Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Al-Mustaqbal University College

Radiology Technique Department

2022-2023

Subject: Physiology
Class: 1st

Lecture Number: 5
Lecture Title: Osmosis

Prepared By
Prepared By
Assist Lecturer. Doa'a Adil AL-Musawi
Assist. Lecturer . Douaa S. Altaee

1
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
Al-Mustaqbal University College
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‬
Radiology Technique Department
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬
2022-2023
٢٠٢٣-٢٠٢٢
Subject: Physiology
‫ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
Class: 1st
1 :‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ‬
Lecture Number: 5
5 :‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ‬
Lecture Title: Osmosis
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺿﺢ‬:‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ‬
Prepared By
‫ﺃﻋﺪﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
Prepared By
‫ﺃﻋﺪﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
Assist Lecturer. Doa'a Adil AL-Musawi
‫ ﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻱ‬.‫ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
Assist. Lecturer . Douaa S. Altaee
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬.‫ ﺩﻭﺍﺀ ﺹ‬. ‫ ﻟﺴﺘﺮﺭ‬.‫ﺃﺳﺴﺖ‬
1
١
-Osmosis:-
-Is the diffusion of water across a membrane .
-Cell membranes in the body are highly permeable to water & whenever there is
a higher concentration of solute on one side of the membrane , water rapidly
diffuses across the membrane.
-So, osmosis is the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane from a
solution with low solute concentration to a solution with high solute
concentration.
-The osmotic pressure increases when the solute concentration increases.
-The higher the osmotic pressure of a solution, the greater the water flow into it.
-Osmolarity is the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution.
-Isotonic , hypotonic & hypertonic fluids:-

- Solutions that contain the same concentration of water and solutes as the
cell cytoplasm are called isotonic solutions.
- the cells will not shrink or swell is placed in this solution.
-Example of isotonic solutions are: -
-0.9% Nacl & a 5% glucose solution.
- A hypertonic solution contains a higher concentration of solutes compared to
another solution.
-In this case , greatly concentrating intracellular fluid & shrinking the cell.
- A hypotonic solution contains a lower concentration of solutes compared to
another solution.
- , causes water to flow by osmosis into the cell until the intracellular fluid has
about the same concentration as the extracellular fluid , or until the cell bursts
from excessive swelling.

-Edema:-

2
-Osmosis:-
-:‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺬ‬-
-Is the diffusion of water across a membrane .
.‫ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ‬-
-Cell membranes in the body are highly permeable to water & whenever there is
‫ ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺘﻰ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ‬-
a higher concentration of solute on one side of the membrane , water rapidly
‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬، ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ‬
diffuses across the membrane.
.‫ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ‬
-So, osmosis is the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane from a
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺿﺢ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻧﺎﻓﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺃ‬، ‫ ﺇﺫﻥ‬-
solution with low solute concentration to a solution with high solute
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺫﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ‬
concentration.
.‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬
-The osmotic pressure increases when the solute concentration increases.
.‫ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﻮﺯﻱ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺏ‬-
-The higher the osmotic pressure of a solution, the greater the water flow into it.
.‫ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬، ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﻮﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬-
-Osmolarity is the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution.
.‫ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺿﺤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬-
-Isotonic , hypotonic & hypertonic fluids:-
- :‫ ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ‬، ‫ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺗﺮﺓ‬-
- Solutions that contain the same concentration of water and solutes as the
‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬-
cell cytoplasm are called isotonic solutions.
.‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ‬
- the cells will not shrink or swell is placed in this solution.
.‫ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬-
-Example of isotonic solutions are: -
- :‫ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ‬-
-0.9% Nacl & a 5% glucose solution.
.‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ‬٪5 ‫ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭ‬0.9٪-
- A hypertonic solution contains a higher concentration of solutes compared to
‫ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻔﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ‬-
another solution.
.‫ﺣﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ‬
-In this case , greatly concentrating intracellular fluid & shrinking the cell.
.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬-
- A hypotonic solution contains a lower concentration of solutes compared to
‫ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـ‬-
another solution.
.‫ﺣﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ‬
- , causes water to flow by osmosis into the cell until the intracellular fluid has
‫ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺿﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬، -
about the same concentration as the extracellular fluid , or until the cell bursts
‫ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬، ‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
from excessive swelling.
.‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻁ‬
-Edema:-
-:‫ﺍﻟﻮﺫﻣﺔ‬-
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‫ﺃ‬
-Edema refers to the presence of excess fluid in the body tissues.
-In most instances , edema occure mainly in the extracellular fluid compartment
, but it can involve intracellular fluids as well .

1-Intracellular edema:-
-Can occure when the cell membrane is damaged or when there is inadequate
nutrition to the cells.
-When this happens, sodium ions are no longer efficiently pumped out of the
cells , & the excess sodium ions inside the cells cause osmosis of water into the
cells.

2-Extracellular edema: -
-Is more common than intracellular edema .
-Occurs with accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces.
-There are two general causes of extracellular edema:
(1):- Abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across
the capillaries.
(2):- Failure of the lymphatics to return fluid from the interstitium back to the
blood.
-The most common clinical cause of interstitial fluid accumulation is excessive
capillary fluid filtration.

-Factors that can increase capillary filtration & cause interstitial

fluid edema:-

1-Increased capillary filtration coefficient , which allows leakage of fluid &

plasma proteins through the capillary membranes , this can occur as a result of

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-Edema refers to the presence of excess fluid in the body tissues.
.‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﻮﺫﻣﺔ‬-
-In most instances , edema occure mainly in the extracellular fluid compartment
‫ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻮﺫﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬-
, but it can involve intracellular fluids as well .
.‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬،
1-Intracellular edema:-
- :‫ ﺍﻟﻮﺫﻣﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬-1
-Can occure when the cell membrane is damaged or when there is inadequate
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺮﺭ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻑ‬-
nutrition to the cells.
.‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
-When this happens, sodium ions are no longer efficiently pumped out of the
‫ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺦ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬، ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ‬-
cells , & the excess sodium ions inside the cells cause osmosis of water into the
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻨﺎﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ‬
cells.
.‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
2-Extracellular edema: -
- :‫ﻭﺫﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬-2
-Is more common than intracellular edema .
.‫ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺫﻣﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬-
-Occurs with accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces.
.‫ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻟﻴﺔ‬-
-There are two general causes of extracellular edema:
:‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺫﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬-
(1):- Abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across
‫ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮﻫﺎ‬- :(1)
the capillaries.
.‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
(2):- Failure of the lymphatics to return fluid from the interstitium back to the
‫ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻒ‬- :(2)
blood.
.‫ﺩﻡ‬
-The most common clinical cause of interstitial fluid accumulation is excessive
‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻁ‬-
capillary fluid filtration.
.‫ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬
-Factors that can increase capillary filtration & cause interstitial
‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﻼﻟﻲ‬-
fluid edema:-
- :‫ﺍﻟﻮﺫﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
1-Increased capillary filtration coefficient , which allows leakage of fluid &
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻱ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻭ‬-1
plasma proteins through the capillary membranes , this can occur as a result of
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬، ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
3
‫ﻉ‬
allergic reactions , bacterial infections , & toxic substances that injure the
capillary membranes.
2-Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure , which can result from
obstruction of a vein , excess flow of blood from the arteries into the capillaries
, or heart failure , the heart fails to pump blood normally from the veins into the
arteries.
3-Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure , which can occur as a result of
failure of the liver to produce sufficient quantities of plasma proteins , loss of
large amounts of proteins into the urine in certain kidney diseases , or loss of
large quantities of proteins through burned areas of the skin.

Daily Intake of Water:-

-Water is added to the body by two major sources:-
(1):- it is ingested in the form of liquids or water in the food, which together normally
add about 2100 ml/day to the body fluids.
(2):- it is synthesized in the body as a result of oxidation of carbohydrates, adding
about 200 ml/day. -This provides a total water intake of about 2300 ml/day.-Intake of
water, however, is highly variable among different people and even within the same
person on different days, depending on climate, habits, and level of physical activity,

Daily Loss of Body Water:-

-Insensible Water Loss:-
-Some of the water losses cannot be precisely regulated. -For example, there is a
continuous loss of water by evaporation from the respiratory tract and diffusion
through the skin, which together account for about 700ml/day of water loss under
normal conditions.
-This is termed insensible water loss because we are not consciously aware of it,
even though it occurs continually in all living humans.

4
allergic reactions , bacterial infections , & toxic substances that injure the
‫ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬
capillary membranes.
.‫ﺃﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
2-Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure , which can result from
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ‬-2
obstruction of a vein , excess flow of blood from the arteries into the capillaries
‫ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬، ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﺪ‬
, or heart failure , the heart fails to pump blood normally from the veins into the
‫ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬، ‫ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬،
arteries.
.‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﻴﻦ‬
3-Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure , which can occur as a result of
‫ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﻤﻮﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬-3
failure of the liver to produce sufficient quantities of plasma proteins , loss of
‫ ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ‬، ‫ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬
large amounts of proteins into the urine in certain kidney diseases , or loss of
‫ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ‬، ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬
large quantities of proteins through burned areas of the skin.
.‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻭﻗﺔ‬
Daily Intake of Water:-
- :‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
-Water is added to the body by two major sources:-
- :‫ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ‬-
(1):- it is ingested in the form of liquids or water in the food, which together normally
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬- :(1)
add about 2100 ml/day to the body fluids.
.‫ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬/ ‫ ﻣﻞ‬2100 ‫ﺃﺿﻒ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬
(2):- it is synthesized in the body as a result of oxidation of carbohydrates, adding
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻀﻴﻔﺎ‬- :(2)
about 200 ml/day. -This provides a total water intake of about 2300 ml/day.-Intake of
‫ ﻳﻮﻡ‬/ ‫ ﻣﻞ‬2300 ‫ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬- .‫ ﻳﻮﻡ‬/ ‫ ﻣﻞ‬200 ‫ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬
water, however, is highly variable among different people and even within the same
‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬، ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
person on different days, depending on climate, habits, and level of physical activity,
، ‫ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ‬، ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
Daily Loss of Body Water:-
- :‫ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
-Insensible Water Loss:-
- :‫ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺱ‬-
-Some of the water losses cannot be precisely regulated. -For example, there is a
‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻠﻒ‬، ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬- .‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‬-
continuous loss of water by evaporation from the respiratory tract and diffusion
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
through the skin, which together account for about 700ml/day of water loss under
‫ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺗﺤﺖ‬/ ‫ ﻣﻞ‬700 ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬، ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬
normal conditions.
.‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
-This is termed insensible water loss because we are not consciously aware of it,
، ‫ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺱ ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻟﺴﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻋﻴﻦ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬-
even though it occurs continually in all living humans.
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ‬
4
٤
-The insensible water loss through the skin occurs independently of sweating and is
present even in people who are born without sweat glands; the average water loss by
diffusion through the skin is about 300 to 400 ml/day.
-This loss is minimized by the cholesterol-filled cornfield layer of the skin, which
provides a barrier against excessive loss by diffusion.

-Insensible water loss through the respiratory tract averages about 300 to 400
ml/day.
.
-In cold weather, the atmospheric vapor pressure decreases to nearly zero ,
causing an even greater loss of water from the lungs as the temperature
decreases. This explains the dry feeling in the respiratory passages in cold
weather.

Fluid Loss in Sweat:-

-The amount of water lost by sweating is highly variable , depending on physical
activity and environmental temperature.
-The volume of sweat normally is about 100 ml/day, but in very hot weather or
during heavy exercise, water loss in sweat occasionally increases to 1 to 2
L/hour.
-.
Water Loss in Feces.
-Only a small amount of water (100 ml/day) normally is lost in the feces. -This
can increase to several liters a day in people with severe diarrhea. -For this
reason, severe diarrhea can be life threatening if not corrected within a few
days.
Water Loss by the Kidneys:--

5
-The insensible water loss through the skin occurs independently of sweating and is
‫ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺱ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬-
present even in people who are born without sweat glands; the average water loss by
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻭﻟﺪﻭﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻏﺪﺩ ﻋﺮﻗﻴﺔ ؛ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
diffusion through the skin is about 300 to 400 ml/day.
.‫ ﻳﻮﻡ‬/ ‫ ﻣﻞ‬400 ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬300 ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬
-This loss is minimized by the cholesterol-filled cornfield layer of the skin, which
‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬، ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬-
provides a barrier against excessive loss by diffusion.
.‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺰﺍ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻃﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
-Insensible water loss through the respiratory tract averages about 300 to 400
400 ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬300 ‫ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺱ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬-
ml/day.
.‫ ﻳﻮﻡ‬/ ‫ﻣﻞ‬
.
.
-In cold weather, the atmospheric vapor pressure decreases to nearly zero ,
، ‫ ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬-
causing an even greater loss of water from the lungs as the temperature
‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻧﺎ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
decreases. This explains the dry feeling in the respiratory passages in cold
‫ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ‬
weather.
.‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮ‬
Fluid Loss in Sweat:-
- :‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ‬
-The amount of water lost by sweating is highly variable , depending on physical
‫ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻕ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ‬-
activity and environmental temperature.
.‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
-The volume of sweat normally is about 100 ml/day, but in very hot weather or
‫ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﻭ‬/ ‫ ﻣﻞ‬100 ‫ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬-
during heavy exercise, water loss in sweat occasionally increases to 1 to 2
2 ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬1 ‫ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬، ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﺔ‬
L/hour.
.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬/ ‫ﻟﺘﺮ‬
-.
-.
Water Loss in Feces.
.‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯ‬
-Only a small amount of water (100 ml/day) normally is lost in the feces. -This
‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬- .‫ ﻳﻮﻡ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯ‬/ ‫ ﻣﻞ‬100) ‫ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬-
can increase to several liters a day in people with severe diarrhea. -For this
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‬- .‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬
reason, severe diarrhea can be life threatening if not corrected within a few
‫ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻬﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
days.
.‫ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‬
Water Loss by the Kidneys:--
- :‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬
5
‫ﺥ‬
The remaining water loss from the body occurs in the urine excreted by the
kidneys.
-There are multiple mechanisms that control the rate of urine excretion.
-In fact, the most important means by which the body maintains a balance
between water intake and output, as well as a balance between intake and output
of most electrolytes in the body, is by controlling the rates at which the kidneys
excrete these substances.
-For example, urine volume can be as low as 0.5 L/day in a dehydrated person
or as high as 20 L / day in a person who has been drinking tremendous amounts
of water.-

6
The remaining water loss from the body occurs in the urine excreted by the
‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺮﺯﻩ‬
kidneys.
.‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬
-There are multiple mechanisms that control the rate of urine excretion.
.‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ‬-
-In fact, the most important means by which the body maintains a balance
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬-
between water intake and output, as well as a balance between intake and output
‫ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ‬، ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺧﺮﺟﻬﺎ‬
of most electrolytes in the body, is by controlling the rates at which the kidneys
‫ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬، ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺎﺭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
excrete these substances.
.‫ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬
-For example, urine volume can be as low as 0.5 L/day in a dehydrated person
‫ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ‬/ ‫ ﻟﺘﺮ‬0.5 ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬-
or as high as 20 L / day in a person who has been drinking tremendous amounts
‫ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺮﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬/ ‫ ﻟﺘﺮﺍ‬20 ‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
of water.-
-.‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
6
‫ﻁ‬