DbœZ Ges †Kb? 3
Ab¨w`‡K ¯œvqyZš‘i mv‡_ hy³| N. DÏxc‡Ki P, Q I R wP‡Îi cÖvYx‡ì we‡kl ai‡bi MnŸ‡ii
7. i¨ve‡Wvg : wµ÷vjvBb †Kv‡Yi wb‡P Aew¯’Z ¯^”Q cÖjw¤^Z G Dcw¯’wZ I MV‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ †Mvôx‡Z fvM Kiv
AskwU AbycÖ¯’fv‡e †iLvwš^Z| G‡K wN‡i Aew¯’Z †iwUbyjvi hvq- Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki| 4
†Kvl¸‡jvi ÿiY †_‡KB i¨ve‡Wvg MwVZ I cyó nq| 80bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
8. †iwUbvj iÄK AveiYx : GwU †ibwUbyjvi †Kvl‡K wN‡i K Mj`v wPswoi êÁvwbK bvg n‡jv- Macrobrachium
iÄKgq †Kv‡l MwVZ Kv‡jv c`©vi GKwU AveiY| GwU cÖ‡Z¨K rosenbergii.
IgvwUwWqvg‡K ci¯úi †_‡K c„_K K‡i iv‡L| L Arthropoda ce©f³z cÖvYxi †`n evwn¨Kfv‡e LÐvwqZ n‡jI
9. wfwËc`©v : IgvwUwWqvg †h cvZjv c`©vi Dci Ae¯’vb K‡i AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î LÐK¸‡jv ¯úó bq eis †`‡ni wewfbœ RvqMvq
Zvi bvg wfwËc`©v| GwU IgvwUwWqvg‡K aviY K‡i| wKQy LÐK GKwÎZ n‡q †`‡n K‡qKwU wbw`©ó AÂj MVb K‡i|
Gfv‡e m„ó cÖ‡Z¨KwU AÂj U¨vMgv bv‡g cwiwPZ| U¨vMgv m„wói
10. ¯œvqyZš‘ : cÖwZwU †iwUbyjvi †Kvl †_‡K ¯œvqyZš‘ †ewi‡q
gva¨‡g †`‡ni AÂjxKiY‡K AÂjvqb ev U¨vMgvUvB‡Rkb e‡j|
AcwUK ¯œvqyi mv‡_ hy³ nq| Gme Zš‘ IgvwUwWqvi gva¨‡g
M„nxZ cÖwZwe¤^ gw¯Í‡®‹ †cÖiY K‡i| M DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-R n‡jv †Ku‡Pv, hv Annelida c‡e©i GKwU
A‡giæ`Ðx cÖvYx iæB gvQ Ges †Ku‡Pvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU DbœZ wb‡P Zv
N DÏxc‡Ki 2bs I 3bs wP‡Îi cÖvYx `ywU n‡jv nvOi I iæB
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
gvQ| Giv h_vµ‡g Chondrichthyes I Actinopterygii †kÖwYi
†Ku‡Pvi êwkó¨ : †Ku‡Pvi êwkó¨ wb¤œiƒc :
AšÍMZ© | cÖvYx `ywUi êwk‡óï Av‡jv‡K G‡ì †kÖwYZvwË¡K wfbœZv
1. G‡ì †`n j¤^v, bjvKvi, wØcvk¦x© q cÖwZmg, cÖKZ … LÐvqb
wb‡P we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv- Dcw¯’Z|
nvO‡ii êwkó¨ (Chondrichthyes) : 2. G‡ì Pjb A½ KvBwUbgq wmwU|
1. †`n AmsL¨ ÿz`ª cø¨vK‡qW AuvB‡k Ave„Z| 3. †`‡ni cÖvq cÖwZwU LÐ‡K †bwd«wWqv bvgK c¨vuPv‡bv bvwjKv
2. AšÍtK¼vj m¤ú~Yf © v‡e ZiæYvw¯’gq| cÖavb †iPb A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
3. gv_vi `yÕcv‡k 5-7 †Rvov dzjKviÜª c„_Kfv‡e evB‡i Dš§y³| iæB gv‡Qi †ewkó¨ : iæB gvQ Chordata c‡e©i Actinopterygii
4. cy”Q cvLbv †nUv‡ivmvK©vj ai‡bi A_©vr cy”Q cvLbvi Ask `ywU †kÖwYfz³ †giæ`Ðx cÖvYx|
Amgvb| 1. G‡ì AšÍtK¼vj Aw¯’gq|
G mKj êwk‡óï Kvi‡Y cÖvYxwU Chondrichthyes †kÖwYi AšÍM©Z| 2. †`n mvBK¬‡qW AvuB‡k Ave„Z|
iæB gv‡Qi êwkó¨ (Actinopterygii) : 3. gv_vi `yÕcv‡k GKwU K‡i dzjKv iÜª Aew¯’Z hv Kvb‡Kv w`‡q
1. G‡ì AšÍtK¼vj Aw¯’gq| Ave„Z|
2. Z¡K MÖwš’gq Ges mvaviYZ mvBK¬‡qW ev wUb‡qW ai‡bi 4. cy”Q cvLbv †nv‡gvmvK©vj ai‡bi|
AuvB‡k Ave„Z| 5. evqy_wj ev cUKv _v‡K hv †`n‡K cvwb‡Z †f‡m _vK‡Z mvnvh¨
3. gv_vi `yÕcv‡k GKwU K‡i dzjKviÜª Aew¯’Z hv Kvb‡Kv w`‡q K‡i I Aw·‡R‡bi Avavi wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡i|
myZivs Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ †Ku‡Pv Ges iæB gvQ Df‡qi êwkó¨
Ave„Z|
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4. †cŠw”QK cvLbv †nv‡gvmvK©vj|
†kÖwYi cÖvYx‡Z we`¨gvb| wKš‘ †Ku‡Pvi êwkó¨¸‡jv DbœZ cÖvYx‡Z
5. G‡ì evqy_wj ev cUKv we`¨gvb|
†`Lv hvq bv| ZvB ejv hvq, †Ku‡Pv Ges iæB gvQ Df‡qi g‡a¨
Gme êwk‡óï Kvi‡Y cÖvYxwU Actinopterygii †kÖwYi AšÍM©Z cÖvYx|
iæB gvQ DbœZ|
œ Î I DËigvjv 57
N DÏxc‡Ki P, Q I R wP‡Îi cÖvYx wZbwU n‡jv h_vµ‡g M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A‡giæ`Ðx cÖvYx ej‡Z cÖRvcwZ I †RuvK †K
wdZvK…wg, †MvjvK…wg I †Ku‡Pv| G‡ì †`‡n wm‡jvg bvgK we‡kl eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| D³ cÖvYxØ‡qi c‡e©i bvg D‡jøLc~e©K cÖ‡Z¨KwU
MnŸi we`¨gvb| wm‡jv‡gi Dcw¯’wZ I MV‡bi wfwË‡Z cÖvYx wZbwU c‡e©i wZbwU K‡i kbv³Kvix êwkó¨ I GKwU K‡i D`vniY wb‡P
wewfbœ †Mvôx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| wb‡P Dw³wU we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv- D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
1. wdZvK…wg : GwU Platyhelminthes c‡e©i cÖvYx| Giv wÎ¯Íix cÖRvcwZ (Pieris brassicae) : Arthropoda c‡e©i AšÍf³
©z cÖvYx|
cÖvYx| wÎ¯Íix cÖvYx‡ì åƒYxq †g‡mvWvg© †_‡K D™¢Z
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MnŸiwU †`n cÖvPxi I †cŠwóKbvwji gvSLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i
1. G‡ì †`n mwÜhy³ Dcv½ wewkó wØcvk¦x©q cÖwZmg, LÐvwqZ
Ges †cwi‡Uvwbqvg bvgK c`©v Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K Zv‡K wm‡jvg
Ges U¨vMgvUvq wef³|
ev †cwiwf‡mivj MnŸi e‡j| †cwiwf‡mivj MnŸ‡ii Dci
2. g¯Í‡K GK‡Rvov ev `yÕ†Rvov A¨v‡›Ubv I mvaviYZ GK‡Rvov
wfwË K‡i wdZvK…wg wm‡jvgwenxb cÖvYx †Kbbv wm‡jv‡gi
cyÄvwÿ _v‡K|
cwie‡Z© GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡mi gaëZ©x ¯’vb
3. wm‡jvg mswÿß I AwaKvsk †`nMnŸi i‡³ c~Y© wn‡gvwmj|
†g‡mbKvBgv wUmy¨ Øviv c~Y© _v‡K|
2. †MvjK…wg : GwU Nematoda c‡e©i cÖvYx Ges AcÖK…Z wm‡jv‡gU D`vniY : gvwQ (Musca domestica)|
cÖvYx| A_©vr G‡ì †`ncÖvPxi I †cŠwóKbvwj gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b †RuvK (Hirudo medicinallis) : Annelida c‡e©i AšÍf³
©z cÖvYx|
MnŸi _v‡K, wKš‘ Zv †g‡mvWvg©vj †cwi‡Uvwbqvg Øviv Ave„Z Annelida c‡e©i êwkó¨ :
_v‡K bv eis evB‡ii w`K †cwk¯Íi Øviv †ewóZ _v‡K| 1. †`n j¤^v bjvKvi, wØcvk¦xq© cÖwZmg, Gwc‡_wjqvg wbtm„Z
3. †Ku‡Pv : GwU Annelida c‡e©i cÖvYx Ges †cwiwf‡mivj MnŸ‡ii cvZjv wKDwUKj-G Ave„Z|
Dci wfwË K‡i Giv cÖK…Z wm‡jvghy³ cÖvYx| A_©vr G‡ì 2. cÖK…Z wm‡jvg hy³ Ges cÖK…Z LÐvqb Dcw¯’Z|
†`ncÖvPxi I †cŠwóKbvwji gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b †g‡mvW©vg †_‡K 3. G‡ì Pjb A½ KvBwUbgq wmwU ev †ckj c¨viv‡cvwWqv|
D™¢Z~ †cwi‡Uvwbqvg c`©v Øviv Ave„Z †`nMnŸi _v‡K| D`vniY : †Ku‡Pv (Metaphire posthuma)
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq †h, DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ mR‡ji †`Lv †k‡lv³ cÖvYx `ywU n‡jv
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†`v‡qj I KvK, hviv †giæ`Ðx cÖvYx ev K‡W©U| Avi cÖ_‡gv³ cÖvYx
†Mvôx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| myZivs Dw³wU h_v_©|
`ywU n‡jv cÖRvcwZ I †RuvK hviv A‡giæ`Ðx cÖvYx ev bbK‡W©U|
cÖkœ 81 } wm‡jU †evW© 2015 †giæ`Ðx c‡e©i cÖvYxiv A‡giæ`Ðx c‡e©i cÖvYx‡ì A‡cÿv AwaK
cÖkœ 1
DbœZ| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
GK`v mRj wkÿvmd‡i fvIqvj RvZxq D`¨v‡b †Mj| †mLv‡b †m
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bvbv i‡Oi cÖRvcwZ I †RuvK †`L‡Z †cj| ZvQvov †m K‡qK
b‡UvKW© _v‡K Ges cieZ©x‡Z b‡UvKW©wU cwiewZ©Z n‡q
ai‡bi cvwL †hgb, †`v‡qj I KvK †`L‡Z †cj|
K. wm‡jvg Kx? 1 †giæ`‡Ð cwiYZ nq| ZvB GwU †giæ`Ðx cÖvYx| Aciw`‡K
L. wØc` bvgKiY ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2 bbKW©vUv‡ì Rxe‡b KL‡bvB b‡UvKW© _v‡K bv|
M. DÏxc‡Ki A‡giæ`Ðx cÖvYx¸‡jv †h †h c‡e©i AšÍf³y© Zvi 2. K‡W©U‡ì Rxe‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv `kvq ev AvRxeb Mjwe‡ji
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N. mR‡ji †`Lv †k‡lv³ cÖvYx `y‡Uv cÖ_‡gv³ A‡giæ`Ðx cÖvYx 3. K‡W©U‡ì b‡UvK‡W©i Dc‡i duvcv, bjvKvi m~Îwe‡kl ¯œvqyi¾y
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81bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Aciw`‡K bb KW©vUv‡ì ¯œvqyi¾y wb‡iU, †`‡ni A¼xq †`‡k
K åƒYxq †g‡mvWvg© †_‡K D™¢Z‚ wf‡mivj †cwi‡Uvwbqvg c`©v Øviv Aew¯’Z|
Ave„Z †`n MnŸiB n‡jv wm‡jvg| 4. KW©vUv‡ì Rxe‡bi cÖvi‡¤¢ ev AvRxeb †jR _v‡K| Aciw`‡K
L bvgKi‡Yi AvšÍRv© wZK wbqgvbymv‡i †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei bvgKi‡Y, bb KW©vUv‡ì cÖKZ
… †jR _v‡K bv|
cÖ_‡g M‡Yi bvg Ges c‡i cÖRvwZi bvg eënvi K‡i, `yB k‡ãi 5. KW©vUv‡ì n„`hš¿ _v‡K Ges †cŠwóK bvwji A¼xq‡`‡k Ae¯’vb
mgš^‡q †h bvgKiY Kiv nq Zv‡K wØc` bvgKiY e‡j| myBwWm K‡i| Aciw`‡K bb KW©vUv‡ì n„`hš¿ bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i,
weÁvbx K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm 1758 mv‡j wØc` bvgKi‡Yi _vK‡j †cŠwóK bvwji c„ô‡`‡k Dcw¯’Z|
bxwZgvjv cÖeZ©b K‡ib| †hgb- gvby‡li êÁvwbK bvg Homo Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, mR‡ji †`Lv †k‡lv³
sapiens| G‡ÿ‡Î Homo n‡jv gvby‡li MY-Gi bvg Ges sapiens cÖvYx (†giæ`Ðx) †`v‡qj I KvK, cÖ_‡gv³ cÖvYx (A‡giæ`Ðx)
n‡jv gvby‡li cÖRvwZi bvg| cÖRvcwZ I †RuvK †_‡K DbœZ ai‡bi|
Aa¨vq 02 cÖvYxi cwiwPwZ

cwi‡”Q` 01 } nvBWªv (Hydra vulgaris) †Kv‡li d¬¨v‡Rjv mÂvwjZ n‡q Lv`¨KYv‡K GbRvB‡gi mv‡_
fv‡jvfv‡e wgwkÖZ K‡i| MÖwš’‡Kvl †_‡K wbtm„Z GbRvB‡gi
cÖkœ 111 } Kzwgjøv †evW© 2019 cÖkœ 2 cÖfv‡e Lv`¨KYv cwicvK n‡Z _v‡K| †ccwmb wbtm„Z n‡q
nvBWªv ¯^v`y cvwbi wØ¯Íix AvYyexÿwYK Rxe| M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡m cwie„Z †cÖvwUb‡K cwj‡ccUvB‡W cwiYZ K‡i| Z‡e ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicv‡K
Gi †K›`ªxq MnŸi‡K wm‡j‡›Uib e‡j| wjwcW I kK©iv Lv`¨vs‡ki †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| Gme Lv‡`ï
K. nvB‡cv‡÷vg Kx? 1 †ÿ‡Î AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK N‡U|
L. nvBWªvq ciwb‡lK N‡U †Kb? 2 AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK : AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicv‡Ki ÿ‡Î †`‡ni
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvYxwU wKfv‡e AvZ¥iÿv K‡i eY©bv Ki| 3 ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j Lv`¨ AviI ÿz`ª KYvq cwiYZ nq| ZLb
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MnŸ‡iB wK cwicvK wµqv †kl nq? †cwk-AšÍtAveiYxi ÿYc`xq †Kvl¸‡jv ÿYc` †ei K‡i wKQy
Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4 wKQy Lv`¨KYv mvgvb¨ Zij c`v‡_©i mv‡_ †Kvlxq fÿY cÖwµqvq
MjvatKiY K‡i| Lv`¨KYv ZLb †Kv‡li Af¨šÍ‡i Lv`¨ MnŸ‡i
111bs cÖ‡kœi DËi mvB‡UvcøvRg †_‡K wbtm„Z GbRvB‡gi mvnv‡h¨ cwicvK nq|
K nvB‡cv‡÷vg n‡jv Hydra Gi †`‡ni gy³cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z Lv`¨MnŸ‡ii gva¨‡g Lv`¨ cÖ_‡g Avw¤øK nq, c‡i ÿvixq Ae¯’v
†gvPvK…wZ, †QvU I ms‡KvPb cÖmviYkxj Ask| aviY K‡i| wUªcwmb bvgK GbRvBg cwj‡ccUvBW‡K A¨vwg‡bv
L nvBWªvi ciwb‡lK NUvi KviY- Hydra-iAwaKvsk cÖRvwZ Gwm‡W cwiYZ K‡i| jvB‡cR GbRvBg wjwcW‡K d¨vwU GwmW I
GKwjw½ Ges wKQy cÖRvwZ Dfwjw½| Dfwjw½ I GKwjw½ Dfq wMømvi‡j Ges A¨vgvB‡jR kK©iv‡K Mø‡y Kv‡R cwiYZ K‡i|
†ÿ‡ÎB ciwb‡lK cÖ‡qvRb nq| KviY Dfq cÖKvi Rbb †Kvl
GKB mg‡q cwicK¡Zv jvf K‡i bv| GK nvBWªvi wW¤^vYy Aci cÖkœ 112 } ewikvj †evW© 2019 cÖkœ 1
nvBWªvi ïµvYy Øviv wbwl³ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB †`Lv hvq G‡ì †ÿ‡Î RxeweÁvb cvV¨cy¯‡Í K Ggb GKwU cÖvYx Av‡Q hvi KZK¸‡jv j¤^v-
ciwb‡lK N‡U| duvcv myZvi g‡Zv m~ÎK Av‡Q hv Lv`¨ MÖnY, AvZ¥iÿv I Pj‡b
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvYxwU n‡jv nvBWªv| wb‡P nvBWªvi mnvqZv K‡i| G QvovI cÖvYxwU‡Z my¯úó åƒYxq cwiùzUb cÖwµqv
AvZ¥iÿvi †KŠkj eY©bv Kiv n‡jv- we`¨gvb|
nvBWªv Zvi AvZ¥iÿvi Rb¨ mvaviYZ Kwl©Kv Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi K. DIwUW Kx? 1
†bgv‡Uvwm÷ †Kvlmg~n eënvi K‡i _v‡K| nvBWªv Zvi kÎæ‡K L. †g‡mvwMøqv ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
Zvwo‡q w`‡Z ev wkKvi K‡i Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z GB M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvYxwU †h c×wZ‡Z `ªæZ Pjb cÖwµqv
†Kvlmg~n eënvi K‡i| hLb †Kv‡bv cÖvYx nvBWªvi KvQvKvwQ Av‡m m¤ú~Y© K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
ZLb fj‡f›U †bgv‡Uvwm÷ wkKvi‡K †cuwP‡q †d‡j| MøywUb¨v›U N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvwU wkï cÖvYxi cybiærcwËi mnvqK
†bgv‡Uvwm÷ KuvUv I m~Î‡Ki mnv‡h¨ AuvK‡o a‡i iv‡L| Gici - we‡kølY Ki| 4
†cwbUªv›U †bg‡Uvwm‡÷i m~ÎKwU Zvi †`‡n XzwK‡q †`q Ges 112bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wnc‡bvUw·b welwU wbtm„Z K‡i| G‡Z K‡i H cÖvYxwU Amvo n‡q K †m‡KÛvwi DImvBU †_‡K Drcbœ me‡P‡q eo †KvlB n‡jv
c‡o ev gviv hvq| hw` kÎæi †`‡ni AvKvi fÿY‡hvM¨ nq Zvn‡j DIwUW|
nvBWªv Zv Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| Avevi A‡bK mgq kÎæ
L nvBWªvi †`ncÖvPx‡ii GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡mi gv‡S
wnc‡bvUw·b we‡li cÖfv‡e cvwj‡q hvq ev nvBWªv kÎæ †_‡K m‡i
m¨vÛDB‡Pi g‡Zv Aew¯’Z cÖvq 0.1 gvB‡µvwgUvi cyiæZ¡ wewkó,
Av‡m|
¯^”Q, w¯’wZ¯’vcK I †Rwji b¨vq AvVv‡jv c`v_©‡K †g‡mvwMøqv
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MnŸiwU n‡jv wm‡j‡›Uib| wm‡j‡›Ui‡bB e‡j| †g‡mvwMøqv †cÖvwUb wbwg©Z avZz ev g¨vwUª· c`v_©| G‡Z
cwicvK wµqv †kl nq bv| wb‡P Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv- ¯œvqy‡Kvl¸‡jv AvovAvwofv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges †cwk AveiYx
nvBWªvi †`‡n we‡kl †Kv‡bv Lv`¨ MnŸi bv _vKvq wm‡j›Uib ev †Kv‡li cÖea©b I ms‡e`x †Kv‡li Zš‘ cÖmvwiZ _v‡K| Hydra-i
Lv`¨ MnŸi MÖwš’ I cywó †Kv‡li mvnv‡h¨ Lv`¨ cwicvK m¤úbœ K‡i| c`PvKwZ AÂ‡ji †g‡mvwMøqvi cyiæZ¡ †ewk Ges Kwl©Kv‡Z me‡P‡q
nvBWªvi Lv`¨ cwicvK `ywU av‡c m¤úbœ nq h_v- ewnt‡Kvlxq Kg| †g‡mvwMøqv GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡mi †Kvl¸‡jvi
cwicvK I AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK| wfwËZj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges GwU cÖvYxi ˆ`wnK KvVv‡gv wbg©vY
ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK : GwU †Kv‡li evB‡i msNwUZ cwicvK wµqv| K‡i| Gi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv cÖvYxi Kwl©Kv I †`‡ni m‡¼vPb-cÖmvi‡Y
Lv`¨ wm‡j‡›Ui‡b †cuŠQvi m‡½ m‡½ gyLwQ`ª eÜ n‡q hvq Ges mnvqZv K‡i|
AšÍtZ¡Kxq MÖwš’‡Kvl¸‡jv mwµq nq| cÖ_‡g †Kvl¸‡jv eo I M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvYxwU n‡jv nvBWªv| nvBWªv mgvimwës ev
`vbv`vi n‡q D‡V Ges GbRvBg ÿiY K‡i| cÖ_‡g GbRvB‡gi wWMevRx Pjb cÖwµqvq `ªæZ ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i| wb‡P nvBWªvi
cÖfv‡e wkKv‡ii g„Z¨z N‡U| †`ncÖvPx‡ii cÖej ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡Yi mgvimwës ev wWMevRx cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
d‡j wkKviwU †QvU †QvU KYvq cwiYZ nq| G mgq AšÍtZ¡Kxq mgvimwës ev wWMevRx Hydra-Gi mvaviY I `ªæZ Pjb cÖwµqv|
œ Î I DËigvjv 59
1. G cÖwµqvi ïiæ‡Z Hydra †`n‡K euvwK‡q Pj‡bi MwZc‡_ 113bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Kwl©Kvq Aew¯’Z Møwy Ub¨v›U RvZxq †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i mvnv‡h¨ K Cnidaria c‡e©i cÖvYx‡ì GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡mi
MwZc_‡K ¯úk© K‡i| G mgq MšÍe¨¯’‡ji w`‡Ki †cwk gvSLv‡b †Rwji g‡Zv AvVv‡jv, w¯’wZ¯’vcK; cvZjv; eY©nxb,
AveiYx †Kv‡li ms‡KvPb I Aci cv‡ki Abyiƒc †Kv‡li
A‡Kvlxq ¯ÍiwUB n‡jv †g‡mvwMøqv|
m¤úÖmviY N‡U|
L Hydra-i †`‡ni †K›`ªfv‡M Aew¯’Z duvKv MnŸi‡K wm‡j‡›Uib
e‡j| G‡Z Lv‡`ï ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK N‡U Ges Lv`¨mvi, k¦mb
I †iPb c`v_© cwievwnZ nq e‡j G‡K M¨v‡÷ªvfv¯‹zjvi MnŸi ev
cwicvK msenb MnŸi ejv nq| GwU M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m Øviv cwie„Ë
_v‡K| Kwl©Kv‡Z wm‡j‡›Uib cÖmvwiZ _v‡K e‡j G¸‡jv duvcv nq|
wPÎ : Hydra-Gi mgvimwës Pjb M DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cÖvYxwU n‡jv Cnidaria c‡e©i Hydra|
2. c‡i c`Zj wehy³ K‡i Kwl©Kvi Dci fi w`‡q †`n‡K †mvRv Hydra-i we‡kl †KvlwU n‡jv wb‡WvmvBU, hv †bgv‡Uvwm÷ aviY
K‡i †`q| K‡i| Hydra RxešÍ cÖvYx‡K wkKvi K‡i Lvq| wb‡P nvBWªvi wkKvi
3. cybivq †`n‡K euvwK‡q c`Z‡ji mvnv‡h¨ MwZc_‡K ¯úk© aivi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
K‡i| c‡i Kwl©Kv gy³ K‡i †`n‡K †mvRv K‡i †`q| G
ÿzavZ© Hydra c`Zj‡K wfwËi mv‡_ AvU‡K wbw`©ó GjvKv Ry‡o
cÖwµqvi cybive„wË NwU‡q Hydra `ªæZ ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i|
g~j‡`n I Kwl©Kv¸‡jv fvwm‡q wkKv‡ii A‡cÿvq _v‡K| †Kv‡bv
N DÏxc‡K cvV¨cy¯‡Í K Av‡jvwPZ cÖvYx nvBWªv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Lv`¨cÖvYx ev wkKvi Kv‡Q AvmvgvÎ Kwl©Kvi †bgv‡Uvwm÷¸‡jv
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hme µg cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g RvB‡MvU †_‡K wkï
cÖvYxi DrcwË N‡U Zv‡K cwiùzUb e‡j| RvB‡MvU bvbv ai‡bi DÏxß n‡q D‡V Ges H wkKvi Kwl©Kv ¯úk© Kivi m‡½ m‡½ wewfbœ
cwiùzUb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g c~Yv© ½ Hydra-q cwiYZ nq| nvBWªvi ai‡bi †bgv‡Uvwm÷ m~Î wbwÿß nq| fj‡f›U †bgv‡Uvwm÷ m~Î
cwiùzUbKv‡j wb‡¤œv³ ch©vqmg~n †`Lv hvq| h_v- wkKv‡ii Dcv½ Rwo‡q MwZ‡iva K‡i Ges Møwy Ub¨v›U¸‡jv AvVv‡jv
1. giæjv : RvB‡MvU cybtcyb wefvwRZ n‡q †MvjvKvi wc‡Ð im ÿiY K‡i AvU‡K †d‡j| w÷‡bvwUj †bgv‡Uvwm÷ ZLb
cwiYZ nq| G‡K giæjv e‡j| wkKv‡ii †`‡n wnc‡bvUw·b cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q wkKvi‡K Aek K‡i
2. eøv÷zjv : kxNªB giæjvi †Kvl¸‡jv GK¯Í‡i mw¾Z n‡q GKwU †d‡j Ges Kwl©Kv †mwU‡K gy‡Li Kv‡Q wb‡q Av‡m| gyLwQ`ª ùxZ
duvcv, †MvjvKvi åæ‡Y cwiYZ nq| Gi bvg eøv÷zjv| eøv÷zjvi I PIov n‡q Zv MÖnY K‡i| gy‡Li Pviw`‡K Aew¯’Z MÖwš’‡Kvl
†Kvl¸‡jv‡K eøv‡÷vwgqvi Ges †K‡›`ª duvKv MnŸi‡K
wbtm„Z wgDKvm wm³ I wcw”Qj n‡q Ges nvB‡cv‡÷vg I
eøv‡÷vwmj ejv nq|
3. M¨v÷ªj – v : eøv÷zjv M¨v÷ª–‡jkb c×wZ‡Z wØ¯Íiwewkó M¨v÷ªj– vq †`ncÖvPx‡ii ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j Lv`¨ wm‡j‡›Ui‡b G‡m
cwiYZ nq| GwU G‡±vWvg©, G‡ÛvWvg© I Avw` wm‡j‡›Uib †cuŠ‡Q Ges Lv`¨ MjvatKiY K‡i|
wb‡q MwVZ| gvZ…‡`‡ni mv‡_ mshy³ G M¨v÷ªj – v‡K Gfv‡eB wb‡WvmvBU †Kv‡li wewfbœ ai‡bi †bgv‡Uvwm÷ wkKvi
†÷wiIM¨v÷ª–jv e‡j| M¨v÷ª–jvi Pviw`‡K GKwU KvBwUb wbwg©Z aivi †KŠk‡j bvbvfv‡e eën„Z nq|
K›UKgq wm÷ AveiYx MwVZ nq|
4. nvBWª–jv : em‡šÍi ïiæ‡Z AbyKj ‚ ZvcgvÎvq wm‡÷i g‡a¨B
N DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ wb‡WvmvBU ev wb‡Wveøv÷ bvgK we‡kl
åƒYwU µgk j¤^v n‡Z _v‡K Ges Gi AMÖcvÖ ‡šÍ nvB‡cv‡÷vg, †KvlwU nvBWªv‡K AvZ¥iÿv I Pj‡b mnvqZv K‡i| wb‡P Gi
gyLwQ`ª I Kwl©Kv Ges cðvrcÖv‡šÍ cv`-PvKwZ MwVZ nq| mc‡ÿ hyw³ †Ìqv n‡jv-
åƒ‡Yi GB `kv‡K nvBWªj – v e‡j| nvBWª–jv wm‡÷i AveiYx 1. AvZ¥iÿvq wb‡Wveøv‡÷i ¸iæZ¡ : Hydra-Gi AvZ¥iÿvi †Kv‡bv
we`xY© K‡i cvwb‡Z †ei n‡q Av‡m Ges ¯^vaxb Rxeb hvcb A½vYy, Zš¿ †bB, wKš‘ Zv‡ì ewntZ¡‡K we`¨gvb wb‡Wveøv÷
ïiæ K‡i|
†Kvl AvZ¥iÿvi KvR K‡i| nvBWªvi Lv`¨MÖnY I aivi †Kv‡bv
myZivs DwjøwLZ ch©vqmg~n m¤ú~Y© Kivi gva¨‡g wkï nvBWªvi
cybiærcwË N‡U Ges ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z _v‡K| A½vYy †bB| wb‡Wveøv÷ †KvlB wkKvi‡K AvµgY I aivi
Kv‡R eënvi K‡i Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ K‡i|
cÖkœ 113 } ivRkvnx †evW© 2017 cÖkœ 2 †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷ we`¨gvb welv³ wnc‡bvUw·b wel wb‡ÿc K‡i
†kÖwY wkÿK ej‡jb, ÿz`ª eû †Kvlx cÖvYxwUi GwcWvwg©‡mi wKQy wkKvi‡K Amvo K‡i Z_v Aek K‡i|
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K. †g‡mvwMøqv Kx? 1 †bB| wb‡Wveøv÷ nvBWªvi Pj‡b I †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K AuvK‡o ai‡Z
L. wm‡j‡›Uib ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 mnvqZv K‡i| wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kv‡li †cwk Zš‘ I †bgv‡Uvwm÷‡K
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cÖvYxwUi we‡kl †Kvl KZ…K © wkKvi aivi ¯^-¯^ ¯’v‡b AvUwK‡q ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
†KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
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N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ we‡kl †KvlwU ÒAvZ¥iÿv I Pj‡b
AvZ¥iÿv I Pj‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
mnvqZv K‡iÓ- Dw³wUi mc‡ÿ hyw³ `vI| 4
cÖkœ 114 } h‡kvi †evW© 2017 cÖkœ 2 nvgv¸wo ev jywcs :

1. nvgv¸wo Pjb cÖwµqvq Hydra cÖ_‡g Kwl©Kvi Dc‡i †mvRv
cÖvwYRM‡Z Ggb GKwU cÖvYx i‡q‡Q hvi †`‡n AvµgYvZ¥K †Kvl
n‡q ùvovq| AZtci Mgb c‡_i w`‡K †`n‡K hZUv m¤¢e
we`¨gvb| Avevi G cÖvYxwU c`Zj‡K gy³ K‡i `ªæZ MwZ‡Z Ges
euvwK‡q †`q Ges Kwl©Kv Øviv Pjb Zj‡K ¯úk© K‡i| G mgq
gy³ bv K‡i j¤^v `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i|
K. nvB‡cv‡÷vg Kx? 1 Kwl©Kvi Møwy Ub¨v›U †bgv‡Uvwm÷ Pjb Zj AuvK‡o ai‡Z mvnvh¨
L. wg‡_vRxweZv ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 K‡i|
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AvµgYvZ¥K †KvlwUi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 2. G ch©v‡q †m †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li ms‡KvPb Øviv
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Pjb msµvšÍ NUbvmg~n we‡kølY Ki| 4 cv`PvKwZ‡K †U‡b Kwl©Kvi ev gy‡Li Kv‡Q wb‡q Av‡m| Gfv‡e
114bs cÖ‡kœi DËi GKwU jyc ˆZwi nq|
3. Gici Avevi Kwl©Kv¸‡jv‡K Zj n‡Z gy³ K‡i †mvRv n‡q
K nvB‡cv‡÷vg n‡jv Hydra-Gi †`‡ni gy³cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z
†gvPvK…wZi †QvU I ms‡KvPb cÖmviYkxj Ask| ùvovq|
GKB c×wZ evievi AbymiY K‡i Hydra axiMwZ‡Z nvgv¸wo
L hLb `ywU wfbœ cÖRvwZfz³ Rxe Nwbôfv‡e mnve¯’vb K‡i, †KD Pjb m¤úbœ K‡i|
Kv‡iv ÿwZ K‡i bv, eis Df‡qB Df‡qi Øviv DcK…Z nq, ZLb
D³ wfbœ cÖRvwZfz³ Rxe `ywU‡K ci¯ú‡ii wg‡_vRxex Ges Zv‡ì cÖkœ 115 } PÆMÖvg †evW© 2017 cÖkœ 1
GB ai‡bi mnve¯’vb c×wZB n‡jv wg‡_vRxweZv| †hgb- Zcmx
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†Kv‡li mgš^‡q MwVZ `yB ¯Íiwewkó GKwU cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì MVb †`L‡Z
M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ AvµgYvZ¥K †KvlwU wb‡WvmvBU †Kvl| †cj|
wb‡P wb‡WvmvBU †Kv‡li MVb e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv- K. cyÄvwÿ Kx? 1
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gvSLv‡b `vbv`vi mvB‡UvcøvRg Ges †Kv‡li †Mvovi w`‡K
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MVbwUi wPwýZ wPÎ `vI| 3
GKwU wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ¯Íi `ywUi †Kvlmg~‡ni KvR eY©bv Ki| 4
2. †bgv‡Uvwm÷ : wb‡WvmvB‡Ui Af¨šÍ‡i Aew¯’Z KvBwU‡bi g‡Zv
c`v‡_© wbwg©Z Avei‡Y Ave„Z I m~ÎKhy³ GKwU K¨vcmy‡ji 115bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
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3. AcviKzjvg : ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i m~ÎK I K‡i|
K¨vcmyj †h XvKbv w`‡q Ave„Z _v‡K Zvi bvg AcviKzjvg| 2. GwU mvgvb¨ cwigvY CO2 enb K‡i|
Dš§y³ Ae¯’vq GwU cv‡k m‡i hvq| 3. d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ cÖKvi Rxe fÿY K‡i|
4. wb‡Wvwmj : wb‡WvmvBU †Kv‡li gy³ cÖv‡šÍi k³, `„p, 4. i‡³i cvwb †Kv‡li AwfmÖewbK fvimvg¨ iÿv K‡i|
ms‡e`bkxj KuvUvwU wb‡Wvwmj| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GwU GKwU iƒcvšÍwiZ 5. i³ RgvU evav I †`‡ni ÿZ wbivg‡q AskMÖnY K‡i|
wmwjqvg| wbWvwmj wUªMv‡ii g‡Zv KvR K‡i, d‡j AcviKzjvg
m‡i hvq Ges cu¨vPv‡bv m~ÎKwU evB‡i †ewi‡q Av‡m| M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ MVbwU n‡jv GKwU wØ¯Íix cÖvYxi| wb‡P
5. †cwkZš‘ I j¨v‡mv : †Kv‡li mvB‡UvcøvRg I †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i GKwU wØ¯Íix cÖvYx (Hydra)-i cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì wPwýZ wPÎ †Ìqv
cÖvPx‡i m‡¼vPbkxj wKQy †cwkZš‘ _v‡K| GQvovI †Kv‡li n‡jv-
wb‡Pi cÖv‡šÍ j¨v‡mv bv‡gi cu¨vPv‡bv m~ÎK †`Lv hvq| B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl wgDKvme¯‘
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†h Pjb m¤úbœ K‡i Zv n‡jv mgvimwës Pjb Ges c`Zj gy³ bv (ewntZ¡K)
K‡i j¤^v `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i †h Pj‡bi gva¨‡g Zv n‡jv nvgv¸wo
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Pj‡bi MwZc‡_ Kwl©Kvq Aew¯’Z Møwy Ub¨v›U RvZxq †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i
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K‡i †`q| cybivq †`n‡K euvwK‡q c`Z‡ji mvnv‡h¨ MwZc_‡K ¯úk© MÖwš’ †Kvl
A¨vwge‡qW †Kvl d¬¨v‡Rjvevnx †Kvl
K‡i| c‡i Kwl©Kv gy³ K‡i †`n‡K †mvRv K‡i †`q| G cÖwµqvi
cybive„wË NwU‡q Hydra `ªæZ ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i| wPÎ : nvBWªvi cÖ¯‡’ ”Q` (AvswkK)
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N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ MVbwU n‡jv wØ¯Íix cÖvYx nvBWªvi cÖ¯‡’ ”Q`| 116bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Gi ¯Íi `ywU n‡jv GwcWvwg©m Ges M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m| GwcWvwg©m I K GKB cÖRvwZi m`m¨‡ì RxebP‡µ m¤ú~Y© wfbœ `yB ev
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1. †ckx-AveiYx †Kvl : †`‡ni cÖwZiÿvKvix AveiY MVb K‡i iwnZ nq| G Ae¯’v‡K Wvq‡cvR e‡j| kx‡Z ZvcgvÎv Kg _vKvi
Ges wgDKvm wbtm„Z K‡i †`n‡K wcw”Qj iv‡L|
Kvi‡Y åƒ‡Yi e„w× N‡U bv †m Kvi‡Y Nvmdwos-G Wvqv‡cvR N‡U|
2. B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl : Giv Kuwy o, Rbb‡Kvl I wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl
cy‡iv kxZKvj Giv Wvqv‡cvR Ae¯’vq AwZµg K‡i| em‡šÍi
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cybtMVb K‡i|
3. ms‡e`x †Kvl : ms‡e`x †Kvl cwi‡ek n‡Z ¯úk©, Zvc, Av‡jvK, G‡ì evKx åƒYxq cwiùzUb m¤úbœ nq|
ivmvqwbK BZ¨vw` DÏxcbv MÖnY K‡i ¯œvqy‡Kv‡li †cuŠ‡Q †`q| M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖvYxwU Hydra| wb‡P cÖvYxwUi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì
4. MÖwš’‡Kvl : G †Kvl¸‡jv AuvVv‡jv c`v_© wbtm„Z K‡i cÖvYx‡K wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b Kiv n‡jv-
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5. ¯œvqy‡Kvl : Giv ms‡e`x †Kvl n‡Z DÏxcbv MÖnY K‡i
cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i| †`‡ni wewfbœ †Kv‡li Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ ˆgGmvw™Ïqv
mgš^q K‡i| ˆcwk AveiYx ˆKvl
6. Rbb‡Kvl : Hydra-i †hŠb Rb‡b ïµvYy I wW¤^vYy wgwjZ n‡q
msGe`x ˆKvl
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M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m †Kvlmg~‡ni KvR : wPÎ : nvBWªvi cÖ¯’‡”Q` (AvswkK)
1. cywó-†Kvl : G¸‡jv †`‡ni AšÍtZ¡K MVb K‡i Ges †ckxi N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvYxwU n‡jv Hydra| GLv‡b X Ges Y
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2. B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl : G¸‡jv UwU‡cv‡U›U ÿgZv m¤úbœ A_©vr †Kv‡li cwiùzUb cÖwµqvB †hŠb Rbb| †hŠb Rb‡bi gva¨‡g
cÖ‡qvR‡b †h †Kv‡bv †Kv‡l cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡li cwiùzUb cÖRvwZi avivevwnKZv iÿv K‡i| wKš‘ GB †hŠb
3. MÖwš’‡Kvl : wgDKvm ÿiY K‡i Lv`ë¯‘ MjvatKiY K‡i| Rbb cÖwµqvB GKgvÎ cÖwµqv bq| ch©vß Lv`¨ cÖvwß ev Riæix
GbRvBg ÿiY K‡i Lv`ë¯‘i ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK NUvq|
cÖ‡qvR‡b Hydra A‡hŠb Rbb cÖwµqvqI eske„w× K‡i _v‡K|
4. ms‡e`x †Kvl : ms‡e`x †Kvl wm‡j‡›Ui‡bi Af¨šÍi n‡Z Lv`¨
I cvwbi ˆRe-ivmvqwbK DÏxcbv MÖnY K‡i Ges ¯œvqy‡Kv‡l G‡ì A‡hŠb Rbb `yfv‡e m¤úbœ K‡i| †hgb-
†cuŠ‡Q †`q| 1. gyKz‡jv`Mg : GwU A‡hŠb Rb‡bi ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqv| †`‡ni
5. ¯œvqy‡Kvl : Giv ms‡e`x †Kvl n‡Z DÏxcbv MÖnY K‡i ga¨vsk ev wb¤œvs‡ki †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi GwcWvwg©‡mi
cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i| Ges Giv †`‡ni wewfbœ †Kv‡li Kv‡Ri B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl `ªæZ wefvwRZ n‡q GKwU ÿz`ª ùxZ
g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i| As‡ki m„wó K‡i, hv µgk eo n‡q duvcv I bjvKvi gyK‡z j
cwiYZ nq| D³ gyKzj gvZ…nvBWªv †_‡K cywó MÖnY K‡i
cÖkœ 116 } wm‡jU †evW© 2017 cÖkœ 2 e„w×cÖvß nq Ges GKmgq gvZ…nvBWªvi mv‡_ Gi ms‡hvM¯’‡j
LuvR m„wó nq| LuvRwU Mfxi n‡j GwU gvZ… nvBWªv †_‡K wew”Qbœ
n‡q ¯^vaxb nvBWªv iƒ‡c Rxebhvcb K‡i|
2. wefvRb : wefvRb †Kv‡bv ¯^vfvweK Rbb cÖwµqv bq KviY
X GwU ˆèvr msNwUZ nq| †Kv‡bv evwn¨K Kvi‡Y nvBWªvi †`n
Y
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wewfbœ †Kvl m„wói gva¨‡g †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask MVb K‡i AcZ¨
K. eûiƒcZv Kx? 1 nvBWªvi weKvk NUvq| nvBWªvi †`n j¤^vjw¤^ I AbycÖ¯f
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M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖvYxwUi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡ì wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b Ki| 3 ZZwU bZzb nvBWªv Rš§ †bq|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ‘X’ I ‘Y’ Ask Øviv m„ó wWcø‡qW myZivs, †hŠb RbbB nvBWªvi eske„w×i GKgvÎ Dcvq bq| nvBWªv
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cÖkœ 117 } w`bvRcyi †evW© 2017 cÖkœ 7 1. †cwk AveiYx †Kvl : †`‡ni mvaviY AveiY ˆZwi K‡i Ges
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m¤úv`b K‡i|
K. IgvwUwWqvg Kx? 1
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M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wkKvi aivi Kv‡R RwoZ †Kv‡li MVb
4. ms‡e`x I ¯œvqy‡Kvl : cwi‡ek n‡Z ms‡e`b MÖnY Ges
eY©bv Ki| 3
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N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wewfbœ Kv‡R RwoZ †Kvlmg~‡ni g‡a¨ kÖg
5. cywó‡Kvl : ewnt‡Kvlxq Ges AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK m¤úbœ K‡i|
eÈb cwijwÿZ nq- we‡kølY Ki| 4 6. MÖwš’‡Kvl : cwicvK GbRvBg Ges AvVv‡jv c`v_© ÿiY K‡i|
117bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 7. Rbb †Kvl : Rb‡b Ask wb‡q esk iÿv K‡i|
K Nvmdwos-Gi cyÄvÿxi `k©‡bi MVb I Kvh©Kix GKKB n‡jv AZGe ejv hvq †h, nvBWªv †Kvl ch©v‡q kÖg eÈb K‡i kixie„Ëxq
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L åƒYve¯’vq nvBWªvi †`n cÖvPx‡ii †Kvl¸‡jv †Kej G‡±vWvg© I
G‡ÛvWvg© bvgK `ywU wbw`©ó ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í _v‡K| c~Yv© ½ cÖvYx‡Z ¯Íi cÖkœ 118 } PÆMÖvg †evW© 2016 cÖkœ 1
`ywU h_vµ‡g GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m-G cwiYZ nq| g„`yjvi wkÿK †`‡ni kxl©‡`‡k 6-10wU m~², j¤^v Kwl©Kvwewkó
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AšÍtZ¡Kxq †Kvl MVb K‡i| G `y¯Í‡ii gvSLv‡b †g‡mvwMøqv bvgK ai‡bi Pjb m¤úbœ K‡i|
A‡Kvlxq ¯Íi _v‡K| ZvB `ywU åƒY ¯Í‡ii mgš^‡q MwVZ åƒY †_‡K K. nvB‡cv‡÷vg Kx? 1
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M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wkKvi aivi Kv‡R RwoZ †KvlwU Hydra-i M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖvYxwU Kxfv‡e j¤^v `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i - e¨vL¨v
wb‡WvmvBU †Kvl| wb‡P wb‡WvmvBU †Kv‡li MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv- Ki| 3
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GKwU wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| 118bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
K nvB‡cv‡÷vg n‡jv Hydra-Gi †`‡ni gy³ cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z,
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_v‡K| m~Î‡Ki PIov †MvovwU‡K evU ev k¨vdU e‡j| G‡Z e‡j| G‡Z Lv‡`ï ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK N‡U Ges Lv`¨mvi, k¦mb
wZbwU eo Zxÿè KuvUvi g‡Zv eve© Ges mwc©j mvwi‡Z web¨¯Í I †iPb c`v_© cwievwnZ nq e‡j G‡K M¨v‡÷ªvfv¯‹zjvi MnŸi ev
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3. AcviKzjvg : ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i m~ÎK I _v‡K| Kwl©Kv‡Z wm‡j‡›Uib cÖmvwiZ _v‡K e‡j G¸‡jv duvcv nq|
K¨vcmyj †h XvKbv w`‡q Ave„Z _v‡K Zvi bvg AcviKzjvg| M DÏxc‡Ki cÖvYxwU n‡jv Hydra| j¤^v `~iZ¡ AwZµ‡gi Rb¨
Dš§y³ Ae¯’vq GwU cv‡k m‡i hvq| Hydra mvaviYZ jywcs ev nvgv¸woi mvnv‡h¨ P‡j| wb‡P jywcs
4. wb‡Wvwmj : wb‡WvmvBU †Kv‡li gy³ cÖv‡šÍi k³, `„p, Z_v nvgv¸wo Pj‡bi eY©bv †Ìqv n‡jv-
ms‡e`bkxj KuvUvwU wb‡Wvwmj| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GwU GKwU iƒcvšÍwiZ 1. nvgv¸wo Pjb cÖwµqvq Hydra cÖ_‡g Kwl©Kvi Dc‡i †mvRv
wmwjqvg| wbWvwmj wUªMv‡ii g‡Zv KvR K‡i, d‡j AcviKzjvg
n‡q ùvovq| AZtci Mgb c‡_i w`‡K †`n‡K hZUv m¤¢e
m‡i hvq Ges cu¨vPv‡bv m~ÎKwU evB‡i †ewi‡q Av‡m|
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5. †cwkZš‘ I j¨v‡mv : †Kv‡li mvB‡UvcøvRg I †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i
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K‡i|
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2. G ch©v‡q †m †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li ms‡KvPb Øviv
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M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ 'P' cÖvYxwU n‡jv Chlorohydra bvgK nvBWªv gš’i MwZ‡Z P‡j| `ªæZ MwZ‡Z P‡j|
Ges 'Q' Dw™¢`wU n‡jv Zoochlorella bvgK ˆkevj| nvBWªv I
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120bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖkœ 121 } ewikvj †evW© 2015 cÖkœ 6

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2. G ch©v‡q †m †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li ms‡KvPb Øviv 121bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
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3. Gici Avevi Kwl©Kv¸‡jv‡K Zj n‡Z gy³ K‡i †mvRv n‡q
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N DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z wPÎwU n‡jv Hydra vulgaris (nvBWªv)| KwbÆqv

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3. KjKviLvbvi eR©¨ : eR©¨ hv‡Z b`xi cvwb‡Z bv wgk‡Z cv‡i N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ gvQwU n‡jv iæB gvQ| Dchy³ cwi‡ek Qvov
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nq Zv jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e| A·v‡ev euvKmg~n †K‡U gv‡Qi cÖRbbevÜe cwi‡ek bó Kiv
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n‡”Q| Avevi b`x‡Z AcwiKwíZ euva I moK wbg©vY Rwg‡Z h‡_ó
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wWgIqvjv gvQ wba‡bi Kvi‡Y iæB gv‡Qi Avevm¯’j aŸs‡mi
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8. grm¨ AvBb : grm¨ AvB‡bi gva¨‡g Acivax‡ì wePvi Ki‡Z n‡q hvIqvq Ges nvIi-wej-euvIo fivU I `Lj n‡q hvIqvq
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9. nvj`v b`x msiÿY : nvj`v b`x msiÿ‡Yi gva¨‡gI iæB gvQ †M‡Q| ZvB cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ Kvi‡Y iæB
msiÿY Kiv hv‡e| gv‡Qi cÖvK…wZK evm¯’vb I cÖRbb‡ÿÎ ûgwKi gy‡L|
cÖkœ 132 } h‡kvi †evW© 2015 cÖkœ 2 cÖkœ 133 } Kzwgjøv †evW© 2015 cÖkœ 6
Kvc© RvZxq gv‡Qi g‡a¨ iæB evsjv‡`‡ki AwZ cwiwPZ GKwU wb‡Pi wPÎ¸‡jv jÿ Ki-
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mvnv‡h¨ cvwbi wewfbœ MfxiZvq kix‡ii Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ wVK
†i‡L Abvqv‡m wePiY K‡i| eZ©gv‡b b`x I Rjvk‡qi MfxiZv
K‡g hvIqvq gvQwUi evm¯’vb I cÖRbb‡ÿÎ ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o‡Q|
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L. †fbvm nvU© ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki gvQwU wKfv‡e cvwbi wewfbœ MfxiZvq kix‡ii
Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ wVK †i‡L we‡kl A‡½i gva¨‡g Abvqv‡m M. 'A' Gi Rxe‡b 'B' Gi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki| 3
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ûgwKi gy‡L †Kb- Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4 133bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
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mvg‡bi w`‡K GKgywL cÖevwnZ nq| CO2-mg„× i³ evwnZ nq e‡j mvg‡bi w`‡K GKgywL cÖevwnZ nq| CO2-mg„× i³ evwnZ nq e‡j
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M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wPÎ-A n‡jv wZb KuvUv w÷Kje¨vK gv‡Qi cÖkœ 134 } wm‡jU †evW© 2015 cÖkœ 2
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msiÿY Kiv hv‡e| cvZ¸‡jvi GKcvk w`‡q AšÍe© vnx agwb I Ab¨cvk w`‡q ewn©evnx
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Aa¨vq 03 gvbe kvixiZË¡ : cwicvK I †kvlY

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2. ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z Lv`¨MÖnY : Kg K¨vjwi I cywómg„× dj, mewR I
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3. Lv`¨ wbqš¿Y : Pwe©gq Lvevi, wgwómg„× Avnvi MÖnY wbqš¿‡Y
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4. †jvfbxq Lvevi cwinvi : †jvfbxq Lvev‡ii w`‡K nvZ evov‡bv jvjvi Drm, MVb I KvR wb‡P eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
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3. M¨vm : `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K O2, N2 I CO2.
n‡jv ÿz`ªvš¿| wb‡¤œ Lv`¨ cwicv‡K ÿz`ªv‡š¿i f‚wgKv cÖ`Ë n‡jv-
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A¨vgvB‡jR, g‡ëR, my‡µR, j¨v‡±R BZ¨vw`| ÷vP© ev wfUvwgb BZ¨vw`|
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n‡q †kvlYÿg A¨vwg‡bv A¨vwm‡W iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| ÿz`vª ‡š¿i ¯’j~ Zvi ÿwZKi cÖfve :
AMœ¨vkq i‡m cwicvKKvix GbRvBg jvB‡cR, dm‡dvjvB‡cR, 1. ¯’j ~ Zvi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Mo Avqy®‹vj 6 - 7 eQi K‡g hvq|
†Kv‡j‡÷ij G÷v‡iR we`¨gvb| Giv Pwe©‡K d¨vwU A¨vwmW I 2. ¯’~jZvi Kvi‡Y D”P i³Pvc, i‡³ †ewk †Kv‡j‡÷ij,
UªvBwMømvivB‡Wi gvÎv †e‡o hvq|
wMømvi‡j cwiYZ K‡i|
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Dc‡i DwjøwLZ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GwUB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, ÿz`vª ‡š¿
cvq| d‡j i‡³ kK©ivi cwigvY Awbqwš¿Z n‡q c‡o|
mKj ai‡bi Lv`¨ wewkøóÿg GbRvBg Dcw¯’Z| d‡j me ai‡bi 4. AwZwi³ †g‡ì Kvi‡Y cyiæl‡ì 64% I †g‡q‡ì 77%
Lv‡`ï P‚ovšÍ cwicvK ÿz`ªv‡š¿ msNwUZ nq| Wvqv‡ewUm nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
œ Î I DËigvjv 77
5. ¯’jZvi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li wewfbœ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq| we‡kl K‡i msNwUZ nq| AMœ¨vkwqK A¨vgvB‡jR GbRvBg, MøvB‡Kv‡Rb I
nvU© wWwRR, gv‡qvKvwW©qvj Bb‡dKkb, nvU© †dBwjIi, †W·wUªb‡K Av`ª©wewkó K‡i g‡ëvR I gj‡UvUªv‡qvR I wjwgU
Mf©ve¯’vq RwUjZv, FZzmvÖ eRwbZ Amy¯Z ’ v, eÜ¨vZ¡, wewfbœ †W·vUb AYy‡Z cwiYZ K‡i| Drcbœ g‡ëvR g‡ëR GbRvB‡gi
ai‡bi K¨vÝvi, Aw÷IAv_ªv© BwUm, UvBc-2 Wvqv‡ewUm, k¦vm- mvnv‡h¨ Mø‡y Kv‡R cwiYZ nq| Avevi Avwš¿K i‡m kK©iv
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¯’j
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n‡e| gj‡UvUªv‡qvR, Mø‡y KvR, d«‡z ±vR I M¨vjv‡±vR AYy‡Z cwiYZ K‡i|
1. wbqwgZ e¨vqvg : mßv‡n AšÍZ 150 - 250 wgwbU `ªæZ nuvUv Gfv‡e cÖ¯Z ‘ g‡bvm¨vKvivBW I Lv‡`ï wewfbœ g‡bvm¨vKvivBW
ev muvZvi KvUvi Af¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e| †kvwlZ nq| mvaviYZ †mjy‡jvR Qvov Ab¨vb¨ kK©iv RvZxq
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†MvUv km¨ `vbv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| e„n`‡š¿ mvaviYZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv I GK‡Kvlx cÖvYxi Kg©Kv‡Ð
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4. †jvfbxq Lvevi cwinvi : †jvfbxq Lvev‡ii w`‡K nvZ evov‡bv Dc‡iv³ Dcv‡q kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ Dcv`vbwUi cwicvK wµqv
m¤úbœ nq|
wVK bq| ˆZjv³ dv÷dzW RvZxq Lvevi cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. †`‡ni IRb wbqwgZ ch©‡eÿY Kiv : cÖwZ gv‡m wbqwgZ N DÏxc‡Ki D‡jøwLZ Lv`¨wU n‡jv fvZ, hv kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨|
AšÍZ GKevi wb‡Ri IRb †g‡c †`L‡Z n‡e iæwUb Abyhvqx hK…‡Z kK©ivi wecvKxq Kvh©vewj MøvB‡Kv‡R‡bwmm I
Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi cÖfve KZLvwb mdj n‡q‡Q| Mø‡y KvwbI‡R‡bwmm cÖwµqvq msNwUZ nq| wb‡P kK©ivi wecvKxq
6. wPwKrmv : ÿzav Kgv‡bvi wKsev Pwe© †kvlY †iva K‡i Ggb cÖwµqv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
Ilya †meb K‡i ¯’j ~ Zv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq| MøvB‡Kv‡R‡bwmm : Aš¿ †_‡K †ncvwUK †cvU©vj wkivi gva¨‡g wPwb
hK…‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| kK©iv wecv‡K hK…ZB †`‡n Mø‡y KvR †j‡fj
cÖkœ 67 } ivRkvnx êvWÆ 2019; wmGjU êvWÆ 2019 cÖkœ 4 cÖwZ 100 Nb †mw›UwgUv‡i 90 wgwjMÖvg Mø‡y KvR wn‡m‡e wbqš¿Y
Biv fvZ †L‡Z cQ›` K‡i| K‡i| M¨vjvK‡UvR, d«zU‡KvRmn mg¯Í †n‡·vR wPwb‡K hK…Z
K. ¯’j
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M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Lv`¨wUi cwicvK e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 Mø‡y KvR †_‡K MøvB‡Kv‡Rb iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqvwU MøvB‡Kv‡R‡bwmm bv‡g
cwiwPZ| cÖwµqvwU Bbmywj‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z DÏxß nq|
N. gvbe‡`‡n DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Lv`¨ Dcv`vbwUi wecvKxq
Mø‡y KvwbI‡R‡bwmm : Mø‡y Kv‡Ri Pvwn`vi †cÖwÿ‡Z hw` hK…‡Z
cÖwµqv we‡kølY Ki| 4
MøvB‡Kv‡R‡bi NvUwZ c‡o ZLb bbKv‡e©vnvB‡WªU Drm †hgb
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K Av`k© ˆ`wnK IR‡bi 20% ev ZviI †ewk cwigvY †g` †`‡n D‡jøwLZ cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`ï wecvKxq cÖwµqv
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L cvK¯’wji Q›`gq Av‡›`vjb ev †XD‡K †cwi÷vjwmm e‡j|
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d‡j Lv`ë¯‘ wewfbœ GbRvB‡gi mv‡_ wgwkÖZ n‡q cvKg‡Ð cwiYZ
nq|
M DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ Lv`¨wU n‡jv fvZ, hv kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨| A
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L †h MÖwš’ GKB mv‡_ ewntÿiv I AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’ wn‡m‡e KvR cÖkœ 69 } PÆMÖvg †evW© 2019 cÖkœ 8
K‡i Zv‡K wgkÖMÖwš’ e‡j| †hgb- AMœ¨vkq| GUv AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’
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jvB‡cR BZ¨vw` ÿiY K‡i| cwicvK im `vqx|
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GRb¨ GLv‡b kK©ivRvZxq Lv‡`ï †Kv‡bv cwicvK N‡U bv|
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Avwgl‡K Av`ª© we‡kølY K‡i †cÖvwUIR I †cc‡Uv‡b cwiYZ K‡i|
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G Aa© cwicvKK…Z Lv`¨ A¤øxq KvBg cvK¯’wji cvB‡jvwiK wQ`ª †Kv‡j‡÷vij G÷v‡iR
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h_vµ‡g g‡ëR, my‡µR I j¨v‡±R GbRvB‡gi cÖfv‡e wewkøó n‡q `ªeYxq nIqvq mivmwi wfjvB‡qi cÖvPxi †f` K‡i †cvU©vj wkivq
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cÖvPxi‡K iÿv K‡i| M¨vw÷ªK i‡mi Dr‡mPK¸‡jv HCl Gi
cÖkœ 70 } XvKv †evW© 2017 cÖkœ 3
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5. dvBweªb g‡bvgvi¸‡jv ci¯úi mshy³ n‡q dvBweªb cwjgvi N DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU n‡jv gvbe n„rwcÐ| GwUi 'G' wPwýZ Ask
MVb K‡i Ges cwi‡k‡l dvBweªb ev dvBweªj Rvj‡Ki m„wó n‡jv mvB‡bv A¨vwUªqvj †bvW (SAN).
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Aa¨vq 05 gvbe kvixiZË¡ : k¦mb I k¦vmwµqv

cÖkœ 42 } ewikvj †evW© 2019 · cÖkœ 7 L fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev QÎv‡Ki msµg‡Y mvBbv‡mi wgDKvm
wSwjø‡Z m„ó cÖ`vn‡K mvBbymvBwUm e‡j| gv_vi Lywj‡Z gyLgÐjxq As‡k
Avgv‡ì kix‡ii eÿ MnŸ‡ii Dfq cv‡k AmsL¨ evqy cÖ‡Kvô bvmvMnŸ‡ii `ycv‡k Aew¯’Z evqycY~ © Pvi‡Rvov we‡kl MnŸi‡K mvBbvm
wewkó `ywU A½ Av‡Q hv‡Z O2 I CO2 M¨vm `ywUi wewbgq N‡U| e‡j| Gme mvBbvm hw` evZv‡mi e`‡j Zi‡j c~Y© _v‡K Ges †m Zij
K. A¨vjwfIjvm Kx? 1 hw` RxevYy‡Z (fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK) msµwgZ nq ZLb
L. mvBbymvBwUm ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2 mvBbv‡mi wgDKvm wSwjø‡Z cÖ`v‡ni ev mvBbymvBwUm m„wó nq|
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½wUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ A½wU n‡jv dzmdzm| wb‡P dzmdz‡mi MVb
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wØZxq M¨vmwUi cwienb †KŠkj we‡kølY eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
Ki| 4 gvby‡li dzmdzm eÿMnŸ‡i Wvqvd«v‡gi Dc‡i n„rwc‡Ði `yÕcv‡k
42bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Aew¯’Z, nvjKv jvj i‡Oi †KvYvKvi A½| cøiy v bvgK AveiY Øviv
dzmdzm Ave„Z _v‡K| Wvb dzmdzmwU evg dzmdz‡mi Zzjbvq GKUz
K dzmdz‡m †¯‹vqvgvm Gwc‡_wjq †Kv‡l MwVZ I ˆKwkK eo| Wvb dzmdzmwU wZb LÐ Ges evg dzmdmywU `yB LÐwewkó|
RvwjKvmg„× cÖ‡Kv‡ôi g‡Zv M¨vmxq wewbgq ZjB n‡jv dzmdz‡mi cÖ‡Z¨K L‡Ð KZK¸‡jv Kvh©Ki dzmdzmxq GKK _v‡K|
A¨vjwfIjvm| GKK¸‡jv‡K †jvweDj e‡j|
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cÖwZwU †jvweDj mgvb AvK…wZi KZK¸‡jv k¦mb eªw¼Dj, cÖkœ 43 } XvKv †evW© 2017 · cÖkœ 2
A¨vjwfIjvi bvwj, A¨vjwfIjvi _wj, A¨vjwfIwj Ges mswkøó
i³evwnKv, jwmKv bvwj, ¯œvqy I †hvRK Kjv wb‡q MwVZ| Wvb i‡³i g‡a¨ GK we‡kl ai‡bi iÄK c`v_© _v‡K hv Aw·‡Rb
dzmdz‡m 10wU Ges evg dzmdz‡m 8wU †jvweDj _v‡K| cÖwZwU cwien‡b f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| GQvov Avgv‡ì cÖkv¦ m-wbtk¦vm
Kvh©µgwU gw¯Í‡®‹i †gWzjv AejsMvUv Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq|
†jvweDj †_‡K 50 - 80wU cÖvšÍxq eªw¼Ij †cÖwiZ nq| cÖwZwU
K. mvBbymvBwUm Kx? 1
cÖvšÍxq eªw¼Dj GKwU, `ywU ev AviI †ewk msL¨K k¦mb eªw¼I‡j
L. hK…Z‡K ˆRe imvqbvMvi ejv nq †Kb? 2
cwiYZ nq| k¦mb eªw¼Ij¸‡jv †f‡O 2-11wU K‡i A¨vjwfIjvi M. iÄK c`v_©wUi KvR DÏxc‡Ki mv‡c‡ÿ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
bvwj MVb K‡i| G¸‡jv A¨vjwfIjvi _wj I A¨vjwfIwj m„wó N. DÏxc‡Ki ewY©Z 2q Kvh©µgwU we‡kølY Ki| 4
K‡i| A¨vjwfIjvi _wj I A¨vjwfIjvi bvwji gaëZx© Ask‡K
A¨vwUªqvg e‡j| G‡KKwU A¨vjwfIjvi _wj‡Z 2-4 ev ZviI
†ewk A¨vjwfIwj _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨K A¨vjwfIjvm GK mvwi K fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev QÎv‡Ki msµg‡Y mvBbv‡mi wgIKvm
AuvBkvKvi k¦mb Gwc‡_wjqv‡g Ave„Z| wSwjø‡Z m„ó cÖ`vnB n‡”Q mvBbymvBwUm|
N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wØZxq M¨vmwU n‡jv CO2| wb‡P CO2 Gi L hK…Z gvbe‡`‡ni me‡P‡q eo I ¸iæZ¡cY~ © cwicvKMÖwš’| hK…Z
†_‡K wcËim wbtm„Z nq hv Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki GKwU AwZ
cwienb †KŠkj we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb hK…‡Z bvbv ai‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆRe ivmvqwbK
wZbwU wfbœ c×wZ‡Z †`‡n CO2 i³ Øviv cwievwnZ nq|
wewµqv msNwUZ nq| hv †`‡ni wecvK wµqvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
i. †fŠZ `ªeYiƒ‡c : wKQy cwigvY (5%) CO2 i³i‡mi cvwbi
cvjb K‡i| GRb¨ hK…Z‡K ˆRe imvqbvMvi ejv nq|
mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Kve©wbK GwmW MVb K‡i|
H2O + CO2 ® H2CO3 (Kve©wbK GwmW) M DÏxc‡K †h we‡kl ai‡bi iÄK c`v_©wUi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q
G wewµqvq Kv‡e©vwbK A¨vbnvB‡WªR GbRvBg cÖfveK wn‡m‡e †mwU n‡jv wn‡gv‡Møvweb bvgK k¦vmiÄK| GwU i‡³i †jvwnZ
KvR K‡i| GLv‡b CO2 Gi Lye mvgvb¨ AskB H2CO3 iƒ‡c i³KwYKvi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i| wn‡gv‡Møvweb GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi
cwievwnZ nq| KYv| wng Ask n‡jv †jŠn Ges †Møvweb Ask n‡jv we‡kl ai‡bi
ii. Kv‡e©vwg‡bv †hŠMiƒ‡c : wUmy¨‡Kvl †_‡K i‡³i cøvRgvq AvMZ †cÖvwUb| k¦m‡bi mgq Aw·‡Rb e¨vcb cÖwµqvq dzmdzm †_‡K
CO2 Gi wKQy Ask †jvwnZ KwYKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| †jvwnZ i‡³ cÖ‡ek K‡i| i‡³ cÖweó Aw·‡R‡bi eo Ask †jvwnZ i³
KwYKvi g‡a¨ †h wn‡gv‡Møvweb _v‡K Zvi †Møvweb (†cÖvwUb) KwYKvi wn‡gv‡Møvweb Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq Ges Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb
As‡ki A¨vwg‡bv MÖæ‡ci (- NH2) mv‡_ CO2 hy³ n‡q bvgK A¯’vqx GK ai‡bi †hŠM MVb K‡i-
Kve©vwg‡bv wn‡gv‡Møvweb †hŠM MVb K‡i| Hb + O2 HooooooooI HbO2 [Hb = wn‡gv‡Møvweb]
H G †hŠM dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIjvm †_‡K Aw·‡Rb e¨vcb cÖwµqvq
CO2 + HbNH2 ® HbN = HbNHCOOH (KveÆvwgGbv wnGgvG™Ïvweb) i³bvjxi i‡³ cÖ‡e‡ki ci ˆZwi nq| Gici †m Aw·‡Rb i‡³i
COOH
gva¨‡g n„rwc‡Ð hvq Ges agwbZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g mviv †`‡n Qwo‡q
CO2-Gi GKvsk cøvRgv †cÖvwU‡bi mv‡_ mivmwi hy³ n‡q
c‡o| agwb †KŠwkK RvwjKvq wef³ n‡j †`‡ni cÖwZwU †Kvl G
Kve©vwg‡bv‡cÖvwUb MVb K‡i|
Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb †_‡K e¨vcb cÖwµqvq Aw·‡Rb MÖnY K‡i Ges
PrNH2 + CO2 ® PrNHCOOH (Kve©vwg‡bv †cÖvwUb)
†Kvlxq k¦m‡b kw³ Drcv`‡b eënvi K‡i|
iii. evB Kv‡e©v‡bU †hŠMiƒ‡c : 85% CO2 evB Kv‡e©v‡bU †hŠMiƒ‡c
i³ Øviv cwievwnZ nq| CO2 e¨vcb cÖwµqvq †jvwnZ i³ N DÏxc‡K k¦vm‡K‡›`ªi gva¨‡g cÖkv¦ m Ges wbtk¦v‡mi wbqš¿Y
KwYKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i Kve©wbK A¨vbnvB‡WªR bvgK GbRvB‡gi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖKZ … c‡ÿ Avgv‡ì cÖkv¦ m-wbtk¦vm
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cvwbi m‡½ wewµqv K‡i Kv‡e©vwbK GwmW `yBfv‡e wbqwš¿Z nq| h_v- ¯œvqyweK wbqš¿Y I ivmvqwbK wbqš¿Y|
(H2CO3) m„wó K‡i| GB Kv‡e©vwbK Gwm‡Wi AwaKvsk †f‡½ 1. ¯œvqyweK wbqš¿Y : cðvr gw¯Í‡®‹i †gWzjv AejvsMvUv Avgv‡ì
H+ I HCO- Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| eÿ AÂ‡ji cÖk¦vm wbtk¦vm wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| GwU‡K ejv
Kv‡e©vwbK A¨vbnvB‡WªR nq k¦mb wbqš¿Y‡K›`ª| GB k¦mb wbqš¿Y †K‡›`ªi i‡q‡Q `ywU
CO2 + H2O ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ H2CO3 (Kve©wbK
Ask h_v wbtk¦vm wbqš¿Y †K›`ª I cÖk¦vm wbqš¿Y †K›`ª|
GwmW)
¯œvqyweK k¦mb wbqš¿Y †K‡›`ªi ¯œvqy¸‡jv K‡ivwUK ¯œvqyi gva¨‡g
H2CO3 ¾® H+ + HCO3-
Wvqvd«vg I eÿwcÄ‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| Avgv‡ì cÖkv¦ m-
HCO3- i‡³i †jvwnZ i³KwYKvq K+ Gi m‡½ hy³ n‡q
wbtk¦vm ¯^qswµq ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g wbqwš¿Z nq| Avgv‡ì Kg©
cUvwkqvg evB Kv‡e©v‡bU (KHCO3) MVb K‡i| wKQy HCO3-
†jvwnZ i³KwYKv n‡Z †ei n‡q i³i‡m P‡j Av‡m Ges Na+ DÏxcbv e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi MwZI e„w× cvq| Avi
Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q †mvwWqvg evB Kv‡e©v‡bU (NaHCO3) MVb k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi MwZ e„w× †c‡j Aw·‡Rb †kvlY I Kve©b
K‡i| WvBA·vB‡Wi eR©‡bi nviI ev‡o| Avgiv hLb wekÖv‡g †bB
†jvwnZ i³KwYKvq : K+ + HCO3- ¾® KHCO3 ZLb †`‡n Aw·‡R‡bi Pvwn`vI K‡g hvq| A_©vr Pvwn`v I
i³i‡m : Na+ + HCO3-¾® NaHCO3 †hvMv‡bi GB fvimvg¨ Q›è×fv‡e wbqwš¿Z nq (cÖwZeZ©
Gfv‡e m„ó KHCO3 I NaHCO3 i³ Øviv cwievwnZ nq| wµqv) wdWe¨vK †gKvwbR‡gi gva¨‡g|
2. ivmvqwbK wbqš¿Y : gw¯Í‡®‹i †gWzjv i‡³i Aw·‡Rb I Kve©b N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖ`vn n‡jv mvBbymvBwU‡mi Kvi‡Y m„ó
WvBA·vB‡Wi Nb‡Z¡i cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxj| i‡³ Kve©b cÖ`vn| D‡jøwLZ cÖ`vn †_‡K †hfv‡e gy³ _vKv hvq Zv wb‡P e¨vL¨v
WvBA·vB‡Wi NbZ¡ †e‡o †M‡j †gWzjvi mv‡_ mswkøó ¯œvqy Kiv n‡jv-
eÿ wcÄi I Wvqvd«v‡gi †cwk‡Z ms‡KZ cvVvq| d‡j k¦vm- 1. Mig cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q, wPc‡o GKLÐ Kvco cÖwZw`b gyLgÐ‡j
cÖkv¦ ‡mi nvi ev‡o Ges i‡³ Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi cwigvY †P‡c aiv|
K‡g I Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY ev‡o| GBfv‡e ivmvqwbK 2. wgDKvm Zij Ki‡Z cÖPiz cvwb cvb Kiv|
DÏxcbvi gva¨‡gI Avgv‡ì †`‡ni cÖkv¦ m-wbtk¦vm wbqwš¿Z 3. cÖwZw`b 2-4 evi bvK w`‡q ev®ú †U‡b †bIqv|
n‡q _v‡K| 4. w`‡b K‡qKevi b¨vmvj m¨vjvBb †¯úÖ Kiv|
5. Av`ª©Zv cÖwZ‡ivaK eënvi Kiv|
cÖkœ 44 } h‡kvi †evW© 2017 · cÖkœ 4 6. h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ bv‡Ki †fZi ¯^‡e‡M cvwb cÖevwnZ K‡i
gv_vi Lywj‡Z gyLgÐjxq As‡k bvmv MnŸ‡ii `yÕcv‡k K‡qK‡Rvov mvBbvm cwi®‹vi ivLv|
we‡kl MnŸi _v‡K hv evZv‡mi cwie‡Z© Zi‡j c~Y© n‡j RxevYy 7. eÜ bvK †Lvjvi Rb¨ b¨vmvj †¯úÖ eënv‡i mZK© _vKv|
Øviv msµwgZ n‡q cÖ`v‡ni m„wó K‡i| 8. bvK eÜ Ae¯’vq D‡ovRvnv‡R bv PovB fv‡jv Ges gv_v wbPz
K. A¨vjwfIjvm Kx? 1 K‡i kixi euvKv‡bv DwPZ bq|
L. GwcMøwUm Gi KvR¸‡jv †jL| 2 9. cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q G †iv‡Mi Rb¨ wPwKrmvq we‡kl ai‡bi Ilya
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MnŸi¸‡jvi bvg, Ae¯’vb I cÖ`vn m¤ú‡K© eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Wv³v‡ii civgk© Abyhvqx
†jL| 3 A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK, A¨vw›Uwn÷vwgb bv‡Ki Wªc e¨_vbvkK Ilya
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖ`vn †_‡K Kxfv‡e gy³ _vKv hvq - eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Ily‡a wbivgq bv n‡j †kl gyn‡~ Z©
e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 Acv‡ikb Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖkœ 45 } XvKv †evW© 2016 · cÖkœ 4
K dzmdz‡m †¯‹vqvgvm Gwc‡_wjq †Kv‡l MwVZ I ˆKwkK RvwjKv
mg„× cÖ‡Kv‡ôi g‡Zv M¨vmxq wewbgq ZjB n‡jv A¨vjwfIjvm| ÒwmMv‡i‡Ui †auvqv Avgv‡ì cÖZ¨ÿ ÿwZi †P‡q c‡ivÿ ÿwZ †ewk
K‡i| G‡Z Aa~gcvqxivI ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq|Ó
L ¯îh‡š¿i Dcwifv‡M Aew¯’Z wRnŸvK…wZi XvKbv‡K DcwRnŸv K. wUwbwWqv Kx? 1
e‡j| DcwRnŸv‡K GwcMøwUmI ejv nq| L. eªvw¼I‡÷Mvj c`©vi KvR wjL| 2
Lv`¨ MÖnY Kivi mgq GwcMøwUm ¯îhš¿‡K †X‡K iv‡L d‡j M. DwjøwLZ Dcv`vb Avgv‡ì †`‡n cÖ‡e‡ki hvwš¿K †KŠkj
Lv`¨KYv ¯îh‡š¿ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ¯îh‡š¿ ¯î m„wó nq Ges eY©bv Ki| 3
Lv`¨KYv mivmwi Lv`¨bvwj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| N. DÏxc‡Ki Dw³i h_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ MnŸi¸‡jv n‡jv mvBbvm| G MnŸi¸‡jv 45bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Zi‡j c~Y© n‡j RxevYy Øviv msµwgZ n‡q mvBbymvBwUm †iv‡Mi
K Nvmdwos Gi UªvwKqvi AšÍt¯’ MnŸ‡i wKQyUv cici Bw›Ugv cyiæ
m„wó K‡i| Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i gvbe‡`‡n Pvi ai‡bi
n‡q AvswUi g‡Zv ejq MVb K‡i G¸‡jv‡K wUwbwWqv e‡j|
mvBbvm i‡q‡Q| Gme mvBbv‡m m„ó mvBbymvBwU‡mi Ae¯’vbI
wfbœ| wb‡P G‡ì bvg, Ae¯’vb I cÖ`v‡ni aib D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv : L eªvw¼I‡÷Mvj c`©v n‡jv Kvb‡Kvi wb‡Pi wKbvivq Aew¯’Z
mvBbv‡mi bvg Ae¯’vb cÖ`v‡ni aib GKwU cvZjv c`©vwe‡kl| GwU eªvw¼I‡÷Mvj iwk¥i mv‡_ hy³ n‡q
1. g¨vw·jvwi g¨vw·jvwi g¨vw·jvwi mvBbvm msµwgZ dzjKv cÖ‡Kv‡ôi eo Aa©P›`ªvKvi wQ`ª‡K †X‡K iv‡L| Kvb‡Kv †Lvjv
mvBbvm AÂ‡j n‡j g¨vw·jv AÂ‡j ev Mv‡j _vK‡j GB c`©vwU cÖmvwiZ n‡q eªvw¼qvj MnŸi eÜ K‡i|
(Mv‡j) Pvc cÖ‡qv‡M e¨_v AbyfZ‚ nq| cÖwZiÿv, Rbb Ges †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vqI GB c`©v f‚wgKv iv‡L|
GQvov gv_v e¨_v I ùvZ e¨_v M DÏxc‡Ki Dcv`vbwU n‡jv wmMv‡i‡Ui †auvqv hv cÖk¦vm ev k¦vm
nq| MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g dzmdzmxq i³bvwjKvi i‡³ cÖ‡ek K‡i| wb‡P G
2. d«›Uvj †Pv‡Li Dc‡i G‡ÿ‡Î d«›Uvj mvBbvm MnŸi hvwš¿K †KŠkjwU eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
mvBbvm msµwgZ nq| d‡j †Pv‡Li Wvqvd«vg I B›Uvi‡Kv÷vj †cwki ms‡KvPb Gi gva¨‡g cÖkv¦ m
Dc‡i Pvc cÖ‡qv‡M e¨_v I gv_v wµqv ïiæ nq| B›Uvi‡Kv÷vj †cwki ms‡KvP‡b cï©Kv¸‡jv Dci
e¨_vI n‡q _v‡K| I evB‡ii w`‡K cÖmvwiZ nq| G‡Z e‡ÿi AvqZb e„w× cvq|
3. G_gqWvj `yÕ†Pv‡Li `yÕ†Pv‡Li gvSLv‡b I wcQ‡b Ab¨w`‡K Wvqvd«vg abyK Ae¯’v n‡Z msKzwPZ n‡q mgZj AvKvi
mvBbvm gvSLv‡b e¨_v AbyfZ‚ nq| Gi mv‡_ gv_v aviY K‡i, d‡j GwU mvgvb¨ wb‡P †b‡g wM‡q eÿMnŸ‡ii AvqZb
e¨_v n‡q _v‡K| j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e e„w× K‡i| Gfv‡e AšÍtwcøDivj I AšÍteÿxq Pvc
4. †ùbqWvj †Pv‡Li `yB †Pv‡Li wcQ‡b e¨_v Abyf‚Z n«vm cvq Ges dzmdzm cÖmvwiZ nq| AšÍtdzmdzmxq evqyPvc K‡g
mvBbvm †cQ‡b nq| GQvovI gv_vi P‚ovq e¨_v hvq Ges evwni †_‡K cÖkv¦ m evqy wmMv‡i‡Ui †auvqv bvwmKv I
ev Pvc AbyfZ ‚ nq| k¦vmbvjxi ga¨ w`‡q dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i|
œ Î I DËigvjv 95
N DÏxc‡Ki Dw³wU n‡jv wmMv‡i‡Ui †auvqv Avgv‡ì cÖZ¨ÿ M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ A½vYywU n‡jv dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIjvm|
ÿwZi †P‡q c‡ivÿ ÿwZ †cwk K‡i| G‡Z Aa~gcvqxivI ÿwZMÖ¯Í dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIjv‡m M¨vmxq wewbgq cÖwµqv wb‡P eY©bv Kiv
nq| wb‡P Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡jv- n‡jv-
a~gcv‡b m„ó †auvqv‡Z cÖvq 500 ai‡bi ivmvqwbK c`v_© _v‡K| A¨vjwfIjv‡mi cÖvPxi AZ¨šÍ cvZjv Ges ewn‡`©k Nb ˆKwkK
G‡Z cÖavb †hme ÿwZKi Dcv`vb _v‡K †m¸‡jv n‡jv wb‡KvwUb, RvwjKvmg„×| ˆKwkK bvwjKv¸‡jv cvj‡gvbvwi agwb †_‡K m„wó
Uvi I Kve©b g‡bv·vBW| G¸‡jv cÖavbZ gvby‡li k¦mb A‡½ nq| gvby‡li k¦mbv‡½i g‡a¨ cÖavb A½wU n‡jv dzmdzm| Avi
RwUjZvmn Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨v m„wó K‡i| †hgb- dzmdz‡mi MVbMZ I Kvh©MZ GKK n‡jv A¨vjwfIjvm|
1. wmMv‡i‡Ui †auvqvq we`¨gvb welv³ wb‡KvwUb I Uvi dzmdz‡m A¨vjwfIjvm dzmdz‡mi k¦mbKvh© cwiPvjbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
K¨vÝvi m„wó K‡i, Kve©b g‡bv·vBW k¦vmbvwj‡Z eª¼vBwUm m„wó iv‡L| dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIjv‡m CO2 I O2 mg„× i³ cÖ‡ek Kivi
K‡i| ci M¨vmxq wewbgq ïiæ nq| A¨vjwfIjv‡mi AZ¨šÍ cvZjv I
cÖvPxiwU Av`ª© †¯‹vqvgvm Gwc‡_wjqvg wbwg©Z| G‡Z †Kvjv‡Rb I
2. a~gcv‡bi †auvqv dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIjv‡mi cÖvPxi ÿwZMÖ¯Í
Bjvw÷K Zš‘ _vKvq k¦m‡bi mgq dzmdz‡mi ms‡KvPb-cÖmviY
K‡i| G‡Z A¨vjwfIjv‡mi AvqZb †e‡o hvq Ges †Kvb
mnR nq| GQvovI A¨vjwfIjv‡mi we‡kl ai‡bi wKQy †Kvl †_‡K
†Kvb ¯’v‡b †d‡U wM‡q dzmdz‡m duvKv RvqMvi m„wó K‡i| d‡j
wbtm„Z mvi‡dKU¨v›U bvgK wWUvi‡R›U c`v_© Zij c`v‡_©i c„ôUvb
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dzmdz‡m 70 †KvwUi †ewk A¨vjwfIjvm _v‡K Ges Giv cÖvq
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ms‡e`bkxj A‡½i msjMœ nIqvq RxevYyi msµgY ïay mvBbv‡mB
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M. wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z Zš¿wUi ÿz`ªZg GK‡Ki MVb I KvR e¨vL¨v A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK, A¨vw›Uwn÷vwgb bv‡Ki Wªc e¨_vbvkK Ilya
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Ges bovPovq mvnvh¨ Kiv| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y R‡q‡›Ui GB 1. wdgvi ........... 1wU me©‡gvU
wjMv‡g›U¸‡jv hw` AvNvZ cÖvß nq A_©vr Uvb c‡o ev wQ‡o hvq, 2. wUweqv............ 1wU
3. wdeyjv............ 1wU
ZLb †h Ae¯’vi m„wó nq Zv‡K mvaviYZ gPKv‡bv e‡j| Aw¯’‡Z
SuvKzwb jvM‡j ev gyP‡o †M‡j †m ¯’v‡bi Aw¯’eÜbx I Gi Pvi cv (Lower 4. c¨v‡Ujv.......... 1wU 60wU
Limb) 5. Uvm©vj ........... 7wU
w`‡Ki Zš‘¸‡jv wQu‡o hvq e‡j Zv LyeB Kó`vqK nq| G Rb¨B
6. †gUvUvm©vj....... 5wU
iwbi AvNv‡Zi ¯’v‡bi mwÜ dz‡j wM‡q cÖPÐ e¨_vi m„wó nq|
7. d¨vjv‡Äm ....... 14wU
N DÏxc‡K iwbi wPwKrmv wbf©i Ki‡e Zvi cv gPKv‡bvi aib I [cÖwZcv‡k 30wU]
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n‡e| cÖ_g `yB w`b 30 wgwbU cici ei‡di UzKiv ev wd«‡Ri VvÐv Kiv n‡jv :
cvwb AvNvZ cÖvß ¯’v‡b jvMv‡j e¨_v I dzjv K‡g Avm‡e| cÖwZ wdgvi ev Aw¯’ g~jZ Avgv‡ì †`‡ni K¼vjZš¿ Ges K¼vj †cwk
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iwbi mgm¨vi wbivgq n‡e e‡j Avgvi g‡b nq|
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A_©vr †Kv‡bv GK mgq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó A‡½ GK ai‡bi †cwk †KvqvwWª‡mcm †cwk nuvUzi cÖmvi‡Y cÖavb f‚wgKv iv‡L| GRb¨
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3. DÏxc‡Ki Ab¨ KvD‡K ¯^vgx wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡j 1g mšÍvb F1Rbyi g‡a¨ µm :
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wdUvwjm N‡U åƒ‡Yi g„Zz¨ A_ev R‡š§i ci RwÐm †iv‡M
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CI Ci cI ci CI Ci cI ci
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L hLb †Kv‡bv cÖvYx wfbœ wfbœ `ywU †kÖwYi êwkó¨ enb K‡i ZLb wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ 9 t 3 t 3 t 1|
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ms‡hvMKvix cÖvYx ejv nq| DÏxc‡Ki djvdjwU †g‡Û‡ji 2q m~‡Îi e¨wZµg| KviY G‡ÿ‡Î
F2 Rby‡Z cÖKU Gwc÷¨vwUK wRb I Gi Kvi‡Y 13wU mv`v Ges I
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Ges mv`v †jMn‡b©i iwOb cvj‡Ki evav`vbKvix cÖKU wRb = I Abycv‡Zi wfbœZvB cÖKvk K‡i †h, DÏxc‡Ki NUbvwU †g‡Û‡ji
AZGe, mv`v †jMn‡b©i wR‡bvUvBc = CCII Ges mv`v wØZxq m~‡Îi e¨wZµg|
IqvBbW‡Ui wR‡bvUvBc = ccii.
A_©vr, G‡ÿ‡Î C n‡”Q cÖKU nvB‡cv÷¨vwUK wRb Ges I cÖKU cÖkœ 91 } XvKv †evW© 2017 cÖkœ 5
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mv`v we‡kølY Ki| 4
91bs cÖ‡kœi DËi wd‡bvUvBc ® mK‡jB ¯^vfvweK evK kÖeYÿg|

K GKwU wRb hLb Ab¨ GKwU bb-A¨vwjwjK wR‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv F1 Rbyi g‡a¨ µg :
cÖKv‡k evav †`q ZLb G cÖwµqvB n‡”Q Gwc÷¨vwmm| wcZvgvZv (P2) :
L †U÷µm : F1 ev F2 Rbyi eskai¸‡jv †nv‡gvRvBMvm bv wd‡bvUvBc ® ♀ ¯^vfvweK evKkÖeYÿg ´ ♂ ¯^vfvewK evK kÖeYÿg
wR‡bvUvBc ® DdEe DdEe
†n‡Uv‡ivRvBMvm Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ †m¸‡jv‡K gvZ…es‡ki weï×
cÖ”Qbœ jÿY wewkó Rx‡ei mv‡_ msKivqb‡K †U÷µm e‡j|
Gfv‡e G‡ì F1 Ges F2 Rbyi wR‡bvUvBc †ei Kiv hvq|

M¨v‡gU ® DE De dE de DE De dE de
Rby : M¨v‡gU ♂
†U÷µm = F1 Rby ´ cÖ”Qbœ wcZvgvZv
e¨vKµm : F1 Rby‡Z Zvi cÖKU ev cÖ”Qbœ wcZvgvZvi mv‡_
F2
M¨v‡gU ♀
DE De dE de
msKivq‡bi cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq e¨vKµm| e¨vKµm = F1 Rby ´

cÖKU ev cÖ”Qbœ wcZvgvZv|
¯^vfvweK ¯^vfvweK ¯^vfvweK ¯^vfvweK
DE
DDEE DDEe DdEE DdEe
M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wg. †mv‡nj GKRb ¯^vfvweK cyiæl| ¯^vfvweK g~Kewai ¯^vfvweK g~Kewai
De
DDEe DDee DdEe Ddee
myZivs wg. †mv‡n‡ji wR‡bvUvBc = XHY

Aciw`‡K wg‡mm kxjv ¯^vfvweK (wn‡gvwdwjqv evnK) gwnjv
myZivs kxjvi wR‡bvUvBc = XHXh. wg: †mv‡nj I wg‡mm kxjvi
¯^vfvweK ¯^vfvweK g~Kweai g~Kewai
dE
DdEE DdEe ddEE ddEe
g‡a¨ we‡qi ci Zv‡ì cÖ_g eska‡ii wR‡bvUvBc AbycvZ wb‡P ¯^vfvweK g~Kewai g~Kewai g~Kewai
de
DdEe Ddee ddEe ddee
e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv- DÏxc‡Ki `¤úwZi mšÍvb‡ì g‡a¨ 9 Rb n‡e ¯^vfvweK Ges 7
wcZvgvZv (P1) : ♂ ´ ♀ Rb n‡e g~Kewai|
wd‡bvUvBc ® ¯^vfvweK cyiæl ´ evnK gwnjv AZGe, ¯^vfvweK evK kÖeYÿg t g~Kewai = 9 t 7|
wR‡bvUvBc ® XHY XHXh myZivs wgt iweb I wg‡mm dv‡Zgvi F2 eska‡i wd‡bvUvBwcK
M¨v‡gU ®
XH Y
XH Xh
AbycvZ n‡e 9 t 7|
cÖkœ 92 } ivRkvnx †evW© 2017 cÖkœ 8

F1 Rby ®
♂
♀
XH
Xh
iwng Zvi evevi Lvgv‡i gyiwMi ev”Pv¸‡jv jÿ K‡i †`L‡jb-mv`v
XHXH XHXh
H
X
¯^vfvweK Kb¨v ¯^v: wKš‘ evnK Kb¨v
cvj‡Ki gv‡S K‡qKwU iwOb cvj‡Ki ev”Pv 13 t 3 Abycv‡Z
i‡q‡Q| wZwb fve‡Qb, Lvgv‡ii me †gviM-gyiwM mv`v cvj‡Ki,
XHY XhY
Y
¯^vfvweK cyÎ wn‡gvwdwjK cyÎ
wKš‘ K‡qKwU iwOb ev”Pv n‡jv Kxfv‡e?
K. weeZ©b Kx? 1
myZivs ¯^vfvweK cyiæl I wn‡gvwdwjqv evnK gwnjvi we‡q n‡j L. †imvm d¨v±i ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì g‡a¨- M. DÏxc‡Ki GB NUbvwUi mv‡_ eskMwZi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© Av‡Q
- `yB cy‡Îi GKRb wn‡gvwdwjqvq AvµvšÍ Ges AciRb ¯^vfvweK wK? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K GB NUbvi wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v
- `yB Kb¨vi GKRb wn‡gvwdwjqvi evnK Ges AciRb ¯^vfvweK
†PKvi‡ev‡W© †`LvI| 4
F1 Rbyi wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ-
¯^vfvweK t wn‡gvwdwjqvq AvµvšÍ = 3 t 1 92bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
A_©vr 25% mšÍvb wn‡gvwdwjqv AvµvšÍ n‡e| K gš’i MwZm¤úbœ Ges cÖwZwbqZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g mij‡`nx
Rxe †_‡K RwUj Rx‡ei Avwef©veB n‡jv weeZ©b|
N DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq `¤úwZi F2 Rbyi wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ
wb‡P we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv- L 1940 mv‡j Kvj© j¨vÛ‡÷Bbvi Ges DBbvi †imvm evb‡ii
wØZxq `¤úwZ wg. iweb I wg‡mm dv‡Zgv| Zviv Df‡qB †jvwnZ i³KwYKvq GK ai‡bi A¨vw›U‡Rb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| GB
g~Kewai| A¨vw›U‡Rb‡K †imvm d¨v±i ev Rh d¨v±i e‡j| †jvwnZ
g‡b Kwi, d I e `ywU cÖ”Qbœ wRb| G‡ÿ‡Î awi, wg. iweb Gi i³KwYKvi cøvRgv‡gg‡eª‡b Rh d¨v±‡ii Dcw¯’wZ-Abycw¯’wZi
wR‡bvUvBc = DDee Ges wg‡mm dv‡Zgv Gi wR‡bvUvBc = wfwË‡Z i‡³i †kÖwYweb¨vm‡K Rh eøvW MÖæc e‡j| Rh d«¨v±iwewkó
ddEE i³‡K Rh+ Ges Rh d¨v±iwenxb i³‡K Rh- i³ e‡j|
wcZvgvZv (P1) : ♀ ´ ♂ M DÏxc‡Ki NUbvwUi mv‡_ eskMwZi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| wb‡P Zv
wd‡bvUvBc ® g~Kewai ´ g~Kewai e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
wR‡bvUvBc ® DDee ddEE iwng Zvi evevi Lvgv‡i mv`v cvj‡Ki mv‡_ iwOb cvj‡Ki ev”Pv
De dE
M¨v‡gU ® 13 t 3 Abycv‡Z †`L‡Z †cj| G‡ÿ‡Î eskMwZ msµvšÍ
F1 Rby ® wR‡bvUvBc †g‡Û‡ji 2q m~‡Îi e¨wZµg cwijwÿZ nq| Lvgv‡i me †gviM-
DdEe gyiwM mv`v cvj‡Ki wKš‘ K‡qKwU iwOb cvj‡Ki n‡q‡Q cÖKU
Gwc÷¨vwmm Gi Kvi‡Y| Avgiv Rvwb GKwU cÖKU wRb Aci cÖkœ 93 } h‡kvi †evW© 2017 cÖkœ 7
GKwU bb A¨vwjwjK cÖKU wR‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv cÖKv‡k evav w`‡j
Zv‡K cÖKU Gwc÷¨vwmm e‡j| mv`v †jMn‡b©i †gviM-gyiwM‡Z wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki :
iwOb cvjK m„wói Rb¨ `vqx GKwU cÖKU wRb (C) _v‡K| wKš‘ KvGjv eGYÆi ♂ ´ mv`v eGYÆi ♀
Gwc÷¨vwUK wRb (1)-Gi Kvi‡Y iwOb cvjK m„wó n‡Z bv cvivq
cvjK¸‡jv mv`v nq| F1 Rby‡Z me mv`v cvjK wewkó n‡jI F2 F1 ® meKwU cÉvYx mv`v ˆQvchyÚ
Rby‡Z 13 t 3 Abycv‡Z mv`v iwOb cvjK wewkó †gviM-gyiwM m„wó
nq| hv eskMwZ msµvšÍ †g‡Û‡ji 2q m~‡Îi e¨wZµg| KviY K. Gwc÷¨vwmm Kx? 1
†g‡Û‡ji 2q m~ÎwU n‡jv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †Rvov wecixZagx© L. Gwi‡_ªveøv‡÷vwmm wdUvwjm ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
êwk‡óï g‡a¨ msKivqb NUv‡j cÖ_g eska‡i †KejgvÎ cÖKU M. F1 Rbyi djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
êwkó¨¸‡jvB cÖKvwkZ nq Gi cieZx© Rbb‡Kvl m„wói mgq N. F1 Rbyi `ywU cÖvYxi g‡a¨ µ‡mi djvd‡ji wRbZvwË¡K
êwkó¨¸‡jv †Rvov †f‡O ci¯úi †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ ev ¯^vaxbfv‡e web¨¯Í e¨vL¨v `vI| 4
n‡q wfbœ wfbœ Rbb †Kv‡l cÖ‡ek| wKš‘ DÏxc‡Ki AbycvZwU
†g‡Û‡ji 2q m~‡Îi e¨wZµg| G‡ÿ‡Î F2 Rby‡Z cÖKU 93bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Gwc÷¨vwmm I Gi Kvi‡Y 13wU mv`v Ges I Gi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z 3wU K GKwU wRb hLb Ab¨ GKwU bb-A¨vwjwjK wR‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv
iwOb cvjK wewkó †gviM-gyiwMi Drcbœ n‡q‡Q| cÖKv‡k evav †`q ZLb G cÖwµqvB n‡”Q Gwc÷¨vwmm|
ZvB ejv hvq iwn‡gi Lvgv‡ii NUbvwUi mv‡_ eskMwZi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
L åƒY Ae¯’vq mšÍv‡bi Rh+ ve d¨v±ihy³ †jvwnZ KwYKv Agivi
N DÏxc‡K iwn‡gi Lvgv‡i NUv cÖKU Gwc÷¨vwUK Gi NUbvwU gva¨‡g gv‡qi i‡³ G‡m †cuŠQv‡e d‡j gv‡qi i³ Rh– nIqvq
n‡jv †g‡Û‡ji wØZxq m~‡Îi e¨wZµg A_©vr 13 : 3| wb‡P G
Zvi i³i‡m A¨vw›U Rh d¨v±i Drcbœ n‡e| A¨vw›U Rh d¨v±i
NUbvi wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v †Ìqv n‡jv-
gv‡qi i³ †_‡K Agivi gva¨‡g åƒ‡Yi i‡³ cÖ‡ek Ki‡j åƒ‡Yi
aiv hvK, mv`v †jMn‡b©i iwOb cvj‡Ki Rb¨ `vqx cÖKU wRb = C
Ges mv`v †jMn‡b©i iwOb cvj‡Ki evav`vbKvix cÖKU wRb = I †jvwnZ KwYKv‡K aŸsm K‡i åƒYI webó nq Ges Mf©cvZ N‡U| G
AZGe, mv`v †jMn‡b©i wR‡bvUvBc = CCII Ges mv`v Ae¯’vq wkï RxweZ _vK‡jI Zvi †`‡n cÖPÐ i³víZv Ges R‡š§i
IqvBbW‡Ui wR‡bvUvBc = ccii. ci RwÐm †ivM †`Lv †`q| G Ae¯’v‡K Gwi‡_ªveøv‡÷vwmm wdUvwjm
A_©vr, G‡ÿ‡Î C n‡”Q cÖKU nvB‡cv÷¨vwUK wRb Ges I cÖKU e‡j|
Gwc÷¨vwUK wRb| myZivs GKwU mv`v cvjKhy³ †jMnb© Gi mv‡_
mv`v cvKjhy³ IqvBbWU Gi µm NUv‡j cÖ_g eska‡i (F1) M DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨g‡Z Kv‡jv e‡Y©i cÖvYx I mv`v e‡Y©i cÖvYxi
me¸‡jv kveKB mv`v cvjKhy³ cvIqv hv‡e| wb‡P †PKvi †ev‡W©i m‡½ msKivq‡bi d‡j F1 Rbyi djvdj wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
gva¨‡g Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv- aiv hvK, Kv‡jv cvjK (BB) Ges mv`v cvjK (bb) †gviM-gyiwMi
wcZvgvZv (P1) : ♂ mv`v †jMnb© ´ ♀ mv`v IqvBbWU µm NUv‡bv n‡j F1 Rbyi mKj †gviM gyiwMB Kv‡jv ev mv`v bv
CCII ccii
wR‡bvUvBc ® n‡q mgcÖKUZvi Kvi‡Y Kv‡jvi gv‡S mv`v †Qvchy³ (Bb) nq|
CI ci
M¨vwgU ® wcZvgvZv (P1) : ♂ ´ ♀
wd‡bvUvBc ® Kv‡jv e‡Y©i †gviM ´ mv`v e‡Y©i gyiwM
F1 Rby ® wR‡bvUvBc ® CcIi
mv`v wR‡bvUvBc ® BB bb
F1Rbyi g‡a¨ µm :
M¨v‡gU ® B b
wcZvgvZv (P2) : ♂CcIi (mv`v) ´ ♀CcIi (mv`v)
® wR‡bvUvBc ®
M¨v‡gU ®

CI Ci cI ci CI Ci cI ci F1 Rby Bb
wd‡bvUvBc ® mKj cÖvYx mv`v †Qvchy³
♂
♀ CI Ci cI ci F1 Rbyi mKj cÖvYx mv`v †Qvchy³ n‡q‡Q mgcÖKUZvi Kvi‡Y|
mvaviYZ msKi Rx‡e hLb `ywU wecixZagx© wR‡bi `ywU êwkó¨
F2 Rby :
mv`v mv`v mv`v mv`v
CI
CCII CCIi CcII CcIi
mgvbfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq ZLb Zv‡K mgcÖKUZv e‡j| mgcÖKUZvi
Kvi‡Y F1 Rbyi cÖvYx¸‡jv Kv‡jv bv n‡q meKwU cÖvYx mv`v
mv`v iwOb mv`v iwOb
Ci
CCIi CCii CcIi Ccii
†Qvchy³ n‡q‡Q|
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ mv`v I Kv‡jv e‡Y©i cÖvYx‡ì g‡a¨
mv`v mv`v mv`v mv`v
cI
CcII CcIi ccII ccIi
msKivq‡Yi d‡j F1 Rby‡Z me cÖvYx mv`v †Qvchy³ nq|
mv`v iwOb mv`v mv`v
ci
CcIi Ccii ccIi ccii
mgcÖKUZvi Rb¨ Giƒc NUbvi m„wó nq| Bnv †g‡Û‡ji 1g m~‡Îi
e¨wZµg Ges 3 t 1 AbycvZ †g‡b P‡j bv| wb‡P F1 Rbyi `ywU
myZivs †PKvi †evW© †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h F2 Rby‡Z 16wU ev”Pvi g‡a¨ 13wU
cÖvYxi g‡a¨ µ‡mi djvd‡ji wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v †`qv n‡jv :
mv`v I 3wU iwOb n‡e| hvi AbycvZ ùvovq mv`v t iwOb = 13 t 3|
wcZvgvZv (P2) : ♂ ♀ cvKjhy³ IqvBbWU Gi µm NUv‡j cÖ_g eska‡i (F1) me¸‡jv

wd‡bvUvBc ® mv`v †Qvchy³ †gviM ´ mv`v †Qvchy³ gyiwM kveKB mv`v cvjKhy³ cvIqv hv‡e| wb‡P †PKvi †ev‡W©i gva¨‡g
wR‡bvUvBc ® Bb Bb Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
M¨v‡gU ® B b B b wcZvgvZv (P1) : ♂ mv`v †jMnb© ´ ♀ mv`v IqvBbWU
CCII ccii
F2 Rby ® ♂
B b
wR‡bvUvBc ® CI ci
♀
M¨vwgU ®
BB Bb
B
Kv‡jv mv`v †Qvc CcIi
Bb bb F1 Rby ® wR‡bvUvBc ® mv`v

b F1 Rbyi g‡a¨ µm :
mv`v †Qvc mv`v
wd‡bvUvBc ® Kv‡jv t mv`v †Qvc t mv`v wcZvgvZv (P2) : ♂CcIi (mv`v) ´ ♀CcIi (mv`v)
AbycvZ : 1 t 2 t 1
GwU †g‡Û‡ji 1g m~‡Îi e¨wZµg|
M¨v‡gU ®

CI Ci cI ci CI Ci cI ci
♂
cÖkœ 94 } Kzwgjøv †evW© 2017 cÖkœ 8 ♀
CI Ci cI ci
wb‡P GKwU wRbZvwË¡K cixÿ‡Yi djvdj †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

wcZv-gvZv - ♂ mv`v ˆjMnbÆ ´ ♀ mv`v IqvBbWUm mv`v mv`v mv`v mv`v
CI
CCII CCIi CcII CcIi
F2 Rby :
F1 Rby : mKj ˆgviM-gyi MxB mv`v mv`v iwOb mv`v iwOb
Ci
CCIi CCii CcIi Ccii
F2 Rby : mv`v t iwOb = 13 t 3 mv`v mv`v mv`v mv`v

cI
CcII CcIi ccII ccIi
K. wbw®µq A½ Kx? 1
L. mKj †giæ`Ðx K‡W©U mKj K‡W©U †giæ`Ðx bq †Kb? 2 mv`v iwOb mv`v mv`v
ci
CcIi Ccii ccIi ccii
M. DÏxc‡Ki F1 I F2 Rbyi djvdj cv‡b‡Ui †PKvi †ev‡W©i

myZivs †PKvi †evW© †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h F2 Rby‡Z 16wU ev”Pvi
gva¨‡g †`LvI| 3
g‡a¨ 13wU mv`v I 3wU iwOb n‡e| hvi AbycvZ ùvovq mv`v t
N. DÏxc‡Ki NUbvwU †g‡Û‡ji wØZxq m~‡Îi e¨wZµg -
iwOb = 13 t 3|
we‡kølY Ki| 4
94bs cÖ‡kœi DËi N DÏxc‡Ki NUbvwU †g‡Û‡ji wØZxq m~‡Îi e¨wZµg wb‡P Zv
K †hme A½ GKmgq c~e©cyiæ‡li †`‡n myMwVZ I Kg©ÿg wQj, we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv-
wKš‘ cieZx© eska‡ii †`‡n ¸iæZ¡nxb, AMwVZ Ges AKvh©Ki †g‡Û‡ji 2q m~Î : `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †Rvov wecixZ êwk‡óï
Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvB n‡”Q wbw®µq A½| g‡a¨ msKivqb NUv‡j cÖ_g eska‡i (F1) †Kej gvÎ cÖKU
êwkó¨¸‡jvB cÖKvwkZ n‡e, wKš‘ Rbb‡Kvl m„wói mgq
L mKj †giæ`ÐxB K‡W©U| KviY, KW©vUv c‡e©i cÖvYx‡ì
mvivRxeb A_ev ïay åƒYve¯’vq †`‡ni c„ô‡`‡ki gvS eivei
n‡q wfbœ wfbœ Rbb‡Kv‡l cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| m~Î Abyhvqx F2 eska‡ii
GKwU big, `ÐvKvi, `„p I ALÐvwqZ b‡UvKW© _v‡K| ïay DbœZ
KW©vUvq GwU †giæ`Ð Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq| A_©vr ïay DbœZ KW©vUv wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ 9 t 3 t 3 t 1|
cÖvYx‡ì †giæ`Ð _v‡K, b‡UvKW© wewkó Ab¨ K‡W©U‡ì †giæ`Ð DÏxc‡Ki cÖvß djvd‡j mv`v †jMnb© I mv`v IqvBbWU-Gi g‡a¨
_v‡K bv| GRb¨ ejv nq mKj †giæ`Ðx cÖvYx K‡W©U, mKj K‡W©U µm Kiv‡j F1 Rby‡Z Drcbœ mKj †gviM-gyiwM mv`v cvjK wewkó
†giæ`Ûx bq| n‡e| F1 Rbyi †gviM-gyiwMi g‡a¨ µm NwU‡q †`Lv hvq, F2 Rby‡Z
mv`v I iwOb cvjK wewkó †gviM-gyiwMi Avwef©ve N‡U G‡ì
M DÏxc‡Ki I F2 Rbyi djvdj cv‡b‡Ui †PKvi †ev‡W©i
F1
AbycvZ mv`v t iwOb = 13 t 3|
gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
DÏxc‡Ki djvdjwU †g‡Û‡ji 2q m~‡Îi e¨wZµg| KviY G‡ÿ‡Î
aiv hvK,
F2 Rby‡Z cÖKU Gwc÷¨vwUK wRb I Gi Kvi‡Y 13wU mv`v Ges I
mv`v †jMn‡b©i iwOb cvj‡Ki Rb¨ `vqx cÖKU wRb = C Ges mv`v
†jMn‡b©i iwOb cvj‡Ki evav`vbKvix cÖKU wRb = I Gi Abycw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y 3wU iwOb cvjK wewkó †gviM-gyiwMi
AZGe, mv`v †jMn‡b©i wR‡bvUvBc = CCII Ges mv`v Drcbœ nq| cÖKU Gwc÷¨vwmm Gi Kvi‡Y F2 Rby‡Z mv`v I iwOb
IqvBbW‡Ui wR‡bvUvBc = ccii †gviM gyiwMi AbycvZ 13 t 3|
G‡ÿ‡Î C n‡”Q cÖKU nvB‡cv÷¨vwUK wRb Ges I cÖKU Abycv‡Zi wfbœZvB cÖKvk K‡i †h, DÏxc‡Ki NUbvwU †g‡Û‡ji
Gwc÷¨vwUK wRb| GKwU mv`v cvjKhy³ †jMnb© Gi mv‡_ mv`v wØZxq m~‡Îi e¨wZµg|
cÖkœ 95 } ewikvj †evW© 2017 cÖkœ 8 wcZvgvZv : wd‡bvUvBc ® ♂ ¯^vfvweK cyiæl ´ ♀ ¯^vfvweK
gwnjv (eY©vÜ evnK Kb¨v)
kixd mv‡n‡ei `yB †Q‡j I GK †g‡q| eqm evovi ci wZwb jÿ
wR‡bvUvBc ® X+Y X+ XC
Ki‡jb †h Zvi `yB †Q‡j eY©vÜ n‡jI †g‡qwU ¯^vfvweK `„wó
m¤úbœ| M¨v‡gU ®

X+ Y X+ XC
K. mvi‡Kv‡jgv Kx? 1 cys M¨v‡gU ♂

L. Gwc÷¨vwmm ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2 ¯¿x M¨v‡gU ♀ X+ Y
M. kixd mv‡ne I Zvi ¯¿xi †R‡bvUvBc µ‡mi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v

Ki| 3 X+
X+X+ X+ Y
N. kixd mv‡n‡ei †g‡qi mv‡_ ¯^vfvweK †Q‡ji we‡q n‡j wK F2 Rby : X+XC
Abycv‡Z DÏxc‡Ki NUbvwU cÖKvk cv‡e? †PKvi‡ev‡W©i
mvnv‡h¨ we‡kølY Ki| 4
XC
¯^vfvweK Kb¨v
(eY©vÜ evnK)
XC Y
eY©vÜ cyÎ
wR‡bvUvBc ® X+ X+ X+XC X+Y XCY
wd‡bvUvBc ® ¯^vfvweK eY©vÜ evnK ¯^vfvweK eY©vÜ cyÎ Kb¨v
K †cwk †Kv‡li AveiYB n‡”Q mvi‡Kv‡jgv| Kb¨v cyÎ
L GKwU wRb hLb Ab¨ GKwU bb-A¨vwjwjK wR‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv kixd mv‡n‡ei †g‡qi (†g‡q eY©vÜ evnK) ¯^vfvweK `„wó m¤úbœ
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µm Kiv‡bvB n‡”Q e¨vK µm| `¤úwZ nIqv DwPZ|

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