Origin of Universe Evolutionary biology is the study of history of life forms on earth, Evolutions the change in the characteristics of flora and fauna over several generations. It depends on the process of natural selection, ‘When we look at stars on a clear night sky we are, in a way, looking back in time. ‘What we see today in the sky as a star is an object which. hhas emitted light and started its journey of trillions of kilometres, millions of years back. This light then reaches, our eyes now. However, when we see objects in our immediate surroundings, we see them instantly ice, in the present time. Therefore, we can say that, when we see stars, we are apparently peeping into the past. Stellar distances are measured in light years. Origin of life is @ very unique event in the history of universe. Universe is very old, almost 20 billion years old. The Big Bang theory attempts to explain the origin of universe. ‘The universe is composed of huge clusters of galaxies. Galaxies contain stars, dust and clouds of gas. Gases condensed under gravitation and formed the present-day universe. Earth was formed about 4.5 billion years back. There ‘was no atmosphere on early earth. Water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia released from molten mass covered the surface. ‘The UV rays from the sun broke up water into Hydrogen ‘and Oxygen and the lighter Haescaped. ‘Oxygen combined with ammonia and methane to form water, CO: and others. The ozone layer was formed. Evolution As it cooled, the water vapour fell as rain, to fill all the depressions and form oceans. Life appeared 500 million years after the formation of earth, i., almost four billion years back. Origin of Life * Life can be defined as the most unique, complex organisation of molecules, expressing itself through various chemical reactions which lead to growth, development, responsiveness, adaptation, and reproduction. ‘© Various theories have been put forward to explain the origin of life. Some of these theories are: (Theory of Special Creation ‘© According to this theory, earth is about 4000 years old. All living organisms that we see today were created as such. The diversity of life was always the same since creation and will be the same in future. ‘© This idea embodies that life on Earth is a special or divine creation of one or more superior, intelligent, and all-powerful God. Cosmozoic or Extraterrestrial or Panspermiatic Theory ‘© According to the theory of extraterrestrial origin, life came on earth from outer space. Arrhenius gave the term “Panspermia” for units of life called spores that were transferred to different planets including earth. Theory of Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis or Autogenesis) © According o this theory, it was also believed that life came out of decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud, ete. ‘* Theory of spontaneous generation is disapproved by Louis Pasteur.25.2 | Biology (iv) Theory of Biogenesis * Louis Pasteur by careful experimentation demonstrated ‘that life comes only from pre-existing life and gave the theory of Biogenesis. + He showed that in pre-sterilised flasks, life did not come from killed yeast while in another flask open to air, new living organisms arose from ‘killed yeast’. © Thus, spontaneous generation theory was dismissed once and for all. However, this did not answer how the first lifeform came on earth. () Chemical Theory or Naturalistic Theory or Oparin Haldane Theory © Oparin of Russia and Haldane of England proposed that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (e.g., RNA, protein, etc.) and that formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution, i.e., formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents. * The conditions on primitive earth were high temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere containing CH,, ‘NH, ete. Ozone and oxygen were absent. ‘© 1n1953,S.L. Miller, an American scientist created similar conditions in a laboratory scale. ‘+ He created electric discharge in a closed flask containing CH), Ho, NH; and water vapour at 800°C. ‘* In Miller's experiment ratio of CH,, NH & Hy was 2:12. ‘* He observed the formation of amino acids like glycine and arginine. In similar experiments others observed, formation of sugars, nitrogen bases, pigment, and fats. Electrodes wy | We contining Boiling water Oxy’ ‘organi¢ compounds Lia water in tap Miers experiment ‘© Analysis of meteorite content also revealed similar ‘compounds, indicating that similar processes are ‘occurring elsewhere in space. ‘© Thefirst non-cellular forms of life could have originated 3 billion years back. They would have been giant molecules (RNA, Protein, Polysaccharides, etc.) ‘© The first cellular form of life did not possibly originate till about 2000 million years ago. These were probably single cells (protobionts).. * Two important protobionts are coacervates and ‘microspheres. Oparin observed that ifa mixture ofa large protein and polysaccharides is shaken, coacervates form. * Oparin’s coacervates also exhibit a simple form of ‘metabolism. As these coacervates do not have lipid outer ‘membranes and cannot reproduce, they fail to fulfil the requirement as a candidate of possible precursors of life. ‘©The first life originated in water under anerobie conditions. They obtained energy by fermentation of organic ‘molecules present in surrounding (chemoheterotrophs). As the supply of organic molecules depleted, some of the hheterotrophs might have evolved into autotrophs. © These organisms were capable of producing their own organic molecules by chemosynthesis or photosynthesis. © The emergence of photosynthesis was a turning point because this process changed the atmosphere on earth, as oxygen started accumulating, * This version of abiogenesis, ic. the first form of life arose slowly through evolutionary forces from non-living molecules is accepted by majority of scientists, ES Do It Yourself. —————________ 1. The. theory attempts to explain us the origin of universe. (Fill in the blank) 2. Miller created electric discharge in a closed flask containing CH,, H, NH; and water vapour at (800°C/ 500°C). (Tick the correct word) 3. First non-cellular life form: 3 billion years ago :: First cellular life form: - (Complete the analogy) 4, Name the branch of science which deals with the study of history of life forms on earth. 5. Life appeared 500 million years after the formation of earth, i.¢., almost four billion years back. ‘True[_] False [—] NCERT Corner]Evidences of Evolution Evidences from Biogeography ‘* Biogeography means study of geographical distribution of species. ‘+ Charles Darwin joined as an unpaid naturalist on a five year (1831-36) navigational expedition on a ship H. M. S. Beagle. ‘+ During his voyage, he reached Galapagos islands which lie in the equator about 900 km off the West coast of South America, ‘+ He was amazed to record that in these islands’ insect- eating warblers and woodpeckers were absent. Instead, various types of finches, a group of small black birds, which were originally seed eating but had turned insect cating were present. ‘© Darwin believed that after originating from a common ancestral seed-eating stock, the finches radiated to different geographical areas and underwent profound changes, especially in the pattern of beaks. ‘© The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography is called adaptive radiation. ‘© Darwin’s finches represent one of the best examples of this phenomenon. Another example is Australian marsupials. ‘© Placental mammals in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation in evolving into varieties of such placental mammals each of which appears to be similar to corresponding marsupial. . Evidences from Embryology ‘© Aristotle is called the father of einbryology. Von Baer is called the father of modern embryology. The basic rules of embryonic development were given by: Von Baer. ‘© Embryological support for evolution was also proposed by Emst Haeckel based upon the observation of certain features during embryonic state common toall vertebrates ‘that are absent in adult ‘© For example, the embryos of all vertebrates including ‘human develop a row of vestigial gil slit just behind the ‘head, but it is a funetional organ only in fish and is not found in any other adult vertebrates ‘+ However, this proposal was disapproved on careful study performed by Karl Ernst Von Baer he noted that embryos never pass through the adult stages of other animals. ‘+ Frog tadpoles have gills & tail like fishes. Tadpole is ammoniotelic like fishes while adult frogs are ureotelic. ‘+ Emst Haeckel proposed the “Theory of recapitulation’ or ‘Biogenetic law’ which states that ‘Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’. Evidences from Morphology and Anatomy ‘+ Homologous organs: Richard Owen introduced the term “homologous” to mean the organs of different species that are related to each other through common descent, although now functionally different. These organs suggest divergent evolution. ‘* The forelimbs of different vertebrates like bats show homology in having same pattern in arrangement of bones, though they have different external form and function, ‘+ Inplants, thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita show homology;'as both are located in similar (axillary) position. ‘© Analogous organs: These have similar functions but are different in their structural details and origin. These structures are a result of convergent evolution for e.g, ‘wings of birds and insects, sweet potato (root) and potato (stem), eyes of octopus and mammals, flippers of penguin and dolphin, phyllodes of Acacia and cladodes of Ruscus. ‘+ Vestigial organs: These are present in reduced form and do not perform any function in the body but correspond to the fully developed functional organs of related animals. ‘Thus, they are remnants of organs which were complete and functional in their ancestors, e.g, auricular muscles, vermiform appendix, wisdom teeth, nipples in males, scalp muscles, plica semilunaris, caudal vertebrae in humans. ‘+ Atavism: It refers to reappearance of ancestral traits like long canines, dense body hair, presence of tail and additional mammie in humans. Evidences from Paleontology ‘+ Fossils are the written documents of evolution. They are remains of hard parts of life-forms found in rocks. ‘Sedimentary rocks are the best for studying fossi © Rocks form sediments and a cross-section of earth’s crust indicates the arrangement of sediments one over the other uring the long history of earth 6 Different-aged rock sediments contain fossils of different life forms who probably died during the formation of a particular sediment. They represent extinct organisms (eg. Dinosaurs).25.4 | Biology ‘* The study of fossils in different sedimentary layers indicates the geological period in which they existed. ‘© This study also shows that life forms varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain geological ‘timespan. ‘© Hence, new forms of life have arisen at different times in the history of earth. All these are called paleontological evidence. + The fossil of Archaeopteryx was discovered from Germany. Ithas characters of both reptiles and Aves and is therefore a missing link between the two classes. ‘+ In the same line of argument, similarities in proteins and genes performing a given function among diverse organisms give clues to common ancestry. * These biochemical similarities point to the same shared ancestry as structural similarities among diverse organisms. Evidences from Animal Breeding ‘Man has bred selected plants and animals for agriculture, horticulture, sport or security. Man has domesticated ‘many wild animals and crops. ‘© This intensive breeding programme has created breeds that differ from other breeds (e.g., dogs) but still are of the same group. ‘© Its argued that if within hundreds of years, man could create new breeds, could not nature have done the same over millions of years? Evidences from Genetics or Natural Selection ‘+ Another interesting observation supporting evolution by natural selection comes from England. * Ina collection of moths made in 1850s, i.e., before industrialisation set in, it was observed that there were ‘more white-winged moths (Biston betularia) on trees than dark-winged or melanised moths (Biston carbonaria). ‘© However, in the collection carried out from the same area, but after industrialisation, ie., in 1920, there were more dark-winged moths in the same area, i.e., the proportion was reversed. The explanation put forth for this observation was that “predators will spot a moth against a contrasting background”. ‘+ Before industrialisation set in, thick growth of white- coloured lichen covered the trees ~ in that background the white winged moth survived but the dark-coloured ‘moth were picked out by predators. ‘+ Lichens can be used as industrial pollution indicators. ‘They will not grow in areas that are polluted. ‘* During post industrialisation period, the tree trunks became dark due to industrial smoke and soot. Under this condition the white-winged moth did not survive due to predators, dark-winged or melanised moth survived. ‘© Hence, moths that were able to camouflage themselves, ice., hide in the background, survived. ‘+ This understanding is supported by the fact that in areas ‘where industrialisation did not occur e.g, in rural areas, the count of melanic moths was low. ‘© This showed that in a mixed population, those that ean better adapt, survive and increase in population size. Also, ‘no Variant got completely wiped out from nature. Evidences from Anthropogenic Evolution ‘© We have seen excess use of herbicides, pesticides, etc., has resulted in selection of resistant varieties in a much lesser time scale, This is also true for microbes against ‘which we employ antibiotics or drugs against eukaryotic organisms/cell. + Hence, resistant organisms/cells are appearing in a time scale of months or years and not centuries. These are examples of evolution by anthropogenic action. {|Do It Yourself 6. Charles Darwin made his sea voyage round the world in a sail ship called + (Fill in the blank) 7, (Homology/Analogy) indicates common ancestry. + (Tick the correct term) 8 (Numbat/ Spotted cuscus/ Bobeat/ Tasmanian wolf) (Choose the odd one out) 9. In the given figure A and B, which one is a placental ‘mammal and which is an Australian marsupial? ® 10. Industrial melanism of moths in England supports evolution by natural selection. Tue(] —False[_]Theories of Evolution Lamarck’s Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters ‘© Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829), a French biologist gave the theory of inheritance of acquired characters or the theory of use and disuse of organs. Propositions of Lamarck’s theory: © Living organisms or their component parts tend to increase in size. © Production of a new organ results from a new need and from the new movernent, which this need starts, and maintains. © If an organ is used constantly, it will tend to become highly developed, whereas disuse results in degeneration. © Modification produced by this “use and disuse” during the lifetime of an individual will be inherited by the offspring, due to which these changes are ‘cumulative over a period of time. Criticism of Lamarck’s theory: ‘© In many groups of living organisms, the size is reduced during evolution for instance, among, angiosperms, the shrubs and herbs including grasses, have evolved from trees. (© The formation of new organs according to new needs is not testable by scientific methods. (© Thethird proposition of ‘use and disuse’ is supported by several evidence, for e.g., as the giraffes continuously stretched their necks for browsing, leaves of taller plants, their necks grew longer in response to their needs. Limbless conditions of snakes, loss of eyes in cave animals and flightlessness of kiwwi are examples of the effectiveness of “disuse” ‘as a means of evolution. © The fourth proposition based on the inheritance of acquired traits was disproved by Weismann (1904). ‘He observed that mutilation of tails of mice for as many a5 22 generations did not result in the birth of tailless mouse. Darwin's Theory of Natural selection * Charles Robert Darwin gave the concept of natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. + In 1838, he came across with an essay on population ‘by Thomas Malthus who explained that the rate of reproduction in animals was very rapid, and that animal population inereases more rapidly than the available food supply. Evolution | 25.5 Darwin also observed that “artificial selection” was usefil in preserving the characters. The Great Dane dog, the sleek Arabian horse and vast number of cultivated crops have been developed by selective breeding. Alfred Wallace also worked on the principles of natural selection. He was a naturalist from Dutch East Indies and ‘was working in Malay Archipelagos. Wallace conceived the idea of natural selection ina flash of insight during a sudden malarial fever. Darwin’s theory of natural selection is based on five observations and three inferences. Observations: (@ Living organisms have great potential of fertility and their population size would increase exponentially if all the individuals that were born reproduced successfully. (@ Most populations are stable in size, except for seasonal fluctuations. (ii) Natural resources are limited, Gi) Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characteristics; no two individuals are exactly alike. (¥) Much of this variation is heritable, Inferences: (Production of more individuals that the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among, individuals of a population, with only fraction of offspring surviving each generation. Survival in the struggle for existence is not random, but depends on the hereditary constitution of the surviving individuals. These individuals with favourable characters are likely to leave more offsprings than less fit individuals. The phrase “Survival of the fittest” was given by: Herbert Spencer. ii) The unequal ability of individuals to survive will lead to a gradual change in a population with favourable characteristics accumulating over the generations. Salient Features of Darwin’s Theory: © There has been gradual evolution of life forms. © Every population have built in variations in their characteristics. (© The fitness according to Darwin, refers ultimately and only to reproductive fitness. Hence, those who are better fit in an environment, leave more progeny than others © Adaptive ability is inherited and has a genetic basis. © Branching descent and natural selection are two key concepts of Darwinian theory of evolution.28.6 | Biology Mutation Theory '* In 1901 Hugo de Vries proposed the mutation theory on the basis of his observation on the wild variety of evening primrose (Ocnothera lamarckiana). He applied the term spontaneous mutation to discontinuous Variations that arise all of a sudden, ‘© Mutations are recurring so that the same mutants appear again and again, thereby increasing the chance of selection by nature ‘Mutations take place in all directions because it means either gain or loss of any character. © Hugo de Vries believed that it is the mutation which causes evolution and not the minor variations (heritable) that Darwin talked about. ‘Mutations are random and directionless while Darwinian variation’ are small and directional. Evolution for Darwin was a gradual process, while de Vries believed mutation caused speciation and hence called it saltation (single step large mutation). Do It Yourself 11. Evolution is a stochastic process based on chance events in nature and chance mutation in the organism. True[_] —False[_] 2 ‘was a naturalist who worked in Malay Archipelago. (Rewrite the sentence by changing the underlined word) 13. Complete the analogy. ‘Survival of the fittest: Darwin :: Use and disuse of organs: . 14. Name the two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution, refers to single step large mutation which ‘causes speciation. (Fill in the blank) NCERT Corner 15, Hardy-Weinberg Principle © According to this principle the allele frequencies in a population are stable and is constant from generation to ‘generation, © The gene poo! (total genes and their alleles in a population) remains a constant. This is called genetic equilibrium. ‘+ Thesumtotal ofall the allelic frequencies is one. Disturbance in genetic equilibrium, or Hardy-Weinsberg equilibrium, ie, change of frequency of alleles in a population would then be interpreted as resulting in evolution. 0 @ ww) Five factors are known to affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These are gene migration or gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination, and natural selection. Gene Migration ‘When migration of a section of population to another place and population occurs, gene frequencies change in the original as well as in the new population. New genes/ alleles are added to the new population, and these are lost from the old population. There would be gene flow if this ‘gene migration happens multiple times. Genetic Drift ‘The random changes in the allele frequencies by chance are called genetic drift. Drift is a binomial sampling error of the gene pool. This means that the alleles that form the gene pool of the next generation are a sample of alleles from current ‘generation. Sampling errors (chance) afterwards lead to the elimination of certain alleles and fixation of others, thus reducing the variability of the population. Sometimes the change in allele frequency is so different in the new sample of population that they become a Australopithecines—>Homo erectus—>Homo habilis (Homo erectus—-Ramapithecus—+Homo habilis—Australopithecines Identify the wrong statement. (1) Increasing cranial capacity is the most significant trend in the evolution of modern man (2) Australopithecines had a large brain size of 900ce (@) Neanderthal man used hides to protect their body land had a brain capacity of 1400ce (4) Homo erectus is preceded by Homo habilis. ‘The study of human evolution is called (Q) Archaeology (2) Anthropology (3) Chronology (@) Actinobiology Similarity exists between (1) Skull of baby chimpanzee with skull of adult human (2) Skull of adult chimpanzee with skull of adult human 3) Skull ofbaby chimpanzee with skull of adult gorilla, (4) Skull of adult chimpanzee with skull of adult gorilla Which of the following is incorrect w.rt. Neanderthal ‘man? (1) Prognathous face Q) Buried dead members 3) Used animal hides for clothing (4) Cranial capacity of 900ce 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109.28.18 | Biology 110. Which of the following is an incorrect statement? (0) Homo erectus probably ate meat ) Homo habilis made number of stone tools ) Australopithecines had cranial capacity of 900 ce (4) Neanderthal man lived in east and central Asia \ between 100,000-40,000 years back 111, Which of the following is a correct statement regarding human evolution? (Q) Australopithecines was found only in Austratia @) Gorilta is the most primitive ape (3) Homo erectus is preceded by Homo habilis (@) Australopithecines and Ramapithecus were living at the same time @ Assertion-Reason Questions Directions for Qs 1-10 In the following questions, a statement of Assertion followed byastatement of Reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (1) _Ifboth assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion. Ifboth assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion. (3) assertion is true, but reason is false. (4) If both assertion and reason are false, J. Assertion: Chimpanzee is the closest relative of the present-day humans. ‘Reason: The banding pattern in some autosomes of man ‘and chimpanzee is remarkably similar. 2. Assertion: Darwinian variations are small and directional. ‘Reason: Mutations are non-directional. 3. Assertion: During industrial revolution, dark-winged ‘moth become more abundant. Reason: They were able to camouflage and hide in the background and survived. 4. Assertion: Fitness according to Darwin refers to reproductive fitness. Reason: Successful organisms are able to survive and leave more Progeny than others that are less endowed in their environment. @ 5. Assertion: Natural selection is the outcome of difference in survival and reproduction among individuals that show variation in one or more traits. ‘Reason: Adaptive forms of a given trait tend to become ‘more common while less adaptive ones become more ‘common or disappear. 6. Assertion: Man has descended from monkeys. Reason: Monkeys resemble humans more than apes do. 7. Assertion: Life appeared 500 million years after the formation of earth, Reason: There was no atmosphere on early earth. 8 Assertion: Whales, bats, cheetah and human share similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimb. Reason: All of them have humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, ‘metacarpals and phalanges. 9. Assertion: Evolution is nota directed process in the sense of determinism. ‘Reason: Evolution isa stochastic process based on chance events in nature and chance mutation in the organism. 10. Assertion: Ramapithecus was more man-like while Dryopithecus was more ape-like. Reason: These primates were hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees. Statement-based Questions Directions for Qs 1-10 In the following questions, statement J is followed by statement II, Each question has the following four choices out of which only one is correct. (1) Both statement I and statement II are true. (2) Both statement I and statement II are false. 3) Statement Is true, but statement Il is false. 4) , Statement Is false, but statement IT is true. 1, ‘Statement I: The earliest organisms that appeared on earth were non-green and presumably anaerobes. Statement II: The first autotrophic organisms were the chemoautotrophs that never released oxygen.2. Statement I: Comparative anatomy and morphology shows similarities and differences among organisms of today and those that existed years ago. Statement HI: Different aged rock sediments contain fossils of different life-forms who probably died during formation of the particular sediment. 3. Statement I: Hardy-Weinberg principle states that in the absence of disturbing influences, gene frequencies of large populations of sexually reproducing organisms do not change, provided that matings occur at random. ‘Statement II: The disturbing influences include mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, genetic recombination and natural selection. 4, Statement I: When we look at stars on a clear night sky, ‘we are in a way looking back in time: Statement II: When we see objects in our immediate surroundings, we are looking at light emitted millions of ‘years ago. 5S. Statement I: The rate of appearance of new forms is linked to the life cycle or the life span. Statement II: In microbes, new species would evolve in millions of years but the same process occurs much sooner in a fish or fowl. 6 1 10. Evolution | 25.19 Statement I: Miller used four gases - methane, oxygen, hydrogen, and water vapour for formation of simple organic compounds. Statement II: Miller found some amino acids in his apparatus. ‘Statemeiit I: Homologous organs have common ancestry and similar function. Statement Il: Analogous organs have different origin and dissimilar function. : ‘Statement I: Cro-magnon man was more intelligent than, present man. ‘Statement If: Cro-magnon man is regarded as the most recent ancestor of present man. Statement I: A single mutation may produce a new species. Statement I: Mutation may cause major variation in genetic material, and these are inheritable. Statement I: For a long time, it was also believed that life came out of decaying and rotting matter. Statement II: Louis Pasteur by careful experimentation demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life. ae Matrix Match Questions Directions for Qs 1-10 Mateh Column I with Column II and choose the correct combination from the options given. 1 ‘Homologous organs | (i) @ Presence of long, canines ) © Gi) Gi), ‘Nipples in males Leaves of plants and cladode of Ruscus Mouthparts of cockroach and butterfly ‘Analogous organs ‘Vestigial organs © ‘Atavism cS) @) a), b-Gi 2) afiv), b-Gii), e-(i), -@) G) aGi), b-Gv), -@), 4-6 @) a(iv), b-Gii), -@, 4G) 2 3. (Carboniferous | (3) [Dinosaurs dominated over earth, (© |Greiaceous | Gi) [Dinosaurs became extinct, origin of angiosperms © [Ordovician | Gi) [Age of amphibians, Origin of reptiles @ [furassic (iv) [Age of invertebrates (1) aii), b-Gi), Gv), -@) 2) ai), b-(ii), (iii), d-(iv) ) av), b-G@, ei), d-Gii) (4) a-(ii), b-Gii), Gv), 4-4) (@) [350 mya (@_ | Iehthyosaurs were formed © [200 mya (i) _| Sea weeds and few plants existed © [320mya Gi) | Invertebrates were formed and active @ [500mya Gv) [Jawless fish evolved28.20 | Biology () av), b-@, eGii), dG) @) a iv), b-@, o-Gii), d-Cii) @) a), b-(iv), e-Gi), d-Gii) @) aii), b-(, e-Gii), div) (1) @-Gi, b-G), e-(iv), d-Gii) Q) av), PGi, 0), a4 @) av), b-(), e-Gi), dG) @ ail, b-Gv), -(), di) 4. & (a) [Primary abiogenesis_|(j) | Louis Pasteur : (Gy [Reproductive fines [ip | Huge de Vier (@ | Iceage @ | Between 1,00,000- ‘© | Saltation (Gii)_| Charles Darwin o_ (@ | Biogenesis (Gv) [Oparin-Haldane (© | Origin of agricutture | (i)_[75,000-10,000 @ 20, b-@), -v), Gp ‘Neanderthal man’ [ (il @) aiv), b-Gii), Gi), 4-6) — eee caneonan age (@ | Pre-historie cave art | (iv) | 10,000 @ ain, be), ei), a) © e@),b-0, 60), Gi) 5 2) aiv), b-Gi), e-(i), di G) av), 6-0), ei), @) wGi), b-Gv), 0), EG (@) | Homo habilis @_ | 900ce. %. (©) | Java man @_|1400ce (© [Neanderthal man [ (ii) [650-800ce @ 20, b-@, c(i) @ & @) | Operin ® q G) aii), b-(i), (ii) A) aii), b-Gi), (b) | Haldane i) | England © |s.t.mitler | Git) | Russia lu 1) ai, (@ | Darwin (@_| Use and disuse theory ® Poco (b) | Lamarck Gi)_[ Origin of species G) b-@, ii) (©) | Hugo de Vries _| (iii) | Origin of life (4) aii), b-Gi) : (@) | Oparin (iv) | Mutation theory 10. C) ai), BO, eG), x) 2) av), bi), e-(i), 4-Gii) @) av), bo), ei), dil) (@) | Jawless fish evolved @ |320mya 7 @) aii), b-Giv), e-(i), -@) (b) | Invertebrates were formed | (ji) _|350 mya a (©) | Sea weeds existed Git) | 65 mya © og descent 1). 1 Pi . @ | Dinosaurs disappeared | (iv) | 500 mya (©) | Saltation Gi)_[Brrannosaurs 8 Ba ee RE 7 a a-(iv), bi, e+), dG mn ts Heerentes Gi) | Darwi @) av), b-O, ei), d D iggest dinosaur__| (iv) | Hugo de Vries (4) a-(ii), b-Gv), e-(i), (iii)Evolution | 25.24 Q vy Track Your Preparation Darwin judged the fitness of an individual by () Its size ) Its dominance over others (3) Differential reproduction (4) Its cating habits Which of the following fossil man buried the dead ‘members and used hides to protect their body? (1) Javamen Q) Peking man (3) Neanderthal man (4) Australopithecines Which of the following is an incorrect match? (1) Devonian period — Age of pisces @) Carboniferous period — Age of amphibians (3) Permian period - Origin of mammal like reptiles (4) Cambrian period — Origin of dinosaurs Which of the following factor does not cause deviation in gene frequencies as predicted by Hardy Weinberg equilibrium? (1) Mutation Q) Genetic drift (3) Gene migration (4) Random mating Which of the following is not an example’of analogous organs? (1) Sweet potato and potato Q) Eyes of octopus and mammals (3) Flippers of penguins and dolphin (4) Mouthparts of cockroach and housefly Whales, humans, bats and cheetah share similarities in pattern of bones of forelimbs. Itis suggestive of (1) Analogous organs @) Homologous organs (3) Convergent evolution (4) Vestigial organs ‘Which of the following statement is correct? (1) Brannosaurus was biggest dinosaur about 20 feet in height and had huge fearsome dagger like teeth Q) Dinosaurs were present during Mesozoic era 3) Origin of first toothed birds took place in Jurassic period (@) Allofthese Spontaneous generation theory was dismissed once and for all by experiments performed by (1) Charles Darwin Q) Louis Pasteur (3) Edward Jenner (4), Alfred Wallace 9. 10. i. 12 2B. 14. 15. Disruptive selection is also called (1)> Stabilizing selection (2) Directional selection 3) Progressive selection (4) Diversifying selection In the following questions, a statement of Assertion followed by a statement of Reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. Assertion: Africa is the cradle of human evolution. Reason: Fossils of early humans are found there. (1) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion. (2) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion. (3) Ifassertion is true, but reason is false. (4) Ifboth assertion and reason are false. ‘The appearance of dark coloured moths among the light coloured ones as a result of industrial pollution is an example of (1) Balancing selection (2) Directional selection @) Disruptive selection (4) Artificial selection Which of the following is not a correct pair of animals, representing convergent evolution? (Q) Wolf and Tasmanian wolf (2) Anteater and Numbat (3) Lemur and Flying squirrel (4) Bobcat and Tasmanian tiger cat ‘Which of the following was not advocated by Darwin’s theory of evolution? (0) Natural selection (2) Saltation causes speciation 3). Branching descent ) Reproductive fitness Which of the following is not required for Hardy ‘Weinberg equilibrium to operate in a population? (1) Large size of population (2) Absence of mutation (3) Artificial selection (4) Absence of immigration Which of the following is incorrect with respect to evolutionary theories? (D) Darwinism variations are directional. (2) Hugo de Vries said variations are directional.25.22 | Biology 16. 17. 18. 19. 2. (3) Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and get selected by nature, (@) Von Baer used the term “saltation” to describe main cause of evolution. ‘The first human like being the hominid which probably did not eat meat, and had cranial capacity of 650-800 ce was, (1) Homo habilis 2) Homo sapiens (3) Australopithecines (4) Java man Who concluded that existing living forms share similarities to varying degrees not only among themselves butalso with life forms that existed millions of years ago? (2) Lamarck (2) Charles Darwin (3) Alfred Wallace (4) Charles Lyell Find the incorrect statement regarding the orgin of life. (1) The first living organisms on earth were chemoheterotrophs 2) The first life originated in water (3) Pasteur by careful experimentation demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life (4) Life originated 1.5 billion years after the origin of earth Find the incorrect match w.r. Miller's experiment. (1) Gases-Hydrogen, Ammonia, Methane, Water vapour (2) Temperature-400°C (3) Energy source-Electric discharge (4) Volume of chamber-5 litre Which of the following is an incorrect statement? (1) Analogous organs are a result of convergent evolution, According to Darwin, variations which are heritable and which make resource utilization better for few will enable only those to reproduce and leave more progeny. According to Lamarck, evolution of life forms was, driven by the use and disuse of organs. Darwin observed on Galapagos islands that from original insectivorous finches, many other forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become seod eating. Some of the land reptiles went back into water to evolve into fish like reptiles, called Jehthyasaurs. This was about (Q) 100 mya (2) 200 mya (3) 350 mya @) 500 mya Which of the following is an incorrect statement? (1) Heart and brain of vertebrates are homologous structures 2) Homologous organs explain convergent evo! @ @) @ 26. 2. 29. (3) The modem day amphibians have evolved from lobefins (4) Tail in some babies and long canines are atavistie characters Australian marsupials are example of (2) Discontinuous distribution (2) Restricted distribution (G) Adaptive radiation (4) More than one option is correct, is not a stochastic process, and a directed process in a sense of determinism. (1) Natural selection (2) Saltation @) Mutation @) Evolution ‘The criticism of Darwinism is not based on (1) Survival ofthe fittest (2) Presence of vestigial organs 3) Inheritance of variations (4) Arrival of the fittest Mark the odd one wrt. saltation.~ (1) Directionless (2) Large mutation (3) Gradual and directional (4) Random Select the incorrect statement. () Any population has built characteristics (2) The fitness according to Darwin refers to reproductive fitness 3) The use and disuse theory was given by Lamarck based on his observations in Giraffe (@) Darwin's finches are example of sympatric species The study of Hardy-Weinberg principle helps in understanding (0). Whether population is undergoing evolution (2) Whether population size is constant (3) Ethological characters of members in population (4) Adaptive ability of the members Read the following statements and choose the correct, option. Statement I: Formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution. Statement II: First form of life could have originated from pre-existing non-living inorganic molecules. (1) Only statement I is correct. Q) Only statement I is correct. 3) Both statements are correct. (4) Both statements are incorrect. in variations in31. 32. 33. 34. Fill in the blanks with correct option. (@ Change in allele frequency by chance is called_A_. (il) Pre-historic cave art developed _B years ago. ii) If gene migration happens multiple times, it is called _C ()_|Genefiow | 10000 | Genetic drift @)_|Geneflow | 7000 _ | Genetic drift (G)_|Genetic drift | 18000 | Gene flow @)_| Genetic drift | 10000 | Natural selection Identify the wrong statement. (2) Scalp muscles and nipples in males are vestigial structures (2) Dinosaurs disappeared during Triassic period of Mesozoic era (3) Birbal Sahni is a famous paleobotanist of India (4) Thom of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita are homologous organs In the following questions, a statement of Assertion followed by a statement of Reason is given. Choose the coreect answer out of the following choices. Assertion: Genetic drift occurs in large populations only. Reason: It results from random mating. (1) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion. If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is, not the correct explanation of the assertion. (@) Ifassertion is true, but reason is false. (4) If both assertion and reason are false. Industrial melanism in England is an example of _A_ selection, in which _B _. Fill in the blanks with correct option. Q) @ @ @ @ ‘Darwin was influenced by the work of (1) Weismann (2) Alfred Wallace (3) TMalthus (4) Hugo de Vries Directional Disruptive Directional ‘Two peaks are formed Peak becomes higher and narrower Peak shifts in one direction ‘Two peaks are formed Stabilizing 35. 36. 37. 39. Evolution | 28.23 Ifnatural selection results in more individuals acquiring value other than the mean character value, then itis called (1) Stabilizing (2) Disruptive 3) Directional (4) Balancing ‘Which of the following is an incorrect statement? (1) Earth was formed 4.5 million years ago Q) Stellar distances are measured in light years @) Abiogenesis means origin of life from non-living, matter (4) S. L. Miller gave experimental proof of Oparin- Haldane hypothesis Which of the following theory stated that the life came out of decaying and rotting matter like mud, straw, etc? (1) Theory of special creation (2) Theory of spontaneous generation (3) Cosmozoic theory (4) Theory of biogenesis Which of the following is incorrect w.r. the Oparin- Haldane theory of the origin of life? (2) The atmosphere on primitive earth was oxidizing. (2) The conditions on earth were — high temperature, volcanic storms and reducing environment containing CH,, NH, etc. ‘The first forms of life could have come from pre- existing, non-living organic molecules. Diverse organic molecules were formed from inorganic constituents. Identify the wrong statement. (Q) Darwin's finches of Galapagos islands have different types of beaks according to food habits (2) Evolution is not a directed process in the sense of determinism. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that in flask open to air, new living forms appeared in heat killed yeast culture. (4) During industrialization, moths started appearing darker due to deposition of smoke from industries on their body. ‘Choose the correct order in which the evolution of plant forms occurred through geological periods. (1) Chlorophyte ancestor —Rhynia type plant —Psilophyton —+Tracheophyte ancestor 2) Psilophyton —Rhynia type plants —*Tracheophyte ancestors —+Chlorophyte ancestors (3) Rhynia type plants —+Chlorophyte ancestors —Tracheophyte ancestors —Psilophyion (4) Chlorophyte ancestors —rTracheophyte ancestors —Rhynia type plants —>Psilophyton 8) @ 6)25.24 | Biology 41. 42. 43. Identify the true statement. (1) Some land reptiles went back into water to evolve {nto fish like reptiles probably 200 mya. (2) Jawless fish evolved around 500 mya. (3) The first organisms that invaded land were insects. (4) Trilobites appeared and disappeared respectively uring Silurian and Carboniferous period. Evolutionary convergence is the development of (1) Common set of characters in closely related groups (2) Dissimilar characters in closely related groups (3) Common set of characters in groups of different ancestry (4) Dissimilar characters in groups of different ancestry ‘Match the options given in column I with column I (@) | Homologous organs | (i) | Nipples in males (© | Analogous organs | (ii) | Thom of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita (© | Vestigial organs | (ii) | Sweet potato and potato () @(@, b-Gi), e-Gil) Q) ei), b-(), ei @) aGi), b-Gii), -@) 4) aii), GD, Read the following statements and choose the correct option among them. ( Oparin of England and Haldane of Russia believed in chemical evolution. i) Earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago. (ii) The first non-cellular forms of life could have originated 3 billion years ago. (iv) Life appeared 1500 million years after. @) @and Gi) 2) Gi) and Git) 3) Gi) and Gv) @) @and (iy) ‘The idea of ‘Natural selection’ asthe fundamental process of evolutionary changes was reached (0) By Charles Darwin in 1866 () By Alfred Russel Wallace in 1901 (3) By Mendel in 1866 (@) Independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1859 46. Allof the following features are correct regarding Homo habilis, except (1). Made tools and was called handy man (Q) The cranial capacity was 650-800ce 3) It probably ate meat (4) They were the first human like being the hominid 47. Choose the option showing correct labelling of diagrammatic representation of Millet’s experiment. Boiling water (1) [Blecttodes |NH;,CO,, H |Hot water | Vacuum and HO pump (2) |[Blectrodes |CH,, NH, H [Condenser | Vacuum and HO pump @) [Electrodes |NH, HO, and|Hot water |Trap (CH (4) [Electrodes |NH, and CH,,|Steam [Trap only 48. “Darwin's finches” refers to : (1) Fossils of birds collected by Darwin at Galapagos islands (2) A type of birds present on Galapagos islands (3) A type of fishes near Galapagos islands (4) Fossils of fishes collected by Darwin at Galapagos Island Bipedal locomotion is advantageous because it (1) Increases the speed of the organism (2) Releases forelimbs to perform other functions (3) Reduces body weight (4) Provides better support to the body 49.1 5. Evolution | 25.25 Which of the following is a correct: flowchart wrt. @) Therapsids ~+Pelycosaurs —-Synapsids Mammals evolution of mammals? (4). ‘Therapsids —-Synapsids —Pelycosaurs Mammals (1). Synapsids —Pelycosaurs + Therapsids Mammals 2) Sauropsids —-Synapsids —+ Thecodont —-Mammals ‘The similarity of bone structure in the forelimbs of many @) Gi) HD GH vertebrates is an example of 2018) ® &) GH) @ GH (Q) Homology 6 A gene locus has two alleles A, a. If the frequency of (2) Analogy dominant allele A is 0.4, then what will be the frequency (3) Convergent evolution of homozygous dominant, heterozygous and homozygous (@ Adaptive radiation recessive individuals in the population? (2019) Among the following sets of examples for divergent (1) 0.16 (AA); 0.24 (Aa); 0.36 (aa) evolution, select the incorrect option. 2018) (2) 0.16 (AA); 0.48 (Aa); 0.36 (aa) (1) Forelimbs of man, bat and cheetah (8) 0.16 (AA); 0.36 (Aa); 0.48 (aa) (2) Heart of bat, man and cheetah (@) 0.36 (AA); 0.48 (Aa); 0.16 (aa) @) Brain of bat, man and cheetah 7. _ Embryological support for evolution was disapproved by (4) Bye of octopus, bat and man (2020 Phase-I) Ina species, the weight of newbom ranges from 2 to 5 kg, (1) Karl Ernst von Baer 97% of the newborn with an average weight between 3 Q) Alfred Wallace to 3.3 kg survive whereas 99% of the infants bo with (8) Charles Darwin weights from 2 to 2.5 kg or 4.5 to 5 kg die. Which type (@) Oparin of selection process is taking place? 2019), Fromhis experiments, S.L. Miller produced amino acids (2) Stabilising selection by mixing the following in a closed flask: (2) Disruptive selection (2020 Phase-I) @) Cyclical selection (1) CH, H., NH, and water vapour at 800°C (4) Directional selection (2) CH,,H,, NH, and water vapour at 800°C Variations caused by mutation, as proposed by Hugo (3) CH, H,, NH, and water vapour at 600°C deVries, are (2019) (@) CH,, H,, NH, and water vapour at 600°C (1) Random and directionless 9. Flippers of penguins and dolphins are examples of (2) Small and directional (2020 Phase-1) (3) Small and directionless (1). Adaptive radiation (4) Random and directional (2) Convergent evolution Match the hominids with their correct brain size.(2019) G) Industrial melanism aa] (4) Natural selection. (@) | Homo habilis (| 900ce 10. Which of the following refers to correct example(s) of organisms that have evolved due to changes in (b) | Homo neanderthalensis | (ii) | 1350cc eines about by genic action? (© | Homo erectus Git) | 650-800ce (2020 Phase-I) (a) | Homo sapiens Gv) | 1400ce (a) Darwin’s finches of Galapagos islands Select the incorrect option. (b) Herbicide resistant weeds @ 6 © @ (© Drug resistant eukaryotes @ Gi) @ Gy (@) Man created breeds of domesticated animals like 2 Gd) @ O @& dogs25.28 | Biolooy i. 12 2B. 14, 15. Choose the correct option. (1) Only (a) @) @and@ @ ©, @and@" @) Only @) Embryological support for evolution was proposed by i" (2020 Phase-1) (1) Alfred Wallace (2) Emst Haeckel (3) Karl Emst von Baer (4) Charles Darwin After about how many years of formation of earth, life appeared on this planet? (2020 Phase-I) (1) 50 billion years (2) 500 billion years (3) 50 million years (4) 500 million years The phenomenon of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and spreading to other habitats is called (2020 Phase-I) (1) Adaptive radiation (2) Saltation (3) Co-evolution (4) Natural selection A hominid fossil discovered in Java in 1891, now extinct, having cranial capacity of about 900 ce was (2020 Phase-T) (1) Australopithecines Q) Homo erectus (3) Neanderthal man (4) Homo sapiens ‘The factor that leads to founder effect in a population is 021) (1) Natural selection (2) Genetic recombination (3) Mutation (4) Genetic drift 16. 7. 18, 19. Match List I with List IL (2021) (@) | Adaptive (@_| Selection of resistant radiation varieties due to excessive use of herbicides and pesticides (®) [Convergent | (ii)_| Bones of forelimbs in evolution ‘man and whale © | Divergent (ii) | Wings of butterfly and evolution bird @ [Evolution by | (iv) | Darwin Finches anthropogenic action ‘Choose the correct answer from the options given below. @) @Hv), OHCi, CG), @-@ 2) @-Lii), (6)-Gi), ©), @-Wv) 3) @Hi), b+), (Gv), @+ii @ @-, Hiv), Gi), Ot ‘Natural selection where more individuals acquire specific character value other than the mean character value leads to (2022) (1) Disruptive change (2) Random change (3) Stabilizing change (4) Directional change ‘Which of the following statements isnot true? (2022) (1) Homology indicates common anestry @) Flippers of penguins and dolphins are a pair of homologous organs () Analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution (4) Sweet potato and potato are example of analogy. Select the correct group/set of Australian Marsupials exhibiting adaptive radiation. (2023) (1) Numbat, Spotted cuscus, Flying phalanger Q) Mole, Flying squirrel, Tasmanian tiger cat G) Lemur, Anteater, Wolf (4) Tasmanian wolf, Bobcat, Marsupial moleToplewise Questions 2 2 2, 3. 41. (4) 42. 52. 02. 72. 82. 2, 02. 101. @) 102. 11. @) Assertion-Reason Questions LQ 2@ 30 40 50 6@ 722 8 %@ 01Q@ ‘Statement-based Questions La 2 (1) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (3) 6. (4) 7. (2) 8. (1) % (1) 10. (1) Matrix Match Questions 1. 2) 2 (1) +3. (2) 4. (2) 5. (3) 6. (1) 7. (4) 8. (4) 9 (4) 10, (4) ‘Track Your Preparation ED 29 39 4 $H 6H 2H 8Q 2H WO Q 2G) 32) 46) 5.4) 16) 17.0) 18 @ 1) 20. @) 2 Q 22) 23.4) 44) 25 (1) 2G) 27.4) 2%) 2 (1) 30, @) 31 @) 320) 33.G) 4G) 356) 36 (1) 32.Q) 380) 3%. @ 40. @) 41. (1) 42 G) 4G) 442) 45 @ 46 G) 47@) 48) 49. @) 50. 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