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Volume 14
Microporous and other

Framework Materials with Zeolite-
Type Structures
Subvolume G
Zeolite-Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry.
41 New Framework Type Codes
Editors and Authors

R.X. Fischer, W.H. Baur
ISSN 1615-2018 (Physical Chemistry)
ISBN 978-3-642-41451-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie
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R.X. Fischer
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Kristallographie
Universität Bremen
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e-mail: rfischer@uni-bremen.de
W.H. Baur
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Preface
When we first planned these volumes (subvolume B and the following subvolumes of volume 14 of
Landolt-Börnstein, Group IV: Physical Chemistry) about 20 years ago, 87 framework-type codes (FTC)
of zeolitic topologies had been approved by the Structure Commission of the International Zeolite
Association. At the time we estimated that there would be about one thousand crystal structure determina-
tions covering these FTCs. As one can see from Fig. 1.3 in the introduction to the present volume this was
an underestimate by a factor of two. Seven years later, by the time the first volume (subvolume B) was
published, the number of crystal structure determinations of zeolites had increased to approximately 3,500
(see Fig. 1.3 in the introduction). This was also the time when the exponential growth of these published
structures stopped, and growth continued in a linear fashion. By the end of 2013 we have to deal with
more than 6,000 crystal structures of zeolites distributed by now over 213 approved FTCs. Had the
exponential growth continued until 2013 we would have to contend by now with ca. 10,000 crystal
structures of zeolites. In terms of framework type codes we have almost caught up. Including the present
volume we have covered now 206 codes. The missing seven codes were approved by the Structure
Commission of the International Zeolite Association in July of 2013. That was too late for us to include
them in this volume. We hoped in the preface to subvolume B in the year 2000 to continue “speedily”
with our series of publications. However, it took us 14 years to reach the present state and to almost catch
up with the remarkable speed of development of the field. What is still missing are the last seven FTCs
from 2013 and the crystal structures of previously described codes which have been published after we
covered them in a previous subvolume. To give an example subvolume C published in 2002 lists 636
structure determinations of FAU-type (faujasite, zeolite X and Y) crystals, while we presently know of
266 more bringing the total to 902 (as compared to more than 1,000 for the SOD-type). These two are the
most studied of all zeolite types.
In Tables 4.3 and 4.4 of the introduction we are presenting a complete overhaul of the late
J.V. Smith’s Tables 16.3.2 and 16.3.1 from subvolume A of this series. The many changes in this area
made this necessary.
As stated before we have been aiming here at a complete, systematic, and standardized description of
all presently known zeolites and zeolite-like materials. With the publication of this volume we are up-to-
date as of the beginning of 2013. For general remarks on the background of this work see the preface and
the introduction to subvolume B.
The preparation of these volumes was a formidable task. Despite our best efforts, we know that it is
impossible to present such a wealth of material (possibly millions of pieces of data) without oversights,
mistakes and typographical errors. We welcome readers to point out to us any errors of omission or
commission which they find in these volumes.
At this time we wish to acknowledge the immediate help which we received in preparing these
volumes. Thus we thank Johannes Birkenstock for his efforts persuading Word to properly format turned
tables, Gabi Ebert for her assistance in obtaining literature, Thomas Messner for his support in program-
ming various useful tools for processing the data, and Antje Endemann from the Landolt-Börnstein edito-
rial office for her continuous and competent support in producing this volume. We are indebted to all
authors of the original papers who responded to our inquiries concerning details in their papers. We thank
Lynne McCusker and Christian Baerlocher from the ETH Zürich, who are maintaining the IZA-Web site,
for their gracious help in supplying additional information when needed by us for this volume.
Bremen/Western Springs, September 2013 Reinhard X. Fischer

Werner H. Baur
Table of Contents
IV/14 Microporous and other Framework Materials with Zeolite-Type

Structures
Subvolume G: Zeolite-Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry.
41 New Framework Type Codes.
Introduction
1 General remarks ..................................................................................................................... 1
2 Systematics, descriptions, and definitions ............................................................................. 6
2.1 Modifications and changes ..................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Minerals with zeolite-type frameworks ................................................................................. 7
3 List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 13
4 Polyhedral units ...................................................................................................................... 14
5 Chemistry ............................................................................................................................... 43
6 References .............................................................................................................................. 52
Data
ASV ASU-7 (SeVen) ...................................................................................................................... 57

BCT BCTT (Body-Centered tetragonal Tectosilicate) .................................................................. 65
BEC BEta polymorph C ................................................................................................................ 81
BOF UCSB-15 (One Five) ............................................................................................................ 92
BOZ Beryllium framework 10 (One Zero) .................................................................................... 97
BSV UCSB-7 (SeVen) ................................................................................................................... 116
CDO CDS-1 (One) ......................................................................................................................... 127
EON ECR-1 (ONe) ........................................................................................................................ 133
ETR ECR-34 (Thirty-fouR) .......................................................................................................... 142
EZT EMM-3 (Zeolite Three) ........................................................................................................ 148
FAR FARneseite ........................................................................................................................... 157
GIU GIUseppettite ........................................................................................................................ 164
IHW ITQ-32 (tHirty-tWo) ............................................................................................................. 174
IMF IM-5 (Five) ........................................................................................................................... 180
IRR ITQ-44 (foRty-fouR) ............................................................................................................. 195
ITH ITQ-13 (THirteen) ................................................................................................................. 201
VIII Table of Contents
ITR ITQ-34 (Thirty-fouR) ........................................................................................................... 209

ITV ITQ-37 (Thirty-seVen) .......................................................................................................... 216
ITW ITQ-12 (TWelve) .................................................................................................................. 224
IWR ITQ-24 (tWenty-fouR) ......................................................................................................... 238
IWS ITQ-26 (tWenty-Six) ............................................................................................................ 247
IWV ITQ-27 (tWenty-seVen) ........................................................................................................ 254
IWW ITQ-22 (tWenty-tWo)............................................................................................................ 261
JOZ LSJ-10 (One Zero)................................................................................................................. 272
JRY CJ-40 (foRtY) ........................................................................................................................ 278
JSN CJ-69 (Sixty-Nine) ................................................................................................................. 286
JST CJ-63 (Sixty-Three) .............................................................................................................. 293
JSW CJ-62 (Sixty-tWo) ................................................................................................................ 299
LIT LIThosite ............................................................................................................................... 305
LTF LZ-135 (hundred Thirty-Five) ............................................................................................... 316
LTJ Linde Type J ......................................................................................................................... 323
MRE ZSM-48 (foRty-Eight) ........................................................................................................... 330
MSE MCM-68 (Sixty-Eight) .......................................................................................................... 339
MVY MCM-70 (seVentY) ............................................................................................................... 348
NPT oxoNitridoPhosphate-2 (Two) ............................................................................................... 357
PCR IPC-4 (fouR) .......................................................................................................................... 364
PUN PKU-9 (Nine) ........................................................................................................................ 375
SAF STA-15 (Fifteen) .................................................................................................................... 383
SFS SSZ-56 (Fifty-Six) ................................................................................................................. 390
SFV SSZ-57 (Fifty-seVen) ............................................................................................................. 399
SOF SU-15 (One Five)................................................................................................................... 420
Errata ................................................................................................................................................ 426
Ref. p. 52] Introduction 1
Introduction
1 General remarks
This volume covers 41 framework-type codes (FTC) 1) approved by the Structure Commission of the
International Zeolite Association before the respective volumes of this series went to press since the first
volume of this series was published in 2000 [2000Bau1]. An overview of all FTC’s with the
corresponding type materials, year of approval by the IZA-SC is given in Table 1.1. Thus, all 206
framework types listed on the IZA website [2013Bae1] are described now with their standard settings in
volumes B to G. Figure 1.1 shows the increasing number of new zeolite-type frameworks which can be
compared with the corresponding diagram in Fig. 2.2.1 of volume B. Seven additional FTC’s (IFO, ITT,
JSR, OKO, SEW, SFW, SVV) have been approved in 2013, but full information was not available before
this volume went to press, thus they could not be included here.
250
200
cumulative number of FTC's
150
100
50
0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
year of assignment of FTC
Fig. 1.1. Cumulative number of framework type codes assigned by the IZA SC (the 1971 date refers to a
review paper by W.M. Meier and D.H. Olson [71Mei1] which precedes the series of atlases published
under the auspices of the IZA SC). It represents a first compilation of zeolite-type frameworks, though
without the assignment of framework type codes. FTC’s were assigned in [78Mei1] for the first time.
1
) Abbreviations are listed in Chap. 3, p. 13.
Lando lt -Börnst ein DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1

New Ser ies IV/14G © Spr inger 2014
2 Introduction [Ref. p. 52
Table 1.1. List of FTC’s approved since 1978. LB refers to this series of volumes.
year of LB year of LB
FTC approval 1) vol. type material FTC approval 1) vol. type material
ABW 1978 B Li-A CDO 2004 G CDS-1
ACO 1998 B ACP-1 CFI 1998 B CIT-5
AEI 1992 B AlPO4-18 CGF 1996 B Co-Ga phosphate 5
AEL 1987 B AlPO4-11 CGS 1997 B Co-Ga phosphate 6
AEN 1999 B AlPO4-EN CHA 1978 B chabazite
AET 1992 B AlPO4-8 CHI 1987 B chiavennite
AFG 1978 B afghanite CLO 1992 B cloverite
AFI 1987 B AlPO4-5 CON 1994 B CIT-1
AFN 1998 B AlPO4-14 CZP 1996 B chiral zinc phosphate
AFO 1992 B AlPO4-41 DAC 1978 C dachiardite
AFR 1992 B AlPO4-40 DDR 1987 C deca-dodecasil 3R
AFS 1987 B AlPO4-46 DFO 1993 C DAF-1
AFT 1992 B AlPO4-52 DFT 1998 C DAF-2
AFX 1994 B AlPO4-56 DOH 1987 C dodecasil 1H
AFY 1987 B AlPO4-50 DON 1999 C UTD-1
AHT 1994 B AlPO4-H2 EAB 1978 C TMA-E
ANA 1978 B analcime EDI 1978 C edingtonite
APC 1987 B AlPO4-C EMT 1992 C EMC-2
APD 1987 B AlPO4-D EON 2005 G ECR-1
AST 1987 B AlPO4-16 EPI 1978 C epistilbite
ASV 2000 G ASU-7 ERI 1978 C erionite
ATN 1992 B AlPO4-39 ESV 1998 C ERS-7
ATO 1992 B AlPO4-31 ETR 1987 G ECR-34
ATS 1992 B AlPO4-36 EUO 2006 C EU-1
ATT 1987 B AlPO4-33 EZT 2006 G EMM-3
ATV 1992 B AlPO4-25 FAR 2006 G farneseite
AWO 1998 B AlPO4-21 FAU 1978 C faujasite
AWW 1992 B AlPO4-22 FER 1978 C ferrierite
BCT 2001 G zeolite BCTT FRA 2000 C franzinite
BEA 1992 B zeolite beta GIS 1978 C gismondine
BEC 2001 G zeolite beta polymorph C GIU 2004 G giuseppettite
BIK 1978 B bikitaite GME 1978 C gmelinite
BOF 2008 G UCSB-15 GON 2000 C GUS-1
BOG 1992 B boggsite GOO 1987 C goosecreekite
BOZ 2012 G beryllium framework 10 HEU 1978 C heulandite
2
BPH 1992 B beryllophosphate H IFO 2013 ) ITQ-51
BRE 1978 B brewsterite IFR 1997 C ITQ-4
BSV 2008 G UCSB-7 IHW 2006 G ITQ-32
CAN 1978 B cancrinite IMF 2007 G IM-5
CAS 1992 B cesium aluminosilicate IRR 2011 G ITQ-44
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1 Lando lt -Börnst ein

© Spr inger 2014 New Ser ies IV/14G
Table 1.1 (continued) List of FTC’s approved since 1978. LB refers to this series of volumes.
FTC approval 1) vol. type material FTC approval 1) vol. type material
ISV 1999 C ITQ-7 MOZ 2006 D ZSM-10
ITE 1997 C ITQ-3 MRE 2008 G ZSM-48
ITH 2003 G ITQ-13 MSE 2006 G MCM-68
ITR 2009 G ITQ-34 MSO 1999 D MCM-61
2
ITT 2013 ) ITQ-33 MTF 1987 D MCM-35
ITV 2011 G ITQ-37 MTN 1987 D ZSM-39
ITW 2003 G ITQ-12 MTT 1987 D ZSM-23
IWR 2004 G ITQ-24 MTW 1987 D ZSM-12
IWS 2008 G ITQ-26 MVY 2010 G MCM-70
IWV 2006 G ITQ-27 MWW 1997 D MCM-22
IWW 2003 G ITQ-22 NAB 2003 D nabesite
JBW 1992 C Na-J NAT 1978 D natrolite
JOZ 2012 G LSJ-10 NES 1992 D NU-87
JRY 2009 G CJ-40 NON 1987 D nonasil-[4158]
JSN 2012 G CJ-69 NPO 2004 D oxonitridophosphate-1
2
JSR 2013 ) JU-64 NPT 2011 G oxonitridophosphate-2
JST 2011 G CJ-63 NSI 2005 D NU-6(2)
JSW 2012 G CJ-62 OBW 2004 D OSB-2
KFI 1978 C ZK-5 OFF 1978 D offretite
2
LAU 1978 C laumontite OKO 2013 ) COK-14
LEV 1978 C levyne OSI 1996 D UiO-6
LIO 1978 C liottite OSO 2000 D OSB-1
LIT 2005 G lithosite OWE 2005 D UiO-28
LOS 1978 C losod PAR 1987 D parthéite
LOV 1987 C lovdanite PAU 1978 D paulingite
LTA 1978 D zeolite A PCR 2012 G IPC-4
LTF 2009 G LZ-135 PHI 1978 D phillipsite
LTJ 2011 G Linde Type J PON 2004 D IST-1
LTL 1978 D Linde Type L PUN 2010 G PKU-9
LTN 1987 D Linde Type N RHO 1978 D rho
MAR 2004 D marinellite RON 1992 E roggianite
MAZ 1978 D mazzite RRO 2004 E RUB-41
MEI 1992 D ZSM-18 RSN 1994 E RUB-17
MEL 1978 D ZSM-11 RTE 1994 E RUB-3
MEP 1987 D melanophlogite RTH 1994 E RUB-13
MER 1978 D merlinoite RUT 1994 E RUB-10
MFI 1978 D ZSM-5 RWR 2004 E RUB-24
MFS 1992 D ZSM-57 RWY 2003 E UCR-20
MON 1992 D montesommaite SAF 2010 G STA-15
MOR 1978 D mordenite SAO 1996 E STA-1

Table 1.1 (continued) List of FTC’s approved since 1978. LB refers to this series of volumes.
FTC approval 1) volume type material FTC approval 1) volume type material
SAS 2000 E STA-6 STT 1998 F SSZ-23
SAT 1997 E STA-2 STW 2008 F SU-32
SAV 2000 E STA-7 SVR 2008 F SSZ-74
2
SBE 1998 E UCSB-8 SVV 2013 ) SSZ-77
SBN 2008 E UCSB-9 SZR 2006 F SUZ-4
SBS 1998 E UCSB-6 TER 1996 F terranovaite
SBT 1998 E UCSB-10 THO 1978 F thomsonite
2
SEW 2013 ) SSZ-82 TOL 2007 F tounkite like mineral
SFE 2000 E SSZ-48 TON 1987 F theta-1
SFF 1998 E SSZ-44 TSC 1998 F tschörtnerite
SFG 2003 E SSZ-58 TUN 2006 F TUN-9
SFH 2003 E SSZ-53 UEI 2002 F MU-18
SFN 2003 E SSZ-59 UFI 2003 F UZM-5
SFO 2004 E SSZ-51 UOS 2009 F IM-16
SFS 2009 G SSZ-56 UOZ 2004 F IM-10
SFV 2011 G SSZ-57 USI 2004 F IM-6
2
SFW 2013 ) SSZ-52 UTL 2004 F IM-12
SGT 1987 E sigma-2 UWY 2011 F IM-20
SIV 2006 E SIZ-7 VET 1995 F VPI-8
SOD 1978 E sodalite VFI 1992 F VPI-5
SOF 2008 G SU-15 VNI 1995 F VPI-9
SOS 2004 E SU-16 VSV 1994 F VPI-7
SSF 2008 E SSZ-65 WEI 1993 F weinebeneite
SSY 2004 E SSZ-60 WEN 1987 F wenkite
STF 1998 E SSZ-35 YUG 1978 F yugawaralite
STI 1978 E stilbite ZON 1995 F ZAPO-M1
STO 2008 F SSZ-31
1
) From [2013Bae1].
2
) FTC’s were assigned in 2013. Full information was not available before this volume went to press.
Ongoing syntheses of new zeolites (see, e.g., the series of ITQ zeolites from the Instituto de Tecnologia
Quimica in Valencia: ITH, ITR, ITV, ITW, IWR, IWS, IWV and IWW in this volume) and discoveries of
new minerals (see, e.g., farneseite, giuseppettite, and lithosite) lead to the almost linearly increasing
number of new FTC’s expected to cross the 250 line in Fig. 1.1 before the end of this decade. This shows,
that zeolites still represent one of the most important and fascinating materials. This is also reflected in
the number of publications on zeolites listed in the Web of Science [2013Web1] shown in Fig. 1.2. Thus,
it can be expected that the number of publications on zeolites will exceed 70,000 before 2020.
As described in Chap. 1 of the introduction in volume B, all crystal structure entries have been
checked for their internal and external consistency. Misprints in the original literature were corrected,
partly after correspondence with the authors, and partly to the best of our knowledge, especially if
typographical errors were obvious, or in all those cases where the authors either did not respond to our
inquiries or could not resolve the problem.

70000
60000
cumulative number of publications
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
year
Fig. 1.2. Cumulative number of publications listed in the Web of Science [2013Web1] with ‘zeolite’ as
keyword.
7000
cumulative number of crystal structures
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
year
Fig. 1.3. Cumulative number of crystal structures with zeolite-type frameworks [2013Bau1].
The main source for generating the entries in Tables FTC.2.1 and FTC.2.2 (where FTC stands for any
framework-type code) is our databank ZeoBase [2010Bau1, 2013Bau1] which currently contains as of
2013 more than 6000 entries of crystal structures of zeolite-type compounds. The cumulative number of
published crystal structures with zeolite-type frameworks is shown in Fig. 1.3. The ZeoBase suite of

programs is used to calculate histograms and XY-plots presented in chapters with a sufficient number of
entries to analyze crystal-chemical relationships. Crystal-structure representations, especially those used
for the building schemes in chapters FTC.1, are drawn with the program STRUPLO [2013Fis1] also used
together with the program SADIAN [91Bau1] to calculate distances and angles in chapters FTC.3.
Errors found by us in volumes A to F or communicated to us before this volume went to press are
listed under Errata at the end of this volume.
2 Systematics, descriptions, and definitions
2.1 Modifications and changes
2.1.1 Aristotype structure
As explained in the corresponding chapter in volume E [2009Fis1], the atomic coordinates of the
frameworks in their highest possible topological symmetry (the aristotype structure) are calculated by
DLS [76Bae1] procedures based on an ideal framework of SiO4 tetrahedra using the coordinates provided
on the IZA homepage [2013Bae1] in cif format as starting parameters. All symmetry derivations done by
us are based – and rely on – the determination of the aristotype space group by [2013Bae1] without which
our standardization concept (see Chap. 3 of the introduction in volume B, and [2004Bau1, 2004Fis1])
could not be applied as conveniently as done here and in our database. In some cases (see, e.g., LIT in this
volume) we are using nonstandard settings of the unit cell (in contrast to the IZA) to conform to the
settings of the type materials in the subgroups. Consequently, the LIT aristotype structure is presented in
space group P n a m with an origin shift of ¼,0,0 from the standard origin at 1̄ relative to the setting in the
International Tables for Crystallography [2002Hah1] while the space group on the IZA homepage is
given as P n a m with b and c interchanged in the standard setting.
Starting with volume F [2013Fis2] we have listed the IZA entries of the aristotype structure as well as
other calculated structures in Tables FTC.2.1 and FTC.2.2 when there are other entries of minerals or
synthetic compounds present as well in the space group of the aristotype.
2.1.2 Crystal-structure representations
The crystal-crystal structure drawings in chapters FTC.3 usually contain polyhedral representations of the
framework in the three main directions of the unit cell and a ball and stick model. The dimensions of the
latter one do not always conform to the dimensions of the polyhedral drawings which generally contain
complete tetrahedral units while the ball and stick model might have some terminal sticks pointing to
adjacent T atoms.
2.1.3 Building schemes
Due to the fact that the natural tilings [2007Bla1, 2010Anu1] are presented by [2013Anu1] on the IZA
website [2013Bae1] for all FTC’s, we slightly modified the representations usually given in the figures in
Chap. 1 of the respective FTC. Whenever the units can be easily identified in the figures, they are just
labeled with the codes for the PBU’s without drawing the units separately. However, many building
schemes are still presented as ‘explosion models’ with separately drawn units whenever the assignments
are not obvious in the framework projections. On the other hand, more details are presented for the
description of the channels, usually with the sequence of units forming the channels.

2.2 Minerals with zeolite-type frameworks
It is not just the number of synthetic zeolites steadily growing. Every few years new minerals are found
some of which are representing new framework types. It was Frans Maurits Jaeger [29Jae1] who was the
first scientist to determine the crystal structure of a zeolite mineral, actually representing the first crystal-
structure determination of any zeolite, synthetic or natural. It was the structure of nosean, which has the
SOD-type framework. For details on the historical aspects see [2008Bau1]. Since 1928 more than 1300
crystal-structure descriptions of minerals with zeolite-type frameworks were published, represented in
Fig. 2.2.1 with the cumulative number of published structures. Those minerals where the crystal
structures were first determined within a given FTC are listed in Table 2.2.1.
With the completion of this volume G all minerals crystallizing in a zeolite-type framework are
covered. This does not necessarily mean that all these minerals are considered to be zeolites. According to
the subcommittee on zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association a zeolite is defined as follows
[97Coo1, 98Coo1, 98Coo2]: ‘A zeolite mineral is a crystalline substance with a structure characterized
by a framework of linked tetrahedra, each consisting of four O atoms surrounding a cation. This
framework contains open cavities in the form of channels and cages. These are usually occupied by H2O
molecules and extra-framework cations that are commonly exchangeable. The channels are large enough
to allow the passage of guest species. In the hydrated phases, dehydration occurs at temperatures mostly
below about 400 °C and is largely reversible. The framework may be interrupted by (OH,F) groups; these
occupy a tetrahedron apex that is not shared with adjacent tetrahedra.’ Some of the minerals listed here
might not conform to this definition. They are included in Table 2.2.2 and they are covered in the
respective chapters of this series if the atoms (or a subset of atoms) topologically correspond to a zeolite-
type framework. Thus, Table 2.2.2 gives a complete overview of all minerals with a zeolite-type
framework.
Mineral names in Tables FTC.2.1 are given in square brackets when the minerals were modified by
dehydration, calcination, or cation exchange. The mineral name refers to the original species even though
its chemical composition might be changed by cation exchange, thermal or acid treatment. The names are
given in parentheses if it is a synthetic analogue to the mineral species. Table 2.2.1 lists all entries
covered by volumes B to G.
1400
cumulative number of zeolite minerals
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
year
Fig. 2.2.1. Cumulative number of crystal structures of minerals with zeolite-type frameworks
[2013Bau1].

Table 2.2.1. List of zeolite minerals sorted by the year of their crystal-structure determinations.
year FTC mineral name reference year FTC mineral name reference
1
1929 SOD nosean ) 29Jae1 1977 LIO liottite 77Mer1
1930 ANA analcime 30Tay1 1979 MER merlinoite 79Gal1
1933 EDI edingtonite 33Tay1 1980 RON roggianite 80Gal1
NAT natrolite 33Tay2 1984 PAR parthéite 84Eng1
THO thomsonite 33Tay2 1986 GOO goosecreekite 86Rou1
1955 CAN cancrinite 2) 55Nit1 LIT lithosite 86Pud1
3
1958 CHA chabazite ) 58Den1 1989 BOG boggsite 89Plu1
FAU faujasite 58Ber1 RHO pahasapaite 89Rou1
1959 ERI erionite 59Sta1 1990 LOV lovdarite 90Mer1
LEV levyne 59Bar1 LTL perlialite 90Art1
1961 MOR mordenite 61Mei1 MON montesommaite 90Rou1
4
PHI harmotome ) 61Sad1 1991 AFG afghanite 91Pob1
1963 DAC dachiardite 63Got1 LOS bystrite 5) 91Pob1
GIS gismondine 63Fis1 1992 WEI weinebeneite 92Wal1
1964 BRE brewsterite 64Per1 1993 EAB bellbergite 93Rüd1
1965 EPI epistilbite 65Mer1 1994 VSV gaultite 94Erc1
MEP melanophlogite 65Kam1 1995 CHI chiavennite 95Taz1
1966 BCT phosphosiderite 66Moo1 1996 NES gottardiite 96Alb1
FER ferrierite 66Vau1 1997 MFI mutinaite 97Vez1
GME gmelinite 66Fis1 TER terranovaite 97Gal1
PAU paulingite 66Gor1 1998 TSC tschörtnerite 98Eff1
STI stilbite 66Gal1 2000 FRA franzinite 2000Bal1
1967 HEU heulandite 67Mer1 2002 BEA tschernichite 2002Alb1
LAU laumontite 67Bar1 NAB nabesite 2002Pet1
YUG yugawaralite 67Ker1 2003 MAR marinellite 2003Bon1
1972 OFF offretite 72Gar1 2004 GIU giuseppettite 2004Bon1
1973 WEN wenkite 73Wen1 TOL tounkite like mineral 2004Roz1
1974 BIK bikitaite 74Koc1 2005 FAR farneseite 2005Cam1
MAZ mazzite 74Gal1 2008 EON direnzoite 2008Gal1
1
) The mineral tetrahedrite (Cu24Sb8S24) with a Cu12S24 framework of the SOD type was determined in
1928 [28Mac1, 28Mac2] but it would not be considered a zeolite mineral. The crystal structure of the
eponymous compound ‘sodalite’ was first described in 1930 [30Pau1].
2
) The crystal structure as described by [33Koz1] for a cancrinite does not have a CAN-type framework.
3
) The crystal structure as described by [33Wya1] for a chabazite has a SOD-type framework.
4
) The crystal structure of the eponymous compound ‘phillipsite’ was first described in 1962 [62Ste1].
However, neither the space group of this phillipsite determination nor the space group of the harmotome
cited there is correct. Therefore, the first reliable structure determination of phillipsite is probably given
by [73Rin1].
5
) The eponymous compound ‘losod’ is not a mineral and thus not listed here.

Table 2.2.2. Selected entries of minerals with framework type codes ABW to ZON.
mineral name chemical composition space group FD entry code

afghanite Na18Ca10K0.8 · Al24Si24O96 · 10.4H2O P 63 m c 15.9 AFG1991a01
0.8CO3 5.6Cl 5.6SO4
Na18Ca10K4 · Al24Si24O96 · 6SO46Cl P31c 15.8 AFG1997a01
amicite K4Na4 · Al8Si8O32 · 10H2O I112 15.2 GIS1979a01
ammonioleucite (NH4)14 · Al14Si34O96 I 41/a 20.0 ANA1998e01
analcime Na16 · Al16Si32O96 · 16H2O I a 3̄ d 18.5 ANA1972a01
Na16 · Al16Si32O96 · 16H2O I 41/a c d 18.6 ANA1978a05
Na16 · Al16Si32O96 · 16H2O Ibca 18.6 ANA1978a04
barrerite Ca1.68Mg0.34K2.12Na10.90 · Amma 16.3 STI1975b01
Al16.38Fe0.02Si55.44O144 · 51.56H2O
bellbergite (Ca,Na)4Ca2Sr2(K,Ba)2 · Al18Si18O72 · P 63/m m c 14.8 EAB1993a01
30H2O
bikitaite Li2 · Al2Si4O12 · 2H2O P 1 211 20.3 BIK1974a01
Li2 · Al2Si4O12 · 2H2O P1 20.3 BIK1986a01
binnite Cu12S24 · 2SCu6 8As I 4̄ 3 m 11.2 SOD1971b01
boggsite Ca7.8Na2.9Al18.5Si77.5O192 · 70H2O Imma 15.6 BOG1990a01
brewsterite Sr1.5Ba0.5 · Al4Si12O32 · 10H2O P 21/m 17.3 BRE1977a01
SrBa · Al4Si12O32 · 10H2O P 1̄ 17.4 BRE1996a02
bystrite Na10K4Ca2 · Al11.7Si12.3O48 · 2.8S3 2H2O P31c 15.7 LOS1991a01
2CO3
cancrinite Na6 · Al6Si6O24 · 1.5Ca 1.6CO3 2H2O P 63 17.1 CAN1982b01
Na7 · Al5Si7O24 · CO3 3H2O P 63 m c 17.2 CAN1991d01
cancrisilite 1) Ca0.4Na7.2 · Al5.4Si6.6O24 · 1.3CO3 2.8H2O P3 17.1 CAN2007c02
[2007Ras1]
Na7 · Al5Si7O24 · CO3 3H2O P 63 m c 17.2 CAN2011c01
[2011Pek1]
chabazite-Ca Ca1.95 · Al3.9Si8.1O24 · 13H2O R 3̄ m 14.5 CHA1963a01
Ca1.4K0.2Mg0.4Sr0.3 · Al3.9Si8.2O24 · 12.2 H2O R 3̄ m 14.4 CHA1982b01
Ca1.4Sr0.3 · Al3.8Si8.3O24 · 13H2O R 3m 14.5 CHA1982c01
Ca1.4K0.2Na0.3 · Al3.4Si8.6O24 · 13H2O R 3̄ m 14.6 CHA1983b01
Ca0.8Fe0.6 · Al3Si9O24 · 10H2O R 3̄ m 14.5 CHA1985c02
Ca1.4K0.2Na0.3 · Al3.4Si8.6O24 · 13H2O P 1̄ 14.6 CHA1983b02
chabazite-Li Ca0.2Li3.3 · Al3.7Si8.3O24 · 12H2O R 3̄ m 14.7 CHA1994c01
chiavennite Ca4Mn4H8 · Be8Si20O60 · 8H2O Pnab 20.9 CHI1995a01
chibaite 1) SiO2 · 0.17CH4 2) I 41/a 18.6 MTN2011a01
[2011Mom1]
clinoptilolite-Ca Ca1.9K1.1Na1.8 · Al6.7Si29.2O72 · 24H2O C 2/m 17.1 HEU1977a01
clinoptilolite-K Ca1.1K2.4Mg0.3Na1.2 · Al6.6Si29.5O72 · 18H2O C 2/m 19.0 HEU1999c02
clinoptilolite-Na Ca1.3K1.0Na3.2 · Al7.4Si28.4O72 · 22H2O C 2/m 17.1 HEU1975a02
clinostrengite Fe4P4O16 · 8H2O P 1 21/n 1 17.5 BCT2004a01
dachiardite (Na,K,Ca0.5)5Al5Si19O48 · 13H2O C 2/m 17.5 DAC1990a01
danalite Fe4Mn4 · Si6Be6O24 · 2S P 4̄ 3 n 21.5 SOD1985a03
davyne Na4K2Ca2 · Al6Si6O24 · 2Cl SO4 P 63/m 16.0 CAN1990a01
Na6Ca2 · Al6Si6O24 · 2Cl 2OH P 63 15.7 CAN1990b01
depmeierite 1) Na8 · Si6Al6O24 · PO4CO3 · 3H2O 2) P 63 16.5 CAN2011b01
[2011Pek1]

Table 2.2.2 (continued) Selected entries of minerals with framework type codes ABW to ZON.
direnzoite Ca2.24K6.62Mg1.42Na0.94 · Al13.32Si46.68O120 P m m n 16.6 EON2008a01
· 36.8H2O
DOH-type SiO2 · 0.17CH4 2) P 6/m m m 18.1 DOH2011a01
1
mineral ) [2011Mom1]
edingtonite Ba2 · Al4Si6O20 · 7H2O P 4̄ 21 m 16.7 EDI1984a01
Ba2 · Al4Si6O20 · 8H2O P 21 21 2 16.6 EDI1976a01
epistilbite Ca3Na · Al6Si18O48 · 16H2O C 1 2/m1 17.6 EPI1967a01
Ca2.6Na0.8 · Al6Si18O48 · 16H2O C 1 21 17.7 EPI1985a02
Ca2.7Na0.3 · Al6Si18O48 · 16H2O C1 17.7 EPI1996a01
erionite-Ca Ca4.3K2.2Na0.2 · Al11Si25O72 · 36H2O P 63/mmc 15.5 ERI1998a02
erionite-K Ca1.3K2.0Mg0.6Na1.9 · Al9Si26O72 · 10H2O P 63/mmc 15.6 ERI1973a01
erionite-Mg, K Ca0.7K2.1Mg2.4Na1.3 · Al13.1Si23.6O72 · P 63/mmc 16.0 ERI1967a01
27.4H2O
farneseite Na36.4K9.2Ca8.8 · Si42.5Al41.5O168 · P 63/m 15.8 FAR2005a01
11.4SO4 0.2F 0.5Cl 3H2O
faujasite-Na Ca14Na29 · Al58Si134O384 · 263H2O F d 3̄ m 12.7 FAU1964a01
ferrierite-Mg Na1.3K0.2Mg2 · Al5.5Si30.5O72 · 18H2O Immm 17.8 FER1966a01
ferrierite-Na Na3KMg0.5 · Al5Si31O72 · 18H2O P 1 21/n 1 18.0 FER1985a01
ferrochiavennite 1) Ca1-2 · FeBe2Si5O13(OH)2 · 2H2O P 1 21/c 1 20.7 CHI2013a01
[2013Gri1]
flörkeite 3) Na2K6Ca4 · Al16Si16O64 · 24H2O P 1̄ 15.8 PHI2009b01 3)
franzinite (Na,K)30Ca10 · Si30Al30O120 · 10SO4 P 3̄ m 1 15.6 FRA2000a01
2H2O
freibergite Cu12S24 · 2S(Fe1.7Ag4.3) 8Sb I 4̄ 3 m 10.0 SOD1986d01
galkhaite Hg9.12Cu1.44Zn1.44S24 · 8As 1.92Tl I 4̄ 3 m 10.7 SOD1975a01
garronite Ca3 · Al6Si10O32 · 14H2O I 4̄ m 2 15.8 GIS1992a01
Ca3 · Al6Si10O32 · 14H2O I 1 1 2/b 16.0 GIS1999c01
gaultite Na34.2 · Zn15Si55.9O144 · 40H2O Fd2d 17.1 VSV1994b01
genthelvite Fe2Zn6 · Si6Be6O24 · 2S P 4̄ 3 n 22.2 SOD1985a05
gismondine Ca4 · Al8Si8O32 · 16H2O P 1 1 21/a 15.3 GIS1963a01
Ca8 · Al16Si16O64 · 16H2O P 21 21 21 18.6 GIS1993a02
giuseppettite Na42K16Ca6 · Al48Si48O192 · 10SO4 2Cl P31c 15.9 GIU2004a01
5H2O
gmelinite-Na Na8 · Al8Si16O48 · 22H2O P 63/mmc 14.6 GME1982a01
gmelinite-Ca Ca2.06K0.11Na0.78Sr1.35 · Al7.82Si16.21O48 · P 63/mmc 14.6 GME1982a02
23.23H2O
gmelinite-K K3Ca2 · Al8Si16O48 · 24H2O P 63/mmc 14.6 GME1990a01
gobbinsite Ca0.6Na4.3 · Al5.6Si10.4O32 · 12H2O P n m 21 15.9 GIS1994a01
Ca0.6K2.2Na2.6 · Al6Si10O32 · 12H2O P n m 21 15.9 GIS1985b01
goldfieldite Cu10.20S22.66Se1.34 · 2SCu5.9 As 5Te 2Sb I 4̄ 3 m 10.9 SOD1996l01
gonnardite Na4.51Ca1.84 · Al8.59Si11.50O40 · 12.61H2O I 4̄ 2 d 17.2 NAT1999b01
goosecreekite Ca · Al2Si6O16 · 5H2O P 1 1 21 17.6 GOO1986a01
gottardiite Ca4.8K0.2Mg3.1Na2.5 · Al18.8Si1117.2O272 · C c m e 17.4 NES1996a01
93H2O
harmotome Ca0.5Ba2 · Al5Si11O32 · 12H2O P 1 21/m1 16.0 PHI1974a02
haüyne Ca2.4K1.6Na4.3 · Si6Al6O24 · 1.5SO4 P 4̄ 3 n 15.8 SOD1991d01

helvine Mn8 · Be6Si6O24 · 2S P 4̄ 3 n 21.0 SOD1972a01
heulandite-Ca Ca3.7Na1.30 · Al8.9Si27.1O72 · 21H2O C2/m 17.2 HEU1994a01
Ca3.6K0.4Na1.3 · Al9.4Si26.7O72 · 26H2O Cm 17.1 HEU1972a02
hsianghualite Ca24Li16 · Be24Si24O96 · 16F I 21 3 22.5 ANA1991c01
kalborsite K6 · Al4Si6O20 · B(OH)4 Cl P 4̄ 21 c 15.8 EDI1980a01
kirchhoffite 1) Cs · BSi2O6 I 41/a c d 22.0 ANA2012b01
[2012Aga1]
kolbeckite Sc3.76V0.12Fe0.08Al0.04P4O16 · 8H2O P 1 21/n 1 16.2 BCT2007a01
kumdykolite Na2 · Al2Si6O16 P 1 21/n 1 4) 23.1 BCT2009a01
kyanoxalite 1) Na7 · Si6-7Al5-6O24 · (C2O4)0.5-1 · 5H2O 2) P 63 16.6 CAN2010d01
[2010Chu1]
laumontite Ca4 · Al8Si16O48 · 17.2H2O C 1 2/m1 17.6 LAU1992a01
H2O-poor Ca4 · Al8Si16O48 · 12H2O C 1 2/m1 17.6 LAU1970a01
laumontite
Na,K-rich Ca2K2Na2 · Al8Si16O48 · 14H2O C 1 2/m1 17.8 LAU2000a01
laumontite
Na,K-rich Ca2.6K1.6Na1.2 · Al8Si16O48 · 14H2O P 1 2/a 1 17.8 LAU1997a01
laumontite
lazurite Na6.0K0.3Ca1.2 · Al6Si6O24 · 1.1SO4 0.1S3 P 4̄ 3 n 16.0 SOD2004g03
0.4Cl 0.3H2O
Na6.41Ca1.36K0.04 · Al5.91Si6.09O24 · 1.73SO4 P23 16.0 SOD2006c01
0.17Cl
Ca7.74K0.48Na38.82 · Al35.04Si36.96O144 · Pccn 16.1 SOD1998j01
10.98SO4 1.6Cl
Ca1.54Na6.34 · Al6Si6O24 · 0.84SO4 1.54S Pnn2 16.0 SOD2003i01
leucite K16 · Al16Si32O96 I 41/a 20.4 ANA1976a01
K16 · Al16Si32O96 I a 3̄ d 19.4 ANA1993b05
K16 · Al16Si32O96 I 41/a c d 19.4 ANA1990b12
levyne-Ca Ca8Na2K · Al19Si35O108 · 50H2O R 3̄ m 15.2 LEV1975a01
levyne-Na Ca3.2KNa10.7 · Al18.8Si35.3O108 · 44.2H2O R 3̄ m 15.4 LEV1996a01
liottite Ca11Na9K4 · Al18Si18O72 · 2H2O 4SO4 2CO3 P 6̄ m 2 15.6 LIO1977a01
3Cl 4OH
Ca9Na10K5 · Al18Si18O72 · 5SO4 3.5Cl 0.5F P 6̄ 15.6 LIO1996a01
lithosite K12H4 · Al8Si16O52 P 1 211 18.3 LIT1986a01
londonite 5) O4Al4Be4Cs · B12O24 P 4̄ 3 m 30.6 SOD1966c01
lovdarite K4Na12 · Be8Si28O72 · 18H2O Pc2m 18.3 LOV1990a01
maricopaite Ca2.2Pb7.2 · Al11.6Si36.4O99.6 · 31.8H2O Cm2m 16.6 MOR1994b01
marinellite Na32K11Ca6 · Al36Si36O144 · 8SO4 1.6Cl P31c 15.8 MAR2003a01
3.4H2O
mazzite-Mg Ca1.4K2.5Mg2.1Na0.3 · Al9.9Si26.5O72 · 28H2O P 63/mmc 16.1 MAZ1975a01
mazzite-Na Na8 · Al8Si28O72 · 30H2O P 63/mmc 16.1 MAZ2005a01
melanophlogite Si184O368 · 7.2CH4 4.08CO2 14.16N2 P 42/n b c 19.1 MEP2001a01
Si46O92 · 1.8CH4 1.02CO2 3.54N2 P m 3̄ n 19.0 MEP1983a01
merlinoite K5Ca2 · Al9Si23O64 · 24H2O Immm 16.0 MER1979a01
mesolite Na15.92Ca16.32 · Al48.00Si71.84O240 · 64H2O Fdd2 17.6 NAT2000c01
metavariscite Al4P4O16 · 8H2O P 1 21/n 1 19.2 BCT1973b01

microsommite Na4K2Ca2 · Al6Si6O24 · 0.9SO4 2.2Cl P 63/m 15.6 CAN1995a02
Na4K2Ca2 · Al6Si6O24 · 0.9SO4 2.2Cl P 63 15.9 CAN1995a01
montesommaite K5 · Al5Si11O32 · 5H2O I 41/a m d 18.1 MON1990a02
mordenite Ca1.89K0.14Mg0.09Na3.51 · Al7.4Fe0.03Si40.53O96 C m c m 17.2 MOR2003a01
· 27.26H2O
mutinaite Ca3.8K0.1Mg0.2Na2.8 · Al11.2Si84.9O192 · 60H2O P n m a 17.6 MFI1997a01
nabesite Na8 · Be4Si16O40 · 16H2O P 21 21 21 16.9 NAB2002a01
natrolite Na16 · Al16Si24O80 · 16H2O Fdd2 17.8 NAT1993b01
nosean Na8 · Si6Al6O24 · SO4 H2O P 4̄ 3 n 16.0 SOD1989b01
offretite KCaMg · Al5Si13O36 · 18H2O P 6̄ m 2 15.4 OFF1996a01
pahasapaite Li11.6Ca5.5K1.2Na0.2 · Be24P24O96 · 38H2O I23 18.3 RHO1989c01
paranatrolite Na15.04K1.76Ca0.48 · Al17.92Si22.08O80 · F1d1 16.7 NAT2004a01
24.8H2O
parthéite Ca8 · Al16Si16O68H8 · 16H2O C 1 2 /c 1 18.2 PAR1984a01
paulingite-K K68Ba1.5Ca36Na13 · Al152Si520O1344 · 705H2O I m 3̄ m 15.5 PAU1966a01
paulingite-Ca Ba2Ca59K36Na14 · Al173Si499O1344 · 550H2O I m 3̄ m 15.5 PAU1996a01
barian Ba22Ca41Fe0.5K36Mg0.6Mn0.2Na6 · I m 3̄ m 15.5 PAU1997a01
paulingite-Ca Al185Si489Sr2O1344 · 434H2O
perlialite K8Tl4 · Al12Si24O72 · 20H2O P 6/m m m 16.1 LTL1990a01
phillipsite-K Ca1.7K2.0Na0.4 · Al5.3Si10.6O32 · 12H2O P 1 21/m1 15.8 PHI1974a01
phosphosiderite Fe4P4O16 · 8H2O P 1 21/n 1 17.7 BCT1966a01
pitiglianoite Na18K6 · Al18Si18O72 · 3SO4 6H2O P 63 16.3 CAN1991c01
pollucite Cs10Na3 · Al14Si34O96 · 4.5H2O I a 3̄ d 18.8 ANA1995a01
Cs13Na2 · Al15Si33O96 · 32H2O I 41/a c d 18.7 ANA1995a02
quadridavyne Na16K4Ca8 · Al24Si24O96 · 16Cl P 63/m 15.5 CAN1994a01
rhodizite O4Cs0.36K0.46Na0.02Rb0.06Al3.99Be4 · P 4̄ 3 m 30.6 SOD1986e01
B11.35Be0.55Li0.02O24
roggianite Ca16 · Be8(OH)16Al16Si32O104 · 19H2O I 4/m c m 18.2 RON1991a01
scolecite Ca8 · Al16Si24O80 · 24H2O F1d1 17.5 NAT1997a01
sodalite Na8 · Si6Al6O24 · 2Cl P 4̄ 3 n 17.1 SOD1984a01
6
Na7.5Fe0.05 · Al5.93Si6.07O24 · Cl1.99 0.01SO4 ) P 4̄ 3 n 17.2 SOD1983c01 6)
stellerite Ca7.56Mg0.06K0.28Na0.34Sr0.02 · Fmmm 16.3 STI1975a01
Al15.86Fe0.12Si56.04O144 · 56.20H2O
stilbite-Ca Ca8.36Mg0.36Na2.56 · Al20.60Si51.42O144 · F 1 2/m 1 16.3 STI1971a01
68.14H2O
stilbite-Na Ca3.45K1.94Mg0.08Na8.18 · Al16.62Si55.25O144 · F 1 2/m 1 16.2 STI1987a02
53.53H2O
svyatoslavite Ca2 · Al4Si4O16 P 21 1 1 22.5 BCT2012a01
tennantite Cu12S24 · 2SCu6 Cu 7.8As 0.16Sb I 4̄ 3 m 11.4 SOD2005c01
terranovaite Ca4Na4 · Al12Si68O160 · 29H2O Cmcm 17.1 TER1997a01
tetrahedrite Cu12S24 · 2S(Cu5Fe0.5Ag0.5) 8Sb I 4̄ 3 m 10.8 SOD1986d02
7
Cu9.26Hg2.74S24 · 2SCu6 6.7Sb 1.3As ) I 4̄ 3 m 10.5 SOD2003d01 7)
tetranatrolite Na5.85Ca1.90 · Al9.25Si10.75O40.00 · 10.96H2O I 4̄ 2 d 17.3 NAT2005a01
tiptopite K2Li2.9Na1.7Ca0.7 · Be6P6O24 · 2OH 1.3H2O P 63 21.7 CAN1987a01
thomsonite-Ca Na2.34Ca3.5 · Al9.6Si10.4O40 · 11.24H2O Pbmn 17.6 THO1978a01
thomsonite-Ca Na4.29Ca6.96Sr0.79 · Al19.24Si20.59O80 · 27.58H2O P n c n 17.7 THO1981a01
thomsonite-Sr Na4.8Ca5.12Sr2.08 · Al19.20Si20.80O80 · 24H2O Pncn 17.6 THO2001e01

disordered Ca2.93K0.02Mg0.26Na2.17 · Al8.41Si11.56O40 · Pbmn 17.7 THO2010a01
thomsonite-Ca 11.8H2O
tsaregodtsevite (C4H12N)2 · Al2Si10O24 I222 16.7 SOD1991h01
tschernichite Ca4 · Al8Si24O64 · 32H2O 8) BEA [91Smi1,
93Bog1, 95Gal1]
tschörtnerite Ba4.8Ca89.6Cu46.4K11.2Sr16.6 · F m 3m 12.1 TSC1998a01
Fe1.4Al189.6Si193.0O768 · 135OH 224H2O
tounkite-like Ca15.48Na31.08K0.9 · Al36.06Si35.94O144 · 7.98Cl P 3 15.9 TOL2004a01
mineral 10.74SO4
tugtupite Na8 · Al2Be2Si8O24 · 2Cl I 4̄ 18.5 SOD1966a01
vishnevite Na8 · Al6Si6O24 · SO4 2H2O P 63 16.6 CAN1984a01
wairakite Ca7Na · Al15Si33O96 · 16H2O I 1 1 2/a 19.0 ANA1979a01
weinebeneite H8.44Ca3.96 · Be12.08P7.88O39.96 · 16H2O Cc 18.1 WEI1992a01
wenkite Ba4Ca5(Na,K)Al9Si11O41(OH)2 · 3SO4 P 6̄ 2 m 10) 18.6 WEN1973a01
9
H2O ) WEN1974a01
willhendersonite Ca2K2 · Al6Si6O24 · 10H2O P 1̄ 14.9 CHA1984c01
Ca2.9 · Al6Si6O24 · 11H2O P 1̄ 15.1 CHA1997a01
yugawaralite Ca2 · Al4Si12O32 · 8H2O Pc 18.2 YUG1986a01
1
) Minerals were not listed in the respective chapters of volumes B to F of this series because they were
not known before these volumes went to press.
2
) The chemical composition is idealized.
3
) Flörkeite [2009Len1] has a PHI-type framework not listed in chapter PHI of volume D [2006Fis1]
because it was published after volume D with the PHI type minerals had gone to press.
4
) Kumdykolite was originally described in space group P 1 21 1 [2009Hwa1] but most probably the
correct symmetry is P 1 21/n 1 (see chapter BCT).
5) Name of mineral rhodizite changed to londonite [2001Sim1] for the Cs-dominant phase according to
IMA decision 1999-014.

6
) Formerly called hackmanite.
7
) Formerly called schwatzite or schwazite.
8) Based on a tetragonal unit cell.
9
) This is an average composition inferred from both WEN1973a01 [73Wen1] and WEN1974a01
[74Mer1].
10
) The true symmetry of wenkite is most probably P 3 1 m as pointed out by Wenk [73Wen1] and by Lee
[76Lee1].
3 List of abbreviations
Just the abbreviations occurring in the text are listed. Further codes appearing in the Tables are explained
in the corresponding chapters 8 to 15 of the introduction to volume B [2000Bau1].
a, b, c Basis vectors of the unit cell
a, b, c, , ,  Unit cell constants [Å, °]
B Isotropic displacement factor (temperature factor) [Å2]
Beq Equivalent isotropic displacement factor [Å2], calculated as explained in [88Fis1]
cif Crystallographic Information File
DLS Distance Least Squares
DnR Double ring consisting of two SnR’s

e.s.d. Estimated standard deviation

FD Framework density defined as the number of tetrahedrally coordinated framework
cations (T-atoms) per 1000 Å3 [89Bru1]
FTC Framework Type Code assigned by the SC-IZA
i Klassengleiche subgroups with identical space groups
IT International Tables for Crystallography Vol. A [2002Hah1]
IZA International Zeolite Association
k Klassengleiche subgroups
NBU Natural building unit [2010Anu1]
n.p.d. nonpositive definite
PBU, PU Polyhedral (building) unit
SC-IZA Structure Commission of the International Zeolite Association
SnR Single ring containing n TX4 tetrahedra
t Translationengleiche subgroups
T Tetrahedrally coordinated framework cation
x, y, z Fractional coordinates
X Anion in the coordination sphere of the framework cation
V Unit cell volume [Å3]
ZSC Zeolite Structure Code formerly assigned by the SC-IZA (replaced by FTC)
4 Polyhedral units
Starting with volume E, we adopted the names listed by Anurova and Blatov [2013Anu1] in [2013Bae1]
for the natural tilings for all units not listed in [2000Smi1]. For definitions of the natural tilings see
[2007Bla1] and for a detailed description and discussion see [2010Anu1]. An interesting approach of
assembling zeolite-type frameworks as a packing of natural building units is given in [2013Bla1]. The
natural tilings have several advantages in contrast to the intuitively defined units in [2000Smi1]. The
choice of the units is unambiguous and they totally fill the crystal space [2010Anu1]. They are computer-
generated and represent a valuable tool for the description of porous framework materials. These units are
named ‘natural building units’ (NBU) in [2010Anu1] but here the term ‘polyhedral building unit’ (PBU)
as a more general expression is used for consistency. It was already foreseen by Smith [2000Smi1] that a
more rigorous definition of units based on mathematical grounds might emerge: ‘In general, I agree that
mathematical rigor is desirable in selection and definition of polyhedral units. In practice, as of today, I
take a very broad view that any unit that might be useful to a synthesis chemist should be listed here.
Hence, the units used here may prove to be an inconsistent boillabais[s]e, that will be adjusted into a
more logical set after further thinking.’ However, it is remarkable that most of the units defined in
[2000Smi1] are compatible with the natural building units [2010Anu1]. Therefore, following the concept
of [2010Anu1], the Smith labels are used when they conform to the NBU’s and additional units not listed
in [2000Smi1] have designations given by [2010Anu1, 2013Anu1] often consisting of the FTC in lower
case letters with sequence numbers if more than one newly defined unit occurs within a framework type.
These units carry an asterisk as suffix after the unit label.
For a transitional period it was necessary to define units not listed in [2000Smi1] and before the
systematic compilation of NBU’s [2010Anu1, 2013Anu1] became available. These bb units were
introduced by us [2000Bau1] following the concept of [2000Smi1]. They are now completely replaced by
the natural tilings listed in Table 4.1 together with the corresponding NBU’s.
Unfortunately, there are some designations given to some more abundant units in [2013Bae1] which
differ from the designations assigned in [2000Smi1] and [2010Anu1, 2013Anu1]. The cross references
are listed in Table 4.2. It is especially confusing, that, e.g., the lov unit defined in [2013Bae1] is identical
with the sfi unit after [2000Smi1, 2010Anu1] and differs from the lov unit defined by [2000Smi1].
Tables 4.3 and 4.4 contain the complete set of units defined by [2000Smi1, 2010Anu1, 2013Anu1].
Thus, they are replacing Tables 16.3.1 and 16.3.2 in volume A [2000Smi1] of this series. However, for
descriptions of the units defined by Smith we refer to the comments given in Table 16.3.2 in [2000Smi1].

This table also contains some units found in nonzeolitic nets. These units together with units replaced by
natural building units are labeled with a prime in Tables 4.3 and 4.4.
The face symbols consist of numbers representing the ring sizes of symmetrically independent faces in
increasing order with their multiplicities as superscripts. Following Smith’s concept [2000Smi1], the
‘face symbol lists the order (number of edges = number of vertices) of each topologically-distinct set of
faces, with the multiplicity (number of faces) as superscript. The face needs not be a planar or regular
polygon. Each face symbol is arranged in increasing order of polygon type, and then in decreasing order
of multiplicity.’ Thus, this differs from [2010Anu1, 2013Anu1] who are using the short form of the face
symbol. It should be noted that the point symmetry listed by [2013Anu1] represents the site symmetry of
the Wyckoff position of the corresponding unit center and therefore it is usually lower than the highest
possible symmetry listed here. In contrast to crystal classes, which are restricted to the symmetry of
crystals, the point group for polyhedral units can contain noncrystallographic symmetry elements like,
e.g., 102 m for sfg-3* in the SFG framework.
It should be noted, that we were not aiming for a space-filling description of the frameworks in our
chapters on building schemes. We just describe the framework in some of its components to facilitate the
understanding of the complex linkages in the tetrahedral frameworks. Therefore, not all of the units listed
in Tables 4.3 and 4.4 are actually used in the respective chapters. These tables represent a complete list
with units merged from [2000Smi1] and [2013Anu1] in their highest possible topological symmetry.
Since all zeolite-type crystal structures have tetrahedral frameworks, the prefix “t” for the unit labels
indicating subunits in tetrahedral environments as used in [2010Anu1, 2013Anu1] is omitted here.
Table 4.1. Additional PU’s defined by [2000Bau1, 2002Bau1, 2006Fis1] and not listed in [2000Smi1].
bb unit unit label after face symbol point group occurrence
[2013Anu1]
bb01 2×ats* 44446462122 2/m ATS
bb02 part of awo* 42414141416182101 m AWO
bb03 bog-3* 42414162102 mm2 BOG
bb04 bal* 42102 mmm BOG, CON, LAU
bb05 bre* 424252526281818181 m BRE
bb06 cgf-2* 444444648282 2/m CGF
bb07 extended cgf-1* 4444446464646482102 2/m CGF
bb08 part of cgs* 424242418281101101 m CGS
bb09 2×cor* 426261 2 CHI
bb10 part of chi* 626192121 2 CHI
bb11 2×bea-2* 54122122 2/m CON
bb12 2×cfi-2* 6464142 2/m CFI
bb13 2×bea-1* 425462122 2/m BEA, CON
bb14 2×aen* 4264648282 2/m AEN
bb15 part of dac-2* 6282102 mmm DAC
bb16 bb15+2×dac-1* 586282102 mmm DAC
bb17 dac-2* 5482102 mmm DAC, FER
bb18 don* 4241526261 mm2 DON
bb19 gon* 6462122 mmm GON, MTW
bb20 heu-1* 545482102 2/m HEU
bb21 heu-2* 444454548282 2/m HEU
bb22 2×ifr* 4442546462122 2/m IFR
bb23 bbo* 42124 4/mmm ISV
bb24 fvw* + 2×umx* 425262121 mm2 ISV
bb25 bb24 + 2×extended isv* 444254546464124 mmm ISV
bb26 extended fvw* 425464122 mmm ISV

Table 4.1 (continued) Additional PU’s defined by [2000Bau1, 2002Bau1, 2006Fis1] and not listed in
[2000Smi1].
bb unit unit label after face symbol point group occurrence
[2013Anu1]
bb27 lau-1* 4442646262102 2/m LAU
4
bb28 nab-2* 9 4̄ 2 m LOV, RSN
bb29 nab-1* 32418192 mm2 LOV, NAB, RSN
bb30 lig* 82104 4̄ 2 m MEL
bb31 part of mfs-2* 54528282102 mm2 MFS
bb32 part of mtf* 425454628282 2/m MTF
bb33 part of mtt* 626262102 mm2 MTT
bb34 mww-1* 51261262106 6/mmm MWW
bb35 mww-2* 425454102 mmm MWW
bb36 - 424241415252626261618181 m RTE (type B)
bb37 nes* 5858545468104 mmm NES
bb38 2×extended oso* 343434348484142 222 OSO
bb39 4×cor* 424262 2 PON
bb40 - 486882 8̄ 2 m RTE (type C)
4 8 4 2
bb41 - 4568 4̄ 2 m RTE (type C)
bb42 mel-1* + mel-2* 4152525261101101 m MEL, MFI
bb43 2×mfi-1* 5454102 2/m MFI
bb44 npo* 3263 6̄ 2 m NPO
bb45 mor* 52525281122 mm2 MOR
bb46 mtw-1* 5464122 mmm MTW
bb47 obw* 343434418481104 4 mm OBW
bb48 2×bik* 52526482 2/m NSI
bb49 owe* 424141828282 mm2 OWE
bb50 kaa 6282 mmm OWE
bb51 2×rro-1*+2×rro-2* 42425252525282102 2 RRO
Table 4.2. Cross references for units listed in [2007Bae1] and [2013Bae1] (column Bae) different from
[2000Smi1], [2010Anu1], and [2013Anu1] (column Smi, Anu). For units not having an equivalent, face
symbols in their short forms are given.
Bae Smi, Anu Bae Smi, Anu Bae Smi, Anu Bae Smi, Anu
abw kdq clo rpa lta grc nat des
atn ocn d4r cub ltl lil rte tte
ats oth d6r hpr mei iet rth cle
bea wwt d8r opr mfi pen sod toc
4 1 1 1 6 1
bik 568 fer ) 56 mor tes stf nuh
bph afo gis gsm mso ber ton 2) 546281
bre bru jbw hes mtn red vsv 3141
cas eun lov sfi mtt 5481
1
) Alternatively this unit can be described as a composite unit formed by two tes units.
2
) Alternatively this unit can be described as a composite unit formed by two pes units.

Table 4.3. Polyhedral units in alphabetic order replacing Table 16.3.2 in volume A [2000Smi1]. Units
with a prime are listed in [2000Smi1] but do not correspond to NBU’s as defined in [2010Anu1,
2013Anu1]. An asterisk indicates units defined in [2010Anu1, 2013Anu1] not listed in [2000Smi1].
label face symbol point group occurrence

aen* 416262818181 m AEN
afe 4124686122 3̄ 2 AFS,AFY
3 2
afi 66 6̄ 2 m AEL,AET,AFI,AFO,ATV,DON,MRE,
SAF,SFH,VFI
afo 4663 6̄ 2 m AFS,BPH,EZT
afr 444442646282122 mm2 AFR
afs’ subunit of, e.g., 42416281 mm2 see, e.g., aww*,bph,mse-1*
aww*,bph,mse-1*
aft 464643628683 6̄ 2 m AFT,AFX
2 3
ana* 68 6̄ 2 m ANA
apc’ formed by 2 44424242626284 2/m observed, e.g., in APC
kdm
apf 66122 6/m m m AFI,SAF,STO
asv* 64122 4/m m m ASV
ato* 63122 6̄ 2 m ATO,CAN,DFO,LTF,MOZ,NPO,OFF
ats* 446261122 mm2 ATS
awo* 4241414141416261618281 m AWO
4 2 4
aww 446 4̄ 2 m AWW,SAO
baf’’ 42426261 mm2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
bal* 42102 mmm BOG,CON,IWR,IWW,LAU,RON,TER
bbo* 42124 4/m m m BEC,ISV
bbr* 62102 mm2 MTT,PON
bco* 4182 mm2 GOO,LTJ
bcp* 62102 mmm MVY,PCR,SZR,UWY
bea-1* 4152122 mm2 BEA,CON
bea-2* 52122121 mm2 BEA
ber 6662 6/m m m MSO,SSF
bet 42415252 mm2 BEA,MSE,STT
bik* 526282 mm2 BIK,MFS,NSI
bof* 4241526261101101 m BOF
bog’ formed by 4264 mmm observed, e.g., in AEL,AET,AFI,AFO,
2 kah and 1 lov AHT,ATV,BOG,CGF,DFO,DFT,LAU,
SAF,STO,TER,USI,VFI
bog-1* 6261102 mm2 BOG,MFI,SFS,TER
2 2 2 2
bog-2* 4 5 5 12 mm2 BOG
bog-3* 42414162102122 mm2 BOG
boz-1* 343241628282 mm2 BOZ
boz-2* 31085102 1̄0̄ 2 m BOZ
12 6 3 3 2
bpa 4 4 8 8 12 6̄ 2 m BPH

Table 4.3 (continued) Polyhedral units in alphabetic order. See first heading on p. 17 for explanation.

6 3 3 6 2
bph 4 4 4 6 12 6̄ 2 m AFS,BPH
bre* 424252526281818181 m BRE
bru 4254 mmm BOG,BRE,CON,HEU,IWR,IWW,RRO,
STI,TER
bto-z* 102122 mmm RON
5 2
cai* 45 1̄0̄ 2 m SFG
can 466362 6̄ 2 m AFG,CAN,ERI,FAR,FRA,GIU,LIO,
LOS,LTL,LTN,MAR,MOZ,OFF,SAT,
SBS,SBT,TOL,WEN
cas* 54626182 mm2 CAS
cdo* 545252528282 mm2 CDO
cfi-1* 42545262 mm2 CFI
cfi-2* 6262142 mm2 CFI
cgf-1* 446482102 2/m CGF
cgf-2* 444444648282 2/m CGF
cgs* 42424242424141616182101101 m CGS
cha 46466286 3̄ 2 AFT,CHA
chi* 2 2 2 1 2
4 5 6 6 9 10 2 2 CHI
2 8
cla’ 45 8̄ 2 m observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
6 6 3
clb’ 556 6̄ 2 m observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
4 4
cle 45 4̄ 2 m ITE,RTH,UFI
clf ’ 43535353616173 3m1 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
clo-1* 4468202 4/m m m CLO
clo-2* 448632206 4/m 3̄ 2/m CLO
con* 415262102122 mm2 CON
cor* 4162 mm2 AEN,CHI,GOO,JRY,JSW,LTJ,MVY,
PAR,PON
ctn-e* 3283 6̄ 2 m VNI
cub 46 4/m 3̄ 2/m ACO,AFY,AST,ASV,BEC,CLO,DFO,
IRR,ISV,ITH,ITR,ITV,ITW,IWR,IWS,
IWV,IWW,LTA,SOF,STW,UFI,UOS,
UOZ,UTL,UWY
czp-1* 4282 mm2 CZP
czp-2* 42122 mm2 CZP
czp-3* 414182122 mm2 CZP
dac-1* 54102 mmm DAC,FER,MWW,UWY
dac-2* 5482102 mmm DAC,FER,PCR
dah 42545482 mmm DAC,EON,MOR
des’ formed by 44 4̄ 2 m observed, e.g., in EDI,NAT,THO
2 kzd
det 43535361 3m1 DDR


dma* 62142 mmm SFN
dmp* 6182 mm2 AFN,CAS,IWW,LIT,LTJ,SBE,SBS,
SBT,SOS,WEN
doh 5126662 6/m m m DOH
don* 4241526261 mm2 DON,STO
doo 435663 6̄ 2 m DOH
dtr 435653536183 3m1 DDR
due’ 3276 3̄ 2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
dum’ 3276 3̄ 2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
6 3 6 2 3
eab 44668 6̄ 2 m EAB
eni 41266122 6/m m m DFO
eon-1* 4441525252122 mm2 EON
eon-2* 424252525281122 mm2 EON
eri 4646636286 6̄ 2 m ERI
7 2
etn 6 14 6̄ 2 m AET,DON
etr-1* 46464383182 3m ETR
etr-2* 46464343436363616183 3m ETR
eun’ formed by 2 pes 5462 2/m observed, e.g., in BOG,CAS,CFI,EUO,
GON,IHW,IMF,IWV,MFI,MFS,MTW,
NES,NSI,PCR,SFF,SFH,SFN,SFS,STF,
STT,TER,TUN,UTL,VET
euo 4152 mm2 EUO,IWV,MON,MWW,NES,RSN,VNI,
VSV
euo-1* 5454545252646462102 mm2 EUO
evh 4124661286122 6/m m m DFO
ezt-1* 42122 mm2 EZT
ezt-2* 4282122 mm2 EZT
fau 4124664124 4̄ 3 m FAU
fer* 5854546282 mmm FER,PCR
fni’ 666363 6̄ 2 m observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
6 6 2
fny* 4 4 12 6̄ 2 m DFO,SBS,SBT
frr’ subunit of, e.g., fer* 8 4 2 2
5668 mmm see, e.g., fer*
fry* 4284102 mmm SZR
fsi’ 42646262 2/m observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
ftt 4264102 mmm DFO,ITH,ITR,SFG,USI,UWY
fup* 444444648482 4 mm SAV
fvw* 4254122 mmm BEC,ISV,IWR,IWW
gie-1* 44122 4/m m m BSV
gie-2* 4362123 6̄ 2 m BSV
6 6 6 6 3 2
giu* 466666 6̄ 2 m GIU


6 3 2 3
gme 4468 6̄ 2 m AFT,AFX,EAB,EON,GME,LTF,MAZ,
OFF
gon* 6462122 mmm GON
goo* 4262828282 2 GOO
gos’ 424162 2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
grc 4126886 4/m 3̄ 2/m CLO,KFI,LTA,LTN,PAU,RHO,TSC,
UFI
gsm 444284 4̄ 2 m ATT,GIS,PAU,SIV
4
hes 6 4̄ 3 m JBW,MTT,MTW,SFE,SFN,SSY,TON
heu-1* 545482102 2/m HEU
heu-2* 444454548282 2/m HEU
hpr 4662 6/m m m AEI,AFT,AFX,CHA,EAB,EMT,ERI,
FAU,GME,KFI,LEV,LTL,LTN,MOZ,
MSO,MWW,OFF,SAS,SAT,SAV,SBS,
SBT,SSF,SZR,TSC,WEN
hsp’ subunit of, e.g., 42526262 mm2 see, e.g., cfi-1*
cfi-1*
iet’ subunit of 4361 3m1 see, e.g., afo,cub,krs,kuo,mei,ohc,sti,
several NBU’s wgh*
ifr* 4241526261121121 m IFR
ihw* 5454545252646484 2/m IHW
imf-1* 4262102101 mm2 IMF
imf-2* 546261102101 mm2 IMF
imf-3* 54525262 mm2 IMF
imf-4* 545252102 mm2 IMF
imf-5* 546261102102 mm2 IMF
imf-6* 546262102 mm2 IMF
imf-7* 546262 mmm IMF,MRE,STO
irr-1* 3243 6̄ 2 m IRR
irr-2* 4 8
4 5 12 2 4/m m m IRR
irr-3* 6 6
4 6 18 2 6/m m m IRR
irr-4* 12 18 6 2 6/m m m IRR
isv* 4252122121 mm2 ISV
ith-1* 52525292 mm2 ITH,ITR
ith-2* 4192102101 mm2 ITH
ith-3* 415262102101 mm2 ITH
itp’ 324162 mm2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
itq’ 444254546262828281 mm2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks 1)
itr* 41516191102101 m ITR
itw* 4242546484 mmm ITW
iwr* 424264104122 mmm IWR,IWW
iws-1* 42415262122 mm2 IWS

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“‘I, Haji Mahomed, of Se Deh, and I, Jaffer Kūli, his son-in-law,
give and let, for the journey to Resht, from Ispahan, viâ Koom,
Hajeeb, Doong, Kasvin, to make twenty stages and halt four days at
our own expense, and at the wish of the sahib; twelve mules, four for
the mule litter, two for the kajawehs (covered mule paniers), and six
for loads; we hereby acknowledge five hundred and fifty kerans, and
two hundred more are to be paid in Resht; our hire is sixty-two and a
half kerans per mule; we will start to-morrow, and have affixed our
seals.’”
Here they all call on the prophet; and both muleteers seal, and the
merchant witnesses the document, which is handed to me. I give
them a cheque for five hundred and fifty kerans, and we all go off to
my house to look at the loads. On seeing these, both men begin to
vociferate. “Ah, loads, such loads, no one ever took such loads; on
no account will we go.”
“All useless, Haji,” we reply, and a pipe is given them.
They then proceed to sing their own praises, and we (the
merchant and I) profess to love them like brothers. They now retire,
and I and my wife and servants begin to pack up our road-kit
seriously; the travelling gear, got ready long ago, is dragged out and
re-examined; tarpaulin is nailed firmly on the roof of the takhtrowan
(horse litter), and the same is done to the kajawehs; then thin red
covers are put on and patched, new straps and buckles are added to
the bedding-bags, and the bedding packed so as to get each side
one weight; movable curtains are hung in the takhtrowan and its
harness is renewed. In the morning the assistant muleteers arrive,
and proceed to cord each box with heavy ropes, leaving the ends
loose; these ends are afterwards tied together; and so each half load
hangs on a side of the pack-saddle; a long broad band with an iron
ring at each end is flung over the mule and his load, and gradually
tightened. Thus loaded, the mule and his burden seldom, or never,
part company.
The muleteer, having had some of his hire, signed his agreement
and roped some of his loads, is by Persian law bound to go, and we
calmly prepared to start on the morning of April 4th.
April 4th.—No sign of muleteer. We use our road kit, and are in the
same plight as when marching.
April 5th.—Muleteer arrives, and requests us to take back our
money. Mutual threats and curses deep. Muleteer refuses to salaam.
Muleteer is threatened with the Governor. Muleteer demands a
present. Muleteer is offered a thrashing. Muleteer is insolent.
Muleteer is pursued. Muleteer flees.
April 6th., eight a.m.—Muleteer arrives at six a.m. Harnesses the
takhtrowan to two beasts, who shy and kick, and can’t be made to
move. Again offers to return money. Is again threatened with the
Governor, and called a Jew. Retires in violent passion.
Four p.m.—Arrival of muleteer with fairish horses (by the way, the
man’s beasts are all yabūs or horses). They are tried and found
satisfactory. Assistant muleteer addressed as “Hadji” (“pilgrim,” a title
very agreeable to the lower class of Persians), and regaled with
pipes. Head muleteer addressed as “That.”
Muleteer declines definitely to start, and offers to refund, but will
go for increased hire. Muleteer publicly threatened with Governor,
and called “That wind-bag.”
Muleteer retires, swearing he will die rather than start.
April 7th., eight a.m.—No muleteer. Nine a.m.—Arrival of muleteer
and nine mules (i. e. ponies), four assistants, and a donkey.
Assistant muleteer is secretly promised twenty kerans if he becomes
the slave of hirer, to be given in Resht. Eleven a.m.—Mules at last
loaded; they start. The wives of the servants come and weep on
them. The takhtrowan is carried to the high-road. Twelve noon.—I
take N⸺ (our English nurse), Frank, and the baby to the starting-
place, and put them into the takhtrowan, placing Charlie, our eldest,
with a nurse-boy, in one kajaweh, the woman-servant Bēbē in the
other. They leave.
Half-past twelve.—I go round my rooms for the last time.
A⸺ (my wife) and I mount, with our table-servant, last of all. We
leisurely walk our horses out. When we have got a quarter of a mile,
our servant swears he has dropped his whip. I refuse to let him go
back, as I don’t want to lose sight of him. Scene with him.
Grumblings, threats.
We pass the Missionary house. We bid them all good-bye at the
door. While this is taking place Ibrahim, the head-man, disappears. I
gallop after him, leaving A⸺ to come on with the bedding and the
groom. After a chase of two miles I catch him. He swears I told him
to get up to the takhtrowan. Threats. Whispered curses. I shout
myself hoarse. We cross the river, pass through the town, four miles
out of which we reach the caravan. On over a sandy and muddy
plain to Gez. Four farsakhs. Time, half-past four p.m. Tea, five p.m.
Rest of caravan arrive. Eight, dinner. Nine, bed.
April 8th.—Leave Gez at nine a.m. Over a sandy plain, six
farsakhs, twenty-three miles, to Mūrchicah. Cold wind, dull day, rain
threatening. Arrive at “chupper-khana” (post-house) at five, having
breakfasted among some ruins on the road, about half-way. The
post-house keeper at this place was the man who behaved so well to
me, and lent me clothes when I was robbed, so I gave him a double
present, as usual, and a bottle of wine.
April 9th.—Left this morning at seven for Soh, six long farsakhs;
left the plain, half-way breakfasted, and at the dam, a long farsakh
from Soh, were met by Sergeant McG⸺. After ten minutes it began
to rain heavily, and though we cantered for two miles, we got pretty
wet ere we got our rugs. On their reaching us it left off raining. Mrs.
McG⸺ gave us a magnificent high tea. Soh is a terribly cold place.
We were hospitably entertained and well fed, but it is impossible to
get warm, even with huge fires.
April 10th.—In the morning at five a.m. the ground was covered
with snow, and the weather was severe; it also rained till seven,
when it cleared a little. Started the caravan at eight, selves at nine.
Rain and drizzle till we got to the Kohrūd Pass, when it suddenly
came on to snow heavily.
The track was through snowdrifts half melted, and before we had
got a dozen yards up the steep ascent, A⸺’s mare was off the
track, trembling with fear, and up to her girths. A⸺, too, fancied, I
think, that it was all over with us. The muleteers began to call on
God, Ali, and the other saints, but we blundered along, one mule
only falling. The snow got very thick, but our goggles protected our
eyes, and we were heavily wrapped up. One side (the windward)
soon got white, and A⸺ appreciated the big, old-fashioned, silk
handkerchief which I gave her, to keep her sun hat on, and protect
her face from the snow. After an hour and a half of this, we cleared
the pass, the takhtrowan having got over in safety, and N⸺ and
the babies not having had to get out, which, if they had been obliged
to do, would, with knee-deep snow and two feet of mud, have been a
serious matter.
The snow melted into drizzle, and in a quarter of an hour we were
in a sheltered valley, in a strong sun, and entering the village of
Kohrūd. We got to the post-house, and there took off our wet wraps
and hung them up. About two hours before sunset. Six farsakhs.
Seven hours in the saddle, all but the last two being severe work for
a lady.
April 11th.—Started early, as we have seven farsakhs (twenty-six
miles and a half) to do. Though we expected to feel the heat, we had
soon to take to our wraps, as a strong Scotch mist, with occasional
cold showers, followed us all through the mountains to the
caravanserai of Guebre-abad (which is supposed to be haunted).
We found it empty, and breakfasted with our horses there, but the
weather was too awful for N⸺ and the children to get out, so we
sent them on.
Half-way to Guebre-abad we had to pass down the causeway cut
in the side of the mountain, which skirts the reservoir fed by the
Kohrūd torrent, where is stored the water for the town of Kashan. It is
simply a valley, closed at one end by a huge wall of masonry. This
retains the waters, the surplus falling over the top, like the Staubach
on a small scale.
Within two farsakhs of Kashan the climate changed; our faces
seemed on fire. We found wheat two feet high, clover the same
height, and the little rain that fell was warm and refreshing. We got to
the telegraph-office at five-thirty, and were immediately regaled with
tea by Mr. S⸺, the clerk there. An hour and a half afterwards the
caravan came in. Here the men went to the bath, Bēbē started
washing clothes, and after dinner we inaugurated the new hot bath,
just built in the Government quarters (a great luxury).
Here at Kashan we determined to halt a day, and enjoy the genial
warmth, doors all open, and the luxury of not having to start in the
morning.
Kashan is celebrated for silk and velvet weaving, but the silk is
generally of very sad colours, and the objects useless to the
European, so we could merely buy a few handkerchiefs and some
velvet curtains.
The water supply from the Kohrūd torrent is collected in the
reservoir we passed, and on reaching Kashan is stored in “ab
umbars,” or water-cellars, and when they are emptied they are
regularly re-filled, thus getting a supply of fresh and clear water.
All about are curious, conical buildings of mud, some ten and
twelve yards high. They have small terraces a few inches wide at
top, others a foot or two wide at bottom. These are the grain stores
of the place, and seem peculiar to Kūm and Kashan.
I tried to pick up some curios in the bazaar, but found it hopeless.
The copper bazaar was particularly good and fine, but all of the work
was useful, not ornamental. Was bothered by visitors the greater part
of the afternoon, most of whom came for advice gratis. Near this
place is Feen, one of the royal palaces, well worth a visit, but as our
horses needed a rest as well as ourselves, and it is a four-mile ride,
and I had seen it, we did not go.
April 13th.—Bid good-bye to Mr. S⸺. He had most hospitably
entertained us. Left Kashan for Sinsin, six farsakhs. Found the
immediate neighbourhood of the town well sprinkled with villages;
they however soon ceased, and we came to a sandy desert, where it
was very hot. Arrived about half-past three. Directly we got in we
poisoned the kanaat (the underground canal for irrigation) in order to
get a dish of fish. In about an hour the fish came to the surface quite
intoxicated, and were caught and gutted at once. They were very
good, and the poison did not affect us. I used six berries only of
cocculus indicus, and we got about six pounds of fish. We got a
good dinner at nine—soup, fish, roast lamb, pâté de foie gras, tinned
peas, apricots and custard, Ispahan wine, port, coffee, cherry-
brandy. This gives some idea of what a good road-cook can do.
Directly we arrive in a place, our “farrash” and table-man (who keep
up with us) drag out our carpets, sweep the little dirty rooms out,
spread the carpets, fill our bags with chaff for beds, make our beds,
prepare tea, and bring me a water-pipe. Then when this is
completed, the “takhtrowan,” loads, children, tables and chairs
arrive; N⸺ and the children go to their room. We get chairs and
have tea and biscuits, or bread and jam (of course we have already
had déjeuner à la fourchette with three or four dishes and tea on the
road). In the early morning we have a slice of bread-and-butter and a
“snack,” with chocolate and milk. After afternoon tea we doze, read,
write, and stretch ourselves, or go for a little walk near the chupper-
khana, or caravanserai, as it may be. The little sketch of the
chupper-khana at Sinsin I made on the spot, and it gives a good idea
of the regulation Persian post-house. In these post-houses the
traveller in Persia passes a good deal of his time: they are all built
upon this plan, and pretty much alike; the wall at the top is seen to
be crumbling; most of them are in varying stages of dilapidation.
They are all built of sun-dried bricks, except in the extreme north,
and plastered with mud and cut straw (kah-gil). In the front is seen a
takhtrowan or horse-litter, in which ladies of rank, or invalids, usually
travel.
A CHUPPA KHANA OR POST-HOUSE. (SINSIN.)
April 14th.—Leave Sinsin at seven a.m. for Passanghūm, seven

farsakhs (twenty-six miles and a quarter). Half-way, breakfasted, at
Shūr ab (Salt Water), where Sergeant McL⸺ was killed, a
wretched, ruined hole. The name is a good one, as nothing but salt
water is to be got here. Heavy showers caught us in the afternoon
before we could get into Passanghūm. From this place to Kūm is
only four farsakhs, and the gold dome of the great shrine can be
seen from here. Road all monotonous but good, with an undulating
country perfectly bare.
April 15th.—Left at eight for Kūm, as we are to breakfast with Mr. J
⸺, the clerk there. Half-way, two farsakhs, a pretty village,
Lengarood; then a muddy plain; then, after many twists and turns,
sacred Kūm. Through ruined bazaars, past ruined shrines and
tombs, close past the great shrine, through a short but prosperous-
looking bazaar to the big bridge; then along the river in the open,
sandy, but cultivated plain for a mile, to the telegraph-office. On the
first view of Kūm, on leaving Passanghūm, the great gilded dome
sparkles and reflects in the strong Persian sun. Kūm contains the
tomb of “Fatmeh,” the sister of Imām Riza, who lies at the shrine of
Meshed. Imām Riza is the eighth imam, and Fatmeh is considered a
very holy person indeed. Many of the kings of Persia are buried in
the immediate neighbourhood of the shrine, and numbers of both
sexes visit it yearly. Out of every hundred people on the two stages
before we arrived at Kūm, eighty were pilgrims.
Unlike the Meccan, this pilgrimage can be made at any time of the
year. Among Persians, after the great pilgrimage to Mecca, which
gives the title of “Hadji,” that to Kerbela ranks next, and the man who
has been there, for the rest of his life is termed “Kerbelai.” This title
too is generally given to one of the lower orders when one wishes to
stroke him the right way, as is also that of “Meshedi,” or “he who has
visited Meshed” (as a pilgrim). This is the second great place of
pilgrimage; next comes Kūm, and though it carries no title, yet many
thousands go there yearly as pilgrims.
The tomb itself, I am told by my muleteers and servants, is, as are
most graves of holy persons in Persia, covered by an ark; this in its
turn is covered by a sad-coloured shawl. Of course it is exactly under
the great dome. Round the tomb are laid shawls of considerable
value as carpets; then comes a wooden trellis-work, next a row of
steel railings, inlaid with gold, and, outside all, a row of solid silver
rails surround it: they are six feet high, and the thickness of a London
area-rail. The interior of the shrine is hung with European
chandeliers of various patterns (unlighted), and various votive
offerings are hung about.
Of course no Christian is admitted. The great dome is covered
with small copper sheets, each having a layer of pure gold an eighth
of an inch thick, on the outer surface: the gold never dulls in the pure
air of Persia. The top ornament of the dome is also of pure gold, and
reported to weigh one hundred and forty pounds; this is probably not
an exaggeration.
The bridge over the river, which save in spring and winter is dry,
has nothing remarkable about it; there are a few gaudy columns on it
covered with blue and yellow tiles; the bridge itself is steep and
narrow and also badly paved, as are most bridges in Persia.
Kūm lives entirely on the pilgrims, and is also a centre for
muleteers. This journey is the first occasion of my getting them (the
muleteers) to start on the next morning, as they and the servants
generally find a strong attraction in the shrine.
Here, too, is a favourite place to make “tobeh,” or a vow of
abstinence from some particular sin; the vow is registered, solemnly
made at the shrine, and generally, for a time at least, kept.
In the afternoon I sold my last pony to the muleteer, and have now
no horses of my own in the country; my wife’s mare is already sold to
be given up at Resht, and my other pony on the same condition.
Here, too, I discharged my groom, an ill-conditioned fellow, who
was lazy and useless, as I had only one horse to be looked after,
and the under-groom could manage that.
April 16th.—Left at eleven for Pul-i Dellak (the Barber’s Bridge), so
called because it was built by the court barber of the day. We should
not have gone to Pul-i Dellak, but the road to Mejdabad is blocked,
the river being unfordable, so we have to come to this place (the
third stage from Teheran) to cross the river at the Barber’s Bridge.
This gives us a stage more.
The bridge is the usual thing but longer, and an artificial causeway
has been built where the Kūm river and another join our bridge,
crossing the other stream (name unknown), while a few broken
arches only are left of a continuation to the right of the causeway, of
a bridge which once crossed the Kūm river. At sunset, as is usual at
this place, it blew great guns. When we woke it was raining hard; it
cleared at eight a.m.
April 17th., eight a.m.—At the time we started the caravan we got
off ourselves in a drizzle, which at half-past nine became a shower,
and then heavy rain; this continued till half-past eleven. It came
down in buckets full, our puggeries got wet and so heavy that we
had to remove them. A⸺ over her heavy jacket put a so-called
waterproof cloak, and over that a thick wool shawl; her knees she
kept warm by one of my overcoats, but the bottom of her habit ran
water. I had a blanket with a slit in it, and a big plaid kept my legs dry
and warm.
It then cleared, the sun got hot, the wraps were hung on the loads
to dry, and at three we arrived at Shashgird, an outlying village, very
poor, as all such villages are. Four walls, a turret at each corner, a
ruined room over the doorway; the three sides within were mostly
surrounded by hovels of the bee-hive order of architecture; two of
these we cleared out, our servants took a third, while my wife’s mare
got a fourth. The rooms are small but clean and comfortable; a hole
in the roof lets out smoke; there is even the luxury of a door.
In the centre of the village square is a small pen; we inspect it: it
contains some five-and-twenty lambs three or four days old. At
sunset on the arrival of the mothers (after having been milked) the
bleating and noise is something awful; the pen is opened, and the
lambs distributed. Some of the mothers find it difficult to recognise
their offspring; soon, however, with the help of the villagers of both
sexes, and much laughter, all are given to their own mothers.
Weather fine and warm, no need of fire. We dine and sleep.
Villagers polite and good-humoured, quite ready to turn out. Many
chattels left in our rooms with perfect confidence. Of course they
expect a little present. Shashgird is four farsakhs from Pul-i Dellak
over a sandy road very heavy from rain. A choice here of clear water
which is salt, muddy water which is sweet; chose the muddy. No
insects in our humble lodging, which was clean and comfortable.
Villagers civil and very obliging. Present on going, three kerans
(two shillings and threepence)! They are delighted.
April 18th.—We left at nine a.m. in fine weather for Bagh-i Sheikh
(Garden of the Sheikh), five farsakhs; after a long two farsakhs we
came to a large and prosperous-looking village on the edge of the
salt-plain. Here outside the walls was a large and good disused
hammām (or bath); we breakfasted there, in it, as it was cool and
quiet; after two hours, at two, started again, entered salt swamp,
fortunately dry. After two miles came on good road, and made the
large Shah Abbas caravanserai[37] at five p.m.; a mile before
reaching it we struck the high-road from Kūm.
A large caravanserai in good repair; no doorkeeper; took four
rooms—one for us, one for N⸺ and boys, one for servants, one for
mare. Not a soul in the place.
About four or five miles before getting into this place, one of the
ponies I had sold to the muleteer dropped as if shot; he didn’t hurt
me beyond pinching my ankle a little; he dropped so suddenly, his
foot giving way, that I was not quick enough. I am sorry for the
charwardar, one leg is evidently gone.
Some hundred mules now in the caravanserai, noise of their bells
all night long; country fertile, lots of villages all down the valley; we
passed several on our left only.
In lighting the kalian or water-pipe, the way of preparing burning
charcoal on the road without a fire, and with speed and economy, is
ingenious; a light is put to a bit of charcoal, that is placed in a wire
basket the size of one’s fist among other pieces of charcoal; the
basket is then swung round at the end of a piece of string, and a
handful of glowing charcoal is produced in three to five minutes.
Difficulty in getting our chaff beds filled here: man would only sell
chaff, not lend it.
Told me he was ill. Told him I had the exact remedy for his
disease. Delight of chaff-man. Told him I never gave away
medicines, demanded fifty kerans. Rage of chaff(ed)-man. He gave
chaff, and I physic.
April 19th.—Left at half-past eight for Doong; weather fine; road an
uphill one. Saw heavy storms going on in the mountains, and one
passed us about two miles off; much forked lightning in the
mountains; at half-past twelve one was coming straight down on us.
The sun was overcast; suddenly, when our man was getting out
more rugs, a few drops came, then a shower of hailstones all the
size of the largest cherries, some larger. The noise was terrific; the
horses got frightened and rushed off the road; one mule threw his
load. I got off and got hold of A⸺’s mare, and it was as much as I
could do to hold both horses and get her off; the servant’s pony
broke loose and kicked at the hail; none of the beasts would face it;
fortunately the muleteers held the takhtrowan and kajaweh mules.
Down it came, and it hurt; the ground got white, a heap formed to
windward of each bush and stone. In five minutes all was quiet, and
we started again after reloading the wine boxes which had been
kicked off by the mule.
In speaking of the size of the hailstones, I do not exaggerate, and
certainly I never saw any like them; they were all quite spherical, and
more like balls of hard snow than hail, but very hard.
I asked the muleteer if he had seen anything like them. “Oh, they
are nothing,” he replied; “in the neighbourhood of Ararat I have seen
them as large as eggs (!), and they killed lots of sheep.” I thought
him what the reader may think me.
At half-past three we got into Doong, after six hours and a half in
the saddle.
We found a big caravanserai with only one room, the other places
being merely stables, which were full.
However, some camel-men politely vacated it, and we, after some
half-hour’s sweeping, made it very warm and comfortable.
Fortunately it was a large one, twenty by ten, and sheltered, being
built at the end of a recess.
While at dinner something fell on the table; it was a camel-tic, and
I expected what followed.
A camel-tic is a flat insect, which is active when not distended and
hungry, but very sluggish when full. We caught a small one in the
bedclothes, but saw no more. In the night, however, one bit N⸺ on
the top of her head, and the wound bled freely. This place was
painful for a month.
In the morning, on walking over where some two hundred camels
had lain, it was difficult to avoid treading on the sluggish and gorged
beasts, who looked like smallish cockchafers. I mean the tics.
April 20th.—Started at eight for Hajeeb, six farsakhs. On getting to
a big caravanserai, half-way, got down to breakfast, muleteer going
on; but in an hour he returned, saying Hajeeb was not safe to stay in
at night, so he advised stopping where we were. We took three
rooms; they seem comfortable. Sleet storm in the afternoon.
The name of this place is Koshkirūd (Dry River). I don’t think there
are any tics here, but we shall see.
One tic found. No one bitten.
A tremendous wind blew all the twentieth, making it very cold out
of cover.
No robbers, which was lucky, as the caravanserai has no doors.
April 21st.—Started at seven a.m. Went through undulating hill
tops, with only a few black tents in them, but plenty of grass. Saw
four troops of antelope. On getting to Hajeeb (three farsakhs), found
that one side of the caravanserai wall had fallen down, and the place
was really not safe from night thieves.
Got breakfast of grilled mutton and maccaroni. Sent some on hot
for N⸺ and the children, who do not stop on the march.
After one and three-quarter farsakhs of same sort of country, got
to a descent and came to a large plain (the plain of Kasvin?), thickly
sprinkled with villages. Though the wind continues, it is much
warmer here, and the sun stronger.
The muleteer says that we shall have this wind to Kasvin, or a
stage beyond it.
The first village, Allah Sung, five farsakhs from Koshkirūd, we did
not stop at, but went a farsakh farther to Bōween, a large village.
Here we got a good carpeted room in the large house of a villager,
and another room for N⸺ and the children. In our room are the
man’s carpets and all his valuables, boxes, etc., but they are left to
our mercy without the slightest hesitation—his bedding, his clothes,
and all his earthly goods.
The people of this place are very well-to-do. They speak Turkish,
and do not understand Persian. The women do not hide their faces.
As we are having a cup of tea, we get astonished at not hearing of
the arrival of our caravan.
I had ordered the servants to stop it as it passed the door. I
suddenly hear that it has passed the village. Ibrahim (my head-man),
at a crab’s run, goes to stop it. I saddle a horse and gallop out. At the
other side of the village I find Ibrahim calling “Hoi, hoi!” to the
caravan, which is a mile off. He calmly informs me that they don’t
hear him. I reply, “Ass!” and canter after them and bring them in.
On nearing the house, a mob of boys, headed by a youth of
eighteen, amuse themselves by hooting me, and calling out, “Dog of
a European!” in Turkish. I remonstrate in Persian. Delight of boys,
who hoot more. I produce two of my four words of Turkish, “Kupak
ogli!” (“sons of dogs”). They throw stones. I ride at them, and give my
village youth the lash of my crop across his face. They flee, and
throw stones from a distance.
Arrival of my muleteer, who remonstrates in Turkish with some
elders. Informs them that I am a European ambassador! (Elchi
Feringhi), and dangerous to tamper with. They apologise. I reply, in a
lordly manner, “Chok yakshi” (Turkish for “very good”), my other two
words.
Have tea.
Ten p.m., dinner.
April 22nd.—Started at eight a.m. Gave our landlord two and
threepence, with which he was satisfied. Of course, as we had
bought grain, bread, wood, etc., he had made a good thing of us.
Wind still blowing very hard; lots of villages and cultivation, the sun
being stronger. The wind is not so troublesome as yesterday, and we
need no wraps. Still, it is difficult to talk. After two farsakhs pass
through a salt swamp, which is fortunately dryish. Arrive at Kherrah,
four farsakhs from Bōween, at two-thirty. Caravan gets in at three
forty-five.
Find a fine caravanserai, but no rooms, the villagers having built
up the entrances of the eight rooms there are. We find the
shopkeeper, and take possession of his shop and the two next
rooms. We have a door once more!—a real door! All his
commodities are scattered about, and he does not remove a thing!
It appears this caravanserai is very little used, save by those who
stick in the salt marsh. This, in wet weather, though only eight miles,
must be a good day’s march, and sometimes even impassable in
places. There is a causeway of big rough stones, but all the bridges
were broken. At five p.m. wind went down to nearly nothing. All to-
day (over the swamp) the weather seemed dull, from dust storms in
the distance. We, however, fortunately did not get into one.
A⸺’s saddle will give her mare a sore back if she rides her, so
she is compelled to ride one of the ponies, a hard trial after the easy
and willing mare.
I had the benefit of the mare, as my saddle doesn’t gall. The back
was better on arrival than when we started.
Our mules (yabūs, i. e. pack-ponies) are in fair fettle, considering
that we have only halted one day at Kashan. To-morrow we strike
the great high-road, and we left robber-land yesterday.
The children, the baby included, as yet have not had a day’s
illness, and we are all in robust health.
All our rooms have been as yet wind and water tight, and save at
Soh (that very hyperborean place) we never had or needed a fire.
We are hurrying on, as the steamer (so they say) leaves Enzelli on
the second; and if we do not halt we can get a day there to repack
and wash clothes, pay off the servants, hand over my road kit, which
Captain W⸺ has bought, get money from Messrs. Ziegler, and
start comfortably—Inshallah (please God).
Talking of doors, when we have no doors we nail up two curtains
overlapping, if a big entrance, with an extra one crossway over the
top if high, and at bedtime we put crossways over the bottom of the
curtain our table-top and frame and two chairs, built up so that, if any
one attempts to get in, the whole must come down on to a big
copper bath with a crash, and so wake us.
I rather pride myself on this arrangement, which is, I fancy, very
efficient, and keeps out wind and thieves too.
All the people here are big-headed, big-hatted, big-eared, small-
eyed, stupid, chibouque-smoking, Turkish-speaking people, quite
different from the smart and polished Persian of the South and
Ispahan; but they are honester, not grasping, and in reality more
obliging. Instance this morning, my cook asked a man to help him
load his mule (i. e. give him a lift with his big saddle-bags).
He replied, “Load him yourself!”
On my asking the fellow if he called himself a Mussulman, he
grinned, and helped at once.
April 23rd.—Started at seven for Kasvin. Lovely day, no wind, but
after the first hour a good deal of sun. After three long farsakhs,
came in sight of Kasvin; another farsakh, arrived at one p.m. People
well-to-do. Heard that there is an hotel (!) here, but distrusted it.
Went to a fine new caravanserai, where we got a courtyard to
ourselves.
Our muleteer says our beasts cannot go on, so we must perforce
halt a day.
We have a grand clothes-washing and child-bathing to-day.
Settle our trunks for the sea voyage.
In the afternoon I go to see the hotel. I find what I expected, a very
fine house, with bare walls, enormous charges, and impudent and
dishonest servants. I should be very sorry indeed to put up there. I
thrashed one fellow as it was for putting out his tongue; the rest at
once became polite.
They say that the steamer goes twice a week—Sunday and
Thursday.
I shall inspect the hotel again to-morrow.
There is a big tiled shrine, in which is the tomb of the son of Imām
Riza. It seems in good repair, but not in good taste; also a Musjid-i
Juma (big mosque), much ruined.
April 24th.—I find, after seeing the Russian telegraph clerk, that
the steamers go only once a week; so we must hope to catch that of
Sunday, the first. It will be very doubtful if we do it.
To-day I went through the bazaars to try and get a piece of Yezd
silk (Houssein Kūli Khani) for A⸺, but failed.
I, however, found biscuits for the children, which the servants said
were not to be had. They had been brought from Ispahan, where
they were made.
When in the “chupper-khana,” I found a Russian locksmith, who
had come to Persia in search of work. He found none, and was
returning on foot from Teheran. He left this morning to catch the
steamer of the first. Turkish is here more spoken than Persian, and
the people seem quite another race, quiet and industrious, and more
honest, but rougher.
A good many of the houses are built somewhat after Russian
style, and our caravanserai has doors (and also big windows to
some of the rooms).
Everything but the bedding is packed ready for a start in the
morning early.
I say little of Kasvin, having had too much to do to see a great deal
of it.
Kasvin has no special production; it is merely a mart. It is,
however, a very populous town, and misrule is not so rampant as in
other places.
We each wrote a letter home; found no one at the post-office and
no letter-box, so had to entrust our letters to the Russian telegraph
clerk. They arrived in due course. The place seems much larger than
it really is, owing to large plots of waste ground, which are unbuilt on.
April 25th.—Left for Masreh. Passed in lovely weather through a
grassy plain for two farsakhs; then two more to Akabah; breakfasted
in the village gateway; then a tremendous two farsakhs through the
hills to Masreh. Started at seven-thirty, got in at three-thirty. Seven
hours in saddle, one hour halt.
Found a good room in chupper-khana, but the room for the
children is full of camel-tics. Moved them to the roof room, which is
supposed to be free. Our room is not safe from them, and at night it
is too cold to go outside.
A⸺ will not allow me to sleep in the takhtrowan, so we shall all
have to sleep in the room on the roof.
Masreh is a village of merely a few hovels, in a lovely grassy
valley. Since Kasvin nothing bare; all grass or cultivation.
All night long we were awake at fits and starts looking for tics. We
must have killed twenty. They are ordinary sheep-tics.
They seem exactly the same thing as camel-tics, but smaller, and
the bites merely cause a spot (of effused blood) the size of a split
pea at biggest.
The camel-tic that bit N⸺ on the top of her head at Doong has
caused great soreness, and the blood flowed down all over her face.
I was once bitten on the foot, and tenderness lasted two months.
Frank and the baby were bitten, each in two places; so was A⸺. I
was a little bitten, but not by tics; they leave a round black mark the
size of sixpence.
April 26th.—Half-past seven a.m., left for Pah Chenar, a steady
ascent for eight miles, then tremendous descents of steepness and
difficulty. We had to get off our horses frequently for comfort’s sake,
and the baby and N⸺ had three times to get out of the takhtrowan,
while the children had twice to leave the kajawehs.
The takht horses were continually with their hind-quarters within
three inches of the ground at the descents, and sliding along.
The scenery was grand in the extreme, and the weather,
fortunately, fine. Small shrubs and wild roses now begin to be
frequent. When at the top of the mountain, two farsakhs from
Masreh, the view was gigantic. One saw far beyond Kasvin, over the
plains and into deep valleys, which reached for miles, and were of
every shade of grey, red, green, and brown; some hills even were
bright orange; and such a bird’s-eye view was it when we
commenced the descent that I, who have seen many places, never
certainly saw anything so vast and magnificent.
It could not be called pretty till we got within a farsakh of Pah
Chenar. Then it was all green in the bottom of the valley, in which ran
a small, swift, and turbid river, or rivulet at the present time,
doubtless a month earlier a swirling torrent.
The entire stage has been one continuous descent. Got in at half-
past four; eight hours in saddle. Half-an-hour lunch. The people
plough the almost perpendicular sides of many of the hills, so we
were constantly coming on patches of various greens.
The climate has become tepid, and full of moisture; lots of flies. A
fine chupper-khana, with a new water-cellar close by, from which I
attempted to sketch the valley. We are all very tired, and have
walked a good deal of the way perforce.
A curious thing happened this morning when we left Masreh. I had
given the postmaster my knife to cut something; when I left I forgot it,
and only thought of it when a mile away. I cantered back, and found
my servants just leaving. I immediately said to the head-man:
“Have you got my knife, as directed, from the postmaster?”
He took the hint, and said:
“No; I forgot it.”
“Give it me.”
The postmaster put his hand in his pocket, and gave it up; but had
I said “Where is my knife?” or “Have you got my knife?” I should
never have seen it again.
To get on with Persians it is necessary to be smart and
unscrupulous to a certain extent. Their own proverb is; “Better is a lie
which causes joy, than truth which produces grief.” See the first tale
in Sāadi. I am afraid my “as directed” was an acted lie. But then
Sāadi is a high authority.
There is lots of water here, as the frogs are croaking all night in
bursts: a croak, a chorus; silence, a croak; then “Berek ity kix, squax,
squax,” etc.
Dinner at nine. Hotch-potch and mock-turtle soups, mixed (the
cook’s idea, and a good one); fresh salmon, leg of lamb, mint-sauce,
custard and plums, cheese, coffee, cherry-brandy, Persian wine,
port, Madeira, kalian.
The climate here being humid, is very feverish. The people coming
up get bitten by tics at Masreh, then get fever, and put it down to the
tics. May not this theory account for the Bug of Meana? We are all
taking quinine to-night, to avoid it (fever and ague). The grimaces, as
each man takes it pure from a teaspoon, are grotesque, but all know
its value, and are glad of the dose.
April 27th.—Left at half-past seven a.m. for Rūdbar, an up-and-
down road, but fairly good, between mountains, by the bank of the
big river (Suffid Rūd, White River). Vegetation plentiful; a few trees,
barley in the ear. Came to Munjîl, after several bits of very bad road,
up and down hill. Munjîl and Rustumabad are close together. There
is a large olive-grove, lots of springs, trees, and corn about the
village. After a mile came to a junction of three rivers, and on turning
a corner came to a bridge of six arches.
The bridge is new, and well built. By its side, attached to its piers,
is a wooden bridge, so placed that if (as is sometimes the case)
parts of the bridge be washed away, there may still be a way over.
The wind was blowing a gale up-stream, and, though there was
lots of sun, it made it chilly, and the wind under the arches blew up
sheets of spray. As soon as we had crossed the bridge we began a
series of steep ascents along an awful road, from one and a half to
three yards wide, cut in the side of the cliff, often having a sheer drop
(and never any parapet) of several hundred feet, to the rushing river.
The wind was tremendous—the horses at times unable to march
against it—full in our faces. The ascents were, it is no exaggeration
to say, often of forty-five degrees. One had to hold the mane firmly to
keep the saddle from going over the quarters, and we could not get
down, as the horses would not face the blast riderless. Arrived (the
last farsakh being the longest and worst I ever saw in Persia) at
Rūdbar at half-past three, a lovely village, embosomed in olive-

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Zeolite Type Crystal Structures and

their Chemistry 41 New Framework

Zeolite Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry

Microporous and other Framework Materials with Zeolite

The Diabetes Handbook: Understand and Manage Type 1 and

Type 1 diabetes 2nd Edition Levy

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Units and Fundamental Constants in Physics and Chemistry

Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms (Group I)

Molecules and Radicals (Group II)

Condensed Matter (Group III)

Physical Chemistry (Group IV)

Astronomy and Astrophysics (Group VI)

Biophysics (Group VII)

Advanced Materials and Technologies (Group VIII)

Group IV: Physical Chemistry

Microporous and other

Editors and Authors

ISBN 978-3-642-41451-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media

Cover layout: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg

SPIN: 86298664 63/3020 - 5 4 3 2 1 0 – Printed on acid-free paper

Bremen/Western Springs, September 2013 Reinhard X. Fischer

IV/14 Microporous and other Framework Materials with Zeolite-Type

ASV ASU-7 (SeVen) ...................................................................................................................... 57

ITR ITQ-34 (Thirty-fouR) ........................................................................................................... 209

Lando lt -Börnst ein DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1 Lando lt -Börnst ein

Lando lt -Börnst ein DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1 Lando lt -Börnst ein

Lando lt -Börnst ein DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1

2 Systematics, descriptions, and definitions

2.1 Modifications and changes

2.1.1 Aristotype structure

2.1.2 Crystal-structure representations

2.1.3 Building schemes

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1 Lando lt -Börnst ein

2.2 Minerals with zeolite-type frameworks

Lando lt -Börnst ein DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1 Lando lt -Börnst ein

mineral name chemical composition space group FD entry code

Lando lt -Börnst ein DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1 Lando lt -Börnst ein

Lando lt -Börnst ein DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1 Lando lt -Börnst ein

IMA decision 1999-014.

Lando lt -Börnst ein DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1

e.s.d. Estimated standard deviation

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1 Lando lt -Börnst ein

Lando lt -Börnst ein DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1 Lando lt -Börnst ein

label face symbol point group occurrence

Lando lt -Börnst ein DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_1

label face symbol point group occurrence