Department of Mathematical Sciences

Rajiv Gandhi Institute Of Petroleum Technology, Jais

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (MA 121)

Week 4 / January 2024 Problem Set 2 GR,PD

Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE)

First order ODE

dy ′′ d 2 y (i) diy
Notations : y′ ≡ dx , y ≡ dx2
,y ≡ dxi
for i = 3, 4, 5, . . . .

■ Linear first order ODEs and Bernoulli equations.

1. Solve the following ODEs.

dy
+ x24x+1 y = 1
Ans: y(x2 + 1)2 = tan−1 x + c
 
(i) dx (x2 +1)3
dy 2
+ y cos x = yn sin 2x Ans: y1−n = 2 sin x − 1−n + ce(n−1) sin x
 
(ii) dx

Ans: y = 1x (1 + ce−x )
 
(iii) x dy + (xy + y − 1) dx = 0
 
y2
(iv) y dx + xy2 + x − y dy = 0 −


Ans: xy = 1 + c e 2
h 2
i
(v) dy + 4y − 8y3 x dx = 0 Ans: y12 = 2 + ce4x

2. Find the solution and the interval of validity of the following IVP.

2y′ − y = 4 sin 3t, y(0) = y0

Determine all possible behaviours of the solution as t −→ ∞. If this behaviour depends on the value
of y0 give this dependence.

3. Solve the initial value problem


dy  2, 0 ≤ x < 1,
+ y = f (x) y(0) = 0 where f (x) = .
dx  0, x ≥ 1,

  
 2 (1 − e−x ) , 0 ≤ x < 1,
Ans: y(x) = 
 2 (e − 1) e−x , x ≥ 1.

dy
4. Consider the ODE a + by = k e−λ x , where a, b and k are positive constants and λ is a non-
dx
negative constant.
 (i) Solve this equation.
k
(ii) Show that if λ = 0 every solution approaches b as x → ∞, but if λ > 0 every solution ap-
proaches 0 as x → ∞.

5. The equation

dy
= A(x)y2 + B(x)y +C(x) (1)
dx

is called Riccati’s equation. Note that (or check yourself) if A(x) = 0 for all x, then equation (1) is
a linear equation, whereas if C(x) = 0 for all x, then equation (1) is a Bernoulli equation.

(i) Show that if f is any solution of (1), then the transformation

1
y= f+
v

reduces equation (1) to a linear equation in v (dependent variable) and x (independent variable).

(ii) Using the above, solve the following ODE

dy
= −y2 + xy + 1,
dx

given solution f (x) = x.

■ Separable equations, special substitution, exact equations and integrating factors

6. Solve the following ODEs.

h i
dy
p p
(i) x dx −y = x x2 + y2 Put y = vx, Ans: y + x2 + y2 = cxex
dy
+ 2xy = x2 + y2 Ans: y − x − 1 = c (y − x + 1) e2x
 
(ii) dx
h y
i
dy dy
(iii) y2 + x2 dx = xy dx Ans: y = ce x
h i
dy
p p
(iv) x3 dx = y3 + y2 y2 − x2 Ans: y + y2 − x2 = cxy

Ans: 5x2 + 8xy + 5y2 − 8x − 10y = c

 
(v) (5x + 4y − 4) dx + (4x + 5y − 5) dy = 0

Ans: 9 ln 3y + 2x + 22 3



(vi) (2x + 3y + 4) dx = (4x + 6y + 5) dy 7 = 14 3y − 2 x + c

(vii) cos2 x − y cos x dx − (1 + sin x) dy = 0

[Ans: 2 (1 + sin x) y = x + sin x cos x + c]

(viii) dy + x sin 2y − x3 cos2 y dx = 0 (Hint: write in appropriate form and use the substitution


h 2
i
Ans: 2 tan y = x2 − 1 + ce−x


z = tan y)
h i
dy y y 2 1 1 1
(ix) dx + x ln y = x2 (ln y) (Hint: use the substitution z = log y ) Ans: x ln y = 2x2 − c

(x) a2 − 2xy − y2 dx − (x + y)2 dy = 0, where a is fixed constant. a2 x − x2 y − xy2 − 31 y3 = c

 
7. Consider the differential equation of the form

y + x f x2 + y2 dx + y f x2 + y2 − x dy = 0.

 


(a) Show that an equation of this form is not exact.

1
(b) Show that x2 +y2
is an integrating factor of an equation of this form.

8. Solve the following ODEs by finding integrating factor.

h 2
i
(i) 3x2 y4 + 2xy dx + 2x3 y3 − x2 dy = 0 Ans: x3 y2 + xy = c



h 1
i
(ii) (1 + xy) y dx + (1 − xy) x dy = 0 Ans: x = cye xy
 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 1
(iii) xy2 − x2 dx + 3x2 y2 + x2 y − 2x3 + y2 dy = 0



6y 
2 x y − 3 x + 6 y − 18 y + 108 e = c
1 1
  h i
(iv) xy2 − e x3 dx − x2 y dy = 0 Ans: 3y2 − 2x2 e x3 = cx2

1
9. Show that is an integrating factor for the ODE
(x + y + 1)4

2xy − y2 − y dx + 2xy − x2 − x dy = 0

h i
and hence solve it. Ans: xy = c (x + y + 1)3

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