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Farah Naz
Dieter Bögenhold
Unheard Voices
Women, Work and
Political Economy
of Global Production
Unheard Voices
Farah Naz • Dieter Bögenhold
Unheard Voices
Women, Work and Political Economy
of Global Production
Farah Naz Dieter Bögenhold
Department of Sociology Faculty of Management and
University of Sargodha Economics, Department of Sociology
Sargodha, Pakistan University of Klagenfurt
Klagenfurt, Austria
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
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electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
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The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
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This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
As the title of the book Unheard Voices: Women, Work and Political
Economy of Global Production itself suggests, there are agents in business
and society who are weak and who have no or just very small voices to
articulate their interests and to fight for their rights in global production
system. In particular, authors are dealing with the question of how and
under what conditions female home-based workers contribute to global
supply chains. The Unheard Voices bring together the work and experience
of authors having diverse background. The author, Farah Naz, works at a
university in Pakistan, where many production places in that region employ
female home-based workers who work on (final) commission of the world-
known brands engaged in the industry of sports articles. The other author,
Dieter Bögenhold, works in Austria, where all those seemingly European
products and companies are located and shops and supermarkets are
flooded with those nice brands which we all know and particularly wear,
Adidas or Nike being among the most known ones.
The book builds on different elements and includes many intensive
research pieces, accomplished by Farah Naz through her empirical investi-
gation in global football industry. This research was carried out in the
course of her PhD thesis that she submitted at Klagenfurt University in
2016, but the working parts are integrated with several others and still
ongoing research results. Dieter Bögenhold is undertaking research, partly
with Farah Naz, partly in different other contexts, on global inequalities,
work and political economy. The book reflects that behind the two seem-
ingly different worlds with sometimes very diverse forms of economy,
business and culture, in which the authors are currently residing, some of
v
vi PREFACE
Index195
ix
Abbreviations
xi
xii Abbreviations
xiii
List of Tables
xv
CHAPTER 1
1
For different models in the history of economics and econometrics, see Morgan (2012).
2
The American economist Joseph E. Stiglitz was born in 1943. He was awarded the Nobel
Prize for Economics in 2001 (jointly with George A. Akerlof and Michael Spence) for his
work on markets and information, especially on the asymmetry of information.
10 F. NAZ AND D. BÖGENHOLD
3
Neoliberalism as an economic theory is based on fundamental premise that free markets
provide best possible economic outcome and any state intervention is detrimental for eco-
nomic growth.
1 INTRODUCTION: POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GLOBALIZATION 11
This chapter in particular deals with the interplay of global economic and
political structures.
the phenomenon of globalization has been subject to both praise and vili-
fication at the same time.
As capital has no fixed abode and state authorities are declining, the
nation states are playing the role of security providers for transnational
firms. The economy is gradually exempted from political control due to
free trade rules and free-floating capital and finances, deregulation, liber-
alization, flexibility, and ever-increasing fluidity. The narrow focus on neo-
liberal version of economic globalization, through the forced liberalization
of the markets by international financial institutions like the IMF, is sub-
ject to the greatest controversy in existing debates on globalization.
of all our needs.4 This line of argument echoes Adam Smith’s (1976)
widely quoted passage:
It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that
we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We
address ourselves not to their humanity but to their self–love. (pp. 26–27)
4
However, there are also those (for detailed discussions, see Polanyi, 1944) who are highly
sceptical about these neoliberal claims. Neoliberalism is often criticized for being a one-size-
fits-all ideological model.
14 F. NAZ AND D. BÖGENHOLD
References
Altman, D. (2007). Connected: 24 Hours in the Global Economy. New York: Farrar,
Straus and Giroux.
Barndt, D. (2008). Tangled Routes: Women, Work and Globalization on the Tomato
Trail. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Barrientos, S. (2019). Gender and Work in Global Value Chains: Capturing the
Gains? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1 INTRODUCTION: POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GLOBALIZATION 15