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 √ßÍ≈Á’ Á∆¡ª ‘Ø Íπ√Â’ª
• Understanding the Namdhari Movement : 1857–1959
• Namdhari Guru Ram Singh and His Movement
• Resurgence of the Namdhari Sikhs in Independent India
• lpa>ai Fjia dry VjqZjig dl,tJ sj ljiow I'esjV
• rdibjq \qjdlw ljdhaw f,Dda=wj| drL{-lPyg 1975-2020
• ’≈«¬È≈ Á∂ ÏØÒ (’≈«Ú-√ß◊z«‘)
• uke/kkjh vanksyu % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl
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 ©
Baba Satguru Ram Singh Chair
Central University of Punjab
Bathinda-151001

SATYUG
(Basant Ank of Namdhari Community)
Annual Index
(Year 1929 to 2020)
Edited by
Professor (Dr.) Kuldip Singh
Chair Professor, Baba Satguru Ram Singh Chair &
Head Deptt. of History
Mob : 94632-55697
E-mail : profkuldip@gmail.com

2020
Aarna Printing Solutions

2019
Copies 300
Rs. : 250/-

Published by Professor (Dr.) Kuldip Singh

Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151001
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• ldaupe ^ drL{ lPyg \1929-2020| 69-264

8
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9
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10
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q'Wj ^ 94632-55697

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dh EK, ngD/ Yzr Bkb bVkJh ikoh oZyh. bkj"o ykb;k dopko d/ ezgBh
;oeko dh wksfjsh ep{bD dk fto'X eoB tkb/ d/P Grs, fJZe fJZe
eoe/ gzikp pdo eo fdZs/ rJ/ ;B. 12 ngq?b 1857 JhH B{z t?;kyh d/
fJfsjkf;e fdB ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp (b[fXnkDk) BK
d/ fJe S'N/ fij/ fgzv ftu'A, gzi f;zxK B{z yzv/ pkN/ dk nzfwqs Sek e/, f;Zy
g[Bo^;[oihsh bJh BkwXkoh ;zs ykb;k dh ;kiDk ehsh. fJ;/ fdB
;fsr[o{ ih B/ r[od[nkok ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ fJe fse'Dk ;c?d gouw
bfjok e/, p;shtkdh ;oeko fto[ZX PKswJh Yzr Bkb bV/ ikD tkb/ e{ek
;zrokw dk nkozG th eo fdZsk. feT[Afe ezgBh ;oeko Gkos ftu
ftT[gko eoB d/ we;d Bkb nkJh ;h, ;fsr[o{ ih B/ poskBhnK dhnK
fwZbK ftu pD e/ Gkos d/ pkIko ftu fteD nkJ/, jo soQK d/ ftd/Ph
wkb dk pkJhekN eoB ns/ poskBth jkewK d[nkok Gkos ftu ;Ekfgs
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n;fj:'r eoB dk j'ek fdZsk. fgzv s'A b?e/, fJbkek, fIbQ/ s'A j[zd/ j'J/
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dk nkXko jo fIbQ/ d/ ezw bJh fIzw/tko, fJe iK d' ;{p/ j[zd/ ;B. ;{pk
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d/ ;EkfBe ;_? PkPB ns/ ;wkBzso ;oeko dh Mbe th g?Adh ;h.
ftd/Ph wkb dk pkJhekN eoe/ nkg B/ xo dhnK pDhnK iK xo/b{
d;sekoh d[nkok fsnko t;sK d/ gqubB B{z T[sPkfjs eoe/, ;td/Ph
dh BhAj th Xo fdZsh. nkg dk Xkofwe fBPkBK, f;Zyh ftu nkJhnK
e[ohshnKl izwdhnK e[VhnK Bz{ wkoBk, T[jBK B{z t/uDk iK tZNk eoBk,

12
pkb ns/ ni'V ftnkj, BPky'oh, wVQhnK^w;kDK, G?o'A G{s, r[Zr/, gho
ykB/, ;wkXK dh g{ik eoB B{z, ghoK, gzfvsK g[o'fjsK, p[ZsK B{z wzBD dk
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poskBth jkewK d/ dwB dh uZeh ftu fg;^fg; e/ th, nkgD/ fwE/
fBPkB/, e"wh w[esh ;zrokw s'A osk Go th BjhA fEVe/.e{ek bfjo
fit/A fe nkw b'eK B/ fJ; okiBhfse fto'X dh ekotkJh dk BkweoD
ehsk, gzikp ftu d/P nkIkdh bJh uZbD tkbhnK ;kohnK f;nk;h
bfjoK dk gq/oBk ;o's pDh.
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dk ;ko fJj ;h fe T[j r[owfs nB[;kohl ihtB^iku bkr{ eoe/,
ftd/Ph je{ws s'A S[Nekok gk e/ ;wskw{be ns/ ;KMhtkbsk s/ nkXkfos,
;wkfie nkofEe gqpzX ekfJw eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B fiZE/ e'Jh th dhB
d[yhnk Bk j't/. T[; ;w/A Gkosh nkofEesk dh X[oh rT{ ns/ }ohp
fe;kB th pzd \bk;h bJh jh T[jBK nkgDk nzd'bB ;/fXs ehsk. fJ;
bJh e{ek bfjo dk \k;k, p;shtkd, ;kwzstkd ns/ g[ikoh g[o'fjs Pq/Dh
fto'Xh j'D ekoB iwj{oh ,Xow fBogZy ns/ nZr/ tX{ ;h. e{fenK
d[nkok rT{ xks d/ ;[nkb s/ w[;bwkB pZ[uVK fto[ZX T[jBK dhnK jwbtko
ekotkJhnK B{z fJ; ;zdoG ftu t/yDk gt/rk fe phsh g"Dh ;dh s'A gzikp
dk w[;bwkB rT{ GZSe BjhA ;h. nzro/I ;oeko B/ nkgD/ :'oghB
;?fBeK dh b'V bJh, gzikp ftu rT{ pZX bJh p[ZuV ykB/ 1849 JhH s'A jh
y'jb fdZs/ ;B fi; ekoB nzfwqs;o ;w/s eJh PfjoK ftu fjzd{^w[;fbw
Neokn dk wkj"b th pD frnk ;h. 1871^72 JhH ftu p[uVykfBnK s/
e{fenK d/ jwfbnK B{z nzro/I ;oeko B/ nkgDh ;Zsk dh f;ZXh Bkpoh
;wM e/ T[jBK Bz{ s'gK Bkb T[vkT[D torhnK ;ys ;IktK fdZshnK ;B.
fJ;/ bJh ekH noiB f;zx rVrZi, n?vhNo BtK IwkBk fejk eod/ ;B
fe e{fenk tZb'A p[ZuV ykfBnK s/ jwb/ B{z, nzro/I ;oeko tZb'A fcoekgq;sh
c?bkT[D bJh y'jb/ rJ/ nZfvnK ’s/ jwb/ ti'A fbnk ikDk ukjhdk j?.1T
;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih B/ Gkos dhnK d/;h fonk;sK, izw{ ePwho,

13
j?dokpkd, byBT{, pBko;, rtkbhno nkfd ns/ r[nKYh d/PK B/gkb,
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eoe/, nzro/I ;oeko fto[ZX, J/PhnB skesK dk fJe ftPkb w'ouk th
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dk XkoBh ;h, go ;wK nkT[D s/ fe;/ th ;fEZsh dk Nkeok eoB bJh,
T[jBK B/ nkgD/ g?o'ekoK B{z jfEnkopzd eoB bJh, ePwho ftu 250
e{fenK s/ nkXkfos fJe ;?fBe N[eVh B{z i' ePwho e{ek o?ihw?AN d/ BK
Bkb ikDh iKdh ;h, c"ih f;ybkJh d[nkJh. B/gkb ftu th fJ;/ we;d
bJh T[gokb/ ehs/. go ;zB 1871 ftu nzro/I ;oeko B/ e{fenK d/
pkrh s/to GKgfdnK, e{fenK d/ ;?fBe ftd/Ph fwPB nZX ftukb/ jh
\sw eotk fdZs/.
iBtoh 1872JhH ftu wb/oe'Nb/ dhnK xNBktK dk pjkBk pDk e/
;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ns/ d; gqw[Zy e{ek ;{fpnK B{z ;zB 1818 d/ pzrkb
o?r{b/PB dh Xkok fszB nXhB, gzikp s'A pkjo d/P^fBekbk d/ fdZsk. T[j
;kY/ nZm ;kb fpqfNP poQwk d/ nXhB, ozr{B Pfjo d/ T[; pzrb/ ftu e?d
oZy/ rJ/, fiZE/ 1857 d/ gfjb/ iB ftdo'j d/ BkfJe, nzfsw w[rb ;wokN
pjkdo Pkj IZco B{z oZfynk frnk ;h. 1880 s'A 1885 sZe T[jBK B{z j'o
d[o/v/ wor'Jh Nkg{ ftu e?d oZfynk frnk. T[; ;w/A gzikp dk nzfsw
f;Zy wjkokik dbhg f;zx, nzro/iK Bkb w'j Gzr j'D pknd, fJzrb?Av
ftu'A fBeb e/ g?fo; j[zdk j'fJnk wk;e' ik fojk ;h, sK i' o{;h ;?Bk dh
wZdd Bkb, gzikp ftu'A nzro/iK B{z eZfYnk ikJ/. r[o{ okw f;zx ih s/
T[jBK s'A pknd T[jBK dh rZdh s/ fpokiwkB, T[jBK d/ S'N/ GkJh r[o{ joh
f;zx th o{;^e{ek^e{NBhfse ;zpzXK d/ ;{soXko pDd/ oj/. fJjBK ;pzXK
tZb fJPkok r[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ eJh j[ewBkfwnK ftu'A th fwbdk j?.
e{e/ pVh shposk Bkb gzikp ftu o{;h ;?Bk nkT[D dh T[vhe eod/ ;B
fi; ekoB d/P nIkd j't/ ns/ fBotkf;s, ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx fco
nkgDh ;zrs B{z fwbD bJh gzikp ftu nk ;eD. e{fenK dk ;fsr[o{
okw f;zx Bkb \s gZsoh^;zgoe s'VB bJh jh T[jBK B{z wor'Jh G/fink
frnk, go whjK f;zx ;ojkbh ns/ BokfJD f;zx o'v/ Bkwh d' e{e/,
iBtoh 1881 ftu nkg B{z wor'Jh g[Zi e/ th fwb nkJ/ ;B. nyho
;fsr[o{ ih pko/ 22 Btzpo 1885 JhH B{z wor'Jh ftu nekb ubkDk eo
ikD dh \po nzro/I ;oeko B/ gqekfPs eotkJh fi; Bz{ e[M sZEK d/

14
nkXko s/ r[o{ joh f;zx ns/ e{ek GkJhuko/ B/ wzBD s'A fJBeko eo
fdZsk. ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh d/P tkg;h bJh r[opkDh d/ ;XkoB ns/
nyzv gkm, e{fenk dk Xkofwe J/izvk pD frnk, fi; bJh T[j nzro/Ih
oki ftu nB/e ;\shnK podkPs eod/ oj/. nZi d/ ;w/A ftu ;fsr[o{
ih dh d/P tkg;h B{z n;hA T[jBK d/ wB[Zyh w[esh tkb/, ;opZs dh pzd
ybk;h tkb/ ns/ fJe ;op ;KMhtkbsk s/ nkXkfos ;wsk w{be GkJhukok
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fJZe ftuko dk Bkw pD u[Ze/ jB.
;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh ibktsBh s'A pknd e'Jh 34 ;kb BkwXkoh
irs dh nrtkJh nkg d/ S'N/ GkJh p[ZX f;zx ih B/ ehsh. ozr{B s'A
iBtoh 1875 JhH ftu dopkok f;zx febQk okfJg[o d/ Bkw G/i/ fJe
j[ewBkw/ ftu, ;fsr[o{ ih B/ p[ZX f;zx j'oK dk Bkw joh f;zx oZy e/,
nkg B{z e{fenK dk f;o^eosk Ekg fdZsk ns/ ;G B{z fJjBK d/ j[ew ftu
uZbD dh skehd eo fdZsh. fJj ;wK (1872^1906 JhH) e{fenK bJh
pj[s ;\shnK dk ;wK ;h. fJ; ;w/A gzi iK fJ; s'A tZX e{fenK d/
fJeZm B{z }?o ekB{zBh eoko fdZsk frnk ;h. jo e{e/ dh ;[pjk Pkw T[;
d/ xo jkIoh, fgzv d/ bzpVdkoK, u"ehdkoK tZb'A bkJh iKdh ;h. r[od[nkok
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pknd wJh 1923 ftu jNkJh rJh ;h. nZmK gfjoK ftu gfjbK f;oc
gzi ns/ eJh ;kbK pknd d; e{e/ jh nkgD/ r[o{ Xkw ftu ofje/, fJ;
d/ doPB eo ;ed/ ;B. fJe t/o fJZE'A j' e/ frnk e{ek, S/ wjhB/ pknd
jh fco doPBK dk nfXekoh pDdk ;h. G?Dh ;kfjp sK eh nk; gk; d/
fgzvK ftu th i/ e'Jh e{ek oks eZN ikJ/, T[E'A d/ ;oekoh efozfdnK,
u"ehdkoK nkfd dh BK f;oc i[nkp sbph ehsh iKdh ;h ;r'A T[jBK d/
nj[d/ y'j e/ e?d th ehs/ iKd/ ;B. fJ; bJh G?Dh ;kfjp dh i{j iK nkb/
d[nkb/, e{fenK d/ fgZS/ ;oekoh ;{jhJ/ job job eod/ fcod/, T[jBK B{z
i{j'A pkjo eoe/ jh ;kj b?Ad/ ;B. izrb p/fbnK ftu b[e/ e{fenK bJh,
r[od[nkok G?Dh ;kfjp ftu'A i' e'Jh f;Zy u'oh fSg/ goPkdk gkDh b? e/
iKdk ;h sK T[j y'j e/, g[bh; tkb/ fwZNh ftu fwbk fdzd/ ;B. frDsh s'A
tZX e{ek, r[od[nko/ ftu'A cfVnk ikJ/ sK T[;dh e[ZN wko eoe/, w[edwk
doi eoe/, b[fXnkD/ s'o fdzd/ ;B. r[o{ joh f;zx ih B{z gfjb/ thj
;kbK ftu frD/ u[D/ fdBK dh jh S[ZNh, G?Dh ;kfjp s'A pkjo ikD dh

15
fwbdh ;h. ;zB 1892 JhH ftu gfjbh t/o nkg B{z wjhB/ d' wjhB/ dh
S[ZNh, e/Adoh s/ gZSwh gzikp d/ d"o/ eoB dh fwbh ;h. jo fIbQ/ ftu
nkg d/ d"o/ dk fbysh g'qrokw, ;pzfXs fIbQ/ ftu g[Zi iKdk fi; ftu
wkw{bh ndbk pdbh j'D s/ th nkg B{z g[fb; fBrokBh j/m tkfg; G?Dh
;kfjp w'V fdZsk iKdk ;h.
r[o{ joh f;zx B/ e{ek bfjo d/ okiBhfse fBPkB/, nzro/I ;oeko
Bkb n;fj:'r dh Bhsh s/ uZbfdnK, ncrkB^nzro/I izr ;w/A 1878
JhH ftu e{fenK B{z nzro/IK dh ;?fBe wdd eoB iK j'o wkb gP{ d/D s'A
nbZr oZfynk. T[jBK nkgD/ f;ZyK B{z nzro/Ih, |ko;h gVQB dh pikJ/
r[ow[yh nZyoK ftu gzikph GkPk f;ZyD ns/ ;qh nkfd r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp
ns/ ;qh d;w r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ gkmh pDB s/ tX s'A tX gkm eoB s/ I'o
fdZsk. T[jBK ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx d[nkok ubkfJnk b'j bzro ikoh oZyD
bJh tZvhnK xkbDK xkbhnk. 1956 fpeowh w[skfpe 1899 JhH d/
wjK^nekb ;w/A, pKrV d/ jikoK ekb ghfVsK B{z wjhfBnK pZXh ;qh G?Dh
;kfjp d/ bzro ftu fBtkfinK frnk. nekb dh ;wkgsh pknd fIbQ/ d/
fvgNh efwPBo B/ nkg B{z bzro dh ;/tk ti'A pko d/ fe;/ th fJbke/ ftu
1300 J/eV Bfjoh IwhB b?D dh g/PeP ehsh. r[o{ joh f;zx ih B/ fejk
;h—“;kfjp 1300 J/eV IwhB s[jkE'A b?e/ fJj wzB bJhJ/ fe pkeh d/P
s[jkvk j?. id'A btKr/ 1300 J/eV jh BjhA ;r'A ;kok d/P btKr/.” fJ;
rZb s'A vofdnK fe wkxh, dhtkbh, t?;kyh d/ g[opK ;w/A r[o{ joh f;zx,
tv/oh f;Zy ;zrs d/ o{po{ Bk j' ;eD, ;oeko T[jBK B{z fJj fsT[jko bzx
ikD s'A pknd jh, w[es;o ;kfjp, ;qh nzfwqs;o ;kfjp iK dwdwk
;kfjp (;kp' eh sbtzvh) fty/ ;wkrw eoB ns/ r[oXkwK dh :ksok
eoB dh fJIkis fdzdh ;h.
nkg d/ fJjBK gquko d"fonK ekoB,w[oMk ojh BkwXkoh f;Zyh fco
tXD c[ZbD bZrh. nkg B/ v/o/ G?Dh ;kfjp ftu ofjD tkbhnK p[js
;kohnK ftXtk phphnK B{z nkgD/ g;zd d/ r[of;ZyK Bkb nBzd gVkT[D
bJh go/fonk ;h. r[od[nkok G?Dh ;kfjp d/ ekch fjZ;/ dh T[;koh nkg
B/ eotkJh ns/ ;zrsK d/ fJZE/ nk e/ fNeD B{z nk;kB pDkfJnk. nkg B/
nkgD/ ;w/A ftu eJh Bt/A ;{p/ ns/ wjzs Ekg e/, BkwXkoh f;Zyh dh gquko
w[fjzw ftu s/ih fbnKdh. fJfsjk; b/ye GkJh ;zs'y f;zx pkj'tkb ns/
frnkBh ekjbk f;zx Bzrb B{z e{ek ;ki e/, BkwXkoh fJfsjk; ekBh pZX

16
eoB d/ ;[uZi/ T[gokb/ ehs/. ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ doPBK bJh nkg
dh gq/oBk Bkb, fJZe ;?AeVk e{e/ ;fsr[o{ ih d/ j[ewBkw/A b? e/ nkJ/.
fJjBK j[ewBkfwnK d/ gkm Bkb BkwXkoh ;zrsK ftu Bt/A T[sPkj dk
;zuko j[dz k ;h. BkwXkoh gzE d/ gquko ns/ gq;
q ko bJh nkg B/ nB/e Bt/A
okrhnK, YkvhnK, gqukoeK ns/ iE/dkoK B{z th fsnko ehsk. r[o{ joh
f;zx ih 87 ;kb T[wo G'r e/, 17 wJh 1906 JhH B{z ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp
fty/, i'sh i'fs ;wk rJ/.
r[o{ joh f;zx ih s'A pknd T[jBK d/ ;g[Zso ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx
ih(1890^1959 JhH) BkwXkoh gzE dh r[orZdh s/ fpokiwkB j'J/. nZXh
;dh s'A tZX ;wK nkg B/ BkwXkoh gzE dh nrtkJh ehsh. nkg d/ ;w/A
gquko d"fonK ftu ekch s/ih nkJh fi; ekoB BkwXkoh f;Zyh dk gzikp,
fjzd[;skB d/ tZy^tZy GkrK ns/ f;nkw ncohek nkfd ftu ekch ft;Eko
j'fJnk. nkg dk pugB fijbykB/ fij/ r[od[nkok G?Dh ;kfjp fty/
pshs j'fJnk. fJ; ;w/A nkg fgsk r[o{ joh f;zx ih, wksk ihtB e"o
ih ns/ ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ ;w/A d/ nB/e ;kX{nK, wjKg[oyK s'A
;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih ns/ BkwXkoh fJfsjk; dhnK dodBke ;kyhnK
;qtD efonk eod/ ;B. r[o{ okw f;zx d/ ftS'V/ ftu fdB oks bZ[Sd/ e{e/
w;skfBnK s'A wkjh d/ dod ftS'V/ dhnK ;{bK wko wko e/ dhtkBh eoB
tkbhnK dod^rkEktK ;[D^;[D e/, nkg th fJe okw^ft:'rh pD rJ/.
fJ; bJh ;fs[ro{ okw f;zx ih d/ doPBK BfwZs T[jBK dh gktB :kd
ftu d' t/o ;tk^;tk bZy nkfd r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ gkmK d/ G'r g[nk e/
shih bVh th P[o{ eotk rJ/. nkg B/ e{fenK d/ okiBhfse fBPkB/,
d/P nIkdh dh gqkgsh bJh ;zxoPPhb fXoK B{z ;kE d/D bJh 1921 JhH
ftu ‘BkwXkoh dopko’ dh ;EkgBk ehsh ns/ fJ; s'A gfjb/ ;kb
BkwXkoh gzE d/ soiwkB ti'A ;gskfje gZso ‘;fsi[r* B{z bkj"o s'A
gqekfPs eokT[Dk P[o{ ehsk. ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih d/ d'jK S'N/ GoktK
;qh wjkoki fBjkb f;zx(1892^1969 JhH) ns/ ;qh wjkoki r[ofdnkb
f;zx ih (1897^1929 JhH) dk gzikp eKro; d/ wzu s'A d/P d/ nkIkdh
;zrokw ftu gkfJnk :'rdkB, pj[s wjZstg{oB j?. ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx
ih tZb'A }do bfjo,nekbh, eKro;h, pZpo nekbh, fonk;sh goik
wzvbhJ/, feosh fe;kB sfjohe, efwT{fBPN gkoNh nkfd jo ozr d/
;kwoki fto'Xh ;zrokwhnK Bkb, fJe i[ZNsk gqrN ehsh iKdh ojh.

17
d/P dh nIkdh pknd nkg B/ gZSwh gzikp d/ fInkdkso fe;kB
BkwXkohnK B{z fj;ko fIbQ/ dh f;o;k sfj;hb ftu fJe EK fJeZmk eoB
bJh, ftP/P T[gokb/ ehs/. j[D d/ f;o;k fIbQ/ dhnK okDhnK, n?bBkpkd
sfj;hbK d/ ftukb/ seohpB fszB doiB fgzvK ftu tZf;nk fJj fJbkek,
j[D BkwXkohnK dh nkXko G{wh ti'A ikfDnk iKdk j? ns/ ;fsr[o{
goskg f;zx ih dh GftZy w[yh ;'u dh nrtkjh fdzdk j?. d/P pNtko/ s'A
pknd ft;EkgsK d/ w[V t;/p/ bJh, nkg d/ :sB jw/PK ;bkj/ iKd/
ofjDr/. wzvh ns/ ;[zdo Bro(fjwkub gqd/;), phV Gwko;h (gfjbK
fonk;s BkGk, EkDk nwb'j) ns/ fdZbh d/ eJh fJbkfenK ftu BkwXkoh
p;shnK t;kJhnK ;B.
;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih (1920^2012 JhH) B/ th nkgD/ fgsk
;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih d/ fiT[A jh nZXh ;dh s'A tZX ;wK BkwXkoh ;zrs
dh ofjB[wkJh ehsh. wkou 1947 ftu gZSwh gzikp ftu w[;fbw bhr
dh f;ZXh ekotkJh sfjs xN frDsh fjzd{ f;Zy GkJhuko/ fto[ZX ;kV^c{e,
b[ZN^y'j ns/ esb' rkos dk pIko row j' frnk ;h. ;fsr[o{ gqskg
f;zx ih B/ fJ;/ ;w/A P/y{g[ok p/dkd(r[ioKtkbk) d/ BkwXkoh j'b/ wjZb/ d/
g[op s/ ;w{j ;zrsK B{z fejk fe fisBh S/sh j' ;e/ T[j wkb vzro s/
fisBk e[ n;pkp fbik ;eD b?e/ ntZb sK fpnk; dfonk gko eo
ikT[A BjhA sk xZN' xZN okth Io{o gko eo ikD. gzikp jZd pzdh
efwPB B/ eJh wjhB/ pknd nzfwqs;o fIbQ/ ftu seohpB okth d/
bfjzd/ gk;/, Bt/A d/P gkfe;skB dh jZd n?bkBh ;h. fijV/ f;Zy ni/ th
nkgD/ fNekfDnK s'A BjhA fjZb oj/ ;B, T[jBK B{z j'o fYZb Bk eoB dk ;[Bj
/ k
d/ e/, ;fsr[o{ ih B/ nkgD/ tZv/ ;kfjpIkd/, pkpk irihs f;zx ih B{z
G/fink ;h. pkpk ih B/ toQdhnK r'bhnK ns/ bZrdhnK nZrK tkb/
fGnkBe wkj"b ftu, i{B 1947 ftu ;fsr[o{ ih dk ;zd/P EkT[A EKJh x[zw
e/, gZSwh gzikp ftu g[ukfJnk ;h. ihtB Bro (f;o;k) ns/ G?Dh
;kfjp d/ d'jK e{ek e/AdoK ftu, T[iZV e/ nkT[D tkfbnK dk wjhfBnK
pZXh bzro^gkDh, eZgVk bhVk, y/sh ;zd, phi gP{ nkfd b'VtzdK ftu
tzvD dh ;/tk th pkpk ih B/ nkgD/ S'N/ GkJh pkpk pho f;zx ih Bkb fwb
e/ fBpkjh.
r[orZdh s/ fpokiwkB j'D pknd ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx B/ nkIkdh
;zrokw ftu o[ZM/ BkwXkohnK dk ftZfdne, nkofEe s/ f;nk;h y/soK

18
ftu nkg/ ;j/fVnk fgSVkgD, d{o eoB bJh ftP/P T[gokb/ ehs/.
fJbkek ihtB Bro dh pzio, pokBh, izrb ns/ dbdbh G{wh B{z nkpkd
eotk e/ nkg B/ fJZE/ gfjbK ;KMh y/sh, ;fjekosk nzd'bB ns/ joh
eqKsh dk w[ZY pzfBQnk. fJZE'A d/ fwjBsh fe;kBK, y/s wId{oK, nZr/ tX{
iE/pzdhnK ns/ ;fsr[o{ ih dh fJjBK w;fbnK gqsh nZr/ tX{ ;'u ekoB
nZi fJj fJbkek, Gkos eh d[BhnK Go ftu nZs dk T[gikT{ fJbkek
eoe/ ikfDnk iKdk j?. ;fs[r[o{ ih d/ g[oPkoE ;dek BkwXkoh ;|b
fe;kB, ;|b gP{ gkbe, ;|b phi T[sgkde, ;|b eko'pkoh, T[~u
e'Nh d/ ;zrhseko, jkeh ftu T[bg z hnB gZXo d/ fyvkoh ns/ uzr/ ;kfjsekoK
ti'A ikD/ iKd/ jB. T[jBK B/ nkgD/ fJbkfenK ftu ;e{b, ekbi y'jb e/
BkwXkoh pZfunK ns/ j'oBK B{z xo d/ B/V/ T[~u f;Zfynk fdtkJh. r[owfs
ns/ Gkosh ;zrhs gqsh fdZshnK nkg dhnK wjkB ;/tktK ;dek, nkg B{z
Gkos dk ;op'sw ;zrhs ;BwkB, ;zrhs^BkN^nekdwh tZb'A G/N ehsk
frnk. fJ;/ soQK fJ;/ ;zdoG ftu ;o'd ;wokN T[;skd nwid nbh B/
nkg B{z ‘;zrhs wBhPh’ ;BwkB Bkb nkbzefos ehsk ;h. ;z;ko nwB
bfjo ftu nkg dk :'rdkB tZvw[Zbk ;h. nkg pj[s tZv/ ns/ PkBdko
rT{ gkbe th ;B. rT{ oZfynk bJh uZb/ nzd'bBK ftu nkg d/ Goksk
wjkoki pho f;zx ns/ BkwXkoh ;zrs Gkr b?Adh ojh ;h. Pkekjko
B{z T[sPkfjs eoB bJh nkg d/ :sB Pbkxk:'r ;B, ;fsr[o{ goskg
f;zx ih d/ j[ew nB[;ko nkgB/ e{ek PjhdK d/ Pjhdh n;EkBK s/
;bkBK Pjhdh i'V w/b/, ibktsB e{ek ;{fpnK d/ fgzvK ftu :kd w/b/,
fiZE/ e{e/ ;{p/ e?d oj/, T[jBK EktK s/ th :kdrkoh w/b/ wBkT[D/ P[o{
ehs/. wb/oe'Nbk, nzfwqs;o, okfJe'N, b[fXnkDk Pfjo nkfd ftu
Pjhdh ;wkoe s/ j'o Pjhd e{fenK d/ fgzvK ftu th Pjhdh ;wkoe ns/
:kdrkoK pBkT[DhnK nozGhnK. pBko; d/ ;z;feqs ftPt ftfdnkbk,
r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh nzfwqs;o fty/ r[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ gktB
Bkw s/ u/noI ;Ekfgs eotkJhnk. gzikp d/ ekb/ d"o ftu nwB Pksh
bJh ;dGktBK ekoi eowK ftu Gkr fbnk. gzikp d/ nZstkd iK
oki;h nsze gqGkfts ns/ fdZbh, ekBg[o nkfd PfjoK ftu 1984 ftu
j'Jh f;Zy^fto'Xh fjz;k ;w/A, ghfVsK dh pKj cV e/, tkfip wdd d/ e/,
T[jBK B{z fco g?oK f;o yVQ/ ehsk. gzikph GkPk d/ ;opgZyh ftek; bJh
;EkBe, ;{pkJh ns/ e"wh gZXo s'A b? e/ ftPt gzikph ekBcoz;K nk:'fis

19
eotkJhnK. gzikph b/yeK, ;kfjsekoK, gZsoekoK, d/P GrsK ns/ j'o
b'VtzdK dh ;jkfJsk bJh nkg jw/PK ssgo ofjzd/ ;B. BkwXkohnK d/
g[oksB ns/ BhtB ;kfjs, fJfsjk; B{z Skg/ dk ikwk g[nkfJnk. fJfsjk;
y'ihnK dk jw/Pk wkD skD ehsk. d/PK ftd/PK ftu gouko d"o/ eoe/,
BkwXkohnK B{z e"wh gfjukB fdtkJh. nkgD/ ;w/A ftu BkwXkoh ;wki
d/ uj[z w[yh ftek; bJh, ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih dk ;wK :kdrkoh pD
frnk j?.
toswkB BkwXkoh w[yh ;fsr[o{ T[d/ f;zx ih (1958^nkrwB) gozgok
ns/ nkX[fBesk dk ;[w/b jB. nkg dk pugB ns/ i[nkBh ;fsr[o{
irihs f;zx dh Sso SkfJnk j/m pshs j'fJnk. ;e{b ;so sZe dh
f;Zfynk, BkwXkoh wjK ftfdnkbk ;qh ihtB Bro s'A gqkgs ehsh. nkg
B/ r[opkDh, r[owfs ;kfjs ns/ nkgD/ fJfsjk; dh ikDekoh gfotkoe
gfot/P ftu'A jk;b ehsh. y/shpkVh, pkrpkBh, phi T[sgkdB ftu
;fsr[o{ ih nkg B{z gkozrs eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B fJ; bJh nkg B/ fJ; ;pzX
ftu ftP/P frnkB jk;b ehsk. r[owfs ;zrhs ns/ Gkosh PkPsoh
;zrhs dh f;Zfynk pugB ftu gqkgs ehsh. T[~so god/P d/ byhwg[o
fIbQ/ ftu rzBk ckow B{z ftef;s eoB pknd, ;fsr[o{ ih d/ j[ew eoB
s/ pzrb"o (eoBkNe) d/ gk; fpVdh ckow ftef;s eoe/, fJXo j'o
ckow yohd e/ nkpkd ehs/. nZi eZb BkwXkoh ;hvI ns/ BkwXkoh
co?P nkfd ndko/ e"wKsoh gfjukD pDkJh p?m/ jB. d[ZX T[sgkdB d/
eko'pko B{z th ftef;s ehsk. nkg nkgD/ eko'pko bJh ftPt GowD s/
fBebd/ ;w/A BkwXkoh ;o{g ns/ BkwXkoh ofjs wfonkdk dk ftP/P
fXnkB oZyd/ jB. 8 d;zpo 2012 ftu ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/ j[ew
nB[;ko irs wksk uzd e"o ih d/ nkd/P s/ nkg BkwXkoh gzE dh
r[orZdh s/ ;i rJ/. T[d'A s'A j[D sZe nkg ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/
T[gd/PK dh o'PBh ftu BkwXkoh ;zrs dh d/P god/; ftu ofjB[wkJh eo
oj/ jB. jo ;kb ;bkBk ig gq:'r ns/ j'o BkwXkoh ;wkrw ;qh G?Dh
;kfjp ns/ j'oBk EKtK s/ i[V e/ ;zrsK tZv/ T[sPkj Bkb wBkT[AdhnK
jB. ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/ ;w/A s'A ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp dk P[o{ j'fJnk
Bt^fBowkD nkg B/ j'o rshwkB ehsk j?. jo EK tZ;D tkbh BkwXkoh
;zrs dh BthA gBhoh B{z gzikph GkPk Bkb i'VB bJh efje/, nkgDh
fBt/ebh BkwXkoh f;Zy gfjukD ns/ Bo'J/ ;ZfGnkuko B{z ekfJw oZyD s/

20
I'o fdzd/ jB. ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d[nkok ;Ekfgs ;e{b, ekbi
ns/ ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx (ng'b') j;gskb b[fXnkDk dk j'o ft;Eko
eoe/, fgSV/ fJbkfenK ftu th fJjBK f;js ns/ f;Zfynk ;[ftXktK dk
ft;Eko eo oj/ jB. BkwXkoh gzE d/ gouko d"fonK bJh, T[j J/PhnK,
ncohek, nwohek, :{og ns/ nk;N/qbhnk dk GowD eod/ ofjzd/ jB.
BkwXkoh pZfunk dh gVQkJh ns/ T[jBK d/ tZy^tZy y/soK ftu j[Bowzd
j'D bJh ns/ BkwXkoh ihtB^iku, ofjs^wfonkdk, fJfsjk; nkfd s'A
ikD{ eokT[D bJh bVe/ bVehnK d/ fswkjh, fSwkjh ns/ ;kbkBk ftfdne
;zw/bB eok e/, T[jBK B{z sophns fdzd/ ofjzd/ jB. tZy^tZy XowK ftu
nkg;h gq/w fgnko, ;fj j'Ad ns/ w/b i'b ftef;s eoB bJh ;ztkd s/
I'o fdzd/ jB. nkgD/ ftukoK s/ fdqV ofjzfdnK, d{finK d/ ftukoK B{z
;[DB, ;wMD dh f;Zfynk fdzd/ jB. Jhoyk, fBzdk, ;kVk, b'G, w'j,
jzeko nkfd s'A pue/ ;ksfte ihtB ns/ ;kdk ofjDh^pfjDh dk gouko
eod/ jB. BfPnk ns/ ezfBnk Go{D jZfsnk, wfjzr/ ftnkjK^PkdhnK,
dki dj/i ns/ j'o t/bk ftjk u[ZehnK e[ohshnK, ;wkfie p[okJhnK d/
fsnkr bJh nkyd/ jB. nkgDh d;K Bj[znk dh ;Zuh feos ewkJh eoB
ns/ fJ; ftu'A b'VtzdK dh wdd eoB dk T[gd/P fdzd/ jB. jo BkwXkoh
wkJh GkJh ns/ gowkoE wkor d/ gkXhnK bJh nkg dk ihtB fJe
nkdoP ihtB j?.
BkwXkoh f;Zyh dk w[ZY, r[o{ pkbe f;zx ih(1785^1862 JhH) jio'A
;kfjp (fIbQk nNe^gkfe;skB) B/ pzfBQnk ;h. nkg g'm'jko d/ fJ;
fJbke/ ftu r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ns/ r[[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh f;Zyh dk gquko
eod/ ;B. nkg d/ GkJh wzBk f;zx jio'A ;kfjp ftu d[ekBdkoh eod/
;B. Bkw nfGnk;hnK ns/ ifrnk;{nK dk nkg gk; nkT[D ikD
pfDnk ofjzdk ;h. bkj"o dopko d/ ;?fBe ihtB ;w/A r[o{ okw f;zx ih
id'A 1841 JhH ftu fe;/ ekoB jio'A ;kfjp nkJ/ ;B sK T[jBK dk r[[o{
pkbe f;zx ih Bkb w/b j'fJnk. r[o{ pkbe f;zx, rfjB fuzsB wBB
pknd fJ; Bshi/ s/ g[Zi/ ;B fe bkj"o dk ;[szso ykb;k oki p[js S/sh
nzro/iK d[nkok jVZfgnk ikJ/rk. gzikp ftu seohpB g"Dh ;dh oki
Gkr wkBD ;dek, f;Zy ;odko r[of;Zy ihtB iku s'A e'jK d{o ub/ rJ/
;B. fJj' T[jBK dh nX'rsh dk ekoB pD fojk ;h. nkg B/ r[o{ okw
f;zx ih d/ fIzw/ nb'g j' ojh r[of;Zyh B{z w[V ;[oihs eoB ns/ gzikp dh

21
;[szso j;sh B{z pukJh oZyD dk ekoi ;"Afgnk. r[o{ pkbe f;zx ih B/
c[owkfJnk ;h fe nNe s'A uVQd/ gk;/ Bkw d/ yIkB/ dhnK ukphnK s[jkB{z
;"Ag fdZshnK jB. j[D y[ZbQk Bkw dk eVSk toskT[. BkwXkoh gzE dh
;kiBk pknd, 1858 JhH ftu ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih fco r[o{ pkbe f;zx
ih d/ doPB eoB, jio'A ;kfjp ;zrs ;w/s g[Zi/ ;B. T[jBK B/ eJh fdB
nkg ih B{z T[~E/ oZy e/, y[ZbQh r[owfs ftuko uouk ns/ d/P d/ pdb/
f;nk;h jkbks pko/ th rZb pks ehsh ;h.
BkwXkoh f;Zy gzE d/ w[ZY, fJ;d/ ;zy/g fJfsjk; ns/ toswkB ;o{g
pko/ gzSh Mks gkT[D pknd n;hA fJ;d/ soiwkB ;fsi[r gZso d/ iBw
b?D ;w/A g{ot ;zy/g jkbks dk uouk eoKr/. e{ek nzd'bB d/ nkozG s'A
b?e/ seohpB nZXh ;dh se gzikp ftu uZbD tkbk fJj' jh nkIkdh
;zrokw ;h. ;zB 1857 ;?fBe ftdo'j ;w/A gZSwh gzikp d/ fwzNr[woh
fJbke/ ftu nfjwd yob ns/ e[M j'o fe;kB nkr{nK d[nkok, nzro/I
;oeko dk fto'X eoB dk fIeo Io{o fwbdk j?. go nNe s'A iwBk
dfonk sZe d/ gzikp B{z nkgD/ eb/to ftu b?D tkbh, ;[szsosk ;zrokw
dh T[BhQ thA ;dh d/ gzikp ftu, fJZe' fJZe e{ek bfjo jh ;h. e[M nzro/I
nfXekohnK d[nkok T[sPkfjs eoB s/ e[M gVQ/ fby/ f;ZyK B/ f;Zy
;w[dkfJ ftu oki Grsh B{z wIp{s eoB bJh f;zx ;Gk bfjo 1873 JhH
ftu P[o{ ehsh. ;zB 1885 JhH ftu fJe nzro/I ;/tk^w[es fvgNh
efwPBo J/HfjT{w d[nkok fJzvhnB B?PBb eKro; dh ;EkgBk ehsh
rJh. fJ; dk T[d/P e[M noIh gZso d/ e/ nzro/I ;oeko s'A T[~God/
;owkJ/dko tor bJh e[M fonkfJsK b?Dk ;h. eKro; ftu e[M fonkfJsK
sZe ;hfws Bow dbhJ/ (moderates) ;B ns/ e[M fsZyhnK spdhbhnK
ukj[D tkb/ row dbhJ/ th ;B. ;zB 1907 JhH ftu gZSwh gzikp dhnK
pkoK ftu Bfjoh wkwbk tXkJ/ ikD ekoB ns/ ;oeko tb'A nkpkd
ehshnK IwhBK s/ fe;kBK d/ wkbeh nfXekoK B{z ;hfws eoB tkbk,
ekb'BkJhi/PB n?eN nkT[D d/ fto'X ftu, ftnkge fe;kB nzd'bB
T[~Gfonk ;h. fJ; d/ nkr{nK ;qH nihs f;zx(ukuk Pjhd Grs f;zx)
ns/ bkbk bkigs okfJ B{z 1818 d/ pdBkw pzrkb n?eN dh Xkok fszB
nXhB d/P fBekbk d/ e/, fpqfNP powk d/ T[; wKvb/ Pfjo ftu G/i fdZsk
;h fiZE/ f;oc uko ;kb gfjbK, ibktsB e{ek ;{pk bZyk f;zx wb"d
tkfbnK B/ nkyoh ;kj fbnk ;h .

22
 e?B/vk, nwohek ftu 1913 JhH ftu o[Irko d/ w"fenk dh Gkb ftu
rJ/ gotk;h GkoshnK fijBK ftu'A pj[frDsh gzikph f;ZyK ns/ g{ot
;?fBeK dh ;h, jfEnkopzd x'b d[nkok, fjzd[;skBh c"i d/ d/P Grs
spfenK B{z Bkb b? e/ T[jBK Gkos g[Zi e/, }do wuk e/, d/P nkIkd
eokT[D dh ;ehw ;'uh ;h. fJ; ezzw bJh gzikph ns/ j'o Gkosh GkPktK
ftu }do n\pko gqekfPs eoe/ jIkoK dh ;zfynk ftu d/P G/fink
iKdk ;h. fJ; dhnK fbysK, eftsktK ns/ b/y, b'e i[V fwb e/ gVQd/
;[Dd/ ns/ }do d/ NhfunK gqsh fJei[ZNsk gqrN eod/. go g{oh
fsnkoh Bk j'D, nzro/I ;oeko d/ ik;{;K dh ;zrmB ftu x[;g?m j'D
ekoB, }do f;o/ Bk ufVQnk. eosko f;zx ;okGk, ftPB{z rB/P
fgzrb/, ekPh okw wV"bh, ofjws nbh tihd e/, rKXk f;zx eZuo GzB,
;'jD bkb gkme, jikok f;zx okJhnK nkfde ;?AeV/ rdoh cK;h bk e/
ns/ e'oN wkoPb eoe/, r'bhnK Bkb T[vk e/ Pjhd eo fdZs/. ;?AefVnK
B/ Gkosh ns/ ekb/ gkDhnK dhnK i/bQK dk e[zGh Boe G'rfdnK i[nkBh B{z
p[Ykg/ ftu spdhb j[zd/ t/fynk. ekb/ e/;K tkb/ id'A 15^20 ;kb i/bQK
ftu eZN e/, fuZN/ dkjfVnk Bkb pkjo nkJ/ sK T[j ;kv/ }doh pkp/ pD
rJ/ ;B. }do gkoNh dk pkBh gqXkB pkpk ;'jD f;zx GeBk, nwohek
ikD s'A gfjbk e'Jh u"dK toQ/ e{fenK dh ;zrs ftu eZN e/ d/P Grsh s'A
b'e Grsh tb fsZy/ w'V eZNdk j?.
;zB 1914 ftu gfjbk ;z;ko izr fSV frnk. wjkswk rKXh i' fJ;
;w/A sZe eKro; d/ nkr{ pD u[Ze/ ;B, ;w/s pj[s ;ko/ Gkosh nkr{nK B/
fJ; izr ftu nzro/I nwoheB X[oh dk iowB, fJNbh nkfd d/ fto[ZX,
ozro{N Gosh ns/ izrh uzdk T[rokj[D ftu fJ; nk; s/ ;kE fdZsk fe
izr fiZsD pknd nzro/I ;oeko T[jBK B{z j'w o{b ;w/s e[M fonkfJsK
d/t/rh. go 1918 ftu izr w[ZeD pknd nzro/I je{ws B/ ;oeko fto'Xh
ekotkJhnK dpkT[D bJh 1919 uVQfdnK jh o"bN n?eN BK dk BtK
ekB{zB b? nKdk. fJ; ftu }do bfjo d/ c?bD d/ ekoBK dh gVu'b th
ehsh rJh ns/ nZr/ s'A ;oeko B{z nEkj Pesh Bkb b?; th eo fdZsk.
fJ; n?eN d/ fto'X ftu d/P ns/ gzikp Go ftu o'; w[Ikjo/ j'J/ ns/
fJBQK ekotkJhnK d/ f;yo ti'A 13 ngq?b 1919 B{z iZfbQnK tkb/ pkr dk
y{Bh ;kek tkgfonk, fi; ftu 1200 d/ eohp fjzd{, f;Zy, w[;bwkB
;oeko fto[ZX PKsh g{oD o'; ib;k eod/ j'J/, nzfwqs;o Pfjo ftu

23
iBob vkfJo dh c"ih N[eVh d[nkok ubkJhnK r'bhnK Bkb G[zB fdZs/
rJ/. pkbe Grs f;zx ns/ T{Xw f;zx ;[Bkw d'jK wjkB PjhdK d/ ihtB
s/ fJ; jZfsnk eKv dh rfjoh Skg gJh. jIkoK cZNVK dhnK uhy^g[ekoK
T[; pkr d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ oks Go ;[DdhnK ojhnK. r'bh eKv s'A pknd
nzfwqs;o Pfjo ftu eofcT{ bk fdZsk frnk. ;?AeV/ Iywh rowh dh oZ[s/
gkDh ns/ tes f;o ;KG ;zGkb dh nDj'Ad ekoB dw s'V rJ/. nzfwqs;o
dk t?;kyh dk fsT[jko gzikp Go d/ b'eK dh fyZu dk e/Ado j[zdk ;h.
;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih d/ d't/A S'N/ Goksk wjkokik fBjkb f;zx ns/
wjkokik r[ofdnkb f;zx ih th fJ; o'; ib;/ ftu Pkwb ;B. T[jBK
B/ iZfbQnk tkb/ pkr ftu toQdhnK r'bhnK B{z 17^18 iBtoh 1872 JhH
B{z wb/oe'Nb/ d/ oZeV ftu 66 e{e/ w;skfBnK B{z s'gK d/ r'fbnK Bkb
T[vkJ/ ikD dk fGnkBe fdqP dh :kd skIk eoB dh etkfJd ti'A fbnk.
fJ; ;ke/ s'A pknd jh gzfvs itkjo bkb Bfjo{ i' nbkjpkd ftu
tekbs eod/ ;B, eKro; ftu ;orow j' rJ/. fJ; ;w/A jh ;fsr[o{
goskg f;zx ih d/ nkPhotkd Bkb nkg d/ d't/A T[~go tofDs GkJh th
gzikp eKro; ftu j'oBK BkwXkoh f;zxK ;w/s ;orow G{fwek fBpkj[D
bZr gJ/. :kd oj/ fe 1912 JhH ftu BthA fdZbh fty/, id'A tkfJ;okJ/
GtB pD fojk ;h, T[;B{z ikD tkbh fJe ;Ve dh T[;koh bJh r[od[nkok
oekp rzi ;kfjp dh fJe ezX v/r fdZsh rJh ;h. fJ; r[od[nko/ tkb/
;EkB s/ 1675 JhH ftu ;qh r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp d/ XV dk ;;eko
ehsk frnk ;h. fJ; bJh f;Zy irs ftu fJj ezX v/r/ ikD s/ o'; dh
bfjo c?b rJh. fJ; ;w/A uZb/ nzd'bB ftu fJe BkwXkoh goukoe ;zs
wzrb f;zx ‘noPh cfoPsk* (1880^1957) dh T[~xh G{fwek ;h. }do
bfjo d/ ekoBK ftu th oekprzi r[od[nko/ dk w;bk th fJe ekoB
frfDnk iKdk ;h. d'jK wjkoki ihnK Bkb ;zs wzrb f;zx j'oK B/ ;bkj
wPtok eoe/ ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih B{z fJj p/Bsh ehsh fe fJ; fsZyh
j' ojh f;nk;h u/sBk d/ i[Zr ftu, ;kB{z th BkwXkoh f;Zyh d/ gouko ns/
nkgD/ f;nk;h Nhu/, d/P nIkdh dh gqkgsh bJh nkgD/ b'eK B{z f;Zfyns
eoB bJh, gzikph GkPk ns/ r[ow[yh fbZgh ftu nkgDk fJe gouk ikoh
eoBk ukjhdk j?.
gzikph gZsoekoh d/ fJfsjk; s/ fgZSb Mks wkofdnK ;fsi[r d/
gqekfPs j'D s'A uko djke/ gfjbK, g'qH r[ow[y f;zx j'oK B/ gzikph dk

24
gfjbk nypko ‘r[ow[yh* P[o{ ehsk i' nZm e[ ;kb jh uZfbnk ;h. gq'H
r[ow[y f;zx, f;zx ;Gk bkj"o d/ nkr{ ;B ns/ oki^Grs ;B. ;zB
1867 JhH ftu nypko ;qh dopko ;kfjp r[ow[yh fbZgh ftu poZi fwbh
fjzdh GkPk ftu Sgdk ;h. fJ; nypko dh gqekPBk ;w/A jh e{fenK d/
d/P fBekb/ ns/ Pjhdh ;ke/ tkgo/ ;B, go fJ; ftu T[jBK dk fIeo
sZe BjhA ehsk frnk. frnkBh e[bdhg f;zx ‘gZsoekoh* g[;se ftu
fbyd/ jB—gzikph gZsekoh dk w[ZYbk ;wK, 1867 s'A 1880 JhH sZe dk
j?. fJ; ;w/A gZEo d/ Skg/ okjhA jh SgkJh j[zdh ;h. w[ZYb/ nypkoK dk
nkPk Xow dk gquko ;h. oki Grsh iK ;oeko gq;sh th fJjBK dk
fJe r[D ;h. fJ;/ soQK 1880 s'A 1900 JhH sZe 20 ;kb d/ ;w/A ftu 12
;gskfje ns/ 20 wkf;e gZso P[o{ j'J/. fijBK *u'A toBD :'r BK ;B^
\kb;k ;wkuko
;wkuko, r[owfs gqekP kP, f;zx ;Gk rIN
rIN, \kb;k nypko
nypko,
;[Xko gZfsqekk, fBor[fDnkok nkfd. pj[s/ n\pko E'VQk ;wK uZb e/ jh
pzd j' rJ/ go ‘\kb;k ;wkuko* (;gskfje^1890 JhH) ns/ ‘fBor[fDnkok*
wkf;e (1892 JhH) s'A jh brksko uZbd/ nkJ/.
fJ;/ soQK nrb/ thj ;kb, noEks 1900 s'A 1920 JhH sZE d/
;w/A B{z ‘ikfrqsh dk ;wK’ fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ;w/A d"okB 18 ;gskfje
3 gzdoK o'Ik, 42 wkf;e gZso ns/ fJe sq?wkf;e gZso(c[btkVh) P[o{
j'J/. fJjBK ftu'A \kb;k ;/te e, nzfwqs;o gZfsqekk, gzE fwZso
o, ;Zuk
Yzv'okk, pho
pho, Pjhd nkfd nypko uZb e/ S/sh jh pzd j' rJ/. go ‘d[y
fBtkoB’ nZr/ she ubdk nkfJnk. fJ; s'A nrb/ ;w/A noEks 1920 s'A
1935 JhH sZe d/ ;w/A ftu gzikph d/ 23 n\pko ukb{ j'J/. ‘nekbh’
nypko brgr ;fsi[r dk jkDh ;h i' wJh 1920 JhH B{z P[o{ j'fJnk.
;w/A d/ jkbks ekoB fJ; dk BK ‘nekbh s'A gqd/;h’ th j' frnk.HHHn;hA
d/yd/ jK fe 1920 JhH sZe ekch nypko fBebD/ P[o{ j' u[Ze/ ;B id'A
;fsi[r nypko j'Ad ftu nkfJnk.@1
gfjbk ‘nypko ;qh dopko ;kfjp’ fiZE/ e{fenK B{z s'gK Bkb T[vkJ/
ikD dk nkgD/ nfXeko y/so s'A pkjo ik e/ j[ew d/D tkb/ fvgNh
efwPBo ektB B{z nzro/Ih nypkoK ftu T[;d/ fybk| fby/ ikD pknd,
B"eoh s'A poso| eoB dk c?;b/ T[go jwdodh d/ nZEo{ e/odk j?, T[~E/
nmkoQthA ;dh d/ f;Zy ;{ofwnK dh soI s/ ikBK tkoB tkb/ e{fenK d/
i'P, IIp/ pko/ fIeo eoB s'A jh Nkbk tZN iKdk j?. f;zx ;Gk bfjo

25
ns/ fco gzikp d/ oki/, oitkfVnK ns/ ;odko xokfDnK dh Pfj s/
pD/, uhc ykb;k dhtkB nkfd Bkb ;pzfXs ftneshnK tZb'A eZY/ iKd/
fJj ;ko/ jh n\pko e{fenK gqsh n\pko ;qh dopko ;kfjp tkbk jh
otZJhnk XkoB ehsh oZyd/ jB. feT[Afe e{fenK dk Xkofwe nehdk,
nkfd ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp gqsh g{oB PoXk ;fseko oZyfdnK d/jXkoh r[o{
ftu nk;Ek gqrN eoB tkbk ;h, fJ; bJh th T[jBK B{z fJ; ;w/A nkgD/
ftukoK d/ gquko ns/ fto'Xh ftukoK d/ yzvB bJh nkgD/ nypko dh b'V
;h. w[Zy s"o s/ n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe d/P ftu e"wh w[esh ;zrokw fi;
fsZy/ o"n ftu nZr/ tX fojk ;h, nkgDh p;shtkd fto'Xh bVkJh dh
PkBdko gozgok ;dek, nkgDh sedho fJ; Bkb i'VB bJh th BkwXkoh
f;ZyK B{z nkgD/ soiwkB gou/ dh b'V ;h. e"wKsoh gZXo s/ th jkbks
fJ; edo ;kIrko j' rJ/ fe ;'thns ;zx d/ wjkB nes{po ;wkitkdh
fJBebkp 1917 d/ f;ZN/ ti'A rmB ;dek, ;kwoki dhnK ewI'o eVhnK
N[ZNDhnK P[o{ j' rJhnK. e{e/ i' Iko Pkjh o{; dh ;?fBe ;jkfJsk Bkb
gzikp ftu'A cozrh ;oeko d/ ;ckJ/ dhnK eB;'nK b?d/ ;B, j[D T[;/ d/
P ftu wId{oK fe;kBK dh gfjbh fonk;s ekfJw j'D pknd, nkgD/
pzXB w[es j'D gqsh nk;tzd j' rJ/ ;B. ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ d/P
fBekb/ d/ ;w/A s'A skfJBks g[bh; u"Aeh ni/ th r[od[nkok G?Dh ;kfjp d/
p{j/ nZr/ p?mh ;h, fJ; d/ fto[ZX brksko nktkI T[mkT[D bJh th ;fsi[r
B/ nkgDh pDdh G{fwek fBGkT[Dh ;h.
;oekoh ohekov nB[;ko sK jcs/tko ;fsi[r dk gfjbk gouk 26
wJh 1920 JhH B{z bkj"o Pfjo s'A P[o{ j'fJnk. go fJ; d/ SkgD s'A e[M
wjhB/ gfjbK Bw{B/ ti'A ;fsi[r d/ e[M gou/ Sgtk e/ 1920 JhH d/ toB
(fibQK P/y{g[ok^gkfe;skB) fgzv d/ BkwXkoh j'b/ wjZb/ ;w/A ;zrs ftu
tzv/ rJ/ ;B sK i' T[jBK ftu nkgD/ nypko gqsh T[sPkj g?dk ehsk ik
;e/. wjkokik r[ofdnkb f;zx ih fJ; j'b/ s/ bkj"o'A ;fsi[r nypko
fBozeko f;zx ‘u/sB* s/ ;zs wzrb f;zx ih cs{jh uZehnk (noPh cfoPsk)
dh ;bkj wZdd Bkb Skg e/ b? rJ/. fBozeko f;zx s/ fbydk jh ;h.
wjkoki ih w/b/ ftu j'ek Gh dtkfJnk s/ gouko Gh efj eokfJnk.
;G BkwXkoh ;fsi[r d/ rkje pD gVQB s/ nkgD/ fJfsjk; dk gsk
eoB.;fsr[o{ ih s/ w[yhnK dh ;bkj Bkb ‘;fsi[r* ;ZshA fdBh SkgD dk
wsk fJ; w/b/ s/ gk; j'fJnk.2

26
 f;zx ;GhnK dhnK nypkoK s/ Gkok fto'X eodhnK ;h, e{fenK s/
fjzd{nK s/ eKro;hnK Bkb i' wjkoki r[ofdnkb f;zx ih iK (;zs fBXkB
f;zx) nkfbw ih fby d/Ad/ T[j fjzd{ iK eKro;h w;K E'jVk s/ ftzrk N/Yk
fijk fbyd/. wjkoki dh ukfjnk nkgD/ nypko fpBK gko BjhA g?Adh sK
;fsi[r B{z T[gikfJnk s/ ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih B/ ngBkfJnk i' ni/
sZe bzro tKr{z uZbd?. i' i' ;fsi[r s/ ;yshnK j'JhnK ;fsr[o{ ih s/
;kX ;zrs i' i' xkb ehsh T[j jkb nZr/ nkt/rk.3
toBK d/ j'b/ ;w/A fJj th sfj j'fJnk fe nypko eZYD bJh nkgDh
gfozfNzr gq?; j't/. fJ; goEkfJ e[M wkfJnk th fJeZso j' rJh. bkj"o
Pfjo dh rzrk fpbfvzr ftu nkgDh gfozfNzr wPhB yqhd e/ ‘;qh ;fsr[o{
okw joh go?~;’ ftu nypko SgDk P[o{ j' frnk. gfjb/ gou/ d/
;otoe s/ Sgh fBozeko f;zx ‘u/sB* dh eftsk, ;kB{z e{fenk d/ d/P
Grsh tkb/ fJfsjk; s/ Mks g[nkT[D bJh ns/ T[jBK d/ fBZro IIp/ s'A
ikD{ eokT[D bJh ekch j?^
;fsi[r nypko j? Bkw J/jdk,
J/jB{z P[o{ ehsk BkwXkohnK B/.
fBi d/P s/ Xow dh ;/tk bJh,
phVk u[Zfenk ;zrsK fgnkohnK B/.
J/; ezw B{z s'V fBGkD bJh,
eo bhshnK pj[s fsnkohnK B/.
fi; w'ou/ s/ vN ikB u/sB,
c"iK r[o{ dhnK ed/ Bk jkohnK B/.
s'g Bkb T[~v/ eJh uVQ/ cK;h,
eJhnK eZNhnK e?dK eokohnK B/.
ibktsB j'J/ BIopzd oj/,
n;K szrhnK p[js ;jkohnK B/.
T[wo I/o fBrokBhnK ftZu r[Io/,
j'o eJh gkpzdhnK GkohnK B/.
fBs g/P j[zd/ oj/ jkewK d/,
gJhnK GzvhnK ;dk ytkohnK B/.
EKT[A EK g[fb; ;kv/ BKT[A fbydh,
dZ;K eh w[;hpsK GkohnK B/.

27
 ;[Dh fe;/ Bk jkb g[eko ;kvh,
n;K noIhnK pj[s r[IkohnK B/.
ni/ she nZyK ftu oVeB/ jK,
tkj tkj s/ohnK e[dosK fBnkohnK B/.
;kv/ p{j/ s'A g[fb; Bk T[mZdh J/,
nZe rJ/ jK pj[s bkukohnK B/.
j[D ;w/A B/ nkD e/ c/o ykXK ,
rZbK ftrVhnK oZp ;tkohnK B/.
Bkb bj{ d/ f;zfinK pkr e"whA,
f;ZyK, fjzd{nK, w'wBK nkohnK B/.
c[Zb fyV/ gzy/oV{ ufje^T[~m/,
G[Zb rJhnK w[;hpsK ;kohnK B/.4
bkj"o s'A Sg/ ;fsi[r d/ gfjb/ nze ftu jh ;qh fBozeko f;zx ih
u/sB B/ i' fJ; n\pko d/ gfjb/ gzi e[ wjhB/ ;zgkde oj/ ;B, fJ; dk
T[d/P nkgD/ Ppdk ftu ;gPN ehsk j?^
‘;fsi[r nypko’
“nZi eZbQ d/ ;w/A ftu nypkoK dh pVh b'V j? feT[Afe fpBK nypko
d/ e'Jh e"w iK gzE nkgDhnK sebhcK B{z ;oeko nr/ nEtk ;ko/ d/P
ns/ ;ko/ ;z;ko nr/ Ikjo BjhA eo ;edk. fi; e"w dk d[Zy Ikjo Bk
j't/ T[;dk e'Jh fJbki BjhA eodk ns/ fi;dk d[Zy T[jd/ nypkoK d[nkok
gqrN j' ikt/ T[;B{z gfjb/ ;oeko d{o eo d/Adh j?. i/eo Bk eo/ sK ;ko/
d/; d/ nypko o"bk gk d/Ad/ jB ns/ jo fJe wBZ[y nkg' nkgDh EK s/
I'o bkT[Adk j? fi; Bkb ;oeko B{z T[j sebh| d{o eoBh g?Adh j?. i/eo
;oeko fJjBK nypkoK ns/ d/P d/ b'eK d/ o"b/ dk e[M fynkb Bk eo/ sK
d{i/ d/PK tkb/ ;oeko B{z Pofwzdk ns/ jo EK s/ T[;dh pdBkwh eod/
jB, fi; Bkb nZe e/ T[;B{z nkgDh ukb pdbDh g?Adh j?. go fi; soQK
jo fJe ezw B{z g{ok eoB bJh uzr/ nkdwhnK dh b'V j[zdh j? fJ;/ soQK
e"w nEtk d/P B{z irkT[D tk;s/ uzr/ nypkoK dh b'V j[zdh j?. fi; e"w
nEtk d/P d/ nypko uzr/ j'D T[; d/P d/ fdB uzr/ j' iKd/ jB ns/ fJ;
s'A T[bN fi; e"w d/ nypko o'NhnK ekoB g{o/ skb tZs nkgDk ;[nkoE
w[Zy oZy e/ e"w ns/ d/P dh ;/tk B{z G[Zb e/, d[ekBdkoh d/ sohe/ s/ uZbd/
jB, T[j d/P nEtk e"w ed/ soZeh BjhA eodh.

28
 “fJj ;fsi[r nypko BkwXkoh f;ZyK B/ e/tb e"w ns/ d/P dh ;/tk
bJh ikoh ehsk j?. tgko ;wM e/ Bck ewkT[D dh ykso BjhA ehsk.
fJjdk wzst ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih wjkoki d/ tke nB[;ko uZbdk
j'fJnk, dhBK, d[yhnK, G[ZfynK, BzfrnK dh ;/tk ns/ ;jkfJsk eodk
j'fJnk efbi[r ftu ;fsi[r fbnkT[D dk isB eoBk j't/rk.
“;z;ko dhnK tZvhnK s'A tZvhnK ns/ pohe s'A pohe \poK nkw
b'eK B{z g[ukt/rk.
“EK EK s/ gkmPkbk y'bQ e/ S'N/ tZv/ ;G B{z ftZfdnk gVQk e/ d/P ftu'A
nfrnkB nzX/o B{z d{o eo/rk.
“gzE ns/ d/; d/ jo fJe wB[Zy B{z frnkBh pDk e/, nkgD/ jZe bJh
fsnko eo/rk. gzE nEtk d/; d/ b'eK d/ fdbK dk jkb, ;oeko nZr/
;k|^;k| Ikjo eo/rk ns/ goik dhnK sebhcK nEtk b'VK B{z uzrh
soQK y'jb e/ dZ;/rk.
“;oekoh jkewK B{z n:'r ezwK s'A N'e/rk ns/ p/ndph B{z o'eD dk
f;o'A go/ j' e/ isB eo/rk. fJ; soQK goik ns/ okiK ftu w/b eokT[D
ns/ gq/w tXkT[D dk :sB nkgD/ d/P B{z nkIkd eokT[D bJh nEtk
;_oki (nkgDk oki) fdtkT[D dk bZe pzBQ e/ isB eo/rk ns/ d/P tk;hnK
d/ dZ[y ftu d[Zy ns/ ;[Zy ftu ;Z[y wzB/rk.@5
fJj ;B T[j jkbks ns/ T[d/P fijBK ftu ns/ fijBK tk;s/
;fsi[r ;gskfje gouk fJZe ;dh gfjbK P[o{ j'fJnk ;h. fJ; gou/ d/
;co d"okB eJh gVkn nkJ/, eJh w[PfebK fJ;dh gqekPBK d/ okj ftu
nkJhnK. ;G s'A tZvh w[Pfeb sK e[opkBhnK Go/ e{ek ;zrokw d/ ;[oy
gzB/ jh ;B fijBK dk fIeo j'D s/ nzro/I ;oeko fgZN T[~mdh ;h. T[wo
Go ;fsi[r ns/ gzikph gZsoekfosk Bkb i[V/ ofjD tkb/ ;zs fJzdo f;zx
‘uZeotosh* fejk eod/ ;B, “eohJ/ eh, ;kvk fJfsjk; jh nfijk j?
fJ; B{z id'A th fbyDk P[o{ eod/ jK sK vhc?A; nkc fJzvhnk o{bI d/ fe;/
Bk fe;/ ekB{zB d/ nfVZe/ fJj nk jh iKdk j?.”
;fsi[r dh gqekPBk dh fJe ;dh dh ekb tzv eoB bJh, ;kB{z T[jBK
‘;EkBK* Bkb fJ; B{z i'VBk gt/rk fiZE'A fJj ;w/A ;w/A Sgdk fojk j?.

(1) bkj"o dk ekbyzv iK N[ZNthA gqekPBK d/ w[ZYb/ toQ/ L fJj ;wK

1920 JhH s'A b? e/ 1929 JhH sZe dk wkb{w j[zdk j?.6 fJ; ;w/A ftu

29
;fsi[r d/ ;zgkdeK dk ekb eow fJ; gqeko j?. gfjb/ ;zgkde fBozeko
f;zx u/sB 26 wJh 1920 s'A 13 nes{po 1920 JhH sZe oj/. fJjBK s'A
pknd ;zs fBXkB f;zx nkfbw (1889^1956 JhH) 13 nes{po, 1920
s'A 1924 JhH sZe oj/.7 ;fsi[r d/ ;zgkde nkfbw ih s'A pknd GrtkB
f;zx dk; th pD/ ;B. ;zB 1929 JhH s'A 1939 JhH sZe ;zgkde ;zs
fJzdo f;zx uZeotosh (1904^1971 JhH) jh oj/ ;B. nkfbw ih wkM/
d/ fJfsjk;e fgzv b'g'e/ d/ ns/ uZeotosh ih T[; ;w/A fonk;s gfNnkbk
ns/ j[D fIbQk b[fXnkDk d/ Bhb'A g[b, ;ofjzd Bfjo d/ gk; fgzv bZb ebK
d/ tk;h ;B. w[ZYb/ d"o d/ fJjBK B" e[ ;kbK ftu ;zs wzrb f;zx noPh
cfoPsk, fgzv cs{jh uZe (sfj;hb PZeorVQ^r[odk;g[o, j[D gkfe;skB)
th fJ; d/ pk ewkb ;zgkde oj/ jB. 2 Btzpo 1927 d/ ;fsi[r d/ fJe
jcsktkoh gou/ ftu ;zs soB f;zx tfjwh B/ gou/ d/ ;zgkde pko/ ns/
;fsi[r dh S/sh S/sh SgD dh b'V pko/ eftsk fbyh ;h^
“wzrb fi; nypko dk yk; n?vhNo nkg.
Shi nwzrb iks ;G ;fsr[o e/ gqskg.
eb{ ekb B/ nkD dpk bJ/ ;K, ;fsi[r ;h w[y S[gk p?mk.
wzrb f;zx w[pkoeK bZy s?B{z, phVk gzE dk ;h; T[mk p?mk.@8
T[~go tofDs ;zgkdeK s'A fpBK ;fsi[r dh fgqzN bkJhB s/ SgD tkb/
gfjb/ n?vhNo d/ Bkw ti'A 1920 wJh s'A d;pzo 1920 se SgD tkb/
wjkoki r[ofdnkb f;zx ih th, fJzvhnk nkfc; bzvB s'A “e{ek nkT{N
pq/e” nkfd nzro/Ih ftu fby/ ;oekoh d;skt/i wzrtk e/, T[jBK dk
gzikph nB[tkd eoe/, BkwXkoh fJfsjk; pko/ ;fsi[r ftu th b/y
fbfynk eod/ ;B ns/ eKro; d/ ;bkBK fJibk; ftu d/P d/ tZy tZy
GkrK ftu ik e/, nkgD/ GkPDK d[nkok d/P Go d/ gqshfBXK Bkb ikDekoh
;KMh efonk eod/ ;B. ;fsi[r d/ gfjb/ ;zgkde ;zs fBXkB f;zx
nkfbw ns/ ;zs wzrb f;zx ih noPh cfoPsk ;orow eKro; ekoe[zB
th ;B. fJ; bJh ;fsi[r ftu poskBth ;oeko fto[ZX IIpk fJ;
dhnK ouBktK ftu'A gVQB B{z fwbdk ;h. ;td/Ph ;oeko fto[ZX Bk
fwbtosD, n;fj:'r dk gouko th y[ZbQ e/ ehsk iKdk ;h. fJ; eoe/
;oekoh eo'gh dh fpibh fJ; nypko s/ eVedh ofjzdh ;h ns/ rkj/
prkj/ nypko dh IwkBs Ips eoe/ jIkoK o[gfJnK dh d[pkok IwkBs
wzr e/, fJ; d/ SgD ftu ftxB gk fdZsk iKdk ;h. nkfbw ih ns/

30
noPh cfoPsk ih ne;o nkIkdh nzd'bB ftu i/bQ :ksok th eod/
ofjzd/ ;B, fJ; ekoB th nypko dk fB:fws SgDk o[e iKdk ;h. 21
cotoh 1921 B{z id'A BBekDk ;kfjp dk Pjhdh ;kek tkgfonk sK ;zs
fBXkB f;zx nkfbw B/ PjhdK B{z PoXKibh d/D bJh Skg/ ftP/; nze ftu
;ke/ ftu Pjhd j'D tkb/ v/Y e[ ;" d/ brgr f;zxK ftu pkoK s/oK
BkwXkohnK dk Pjhd j'Dk fby e/, T[jBK d/ Bkw gs/ th Skg/ ;B. fJ;/
ekoB ;'jD f;zx i'P j'oh ‘nekbh w'ofunk d/ fJfsjk;’ ftu fbyd/ jB
fe fijV/ nypkoK B{z nzro/I ;oeko B/ c"ih SkT[DhnK ftu gVQ/ ikD s'
o'eD bJh ekbh ;{uh ftu doi ehsk ;h, T[jBK ftu ;fsi[r bkj"o th
Pkwb ;h.
fJ; bJh ;fsi[r dh gqekPBk dk w[ZYbk B"A e[ ;kbK dk d"o fJ; d/
bzr/ vzr SgD dk jh d"o ;h. fJ;/ ;w/A iBob vkfJo B{z f;o'gk d/D tkb/
jfowzdo ;kfjp, ;qh nzfwqs;o d/ ;oeko tZb'A Ekg/ ;opokj no{V f;zx
fto[ZX fJ; soQK fbfynk frnk^ fJe fdB w[eZoo eoe/ f;Zy e"w d/ nkr{
;qh nzfwqs;o ih ftu fJZem/ j'D ns/ no{V f;zx B{z fwb e/ fJj efj
d/D fe f;Zy e"w s?B{z nkgDk ;opokj BjhA wzBdh. s{z fwjopkBh eoe/
fJ; ;opokjh B{z SZv d/. i/ eo wzB ikt/ tkj Gbk i/ BK wzB/ sK nkgDh
ew/Nh u[D e/ T[;d/ jZE fJzsIkw d/ d/D ns/ n?;/ jzekoh ns/ d/P xkse
B{z ;opokjh dk e[Zik GzB e/ ;r'A dopko ;kfjp dh goeowk ftu th Bk
fcoB d/D. f;ZyK B{z nyfsnko j? fe fi; nkdwh e'b'A T[jBK B{z ysok
Gk;/ fe T[j T[jBK d/ Xkofwe ezwK ftu ftxB gkJ/rk ns/ T[; d/ nkT[D
ikD Bkb e'Jh Bk e'Jh T[gZdo j' ikJ/rk, T[; dk nkT[Dk ikDk nkgD/ e"wh
j[ew Bkb pzd eo d/D.
“;kB{z Go';k j? fe fJ; sohe/ Bkb jw/Pk dk MrVk wZ[e ikJ/rk ns/
;oeko fJ; ftu e'Jh d\b Bk d/t/rh ns/ i/ ;oeko B/ nkgD/ ih jI{oh
dh fgZm m'eh sK fJ; T[s/ c/o wro'A ftukfonk ikJ/rk.@9
fJ; ;w/A ;fsi[r ftu f;Zy oki d/ ;wkgs j'D d/ wrob/ d;K e[
;kbK(1839^49) d/ dodBke jkbks th bkj"o s'A SgD tkb/ ;fsi[r
gou/ ftu bzwk ;wK bVhtko Sgd/ oj/ ;B. fJ; soQK j'o skohyh s/
e"wh tkfenks th fNZgDhnK ;fjs Skg/ iKd/ ;h. fBXkB f;zx nkfbw
j'oK fJe t/o ;fsi[r dh IwkBs Ips j'D s/ bkj"o s'A jh ‘e{ek* Bkw dk
o'IkBk nypko gzikph ftu ns/ ‘nkfbw* BK dk T[od{ ftu th eZfYnk

31
;h. T[jBK d/ i/bQ ikD pknd fJj d't/A gou/ GrtkB f;zx dk; th
;zgkfds eod/ oj/ ;B.
;fsi[r d/ 80 ;kbk nze ftu wjkokik r[ofdnkb f;zx ih dk Bkw
;fsi[r d/ ebwh ;zgkdeK ftu BjhA. go fJ; ;pzXh ;zs fBXkB f;zx
nkfbw dh nrtkjh tZX Go';/ :'r j?. T[jBK w[skfpe ;fsi[r bkj"o'A
wjkokik fBjkb f;zx ih dh ;ogq;sh ftu fBebdk ;h. gqb'e tk;h ;qh
fBozeko f;zx ih ‘u/sB* T[; d/ gfjb/ ;zgkde ;B. d{i/ ;zgkde wjkoki
r[ofdnkb f;zx ih pD/. shik ;zgkde j'D dk wkD w?B{z gqkgs j'fJnk.
wjkokik r[ofdnkb f;zx ;G s'A gfjb/ fJfsjk; b/ye jB fiBQK B/
Bt/A ns/ gquZbs sohe/ Bkb BkwXkoh fJfsjk; B{z gq?~; d/ gb?N ckow
okjhA gqukoB dk isB ehsk.HHHrZb eh, i' w;kbk th T[jBK B{z gqkgs
j'fJnk, T[; d/ nkXko s/ T[jBK B/ ‘;fsi[r* ftu w[Zy^b/yK dk fJe
f;bf;bk ‘jZv^phsh’ gqekfPs ehsk. fJBQK b/yK ftu nkg B/ nzro/I
;oeko dhnK b{z ezv/ yVQ/ eo d/D tkbhnK tfjPhnkBk s/ I[bwh xNBktK
B{z fJ; nB'y/ ns/ fjod/t/de Yzr Bkb ebwpzd ehsk fe jIkoK gkmeK
d/ fdb jb{D/ rJ/. g/Av{ b'e sK fes/ oj/ gfVQnk fbfynk Pfjoh spek
th j?okB ofj frnk.
“1921 JhH ftu nkg B/ bkj"o s'A ;fsi[r dk gfjbk p;zs nze
gqekfPs eoe/ BkwXkoh fJfsjk; B{z iBse fdbu;gh dk ftPk pDk
fdZsk ;h.HHHGkos d/ gqf;ZX B/sk ;qH ;od{b f;zx ethPo, ;[ortk;h
vkH;Zfsnkgkb ih, w"bkBk Ico nbh n?vhNo ‘fIwhdko* u"Xoh r[bkw
j?do n?vhNo ‘;dkes* ns/ w"bkBk ;Jhnd jphp n?vhNo o'IkBk
‘f;nk;s’ gqf;ZX fjzd{ nkr{ vkH r'eb uzd Bkozr nkfd ftdtkBK d/ e{ek
bfjo ;pzXh b/yK dk fJe gotkj uZb fgnk ;h.@10
y/d j? fe ;fsi[r dk fJj gfjbk p;zs nze nZi eZbQ fes'A th fwbdk
BjhA. n;hA fJjd/ doPB f;oc nkfbw ih dh fbys ftu'A jh eo ;ed/
jK. go fJ; Bkb ;fsi[r dk fJe w[Zy T[d/P BkwXkoh fJfsjk; dh
g/Pekoh d[nkok e"wh w[esh ;zrokw B{z gquzv eoBk Io{o ;kfps j[zdk j?.
fJ; dk d{ik T[d/P BkwXkohnK d/ Xkofwe nehd/ T[~go f;zx ;GkJh
uhc ykb;k dhtkB nkfde dh ;'u tkb/ f;Zy fbykohnK d[nkok jwfbnK
dk w{zj s'V T[~so d/Dk ;h. BkwXkohnK dhnK gzEe ;orowhnK B{z th
fJ; d/ gzfBnK s/ irQk d/ e/, T[sPkfjs ehsk iKdk ;h.

32
 fJ; ;w/A ;oeko gq;s f;Zy jbfenk tZb'A ;fsi[r T[~go brksko
jwb/ ehs/ iKd/ ;B ns/ fJ; dk gouko eoBk iK b'eK ftu yb' e/ fJ;
B{z tzvDK, t/uDK tZvk I'yw T[mkT[D tkbk ekoi frfDnk iKdk ;h. Mzvk
f;zx w;skBk febQk ;'Gk f;zx(f;nkbe'N), feogk f;zx toB (P/y{g[ok)
ns/ fBjkb f;zx ekb'e/ (P/y{g[ok) nkfd woihtV/ e{fenK B/ nzfwqs;o
ns/ bkj"o nkfd PfjoK ftu s[o fco e/ ;fsi[r d/ gou/ j'e/ d/^d/ e/
t/u/ ;B. fJjBK f;zxK B/ rksfonK ftZu feogkBK th gkJhnK ;B fe i/
e'Jh bzvh p[Zuh n?t/A jh jweh s[weh eo/ sK T[; Bkb nkYk th bkfJnk
ik ;e/.11 wk;No ;[jktk f;zx fgzv ikowD (bkj"o) B/ bkj"o ftu
;fsi[r tzvfdnK nkgDk f;o gVtkfJnk ;h.
;' 1920^29 dk n?;k ;wK j?, fi; d"okB d/P d[Bhnk ftu fsZyhnK
f;nk;h spdhbhnK j' ojhnK ;B. fJ; d"okB ;fsi[r B/ nIkdh
;zrokw ftu nkgD/ e"wh fJfsjk; dk gqekPB eoe/ ns/ ;wekbh xNBktK
pko/ fby e/, nkgDh pDdh G{fwek fBpkjh. fJ; ;w/A d"okB wjkokik
r[ofdnkb f;zx ih, wzrb f;zx ‘w;skBk* GkJh fBozeko f;zx u/sB,
;zs fBXkB f;zx nkfbw ns/ GkJh GrtkB f;zx dk; ;fsir[ d/ gzi
;zgkde ;w/A ;w/A j'D dk gsk bZrdk j?. dk; ns/ u/sB ih d/ gfotkfoe
fgS'eV ns/ ihtB ;wkukoK pko/ t/ot/ y'i nXhB jB.

(2) ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp s'A goekfPs j'D dk gfjbk ekb (1929^1949
JhH) sZe L ;fsi[r d/ fJe ;dh d/ fJfsjk; ftu fJj ekb yzv nsh
wjZstg{oB j?. fJ;dk gfjbk ekoB fJj j? fe fJj T[j d"o j? id'A ;kvk
e"wh w[esh ;zrokw g{o/ T[Gko ftu j?. gzikp ftu Pjhd Grs f;zx ns/
T[;d/ ;kEhnK dh Pjkds ekoB b'e o'j g{oB o{g ftu gouzv j' u[Zek
j?.gzikp ftu }do bfjo ns/ pZpo nekbh nzdb'B Bkb i[V/ ;{ow/
feosh fe;kB bfjoK ftu ;orow j' oj/ ;B. gzikp dhnK fonk;sK d/
b'e goik wzvb nzd'bB tZb dh j[zd/ j'J/ nIkdh ;zrokw Bkb i[V oj/
jB. wk;e' s'A wkoe;tkd, b?fBBtkd dh f;Zfynk b? e/ u'oh fSg/ d/;
gos/ nB/e ;{ow/, iBse w{jkI s/ fBZso u[Ze/ jB. rKXh ih dh nrtkJh
j/m Gkos SZv' nzd'bB ns/ ;[GkP uzdo p'; dh nrtkJh j/m Gkosh
;?fBe nkIkd fjzd c"i d/ rmB Bkb nIkdh dh bVkJh ftu e[Zdd/ jB.
vke sko w[bkIwK dh jVskb ns/ B/th dh prkts d{i/ ;z;ko izr d/

33
\ksw/ ;w/A ckPhtkdh ns/ ;kwokih skesK dh jko ekoB pD/ jkbks
nzro/I ;kwokihnK B{z Gkos ftu'A fBeb ikD s/ wIp{o eod/ jB ns/ 15
nr;s 1947 JhH B{z Gkosh b'e itkjo bkb Bfjo{ d/ PpdK ftu nkgDh
sedho Bkb nZy wNZek eod/ jB. fJjBK d' djkfenK d/ ;w/A dhnK
jcsktkoh ;fsi[r dhnK ckJhbK ftu'A ;kB{z T[; ;w/A dhnK fJjBK ;kohnK
xNBktK pko/, ;fsi[r d/ ;[:'r ;zgkdeK ns/ j'o wjZstg{oB b/yeK
dhnk ;Nhe fNZgDhnK gVQB B{z fwbdhnK jB.
fJ; d"o B{z ;kv/ tZb'A wjZstg{oB frDB dk d{ik tZvk ekoB fJ; d"o
d/ ;zgkdeK ftu fJzdo f;zx uZeotosh, gqhsw f;zx eth, gqhsw f;zx
gzSh ns/ wk;No fBjkb f;zx ih fij/ Bkwto gzikph b/yeK dk j'Dk j?.
p/PZe fJ; d"o ftu tZvk ibtk 1929 s'A 1939 JhH sZe ns/ fco 1943
d/ ;kb ftu uZeotosh ih dh ebw B/ py/fonk go fJj pkeh fszB/ ;ZiD
i' fJ; d"o ftu sK ;fsi[r d/ nbg ekfbe ;zgkde oj/ wrob/ d"o ftu
fJjBK B{z bzwK ;wK ;fsi[r dh ;/tk bJh fwfbnk. fJjBK uj[znK ;ZiDK
dk ftfGzB ftXktK ftu gzikph ;kfjs f;oiDk ekoB, fJe ftP/P ;EkB
;[oZfyns j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh G?Dh ;kfjp s'A ;fsi[r gqekPBK eoB d/
gfjb/ 23^24 ;kbK B{z fJe p/fw;kb d"o ti'A :kd ehsk iKdk oj/rk.
fJ; d"o d/ ;fsi[r d/ ftP/P nzeK ftu SgD tkbh ;wZroh ftP/ t;s{ d/
gZy'A th brksko ftef;s j[zdh rJh. gzikph ;kfjs dhnK tZy tZy
ftXktK, tkose, eftsk, ihtBh, ejkDh, BkNe, fJeKrh, ;|oBkwk,
bzwh ejkDh, ;kyh, fBpzX, g[;se gVu'b, ohg'oski nkfd fJjBK ftu'A
;"fynk jh t/yhnK ik ;edhnK jB.
;zs fJzdo f;zx uZeotsoh i' ;opKrh gzikph ;kfjseko ;B, BkwXkoh
dopko d/ iBob ;eZso ns/ ;[szsosk ;zrokwh th ;B T[jBK dk fJ;
ekb d/ ;fsi[r dh ;zgkdBK ftu T[~GotK BK nkT[Adk j?/. T[jBK dh
;zgkdBK j/m ;fsi[r d/ ;kbkBk p;zs nzeK d/ SgD Bkb ;fsi[r dh
gzikph gofunK ftu ftbZyDsk ;Ekfgs j' rJh. uZeotosh ih B/
;fsi[r d/ ;bkBk p;zs nzeK ftu BkwXkoh fJfsjk; ns/ ;fsr[o{ okw
f;zx ih d/ ihtB Bkb ;pzfXs ;wZroh gfjbh t/o o"ue rbg ftu g/P
ehsh. gzikph d/ pj[s/ gkme uZeotosh ih d[nkok fby/ 1930 JhH d/
p;zs nze ftu Sg/ tZv nkekoh b/y,‘r[o{ ntsko* B{z gVQB pknd jh
T[BQhthA ;dh d/ wjkB gzikph ;[szsosk ;zrokwh, ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh

34
ihtBh s'A gfofus j'J/. ;fsi[r d/ tZv/ nkeko d/ 86 gzfBnK s/ c?fbnk
fJj b/y ;zs ih B/, wjkB f;Zy ftdtkB GkJh ;kfjp GkJh ekjB f;zx ih
BkGk j'oK dh gq/oBk Bkb jh fbfynk ;h. fJ; ftu bzw/ u"V/ BkwXkoh
fJfsjk; ns/ ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ ihtB B{z T[; ;w/A dh T[gbpX
;wZroh ns/ eow f;zx fj;N'ohnB dh soi[ s/ ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/
;wekbh fpoXK d/ fpnkBK B{z ebw pzd eoe/ fbfynk frnk ;h. uZeotosh
ih tXhnk tkose b/ye s/ nkjbk gzikph eth th ;B. fJ;/ b/y ftu
wb/oe'Nb/ d/ ;ke/ ftu e{fenK d/ s'gK nZr/ T[~vD d/ BIko/ B{z fpnkBdh
T[jBK dh fjod/t/de eftsk dhnK e[ZM gzrshnk jB^
wkJ/ t/y nZi efjo dk whAj bZEk,
rVk t;dk fgnk r[bIko nzdo.
Gkos g[Zs ;'jD/ pkiK tkbV/ d/,
pzBQ/ j'J/ B/ fJZe esko nzdo.
rT{ rohp dk d[Zy Bk MZb ;e/,
ehs/ P"e B/ nkB bkuko nzdo.
d[Zy Gkos dk t/y Bk MZfbnk J/,
sd/ nkJ/ Bh gq/w pkIko nzdo.
s{zp/ fJe d/ s'g T[vk d/Adh,
d{ik yVQk j? r'b/ dh wko nzdo.
ekjbk fJe e'b'A fJe fd;dk J/,
fwbB wosp/ fit/A ;oeko nzdo.
fJ; nze ftZu gzikph d/ gfjb/ BkNeeko, ;H no{V f;zx ih skfJp
bkj"o, nkIkdh x[[bkNhJ/ ns/ f;Zy dkoPfBe ;od{b f;zx ethPo, GkJh
ihtB f;zx g[;seK tkb/ nzfwqs;o, frnkBh jhok f;zx dod n?vhNo
‘c[btkVh’, ;qH oDihs f;zx ‘skito* n?vhNo ‘pZpo P/o*, ;qH n?;Hn?;H
bkj"ok f;zx n?vhNo ‘B' osB* nzfwqs;o, bkbk XBh okw ih ‘ukfsqe*
ns/ bkbk r[oKfdZsk ‘yzBk* gzikph ;kfjseko nzfwqs;o, ;zs ;zg{oB f;zx
ghHn?uHvhH nzfwqs;o, GkJh joBkw f;zx okrh uftzvk, ;qH okw f;zx
Xko' tkbhnK, ;[nkwh ;[szsok Bzd, r[o{dZs GtB bkj"o, ;fsr[o{ okw
f;zx ih d/ d'fjs/ ;{os f;zx ‘\kb;k*, ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp ns/ }do gkoNh
d/ ;Ik :kcsk ekoe[zB GkJh gowkBzd ih n?wHJ/H bkj"o nkfd d/ ;fsr[o{
okw f;zx ih d/ ihtB |b;c/ ns/ nIkdh ;zrokw ftu gkJ/ :'rdkB B{z

35
;wMD tkb/ pj[w[Zb/ b/y ;B. fJ;/ soQK BkwXkoh ethnK s'A fJbktk
GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk, frnkBh eosko f;zx ebk;tkbhnk, j?v rqzEh ;qh
dopko ;kfjp nzfwqs;o, ntsko f;zx nkIkd, frnkBh ;odkok f;zx
:{Eg, pbtzs f;zx rioki gfNnkbk, frnkBh eosko f;zx fjsekoh
(fgsk nzfwqsk gqhsw), bZyk f;zx i"jo w[mZv/, XBh okw ukfsqe nkfd T[;
;w/A d/ T[~u e'Nh d/ gzikph ethnK dhnK eftsktK Bkb fJj nze fPzrkfonK
;h. fJj ;ko/ b/ye fJe wZs ;B fe nzro/I ;oeko fto[ZX fijVh Bk
fwbtosB ns/ pkJhekN dh bfjo 1921^22 JhH ftu wjkswk rKXh B/
ubkJh ;h, T[;dk w[ZY gzikp ftu 60 ;kb gfjbK, r[o{ okw f;zx ih B/
jh pzfBQnk ;h. T[jBK dk fsnko ehsk ;kdk s/ ;ksfte ihtB tkbk,
BkwXkoh^;zs^ykb;k jh fJ; nkIkdh ;zrokw ftu nefj s/ n;fj
e[opkBhnK d/D d/ :'r j'fJnk.
fJ; soQK ihtBh, b/y, eftsktK, ejkDhnK nkfd s'A fpBK ;[zdo
s;thoK Bkb ;[;Zfis ;fsi[r dk G?Dh ;kfjp s'A SgD tkbk fJj gfjbk
nze p/i'V f;ZX j'fJnk. fJ; ftu r[o{ pkbe f;zx s'A fpBk r[o{ okw f;zx
ih Bkb ;pzfXs d' ozrhB fuZso th Sg/ ;B. gfjb/ fuZso ftu nkg
x'fVnK s/ ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx s/ bZyk f;zx ;w/s ;tko jB ns/ nrtkBh
wb/oe'Nb/ Pjhd j'D tkb/ jhok f;zx, bfjDk f;zx, fwZs f;zx ;eo"dh,
Bzd f;zx jzfvnkfJnk nkfd S/ f;zx eo oj/ jB. fJj fuZso b[fXnkDk
d/ ;wekbh fuZsoeko tIho nbh B/ pDkfJnk ;h. d{ik fuZso ;fsr[o{
ih d/ bkj"o nkrwB ;w/A T[~E'A d/ fe;/ ;EkBe fuZsoeko B/ pDkfJnk
;h. fi; ftu ;fsr[o{ ih r[o{ rozE ;kfjp dh skfpnk p?m/ jB. fJj
fuZso no{V f;zx skfJp j'oK B{z T[jBK d/ g[ofynK s'A i' T[d'A r[o{ dopko
ftu ;B, gokgs j'fJnk ;h. ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx, wjkoki r[ofdnkb
f;zx ih ns/ j'o nB/e ;kX{ ;zsK d/ fJZe ozr/ fuZso jB. ftP/P nze d/
NkJhNb s/ fdZsk fuZso ;fsi[r d/ ;w/A B{z o{gwkB eodk j?. ;kX{ tD
ftu Grsh bhB jB, gqfeosh g{o/ y/V/ ftu j?, P/o, pZeoh, rT{ s/ j'o
wk; y'o/ gP{ fJZe' xkN s'A gkDh gh oj/ jB. fJe d[obG c'N' ftu
;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih d/ Bkb r[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ ;w/A d/ fpoXK d/
doPB th j' oj/ jB. fJ; soQK fJ; nze Bkb BkwXkoh fJfsjk; d/
d;skt/Ih eoB dk ezw th nkozG j[zdk j?. bkj"o ftu 1929 JhH ftu
okth d/ ezY/ j'J/, g{oB nkIkdh dh wzr eoB tkb/ eKro; d/ itkjo bkb

36
Bfjo{ dh gqXkBrh j/m j'J/ e[Zb fjzd eKro; d/ ;bkBk ;wkrw ;w/A,
BkwXkoh ;zrsK d/ Gog{o ;fj:'r dk t/otk th fJ; nze dhnK fbysK
ftu'A fwbdk j?.
fJ; nze s'A pknd G?Dh ;kfjp tkb/ d"o ftu brksko nZm p;zs
nze 1939JhH sZe fJ;/ PkB Bkb jo ;kb G?Dh ;kfjp s'A Sgd/ oj/.
feT[Afe 1992fpH w[skfpe 1936 JhH dk p;zs nze, ;zs uZeotosh ih
dh IifpnK r[ZXh, nkIkdh ;zrokw bJh bbekodh bzwh fbys ‘ng{ot
pbhdkB* ns/ tfonkw f;zx w[;Zto d[nkok e{ek ;zrokw dhnK pDkJhnK
wBw'je s;thoK ns/ j'o ;wekbh nIkdh x[bkNhnK dhnK fbysK
ekoB, gzikp ;oeko B/ Ips eo fbnk ;h, uZeotosh ih B{z th wco{o
j'Dk fgnk, fJ; bJh 1993 fpH w[skfpe 1937 dk p;zs nze BjhA Sg
;fenk ;h. 1940 ns/ 1941 JhH ftu p;zs nze dh pikJ/ ;fsi[r d/ d'
;zs nze, Gkr gfjbk ns/ Gkr d{ik, G?Dh ;kfjp s'A Sg/ ;B. fco fJ;
d"o ftu n;hA 2000 fpH w[skfpe 1944 JhH ftu p;zs nze jh Sfgnk
t/yd/ jK. d{ih ;z;ko izr, Gkos SZv' nzd'bB, d/P dk pNtkok, izr ns/
T[; s'A fgS'A th nkofEe wzdh dh wko ekoB, 1947 JhH sZe T[go tofDs
10 p;zs nzeK ns/ 2 ;zs nzeK s'A fpBK j'o e'Jh ftP/P nze gqekfPs
BjhA j'fJnk.
fJjBK d'jK ;zs nzeK ftu r[o{ pkbe f;zx, ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ns/
r[o{ joh f;zx ih d/ ;w/A d/ g"DK ;?AeVk s'A tZX wjZstg{oB BkwXkoh ;kX{
;zsK dk ihtB ;zy/g ftu ekBhpZX ehsk frnk fi; s'A Gkth BkwXkoh
fJfsjk; b/yeK dk ezw ekch ;"yk j' frnk ns/ eJh wjKg[oy fJjBK
nzeK ftu ;KG/ ikD ekoB,;w/A dh X{V ftu r[nkuD s'A pu rJ/. gfjb/
;zs^nze dk ;zgkdB, wk;No pbtzs f;zx ih(fgzv pzvkbk^nzfwqs;o) B/
ehsk ;h. fJj BkwXkoh ftfdnkbk ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp ftu pZfunK B{z
r[ow[yh fbgh ftu gzikph ns/ r[opkDh dh ;zfEnk th fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK
B/ i[nkBh uVQfdnK jh ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp nk v/o/ bkJ/ ns/ 1953 ftu
nkgD/ fdjKs sZe fJZE/ jh ;/tk fBpkjh. xo gfotko BjhA t;kfJnk.
T[jBK dh fbys pj[s ;[zdo ;h. ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih tZb nkJ/ ysK
gZsoK d/ T[~so T[j jh fbyd/ ;B. ;qH eg{o f;zx nkJhH;hHn?;H th
T[jBK dh fbys d/ gq;z;e ;B.
;zs fJzdo f;zx uZeotosh j'oK tb'A 1930 ns/ 1936 JhH d/ p;zs

37
nzeK ftu fby/ bzw/ o"ue fBpzXK s'A fpBK uhBh n;tko(1931), ihtkbB
jko ;fsr[o{(1932), u'ih gqhsw(1931), g/qw gqtkB/ ns/ gqhs dh
goy(1935), ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dk wkBt Xow ns/ BtK
Gkos(1938) ns/ i'fs ;o{g(1939) BkwXkoh fJfsjk; d/ tZy' tZy ozrK
B{z nb'ekoh rbg ftu g/P eoB tkbhnK T[sfeqPN ouBktK jB. fJjBK
;kbK ftu jh T[go tofDs gqw[Zy gzikph b/yeK ethnK s'A fJbktk fJ;
;w/A d"okB ;fsi[r B{z fgqz;hgb s/ik f;zx, fgqH rzrk f;zx, vkH P/o f;zx,
wkH ;[zdo f;zx bkfJbg[oh, n?;Hn?;H uoB f;zx Pjhd, GkJh w'jB f;zx
t?d, rzvk f;zx ikue(nzfwqs;o), GkJh ;kfjp GkJh tho f;zx nzfwqs;o,
r[opyP f;zx ‘PwP/o* Mpkb, johP uzdo ftfdnkoEh, t?d B"ozr f;zx
sKxh, pktk p[ZX f;zx eosk e'fJb e{, ftXksk f;zx sho, rzvk f;zx e/
tb, frH r[ow[y f;x w[;kfco, fgnkok f;zx ;fjokJh, frnkBh JhPo
f;zx dod, eow f;zx n?vt'e/N, ;'jB f;zx i''P, bkb f;zx ewbk
nekbh, wkH skok f;zx, r[opyP f;zx gqhsbVh, ;H;H nw'b, gq'H w'jB
f;zx, wjzs r[opyP f;zx ;/tk gzEh, Bkjo f;zx n?wHJ/H, bkb f;zx
ezto, w[BPk f;zx d[yh, frnkBh P/o f;zx, XzBk f;zx ekB{zr', r[ow[y
fBjkb f;zx nkfd b/yeK dk ebwh ;fj:'r fwbdk fojk. fJjBK ftu'A
p[js ;ko/ gzikph ;kfjs rrB d/ uwed/ f;sko/ ti'A ikD/ iKd/ jB.
;kfjsekoK s'A fJbktk ;[szsosk ;zrokwh tZy^tZy ozrK d/ d/P Grs,
;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ d/P nkIkdh ftu gkJ/ x'b B{z PoXKibh ti'A
;fsi[r d/ fJjBK gzfBnK bJh nkgD/ ftuko G/id/ oj/ fijBK ftu'A e[M
e[ gqf;ZX Bkw jB^ gzfvs itkjo bkb Bfjo{, B/sk ih ;[GkP uzdo p'';,
vkH ;o r'eb uzd Bkozr, d/tk f;zx feosh, pkpk wdB f;zx rkrk,
ekpb f;zx r'fpzd g[oh, i? uzdo ftZfdnkbzeko, vkH oDXho f;zx, wjkPk
feqPB ih, r'gkb f;zx e"wh, oDpho ih fwbkg bkj"o, gzH w[Bh bkb ih
ekbhnk n?wHn?bHJ/H b[fXnkDk, ekH ;'jB f;zx I'; n?wHn?bHJ/,
fJfsnkfde. fJ; ;{uh s'A Gbh GKs ftfdZs j' iKdk j? fe ;fsi[r B/
fJ; d"o ftu gzikph dh ;kfjse, Xkofwe, oki;h ns/ ;ZfGnkukoe
gZsoekoh ftu nkgDh uzrh g?Am pDk bJh ;h. ;kek BBekDk ;kfjp,
i?s' dk w'ouk, wjkokik BkGk B{z fJB;kc d[nkT[D dk w'ouk, Pjhd Grs
f;zx j'oK dh w"s dh ;Ik d/ fto[ZX nktkI p[bzd eoB, feosh fe;kBK,
fonk;sh i'o I[bw s'A w[esh fto[ZX ns/ w[ezwb nkIkdh dh wzr B{z T[Gko

38
e/, fJ; dk ;woEB eoe/, ;fsi[r ;gskfje ns/ fJ;d/ ftP/P nzeK B/
nkgD/ nkg B{z e"wh w[Zy Xkok Bkb i'Vh oZfynk. fJ; soQK ;[szsosk
;zrokw ftu fJ; d/ :'rdkB dh fBPkBd/jh nB/e gofunk ftu'A j[zdh j?.
d/P nkIkdh d/ nkgD/ wzseh Bshi/ s/ ;fsi[r 15 nr;s 1947 B{z g[Zi
frnk. d/P pNtko/ s'A wuh T[Eb g[Eb ekoB wkb{w j[zdk j? fe ;fsi[r
dk gqekPB ;w/A ;w/A o[edk fojk. fJ; dk ftXhts gqekPB 1949 d/ d{i/
nZX ftu fJ; d/ ihtB Bro sfj;hb f;o;k (fj;ko^j[D jfonkDk
gqKs) s'A w[V SkgD Bkb P[o{ j'fJnk.

3H ;qh ihtB Bro (f;o;k) s'A gqekfPs j'D dk ;wK (1949^1992) L

;zs soB f;zx tfjwh dh fbys w[skfpe ;fsi[r dk fJe gouk 3 Gkdo'A
2006 fpeqwh w[skfpe nr;s 1949 JhH ftu iZr wb/ok(f;o;k^fj;ko)
s'A Sfgnk fi; s/ fgzv dk Bkw ;zsg[ok, fJ; d/ sd'e/ ;zgkde, wH fBjkb
f;zx ih B/ fbfynk ;h i' ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih B/ pnkd ftu ;zs Bro
eo fdZsk ;h.12 T[; ;w/A d/ jkbks fJj' fij/ jh ;B id'A ;fsi[r fJ; d/
b/ye, ;zgkde, Skge ns/ gkme th, d/P pNtko/ pkd w[V t;/p/ d/ ;zeN
Go/ ;w/A ftu'A, w[V g?oK f;o j'D bJh, fsbfwbk oj/ ;B. fJ; ekoB
fJjBK ;fwnK ftu th ;fsi[r w[ZYb/ bkj"o ekb fiT[A, e[M toQ/ bzr/ vzr
jh Sgdk fojk. fJ; B{z gfjb/ p;zs nze SkgD dk ;[Gkr th 1951 JhH
ftu jh fwfbnk ns/ d' ;kb fco ;bkBk p;zs nze Bk Sfgnk i' 1954
JhH s'A j[D sZe ftXhts jo toQ/ Sgdk nk fojk j?. wkH fBjkb f;zx
(1910^2001) dk iBw frZb pko tkb/ (P/y[g{ok) ftu j'fJnk tzv s'A
pknd fdZbh fty/ tZ; rJ/. T[j fjzdh, gzikph, nzro/Ih, T[od{ ns/
e[M^e[M noph cko;h d/ th frnksk ;B. T[j 1945 s'A 1953 JhH sZe
G?Dh ;kfjp ns/ fco fJbkek ihtB Bro ftu ;fsi[r dh ;zgkdeh ;/tk
fBGkT[Ad/ oj/. T[j frnkBh ns/ phHJ/H d/ fJwfsjkB fpBK fe;/ ekbi
ikD s'A gk; eo rJ/ ;B. fbfynk sK T[jBK p[js go fJ; T[~yV/ ;w/A
ftu gou/ ;fsi[r B{z g?oK f;o eoB ftu T[jBK dk tZvk :'rdkB ;h.
fco ;fsi[r B{z fe;/ th S'N/ w'N/ Pfjo s'A 30 feb'whNo d{o fJe fgzv
ftu'A ubkT[D ;"yk BjhA ;h. go T[j f;oVh pzd/ ;B. wk;No ih d/
1945 ftu ;fsi[r d/ ;zgkde pDB s'A gfjbk 1940 JhH ftu gqhsw f;zx
eth, 1941 ftu ;[nkwh PoXk Bzd ;toki nkPow nzfwqs;o tkb/ ns/

39
1942, 1944 JhH ftu gqhsw f;zx gzSh th ;zgkde ofj u[Ze/ ;B. 1943
JhH ftu uZeotosh ih fco fJe ;kb bJh ;zgkde oj/. gqhsw f;zx
eth ns/ gqhsw f;zx gzSh BkwXkoh ftfdnkbk G?Dh ;kfjp d/ g[;sekb/
ftu nkT[Ad/ j'o gZso^gZsfoektK d/ gkm ns/ g[;seK gVQB Bkb d'jK
B{z ;w/s ofizdo f;zx r[o{;o ;kfjse ns/ nypko Bth;h dh u/Ne bZr
rJh d't/A fJ; wkwb/ ftu ;cb j'J/. eth ih dk fgzv vZcoe/(bkj"o) ;h
ns/ gzSh ih dk cbg'sk (ibzXo). ftfdnkoEh ihtB ;w/A d/ ftPt
xNBkeqw d/ gqGkt j/m d'jK dk M[ekn ;kwtkd tZb j' frnk ns/ ftfdnkbk
SZvD pknd d't/A efwT{fB;N bfjo ftu ihn ikB Bkb eZ[d gJ/. gzSh
ih sK fjzdh ;kfjs ftu th ikD/ rJ/ ns/ eth ih B/ pknd ftu ‘phs/
dhnK g?VK’ bVhtko fby e/ fi; ftu ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih dk nzsbk
;wK ns/ ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih dk 12^14 ;kb dk d?fBe ihtB
fusfonk j?, tZvk ekoi eo rJ/. T[jBK dh nrb/ ;w/A ftu ;fsi[r dh
9^10 ;kb dh ;/tk th fw;kbh j?. wkH fBjkb f;zx ns/ gqhsw f;zx eth
d/ ftukb/ uko e[ ;kb wzrb f;zx bkfJbg[oh(1954^55 JhH) ns/ ofizdo
f;zx r[o{;o (1955^57) dk ;zy/g ;zgkdeh ;wK th nkT[Adk j?.
wkH fBjkb f;zx ih dh ;zgkdeh j/m SgD tkbk 2007 fpH w[skfpe
1951 JhH dk p;zs nze, ;qh ;fsr[o{ okw joh gq?; ;zs Bro ftu Sfgnk
ns/ 11 cotoh p;zs d/ fdB, r[nKYh fgzv ihtB Bro s'A 29 wkx B{z
gqekfPs j'fJnk. fJ; p;zs nze dk NkJhg p[js xf;nk fgfNnk j?
fco th 92 ;c/ dk p;zs nze, eJh ;kbK pknd Skg e/ ;zrs dhnK
y[PhnK bJhnK. wkH fBjkb f;zx ih dk w[Zy b/y ‘n"j wkjh nk fojk.*
e{fenK ftu ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh nkwd Bkb i'V e/ t/fynk ik fojk
j?. gqd/;h gqhsw dk fpojk jzYkT[Adh e{fenK dh shih ghVQh fpoX
nt;Ek ftu gqt/P eo u[Zeh ;h, go ;fs[ro{ okw f;zx Bkb e{fenK dk
;B/j fJsBk gqpb ;h fe T[jBK B{z ni/ th doPBK dh T[vhe pDh j'Jh
;h. wk;No ih fJ; b/y ftu d/P ftu'A okik Pkjh dhnK ;cK tbQ/N/ ikD
B{z, ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh p;shtkd ns/ ;kwzstkd fto'Xh ftukoXkok
Bkb i'V e/ t/y oj/ jB. ;fs[ro{ okw f;zx ih d/ jI{oh okrh GkJh g/qw
f;zx Gd"V pko/ T[; d/ g'so/ GkJh jI{ok f;zx okrh dk ns/ ;zs ;[zdo
f;zx wzihs'V pko/ wkH ;[jktk f;zx dk b/y ns/ r[o{ joh f;zx ih dhnK
poesK pko/ T[jBK s'A c?I:kp, ;zs Nfjb f;zx ;Zd'tkb d/ b/y, fJfsjk;e

40
w;kbk ;KGh p?m/ jB. fBowb/ ns/ T[dk;h ;kX{nK d/ gofunK d/ ;zgkdeK
tZb'A ;fs[ro{ okw f;zx ih B{z Gkos dh nkIkdh d/ gfjb/ nkr{ dZf;nk
frnk j?. vkH fsob'e f;zx j'oK B/ T[; ;w/A e'ohnk ftu izr d/ pZdb
t/y e/ ‘nwB^nwkB* dh r[jko bkJh ;h.
fJ; s'A d' ;kb pknd d/ 1952 ns/ 53 JhH d/ p;zs nze th fwbd/
BjhA. wkb{w jz[dk j? fe ;w/A dhnK n"eVK ekoB fJjBK ;kbK ftu
ftP/P nze eZYD/ PkfJd w[Pfeb j'D. j[D wk;No fBjkb f;zx ih B/
f;o;k Pfjo fty/ ‘okw ;[ydk; ;e{b* ftu pZfunK B{z nzro/Ih gVQkT[D
dh B"eoh eo bJh ns/ 1952 d/ nyho ftu, gzfvs ofizdo f;zx r[o{;o,
(g[okDk Bkw rZdK v'p, sfj;hb ckfIbeK T[dA' fIbQK fco'Ig[o) (1921^1992
JhH) B/ ;fsi[r dh ;zgkdeh ;/tk ;zGkb bJh. T[j t?;/ sK fJe tZv/
fIwhdko gfotko ftu'A ;B. ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih ns/ wjkokik pho
f;zx j'oK d/ wkw/ d/ g[Zso ;B ns/ G?Dh ;kfjp ftfdnkb/ ftu gVQfdnK
T[jBK B{z gzfvs T[g Bkw fwb frnk. T[jBK dk fdqPNhe'D Xkofwe
j[zfdnK j'fJnK th gqrshPhb ;h. ;fsi[r dh ;zgkdeh ;zGkbfdnK T[jBK
gfjbk ekoi fJ; B{z ;gskfje s'A wkf;e gouk eoB tkbk ehsk. fJj
T[jBK dh b'V th ;h. T[j jcsk e[ ihtB Bro fNe e/ gou/ dk w?No
fsnko eo iKd/ ns/ pkeh fdB r[o{;o ike/ nkgDh y/shpkVh B{z ;zGkbd/
ofjzd/. T[j nkgDh rZb pks soe Bkb eod/ ns/ fJ;/ nzdkI ftu jh
fbyd/ ;B. T[j r[opkDh ns/ g"okfDe ;kfjs d/ th uzr/ frnksk ;B.
T[jBK d/ ubkD/ s'A nZm ;kb pknd Sgh T[jBK dh ;_?^ihtBh w{be ouBK
‘pkpkDhnK ejkDhnK* fiZE/ T[jBK d/ ftPkb gfotko d/ oki;EkB s'A
gzikp nk tZ;D dh rkEk fpnkB eodh j?, T[E/ BkwXkoh fJfsjk; d/
nB/e nDc'b/ toe/ th fdqPNhr'uo eodh j?. T[j ;fsi[r d/ wkf;e
nzeK ftu d/P dh g[Bo T[;koh d/ Gyd/ w;fbnK, t'NK dh wjZssk,
gzukfJsh oki, i/bQK dk ;[Xko, ;dkukoe ihtB nkfd pko/ th PkBdko
b/y fbfynk eod/ ;B. T[jBK dh ;zgkdBk j/m 2010 fpH(1954 JhH) ns/
2013 fpH 1957 JhH d/ d' p;zs nze nkgDh fw;kb nkg jB. ;zB 2010
fpH d/ p;zs nze ftu fiZE/ okfizdo f;zx B/ ‘pqjw ufonk* s/ fJe tXhnk
b/y BthA ghVQh bJh fbfynk T[~E/ fJ; ftu 1936 JhH d/ IpsP[dk p;zs
nze ftu'A uZeotsh ih dh wB'jo ouBk ‘ng{ot pbhdkB’ ns/ ftXksk
f;zx sho dh ‘f;Zyh f;de* eftsk d[pkok Skg/ rJ/. fJ;/ nze ftu

41
;fsi[r dk gkm nze Skg e/ dZf;nk frnk fe fet/A e{fenK B{z nzro/ih
oki ;w/A r[opkDh d/ ;XkoB ns/ nyzv gkmK dh ;Ik ti'A i/bQK ftu e?d
eZNDh gJh. i[owkB/ GoB/ gJ/ ns/ GkJh nso f;zx b'jrVQ (v/jb'A^
b[fXnkDk) fijb ftu jh Pjhd j' rJ/. ;zB 1957 JhH d/ p;zs nze ftu
ofizdo f;zx dhnK BkwXkoh fJfsjk; Bkb ;pzfXs gVQB :'r rbg
ouBktK th jB ns/ e{ek ;ZfGnkuko fJfsjk; dh w{zj p'bdh s;tho
e{fenK dk b'e ;kfjs th fpPB f;zx fj;N'ohnB s'A gqkgs eoe/, fJe
bzp/ b/y ftu ;zefbs ehsk j?.
;zB 1955 ns/ 56 JhH d/ p;zs nze, fJjBK ;kbK ftu ;fsi[r d/
;zgkde oj/ ;zs wzrb f;zx bkfJbg[oh dh ;zgkdBk j/m gqekfPs j'J/.
;zs bkfJbg[oh(1908^1966 JhH) dk iBw n;EkB b'g'e/ (nzfwqs;o),
e{ek ns/ }do bfjo d/ PjhdK dk fgzv j?. gzikph d/ Bkwto eth bkbk
XBh okw ukfsqe dk pugB th fJ;/ fgzv phfsnk ;h feT[A i' T[j wzrb
f;zx j'oK dh dkdh d/ ;e/ GD/t/A ;B. wzrb f;x o'Nh gkDh d/ f;bf;b/
ftu bkfJbg[o fIbQ/ d/ fgzv rzrk f;zx tkbk ns/ Pfjo bkfJbg[o ftu
ofjD ekoB ‘bkfJbg[oh* j' rJ/. T[j gqf;ZX BkwXkoh goukoe ns/
;[szsosk ;zrokwh, ;zs fBXkB f;zx ‘nkfbw* d/ ;zgoe ftu nk e/,
d[ekBdko s'A ebweko pD rJ/ ;B. T[j ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh
f;Zfynk d/ nB[o{g ;wskw{be GkJhuko/ d/ fBowkD bJh ekoiPhb ;B.
T[jBK jw f\nkbh BkwXkoh :[teK Bkb fwb e/ ‘BkwXkoh gq'rq?f;t gkoNh*
th nkIkdh s'A e[M toQ/ gfjbK pDkJh ;h. tzv s'A pknd T[jBK dk
gfotko fdZbh ftu tZ; frnk ;h. ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih d/ nkd/P
nB[;ko T[j ;fsi[r d/ ;zgkdeh ekoi bJh wjhB/ ftu gzdoK fdB ihtB
Bro ns/ gzdoK fdB fdZbh ofjD bZr gJ/ ;B. fJj T[j ;wK ;h id'A e[M
;wK T[j s/ e[M fuo ofizdo f;zx ;zgkdeh ;/tk fBGkT[Ad/ oj/. T[jBK B/
T[go tofDs d' p;zs nzeK s'A fpBK fJ;/ ntXh ftu ;fsi[r d/ ncohek
nze, f;nkw nze, r[o{ BkBe nze ns/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx nze th gqekfPs
ehs/ ;B. ofizdo f;zx fiT[A T[jBK dh o[uh th ;fsi[r dk x/ok BkwXkohnK
d/ Bkb Bkb j'o ;kfjs gq/whnK sZe c?bkT[D dh ;h. fJ;/ bJh 1955 d/
p;zs nze ftu Bktfb;N BkBe f;zx j'oK dh ;kek wb/oe'Nbk d/ pkb
Pjhd fpPB f;zx pko/ ejkDh Sgh ;h—‘gkmPkbk s'A esbrkj sZe*.
fJjBK nzeK ftu BkwXkoh b/yeK, uZeotsoh ns/ nkfbw j'oK d[nkok

42
BkwXkohnK d[nkok ;[szsosk ;zrokw ftu gkJ/ Gkr B{z nkgD/ b/yK ftu
fpnkfBnK frnk j?. bkfJbg[oh ih B/ pj[s ;kohnK BkwXkoh phphnK
s'A b/y, eftsktK, ejkDhnK nkfd fbytk e/, ;fsi[r ftu SgtkT[D dh
fgos th gkJh.
gqhsw f;zx eth(1910^2002 JhH) fJe t/o 1940 JhH ftu ns/
fco 1957 s'A 1966 JhH sZe e'Jh d; ;kb ;fsi[r d/ ;zgkde oj/.
T[jBK dk fgzv vZcoe/(bkj"o j[D gkfe;skB) ;h. fiE/ fe;kB GkJhuko/
d/ Ne;kbh BkwXkoh gfotko ftu T[j iBw/. ftfdnk BkwXkoh ftfdnkb/
ftu'A, ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih dk pkb ;ykJh fwZso ;h. ;zB 1945 s'A
1960 JhH sZe ns/ fco 1966^77 JhH sZe Gkosh efwT{fB;N gkoNh dh
gzikp fJekJh ftu ;orow fojk. T[; B{z IwhB gziktk (w[es;o) fgzv
ftu nbkN j'Jh ;h, fiZE'A ihtB Bro T[d'A tkfJnk f;o;k ;" e[ feb'whNo
jh ;h. ;zB 1957 ftu fJe fdB T[j nkgD/ g[okD/ frokJhnK s/ ;ZiDK
fwZsoK gk; ihtB Bro d/ B/Vb/ fgzv eohtkbk iKdk, ;kJheb Bfjo dh
gNVh s'A ihtB Bro B{z w'V b?Adk j?. fJ; soQK ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih
d/ e'Jh gzdoK ;kbK pknd doPB eodk j? ns/ pkb ;yk, pkpk irihs
f;x ih B{z th fwbdk j?. ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx T[;dh b/yD ebk d/
edodkB ;B. T[jBK B{z T[; ;w/A ftu id'A ;fsi[r B{z e'Jh th fNe e/
fbyD tkbk n?vhNo BjhA fwb fojk ;h, eth ih dk nukBe fJT[A gqrN
j'Dk uzrk bZfrnk. fJ; soQK eth ih B/ ;fsi[r dh ;zgkdeh ;KGfdnK
fJ; B{z w[V jcs/tkoh gouk pDk e/, jo jcs/ fB:fws gqekfPs eoBk
:ehBh pDk fdZsk. fJ; ;w/A gzikp dh eKro; gkoNh dh ;qH goskg
f;zx e?o'A tkbh ;oeko Bkb, BkwXkohnK d/ fsZy/ wZs G/d uZb oj/
;B. e?o' ;oeko ;w/A jh p?Now?AN N?e; tkfg; b?D bJh gzikp fe;kB
;Gk B/ j'o iwj{oh skesK Bkb fwbe/ w'ouk bkfJnk ;h. p[js ;ko/
fe;kB i/bQK ftu pzd ;B. g[fb; r'bhpkoh Bkb eJh EKtK s/ fe;kB
Pjhd j' u[Ze/ ;B. rT{ oZfynk ns/ d/P d/ ftek; d/ e[M j'o w[ZfdnK s/
;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih d/ nkIkdh s'A gfjbk uzr/ fwZso oj/, gzfvs
itkjo bkb Bfjo{, gqXkB wzsoh Gkos ;oeko Bkb th ;[ykt/A ;zpzX BjhA
oj/ ;B. fJ; bJh nfij/ ;w/A ;fsi[r B{z BkwXkohnK dh rZb, T[~uh ;[o
ftu ;oeko sZe gj[zukT[D bJh, fij' fij/ ;zgkde dh b'V ;h, T[; b'V
s/ gqhsw f;zx eth g{ok T[~sfonk. fJ;dhnK p/pke ;zgkdeh fNZgDhnK,

43
;oeko B{z ;'uD s/ wIp{o eodhnK ns/ BkwXkohnK B{z fe;/ th ;fEsh
dk Nkeok eoB bJh fJe i[ZNsk gqdkB eodhnK.
eth ih dh ;zgkdeh ftu 2014 fpH w[skfpe 1958 JhH dk ;fsi[r
dk gfjbk p;zs nze, ihtB Bro s'A Sfgnk. fJ; ftu eth ih B/
efwT{fB;N ;pzXK eoe/, T[; ;w/A d/ gzikp d/ u'Nh d/ efwT{fB;N
nkr{nK ekH noiB f;zx rVrZi, ekH irihs f;zx nBzd ns/ e[M j'o
;kEhnK d/ BkwXkoh fJfsjk; pko/ ehwsh b/y gqekfPs ehs/. eth ih B/
g[okD/ d/P GrsK d/ T[j ;z;woD Skg/, fijBK ftu e{ek nzd'bB d/ ftfGzB
g;koK dh ikDekoh fwbdh ;h. gqhsw f;zx eth B/ nkgD/ ;kfjse r[o{,
;zs fJzdo f;zx uZeotosh d/ g?o fuzBQK s/ uZbfdnK, pj[s ;ko/ BkwXkoh
:[teK dh b/yDh B{z SKr ;[nko e/, ;fsi[r ftu Skfgnk s/ fJT[A BkwXkoh
b/yeK dh BthA g"d fsnko ehsh. irdhP f;zx tfonkw, ;[toB f;zx
;B/jh, skok f;zx nBikD, ;[toB f;zx ftoe nkfde nkgD/ ebwh
;co dh P[o{nks bJh eth ih d/ foDh jB.
gqhsw f;zx eth dh ;zgkdeh ;w/A d/ w[ZYb/ t/fbnK ftu jh ;fsr[o{
gqskg f;zx ih i'sh i'fs ;wkJ/ ;B. eth ih B/ T[jBK Bfws j'J/ G'r
w/b/ ns/ PoXKibh ;wkrw B{z ;fsi[r d/ PoXKibh nze ftu fJ; soQK
;KG fbnk fe T[j nze d;skt/Ih wjZst XkoB eo frnk j?. fJ; ftu
T[; w"e/ s/ nkJhnK d;skoK, P'e ;zd/PK, PoXKibh G/N eoB tkfbnK B/
eh fejk, e"D e"D nkJ/, d;sko pzdh ;wkrw dh o{g o/yk fet/A T[bheh
rJh, tZy^tZy nypkoK B/ fJ; w"e/ s/ eh PoXKibhnK G/N ehshnK, ;G
t/otk fwbdk j?. nrb/ uko gzi ;kbK ftu ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih pko/
f;wosh nze Skg e/ ;pzfXs ftneshnK s'A fbytk e/ ehwsh w;kbk
;KG fbnk. eth ih d/ t/b/ jh 1965 JhH ftu ;fsi[r dk ‘r[o{ joh f;zx
nze’ Sfgnk ;h. fJ; ftu eth ih dhnK nkgDhnK tZv^w[ZbhnK s/
ikDekoh Gog{o fbysK s'A fpBK T[jBK dh r[o{ joh f;zx ih d/ ftneshst
pko/ T[jBK s'A c?I:kp j'J/, pkpk ;'jD f;zx GeBk j'oK Bkb ehsh
w[bkeks Skg e/, d' :[Zr g[oyK pko/ ikDekoh ;KG bJh j?. ;zs fJzdo
f;zx ueqtosh s'A pknd gqhsw f;zx eth j'oK d[nkok ;zgkfds ;fsi[r
B/ th nkgDh ftP/P gfjukB pDkJh ;h. BkwXkoh ;kfjs ;Gk ihtB
Bro dk rmB th eth ih d/ fJZE/ nkT[D pknd 1958 JhH ftu j'fJnk
fi; ekoB fJbke/ d/ B"i[nkB eftsk fbyD d/ okj/ gJ/ ns/ T[j j[D se

44
;fsi[r d/ nkw s/ ftP/P nzeK bJh eftsktK fbyd/ nk oj/ jB.
eth ih s'A pknd 1967 d/ ;kb ftu ;fsi[r dh ;zgkdeh fszB
B"itkBK ;toB f;zx ;B/jh (iBw 1943 JhH), r[oGiB f;zx ‘BkwXkoh*
(1944^1989) s/ ;zs'y f;zx ;kiB (1942^2016), d/ fIzw/ E'VQ/ E'VQ/
;w/A bJh bZrh. ;toB f;zx ;B/jh Pkjg[o (cb"o^ibzXo) d/ T[u f;Zfynk
gqkgs :[te T[d'A ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx d/ ;zgoe ftu nkJ/ sK fJ; ;/tk
s/ bk fdZs/ rJ//. T[jBK dh ;fsi[r dh ;zgkdeh Gkt/A nbg ekfbe ;h go
T[jBK ;fsi[r tk;s/ ns/ j'o EKtK s/ th e{fenK pko/ p[js g[ysk
fbfynk j?. T[j ibzXo d/ eJh gofunK ftu th Sgd/ oj/ jB. ‘BkwXkoh*
ns/ ‘;kiB* d't/A BkwXkoh ;kfjs ;Gk ihtB Bro dh g?dktko ;B ns/
d'jK dk fgzv ;zs Bro ;h. r[oGiB f;zx ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx d/ fBZih
;eZso th oj/ ns/ ;zs'y f;zx ;kiB ;zs soB f;zx tfjwh dk u/bk ;h.
;kiD dk iBw fgSb/ fgzv wZbhnK ebK (P/y{g[ok) ns/ BkwXkoh dk fgzv
dk; (P/y{g[ok) ftu j'fJnk ;h.
1968 s'A 1991 JhH sZe ;fsi[r dk bzwk ;wK ;zgkde pI[or ;zs
nkswk f;zx ;ByZsoth (1913^1999 JhH) oj/ jB. T[jBK dk iBw
Bro r[o{ uZe (f;nkbe'N) s/ fgsk p/bk f;zx fJ;/ fibQ/ d/ fgzv ;ByZsok
dh BkwXkoh XowPkbk d/ wjzs pD e/ fJZE/ nk rJ/. ;' nkswk f;zx fJ;
soQK ;ByZsoth j' rJ/. w[ZYbh f;Zfynk ;ByZso/ d/ BkwXkoh ftfdnkb/
s'A bJh. T[j r[owfs ns/ r[opkDh d/ frnkB ftu gkozrs ;B. tXhnK
eth ns/ IIpksh p[bko/ ;B. ;ByZso/ s'A pnkd T[j BkwXkoh ftfdnkbk
G?Dh ;kfjp d/ ftfdnkoEh th oj/ ;B. ;zB 1939 JhH s'A fJjBK d/ b/y,
eftsktK ;fsi[r ftu Sgd/ nk oj/ ;B.12 pNtko/ s'A pknd nkg B{z
IwhB o"DhnK(j[fPnkog[o) fty/ nbkN j'Jh ns/ e[M ;wK nkg B/Vb/
e;p/ njhnkg[o th ofjzd/ oj/.;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih B/ id'A ;fsi[r
d/ fJZe ;kb ftu fszB ;zgkde pdb/ sK j[D r[Dk fJ; f;oVh f;Zy,
;Bysoth ih s/ fgnk. nkg B/ pkJh ;kb fBozso fJj ;zgkdeh ;/tk
fBpkjh. i' j[D sZe dk ;fsi[r d"okB ;ByZsoth j'oK r[o{ BkBe nze
(1969), ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx gqd/; rwB Pskpdh nze (1972 JhH) r[o{ s/
r pjkdo Pjhdh nze (1975 JhH), ;{pk ;kfjp f;zx nze (1979 JhH)
;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ntsko Pskpdh nze Gkr gfjbk (1990 JhH) ns/
Gkr d{ik(1991 JhH) ns/ nB/e p;zs nze gqekfPs j'J/, fijBK ftu

45
BkwXkoh fJfsjk; ns/ f;ZyK dhnK ;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB Bkb ;pzfXs :kdK
SkghnK rJhnk jB. ntsko f;zx nkIkd wjkoki pho f;zx ih, p{Nk
f;zx n?wHJ/(ejkDheko), wkH fBjkb f;zx, ;toB f;zx ;B/jh, vkHeow
f;zx eg{o, phph i;pho e"o fPwbk, frnkBh fsqb'e f;zx fj;N'ohnB,
jod/t f;zx pyPh, fdnkb f;zx nkIkd, w/jo f;zx ekjBg[oh, so;/w
f;zx BkwXkoh, ;qhwsh nwoihs e"o, i;ftzdo f;zx fj;N'ohnB, wkH
nihs f;zx uhwk n?wHJ/H, gqhsw f;zx eth, ;ftzdo f;zx BkwXkoh,
gqhsw f;zx gzSh, phph p/nzs e"o, osB f;zx BkwXkoh, dftzdo f;zx
frZb ihnk BZEk, r[odhg f;zx ;zs Bro, ofizdo f;zx r[o{;o, phph
dbihs e"o, gzfvs r'gkb f;zx, dbhg f;zx BkwXkoh, jkew f;zx
o[gkDk, puB f;zx fJBzihBhno, fJepkb f;zx wBuzdk, irs f;zx
uktbk, nkswk f;zx i"jb, pkp{ eosko f;zx fdZbh, vkH fXnkB f;zx
;?eNoh, yVe f;zx Gwok, jopz; f;zx ukBk nkfd d/ b/y Sgd/ ;B.
BkwXkoh ;kfjs ;Gk ;qh ihtB Bro d/ Bt/A g[okD/ ethnK ns/ j'o
BkwXkoh ethnK dhnK ouBktK Bkb fJj gou/ fPzrko/ j[zd/ ;B. fJjBK
gofunK ftu SgD tkbhnK eftsktK dk o{ge gZy Szd pZX eftsktK
tkbk ;h. p?As, efpZs, d'jok, ;tZJhnk ns/ uT[gkJh nkfd Szd ns/
rhs fij/ ekft o{g tos/ iKd/ ;B. fJjBK eftsktK dk ftPk w[Zy s"o s/
r[o{ wfjwk, ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dk ftS'Vk ns/ T[jBK d/ w[V doPB
eoB dh :kuBk, BkwXkoh Pjhdh go;zr, BPky'oh ns/ ;wkfie e[ohshnK
d/ fto[ZX, rT{ oZfynk ns/ ftPt PKsh, gzikph GkPk d/ ;opgZyh ftek;
bJh, fcofenK ftu w/b i'b tXkT[Dk nkfd j[zdk ;h.
;fsi[r d/ 1987 JhH d/ p;zs nze ftu ‘r[opkDh ehosBL gozgok
ns/ wjksw* wjkokik pho f;zx ih dk b/y tvw[Zbk j?. fJ; ftu nkg
g[okD/ YkYhnK s'A ;[Dh fJe N{e doi eod/ jB^
“c/foU Jh fco iks j? okik okDk okT[.
r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx c/foT Bk fco?, ik ek nNb ;[GkT[.@ (gzBk 8)
nZr/ uZb e/ ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ ;w/A s'A ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx sZe
BkwXkoh dhtkBK ftu ehosB eoB tkb/ okrhnK opkphnK pko/ f;Ze/ pzd
ns/ o"ue ikDekoh fdZsh rJh j?. fJ; nze ftu dftzdo f;zx frZb
ihnk BZEk dh 28 iBtoh 1987 B{z ihtB Bro fty/ ;zs tfonkw f;zx
w[;Zto Bkb ehsh fJe w[bkes doi ehsh rJh j?. w[;Zto ih dk iBw

46
1905 JhH ftu fgzv wZb{tkbh fIbQk f;nkbe'N d/ fJe okwrVQhJ/ gfotko
ftu j'fJnk. T[j uko GkJh ;B. gfjbK BkwXkoh gfotko ftu'A ukuk
JhPo f;zx m/e/dko wZb{tkbh pfDnk s/ T[;dh gq/oBK Bkb fJj uko/ GkJh
BkwXkoh pD e/ ;fs[ro{ goskg f;zx ih d/ PoB ftu nk rJ/. fJj
gfjbK bkj"o fe;/ p?Ae ftu B"eoh eod/ ;B. ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih
nkg B{z fuZsoeko d/ s"o s/ ikDd/ ;B. bkj"o jh nkg B/ e[M ;wK ;qH
;'Gk f;zx j'oK dh Pfrodh th ehsh ;h. 1935 d/ B/V/ nkg G?Dh ;kfjp
nk fNe/ ;fsr[o{ ih d/ p[bkT[D s/ fJ; s'A nrb/ toQ/ nkg B/ fijVk p;zs
nze 1936 JhH Sfgnk T[; ftu wb/oe'Nb/ ftu e{fenK dk s'gK Bkb
T[vkJ/ ikDk, ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dk rZv/ s/ p?me/ 17 iBtoh 1872 dh
oks B{z G?Dh ;kfjp'A g[bh; fBrokBh j/Am o'Adh e[obkT[dh ;zrs B{z ftS'Vk
d/ e/ b[fXnkD/ ikDk, fco nbkjkpkd feb/Q ftu ;{fpnK Bkb e?d ftu
ofjD ns/ T[;/ ;kb ebeZs/ s'A ozr{B bJh ;w[zdoh ijkI s/ uVQkT[D dk
fdqP, nfij/ fuZso ;B fiBQK Bkb jo d/P Grs dk fjodk dofts j'
iKdk ;h. gzikp dh nzro/Ih ;oeko B/ fJjBK fusZoK s/ j'o ;wZroh B{z
GVekT{ ;wZroh ;wM e/ Ips eo fbnk. w[;Zto ih s/ uZeotosh ih B{z
bzwK ;wK G{whrs j'Dk fgnk ;h. w[;Zto ih ebeZs/ ik oj/ ;B. nkg
B/ nkgDk ;kok ihtB BkwXkoh fJfsjk; dhnK gqw[Zy xNBktK d/ fuZso
pBkT[D B{z nogD eo fdZsk ;h. g{oh nZXh ;dh nkg B/ fJ; b/y/ bkJh.
;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx d/ fJe w;skB/ e{e/, fwbyk f;zx Y/n (f;nkbe'N)
tkb/ B/ nkg d/ ezBK ftu nZEo/ GiB dh n?;h c{e wkoh fe w[;Zto ih
;koh T[wo w;skBh nt;Ek ftu jh oj/. ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ ftS'V/
dk e'Jh th Ppd nkgd/ ezBK ftu g?Adk iK Y'be s/ Ekg tZidh nkg GZmh
s/ G[Zid/ wZeh d/ dkfDnK tKr G[Ve e/ g?Ad/ ns/ xzfNnk pZXh fJ;/ fposh
ftu ftuod/. nkg d[nkok fPzrkohnK fJj fJfsjk;e s;thoK ;fsi[r
d/ nzeK dk fPzrko pD e/ fJ; dh gqf;ZXh B{z uko uzB bk fdzdhnK ;B.
nkg dk d/jKs 1998 JhH B{z j'fJnk ;h.
2 cZrD 2042 d/ p;zs nze (1986 JhH) ftu ;fsi[r d/ 65 ;kb g{o/
j'D s/ ;fsi[r dk 65 ;kbk ftP/P nze th fJ;/ nze d/ Bkb jh i'V e/
eZfYnk frnk ;h.‘;fsi[r nypko fet/A s/ ed'A* ;ByZsoth ih d[nkok
ns/ ‘;fsi[r dh gqekPB Bhsh* ;toB f;zx ;B/jh d/ wjZstg{oB b/y
jB. ;B/jh ih B/ fJ; dh gqekPB Bhsh B{z BkwXkoh f;Zy gzE d/ gqtkfBs

47
n;{bK, Pkekjko, ;dkukoe ihtB, d/jXkoh ;fsr[o{ ftu ftPtk; d/P
nkIkdh bJh bVB tkfbnK Bkb fJei[ZNsk d/ dkfJo/ ftu t/fynk s/ fJj
th fe fJ; ekoB fJ; gou/ B{z fJPfsjko tr?ok BjhA fwbd/ ;B. fpBK
fJPfsjkoK s'A gouk eZYDk N/Yh yho ;h. fJe T[jBK fJj th fejk fe
i/ fJj gouk ihtB Bro dh pikJ/ G?Dh ;kfjp nk ikt/ sK fJ; dk
ftek; j'o tXhnK j' ;edk j?. ;hws ;kXBK ns/ t;hfbnK dh xkN
;dek d/P iK god/; dh okiXkBh s'A fszB ;" feb'whNo d{o EK s'A ihtB
Bro tor/ f;o;k iK fj;ko fIbQ/ d/ th oki;EkB ;hwk s/ g?Ad/ nZs
fgSV/ fJbke/ ftu fJe jZE Bkb Gkdo'A dk w[Vek ;[ekT[D bJh gZyh MZb
e/ ns/ d{i/ Bkb ebw ubk ubk e/ ;fsi[r dh s/Jh ;kbK sZe ;cb
;zgkdBK eoB tkb/ ;ByZsoth ih d/ f;oV nZr/ f;o M[edk j?. T[j mhe
jh BkwXkoh ;w[kdfJ d/ Bzr/^XV bVD tkb/ ;kfjseko ;B.
1992 JhH dk ;kb nkswk f;zx i"jb j'oK dh ;zgkdeh j/m phfsnk.
i"jb ih dk fgzv wkM/ ftu tvkbk i"jbK (nzfwqqs;o) ;h. T[j pugB
ftu BkwXkoh ftfdnkbk ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp nk rJ/ ns/ ;koh T[wo G?Dh
;kfjp ns/ ihtB Bro ftu ;fsi[r d/ SkgD ftu tZy tZy ;/tktK
fBGkT[Ad/ oj/. T[j pj[s tXhnk nkfd ns/ d;w r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ gkmh,
tkose b/ye ns/ eth ;B. T[j T[wo eoe/ ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx d/
jkDh ;B ns/ 92 ;kb T[wo G'r e/ T[jBK s'A 32 fdB gfjbk 11 Btzpo
2012 B{z ubkDk eo rJ/. T[j pV/ ;ziwh ns/ nkdoP f;Zy ;B. nZi
eZbQ T[jBK dk gfotko wZb/eK (fIbQk f;o;k) ftu ofjzdk j?. ;fsi[r
ftu T[j T[wo Go Sgd/ oj/. r[owfs nkP/ nB[;ko jh fbyd/ ;B.

(4) fdZbh s'A gqekfPs j'D dk ;wK (1993^2018)L

(1993^2018)L^ ;fsi[r dh
ihtB Bro s'A gqekPBK d/ nfVZe/ nk ojhnK d[PtkohnK B{z w[Zy oZy e/
ns/ e'Jh th ;zgkde ihtB Bro nk e/ fNeD tkbk BK j'D ekoB ;fsr[o{
irihs f;zx ih B/ ;fsi[r B{z Skg/ykB/ dhnK BthnK seBheK ns/ ;zuko
d/ Bt/A ;kXBK d/ ;woZE pDkT[D bJh, fJ; dk d|so BkwXkoh XowPkbk
ow/P Bro, BthA fdZbh ftu spdhb eoB dk nkd/P fdZsk. j[D nrb/
gzMh toQ/ ;fsir[ B/ fdZbh ftu'A SgDk ;h. 1920 JhH ftu gzikp dh
okiXkBh bkj"o s'A P[o{ j'fJnk fJj gouk, ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp ns/ ;qh ihtB
Bro d/ bzw/ uZeo eZN e/, 72 ;kbK pknd d/P dh okiXkBh ftu gj[zu

48
frnk. jcsktkoh ;fsi[r d/ gzB/ fisB/ 1947 s'A gfjbK j[zd/ ;B pknd
tkb/ ;w/A ftu T[; s'A d' fsjkJh ofj rJ/. fdZbh s'A SgD ekb ftu fJ;
ftu fJe fgSbk gzBk ;kok gzEe ;orowhnK d/ ozrdko fuZso eZi b?Ad/
;B. fJe ;ck fjzdh ns/ fJe nzro/Ih ftu SgD ekoB, gzikph gkmeK,
b/yeK bJh ;wZroh xN rJh ;h. feT[Afe fJj fJe ;w[dkfJ dk gouk
;h T[; dhnK ;orowhnK ns/ ;fsr[o{ ih d/ d/P ftd/P d/ d"fonK dhnK
iK fco ;oho SZv rJ/ BkwXkohnK d/ BfwZs G'r w/b/ nkfd dhnK
ohg'oNK fJ; ftu Sg iKdhnK ;B. d/P dh okiXkBh ftu SgD ekoB
ns/ ;qH joftzdo f;zx jz;gkb d/ wkHfBjkb f;zx ih d/ ubkD/ pknd fgqzN
bkJhB s/ SgD tkb/ n?vhNo j'D ekoB, ;fsi[r d/ p;zs ns/ j'o
ftP/P nzeK bJh gzikph ;kfjsekoK ns/ j'o ftdtkBK dhnK ouBktK
;fsi[r B{z ;fjb/ jh gqkgs j'D bZr gJhnK ns/ gVQB ;wZroh gkmeK d/
;[ji ;[nkd ns/ fJfsjkf;e y'i dh G[Zy B{z fsqgs eoB tkbh j'D bZrh.
fdZbh gqekPB d/ ;w/A ;fsi[r d/ 1992 s'A 93JhH sZe d/ ;w/A ebwh
;zgkde vkH nwo Gkosh (1926^2006) oj/ ;B. T[j ;zs wzrb f;zx
bkfJbg[oh d/ S'N/ Goksk ;B. pNtko/ s'A gfjbK jh oftzdo BkE N?r'o
d/ ubkD/ pknd e[M wjhB/ PKsh fBe/sB fty/ ofj e/ nkJ/ ;B. T[jBK dh
pzrbk ns/ T[VhnK GkPktK s/ ekch geV ;h. T[jBK dhnK nB/e T[sfeqPN
ouBktK pzrkbh s/ T[VhnK s'A gzikph ftu soiwkJhnK ;B. T[j r[opkDh,
r[owfs ;kfjs, g"okfDe ;kfjs ns/ wkoe;tkd d/ th uzr/ frnksk
;B. fdZbh s'A ;ZmftnK ftu (fgSbh ;dh) SZgD tkb/ o'IkBk ‘BtK
fjzd[;skB* ns/ j'o eJh wkf;e ;gskfje gZsoK d/ th ;zgkde oj/.
T[jBK gzikph ftu nB/e tXhnK ejkDhnK th fbyhnk. Ne;kbh BkwXkoh
gfotko ftu' j'D ekoB ns/ nkX[fBe :[Zr p'X B{z gqDkJ/ j'D ekoB nkgD/
ftPkb nfXn?B ;dek, ftPt xNBktK dh ;Nhe gVu'b eoB d/ ;woZE
;B ns/ BkwXkoh dopko d/ soiwkB fJ; gou/ Bkb T[jBK nkgD/
;zgkdeh ;w/A ftu g{ok fBnkT[A ehsk. ‘BtK fjzd[;skB* th BkwXkoh
dopko dk o'IkBk gouk ;h. fJ; ftu nwo Gkosh ih B/ gzikph ;{p/ d/
rmB d/ ;[nkb s/ brksko fJj b/y bVh fbyh fe ;kB{z ;{pk, Xow
nkXkfos pj[ frDsh tkbk BjhA, ;r'A gzikph pj[ frDsh tkbk pBkT[Dk
ukjhdk j?.
1993 JhH s'A nkgD/ ubkD/ 7 wkou, 2018 sZe ;fsi[r dh ;zgkdBk

49
;qH skok f;zx nBikD B/ ehsh. T[jBK dk iBw 1944 JhH ftu okfJftzv
wzvh (fIbQk bj"o) ftu fJe d;seko okwrVQhnk gfotko ftu j'fJnk.
w[ZYbh gVQkJh pNtko/ s'A pknd f;o;k ns/ fGtkBh ftu eoe/, T[j fdZbh
fty/ gzikph nfXnkge dh ;/tk fBGkT[D bZr gJ/. ;fsi[r ftu T[j
ftfdnkoEh ihtB s'A b/y, eftsktK ejkDhnK SgtkT[Ad/ oj/. 1966^67
ftu T[j f;o;k s'A SgD tkb/ wkf;e ‘fuZN/ eK* d/ ;zgkde th oj/. fdZbh
ftu gzikph nfXnkgB ns/ gzikph gVQkJh dk x/ok t;hj eoB ftu
T[jBK fw;kbh :'rdkB gkfJnk.
T[jBK BkwXkoh ;kfjs, fJfsjk; pko/ ns/ gzikph nfXnkgB pko/
doiBK g[;seK th fbyhnK jB. T[jBK d[nkok fbys, ;fsr[o{ okw
f;zx ih ns/ ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih dhnK ihtBhnK pj[s wep{b
j'JhnK. e{ek nzd'bB dh 150 thA toQ/ rzY s/ B?PBb p[Ze No;N B/ T[jBK
gk;'A fJ; pko/ fJe feskp th fbykJh. ‘Ne;kbh gzikph ftnkeoB s/
oukBtbh* T[jBK gzikph nfXnkgeK s/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh b'V bJh
fbyh. feT[Afe u"th gzuh ;kb T[j ;fsi[r ;gskfje dk w[Zy b/y fbyd/
oj/ ;B. fJ; bJh fJjBK ;kfonk B{z tZy tZy feskpK ftu fJeZm/ eoe/
T[jBK B/ 7^8 fBpzX ;zrqfj th gqekfPs eotkJ/. nBikD ih fJ; soQK
gzikph d/ ;cb fBpzX b/ye frD/ iKd/ jB.13
fJj rZb u/s/ oZyD tkbh j? fe nBikD j'oK dh fBpzXekoh T[jBK
dhnK nkgD/ ;gskfje gou/ ‘;fsi[r* gqsh ;zgkdeh fIzw/tkohnK ftu'A
iBw b?Adh j?.‘;fsi[r* T[; ;zgqdkfJ dk gouk j?, fi; dk gzikp ftu
uZb/ ;[szsosk ;zrokw ftu w'Yh o'b fojk j?. nkgD/ e[M e[ ftP/P
Xkofwe ftPtk;K s/ nfvZr gfjok fdzfdnK th fJj ;w[dkfJ ;w[Zu/ f;Zy
GkJhuko/ dk nfBZyVtk nzr j?. r[o{ ns/ r[o{pkDh s/ fJ;dh w[ezwb N/e
j?. nZi d/ ftfrnkfBe seBheh ns/ ;{uBk eqKsh dh iZd ftu nkJ/
;z;ko fgzv tZb tX ojh fJZehthA ;dhA ftu fJe Xo[th ftPt d/ nkeKtk
dhnK ;?fBe ;ZfGnkukoe, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse s"o *s/ jwbkto
BhshnK dk w[ekpbk eoB bJh Gkos dh fJe wjZstg{oB xZN frDsh
f;Zy GkJhuko/ ftu nZr'A fco fJe xZN frDsh BkwXkoh ;wki B/ ni'e/
;zdoG ftu nkgDh fJfsjk;e G{fwek fet/A fBGkT[Dh j?, fJ; s'A ;kvk
rbgeko skok f;zx nBikD g{oB o{g ftu ;[u/s j?. T[j ;wMdk j? fe
nkgDh wjkB ftok;s B{z toswkB ;fsr[o{ gqsh g{oB fBPuk ftu

50
ftukofdnK r[owfs rkvh okj s/ uZbfdnK, Bo'JhnK wkBttkdh edoK
ehwsK Bkb ;KM fGnkbh gk e/ jh, ;kvk GkJhukok toswkB X[zd{eko/
ftu'A ;[oZfyns pkjo fBeb ;edk j?. fJ; bJh T[; dh finkdkso
fBpzXekoh T[go'es T[d/P dh g{osh fjs jh ehsh rJh j?.14
T[; dhnK fbysK dh nkXko ;wZroh pko/ uouk eod/ j'J/, T[~x/
gzikph ;wkb'ue vkH ;fszdo f;zx B{o fJT[A fbyd/ jBL skok f;zx
nBikD B/ fJBQK ftukoK B{z gqrNkT[AfdnK r[opkDh, f;Zy fJfsjk; s/ j'o
;q'sK s/ rqzEK B{z nkgDk nkXko pDkfJnk j?. r[opkDh dk T[;B{z fJzBk v{zxk
frnkB j? fe jo ftuko Bkb ;zpzfXs N{eK T[j ;fji/ jh gkmeK ;kjt/A
;keko eodk s[fonk iKdk j?. GkJh r[odk;, GkJh ;zs'y f;zx, GkJh
ekBQ f;zx BkGk, j[ewBkw/ ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx, ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/
eEB, T[; dh f;wosh d/ nzr ;zr jB ns/ fJT[A pkDh d/ Bkb Bkb
fJfsjk; gqwkDK tk;s/ T[;dh f;wosh ftu c?fbnk j'fJnk j?. fJ;/
ekoB T[; dh tkose ftu'A ftPkbsk dk gqGkt g?Adk j?.
fdZbh s'A gqekPBK d/ ;w/A ;fsi[r d/ p;zs nze 300 thA ft;kyh
ykb;k ;kiDk nze (1999 JhH), ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/ ‘r[orZdh d/
ukbh ;kb ftP/P nze* (2000 JhH), ;fsi[r dk 80 ;kbk ftP/P nze
(2001JhH), fJfsjk;e ;wZroh nze (2002 JhH), BkwXkoh ;kfjseko
ftP/P nze (2003 JhH), fJfsjkf;e PskpdhnK (gzithA iBw Pskpdh
r[o{ nzrd d/t ih, nkfd r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh ;zgkdB dh u"Eh Pskpdh
ns/ ;kfjpIkfdnK dhnK PjkdsK dh shih Pskpdh (2004 JhH), ;fsr[o{
gqskg f;zx r[orZdh Pskpdh nze (2006 JhH) e{ek nzd'bB 150 ;kb
nze (2007 JhH) gqEw n;fj:'r nzd'bB nze (2008 JhH), ;fsr[o{
irihs f;zx ih r[orZdh dh nZXh ;dh (2009 JhH), goT[gekoK dh
noX Pskpdh nze (2010 JhH), ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp nze (2011 JhH),
;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx PoXkibh nze(2013), ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx f;wosh
nze(2014), ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx T[gk;Bk nze (2015), d{;oh goekP
Pskpdh ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx nze (2016), irs wksk uzd e"o ih ehosh
nze (2017), irs wksk uzd e"o f;wosh nze (2018) nkfd ftP/P
nze nBikD ih dh ;zgkdBk ftu fBeb/. j'o fe;/ th ;zgkde d/ ;w/A
;fsi[r B/ fJsB/ ftftX nze gqekfPs eoB dk ehoshwkB BjhA pDkfJnk.
fJjBK nzeK ftu nBikD ih dh gq/oBk Bkb fiZE/ gqw[Zy BkwXkoh

51
b/yeK wkH fBjkb f;zzx, gqqshw f;zx eth, gqhsw f;zx gzSh, ofizdo f;zx
r[o;{ o, fgqHphph p/ns
z e"o, ;qH ;zs f;zx fdZbh, i;ftzdo f;zx fj;N'ohnB,
joftzdo f;zx jz;gkb, nwo Gkosh, r[[odhg f;zx BkwXkoh, irdhP
f;zx tfonkw, dbhg f;zx BkwXoh, vkHfXnkB f;zx, ;[oihs f;zx ihs,
n?;Hn?;H wBXho, ;op PeshwkB, fwjo f;zx ekBg[o, ;kX{ f;zx
fe;kB, ;{pk ;[fozdo e"o yob, phph f;woihs e"o, ;[ypho f;zx
r[bkNh, nihs f;zx BkwXkoh, fBoziB f;zx fiUsh, iE/dko i'rk f;zx,
gzfvs r'gkb f;zx ,fgqz;hgb nihs f;zx uhwk, ;zs'y f;zx BkwXkoh,
jopz; f;zx ftoe, ;ftzdo f;zx BkwXkoh, ekwo/v ;[toB f;zx ftoe,
nihs f;zx ;Bysqth, frnkBh ;zs'y f;zx, oSgkb f;zx jI{oh ;/te,
jogkb f;zx ;/te, ;[bZyD f;zx :{He/, nihs f;zx bkfJb, mke[o T[d/
f;zx ih, ;[oihs f;zx i'pB, T[;skd joGiB f;zx, ;{pk wfjzdo e"o,
;fsBkw f;zx fdZbh, r[oG/i f;zx r'okfJnk, vkH ;stzs e"o, ;/m yIkB
f;zx fJB;kc, nwo f;zx Bzpodko, phph Pe[zsbk G[NkBh, pbihs f;zx
oDhnk, fBPkB f;zx i"jb, i;pho e"o fPwbk, sob'uB f;zx bkbh,
;{[pk pbftzdo f;zx ‘MZb*, Bfozdo e"o fdZbh, p{Nk f;zx, ;{pk nwohe
f;zx, jofizdo f;zx okrh, r[od/t f;zx uhwk, vkHi;gkb f;zx ozXktk,
;zs irsko f;zx gfBjkoh, e/;o f;zx bkvh, eztbihs e"o pze"e, wkH
r'fpzd f;zx p[oi Eo'V, ;zs wfjzdo f;zx pkbh Bro, ;/tk f;zx BkwXkoh,
joGiB e"o ukBk, ;{pk irho f;zx, ;{pk fBoziB f;zx Nwe"dh, vkH
oitzs e"o ;Zr{, r[o{puB f;zx BkwXkoh, byftzdo f;zx pkitk, r[ouoB
f;zx uzB, phph f;zdo e"o fdZbh, pbd/t f;zx tV?u, ;odko f;zx
nwok;o ebK, ethPo r[o;/te f;zx, g{oB f;zx fBokbk, r[oihs f;zx
nkfd d/ b/y Sgd/ oj/ ;B T[~E/ gzikph ;kfjs d/ T[~x/ j;skyoK ftu'
;ot Pqh r[btzs f;zx ckfor, fgnkok f;zx gdw, Bkjo f;x n?wHJ/,
vkH eoBihs f;zx, vkH nihs f;zx, vkH wfjzdo e"o frZb, wjhg f;zx,
okw ;o{g nDyh, frnkBh I?b f;zx, d/ftzdo f;zx frZb ihnk BZEk, gq'H
feogkb f;zx e;/b, ;[oihs f;zx y[oPhdh, vkH jfoGiB f;zx, r[opuB
f;zx G[Zbo, pbtzs f;zx okw{tkbhnk, irdhP e"Pb, ;o{g f;zx nbZr,
vkH nksw jwokjh, vkH ;ftzdo f;zx T[~gb, fgnkok f;zx dksk,
;[yd/t f;zx wkdg[oh, vkH GrtkB dk; fBow'jh, vkH jouoB f;zx, vkH
GiB f;zx, g'qH ;fszdo f;zx B{o, ;zs'y f;zx Xho, irihs f;zx nBzd,

52
joGiB f;zx osB, gq'H ;fszdo f;zx, vkHr[od/t f;zx f;ZX{, vkH jofwzdo
f;zx p/dh, fgqzH i?d/t f;zx, vkH osB f;zx iZrh, g'qH gqhsw f;zx gfNnkbk,
tfonkw f;zx ;zX{, vkH uoBihs f;zx, vkH ifszdogkb f;zx i"bh,
vkHXow f;zx, okrh r[ouoB f;zx eztb, ekwo/v jfo feqPB f;zx,
;[oihs f;zx, vkH wkB f;zx ‘fBozekoh*, vkH d/ftzdo f;zx T[;kjB,
vkHo?D{ fdt/dh (fjzdh), vkHi'frzdo f;zx (nzro/Ih), wbftzdoihs f;zx
tV?u, vkH wBihs f;zx, joGiB f;zx pkitk, vkH jofizdo e"o, vkHdbhg
e"o fNtkDk, ;qH fsqb'uB f;zx (Ex. M.P.), vkH i;gkb e"o eKr, shoE
f;zx fYZbA' , ;odkok f;zx i"jb, vkHnwoihs f;zx eKr, ;hH nkoH w"dfrb,
vkH ;[yd/t f;zx f;o;k, vkH e[bdhg f;zx dhg, vkH gopihs e"o,
vkHi'X f;zx, fjwKdoh p?Boih (nzro/Ih), r[bIko f;zx ;zX{, vkH soB
f;zx, vkH jofwzdo ihs e"o i'rk, vkHot/b f;zx nkfd dhnk ouBktK th
;fsi[r d/ fJjBK :kdrkoh ftP/P nzeK d/ gzfBnK dk fPzrko pDdhnK
ojhnK. fJ; s'A gkmeK B{z Gbh GKs fJj nzdkIk bkTDk n;kB j't/rk fe
;fsi[r nkgD/ ;wekbh gzikph b/yeK Bkb edw fwbk e/ uZbdk nk fojk
j?. ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp fJ;d/ gqekPBk d/ ;w/A ftu nkgK T[go t/y u[Ze/ jK fe
T[; ;w/A th gzikph d/ T[~x/ ;kfjseko ;fsi[r Bkb nkgDhnK ouBktK
d[nkok ;B/j gqrN efonk eod/ ;B. ;fsi[r dh fJj' nZr/ tX{ gozgok
nZi sZe th uZb ojh j?.
fdZbh gqekPB ;w/A ;fsi[r d/ eftsk Gkr ftu fJ; d"o d/ gqw[Zy
BkwXkoh ethnK wkH nwohe f;zx, ;kX{ f;zx fe;kB, pbpho f;zx
fYb'A, r[ofdnkb f;zx gqhs, feogkb f;zx jhok, byftzdo f;zx pkitk,
;[toB f;zx uhwk, r[ow/b f;zx jz;, itkbk f;zx ;/te, i'frzdo f;zx
w[esk, i'frzdo f;zx ezr, oitzs f;zx ;?bkBh, pyPh; gzikph, skok
f;zx nBikD, ;[toB f;zx ftoe, eoB?b f;zx n;gkb, g{oB f;zx
fBokbk, joGiB f;zx okik, pbd/t f;zx tV?Au, nihs f;zx bkfJb,
;zs'y f;zx ;kiB, wBihs f;zx okrh, nikfJp f;zx ykfdw, oSgkb
f;zx ;zxo, noiB f;zx nkIkd, i;ftzdo f;zx fGzvo, izrho e"o izv{,
jogkb f;zx ;/te, iE/dko i'rk f;zx, i;gkb f;zx bKroh, pbtzs
f;zx okik, nwo f;zx nwo, wBgqhs e"o, ofizdo f;zx gzB{, i;tzs
f;zx iZ;, vkH pbtzs f;zx dodh, :kdftzdo f;zx, ;/tk f;zx BkwXkoh,
fBPkB f;zx i"jb, r[ow[y f;zx osB, ofizdo f;zx oki, ntsko f;zx

53
ukBk, eosko f;zx gzSh, e[bdhg f;zx n?bBkpkd, dbpho f;zx so;,
GrtkB f;zx ;'yb, vkH ;stzs e"o wkmV{, f;zdo e"o fdZbh, r[owhs e"o
‘whs* fdZbh, oDihs e"o, jikok f;zx wzv, r[o;t/e f;zx fYZb'A, phph
f;woihs e"o f;zwh, ;{pk fBoziB f;zx Nwe"dh, ;[yftzdo f;zx bkfJb,
iPBgqhs e"o Gzr{, r[owhs f;zx, g'qH feqgkb f;zx e;/b nkfd s'A fJbktk
gzikph ekft irs dhnK T[uhnk j;shnK vkH joGiB f;zx, skok f;zx,
;[oihs f;zx gkso, ;zs'y f;zx Xho, uoB ;hu/tkbth, jfozdo gszrk,
uzBD f;zx uwB, s/b{ okw e[jkVk, goekP ;kEh, ;[oihs y[oPhdh, vkH
nksw jwokjh, nk;k f;zx w;skBk, ePwho Bho, vkH r[ogqhs f;zx
f;zXok, ihtB gqekP ihtB, fBoziB f;zx B{o, wjzs Grs okw w[;kfco
nkfd dhnK ouBktK th ;fsi[r d/ fJjBK ;kbK ftu Sg/ ftP/P nzeK
ftu SgdhnK ojhnK. vkH joGiB f;zx, ;zs'y f;zx Xho ns/ skok
f;zx j'oK dhnK e{ek e[opkBhnK pko/ Xkofwe eftsktK ;w[Zu/ gzikph
;kfjs dh nw[Zb fBXh pD rJhnK jB.
fdZbh gqekPB d/ ;kbK ;w/A ;fsi[r dk fJZe fJZe ;ck fjzdh s/ nzro/
ih gkmeK bJh th okytK oZfynk iKdk ;h. fdZbh gqekPB d/ gzMh toQ/
d/P d[BhnK ftu tfuZso nB[Gt rqfjD eoB tkb/ ;kb ;B. ;'thns
;zx dk ftxNB fJe ;[gB/ d/ nzs tork ;h. g[okDk Bkw o{; e{fenK
bJh fJ; bJh th fyZu gkT[D tkbk ;h fe o{;h c"iK d/ ekpb ezXko tb'A
j' e/, fgPkto tZb tXD ns/ fco bkj"o g[ZiD Bkb, nzro/I ;oeko dk
fp;sok fJZE'A r'b j'Dk ;h ns/ ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx dh d/P tkg;h th fJ;
tosko/ Bkb i[Vh ;h. o{; dk ;wkitkdh ;'thns ;zx ftu spdhb j'Dk
th e{fenK bJh f;Zyh ns/ ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh ;wskw{be ;'u d/
nB[o{g ;h. ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zzx ih ns/ ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/
;w/A BkwXkohnK d[nkok ;kwoki dhnK ft;Ekotkdh ns/ izrh BhshnK
dk fto'X eoe/, ;'thns ;zx dh nrtkJh j/m uZbD tkbh, ;z;ko nwB
bfjo Bkb fJZei[Nsk gqrN ehsh rJh ;h. T[j fBPPsoheoD d/ wZ[d/ s/
;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dk fJj puB d[jokfJnk eod/ ;B fe id'A sZe
Xosh s/ pD/ ;ko/ jfEnko ;w[zdo ftu BjhA ;[ZN fdZs/ iKd/, d[BhnK ftu
nwB BjhA j' ;edk. thnsBkw ns/ bkshBh nwohek d/ w[beK ftu
nwoheB w[dkybs dh ;fsi[r jw/PK fBzdk eodk fojk ;h. ;'thns
;zx d/ gsB pknd fiZE/ fJe Xo[th ftPt j'Ad ftu nkfJnk ;kv/ d/P

54
ftu fBiheoD, T[dkoheoD ns/ ;z;koheoD d/ gqGkt j/m BthnK nkofEe
BhshnK bkr{ j'D bZrhnK. f;nk;h s"o s/ fJ; ;w/A ftu e/Ado ftu'A
fJZe gkoNh oki (i' bzwk ;wK Gkosh okPNoh eKro; gkoNh dk jh ;h)
dk \kswk ns/ rmpzXB ;oekoK dh ekfJwh bJh okj gZXok j'fJnk.
fJ;/ ;w/A n:[ZfXnk ftu okw iBw G{wh wzdo pBkw pkpoh w;fid
fttkd, bkb feqPB nvtkBh dh oE :ksok d/ w[ekpb/, gSVhnK Pq/DhnK
bJh ohIot/PB d/ w[Zd/ s/ wzvb^ewzvb fttkd th Gfynk. thjthA ;dh
w[Zed/ w[Zed/, X[o dZyD gzEh Gkosh iBsk gkoNh tkbk rmpzXB e/Ado ftu
;oeko pDkTD ftu ;cb j'fJnk. gzikp ftu pdb^pdb e/ eKro;
ns/ nekbh^Gkigk rmpzXB dhnK ;oekoK uZbdhnK ojhnK. fJ;
;w/A BkwXkoh GkJhuko/ B/ nkgDhnK iVQK dh sbkP bJh g[oksB BkwXkoh
fJfsjkf;e rqzEK B{z Skg/ dk ikwk g[nkfJnk. r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh
nzfwqs;o ns/ ;z;feqs ftPt ftfdnkbk tkokD;h (pBko;) fty/ ;fsr[o{
okw f;zx ih d/ Bkw s/ ‘u/no’ ns/ ‘ghm* ;Ekfgs ehs/ rJ/. fJzrb?Av
ftu ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih B/ fjzd gke ftu d';sh tXkT[D tkb/ ns/
nkgD/ Bo'J/ ;ZfGnkuko B{z nkgDhnK fbysK ftu gqrN eoB tkb/
nfjwd ;bhw, n|ib nfj;B ozXktk ns/ vkH ifszdo gkb f;zx i"bh
B{z ;BwkfBs ehsk ;h. gzikph d/ T[~x/ b/yeK GkJh ;kfjp GkJh ekjB
f;zx BkGk, XBh okw ukfsqe, r[opyP f;zx gqhsbVh, fgqzH s/ik f;zx ,
fgqzH n?;Hn?;H nw'b, bZyk f;zx I"jo, bkb f;zx ewbk nekbh, ;qH eg{o
f;zx, ntsko f;zx nkIkd, fgqzH ;zs f;zx ;/y'A, irihs f;zx nBzd,
;'jD f;zx i'P, Gkgk gqhsw f;zx, d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh, joBkw dk;
;fjokJh, gq'H feogkb f;zx e;/b, ;zs'y f;zx Xho, ;[oihs gkso,
r[oGiB f;zx frZb, vkH ;[yd/t f;zx f;o;k, vkH ;[oihs f;zx GZNh
nkfd Bkb BkwXkoh ;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ pV/ ihtzs ;zpzX oj/ jB. T[;
bJh ;fsi[r fJ; d"o ftu, nZr/ tX{ gzikph b/yeK dhnK fbysK s'A
bkGtzs j[zdk fojk j?. gzikph ndhpK ozr eowhnK ;kfjs ekfwnK,
ethnK ns/ gZsoekoK Bkb ;fsi[r dh wkocs jh BkwXkoh b/yeK d/
ns/ ;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ ;zpzX ftef;s j[zd/ oj/.
fJj ;wK pj[s ;kohnK fJfsjk;e PskpdhnK wBkT[D dk ;wK th
;h. T[jBK d/ pjkB/ r[opkDh, r[owfs, f;Zy fJfsjk; ns/ BkwXkoh
fJfsjk; dh ;fsi[r d/ gzfBnK ftu fBZm e/ uouk j[zdh ojh. frnkB d/

55
Bt/A ;o'sk sZe gj[zu eoe/, nkgDh fJfsjk; ;whfynk d/ ekoi B{z w[V
ft;Ekfonk frnk. fJfsjk; b/yB ftu th fwnkoh wkg dzvK B{z ;kjwD/
oZfynk ikD bZfrnk. fJ; soQK n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe nkgDh ;[zdo
SgkJh, ftP/P nzeK dh t;s{ ns/ o{g gZy'A tzB ;[tzBsk ;dek nkgD/ j'J/
phs/ B{z t/b/ d/ g?wkfBnK nB[;ko gkmeK ;kjt/ g/P eoB bJh, ;fsi[r B/
fdZbh gqekPB ;w/A wjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkJh.

(5) ;fsi[r dk w[V ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp s'A fBebDk (2018 JhH) L gq'H
skok f;zx nBikD dh f;js e[M ;kb Bk;kI ojh, go T[j fco th bZe
pzBQ e/ fdZbh s'A ;fsi[r dh ;zgkdeh ;/tk s/ i[ZN/ oj/. ;zB 2018 JhH B{z
T[jBK dk ihtB ;co fwsh 6 wkou B{z ;zg{oB j'frnk. d' fszB wjhB/ sZe
gou/ dh gqekPBk fgqzN bkJhB tkb/ ;zgkde jz;gkb ih B/ ikoh oZyh.
fgSb/ e[M ;w/A s'A BkwXkoh ndhp wfj;{; eo oj/ ;B fe j[D ;{uBk
eqKsh d/ fJ; :[Zr ftu ;fsi[r dk ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp s'A gqekfPs j'Dk e'Jh
w[Pfeb th BjhA, ;r'A mhe oj/rk. nkfyo ;fsi[r B{z ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp s'A
gqekfPs eoB dk j[ew ;fsr[o{ T[d/ f;zx ih B/ fdZsk ns/ fJ; ekoi
bJh ;qH joftzdo f;zx jz;gkb, ;[toB f;zx ftoe, r[oG/i f;zx r'okfJnk,
;zs fBPkB f;zx eEk tkue ns/ jogkb f;zx ;/te s/ nkXkfos fJe
;zgkdeh p'ov pDk fdZsk frnk. go ;fsi[r d/ ebwh ;zgkde j[D ;qh
jogkb f;zx ‘;/te’ (iBw 1963 JhH, iBw ;EkBL ;qh ihtB Bro,
f;o;k) jB. fJj ;ZiD brgr u"EkJh ;dh, nkgD/ S'N/ GkJh ;zs
oSgkb f;zx ‘;/te* ns/ e[M ;wK tZv/ GkJh ;[yd/t f;zx ;w/s ;fsr[o{
irihs f;zx ih d/ fBZih ;/te oj/ jB. BkBe/ dkde/ Ne;kbh BkwXkoh
gfotko jB. fJ; bJh BkwXkoh fJfsjk;, ;kfjs, ;fGnkuko pko/
ikDekoh dk ftPkb Gzvko oZyd/ jB. gfjbK ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih
ns/ j[D ;fsr[o{ T[d/ f;zx ih d/ d/P ftd/P d"fonK ftu Pkfwb ofjzd/
jB, fJ; soQK ;w[Zu/ BkwXkoh irs Bkb, T[jBK dh n;XkoB ikD
gfjukD j?. fwbD;ko, fwjBsh, B/e Bhns, ns/ f;oVh ;[Gkn d/ j''DK
T[jBK B{z fJZe ;cb ;zgkde ti'A ezw eoB d/ :'r pDkT[Adk j?.
;gskfje ;fsi[r dk ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp s'A gfjbk gouk 15^21 i{B,
2018 dk fsnko eoe/ fdZbh s'A g';fNzr bJh G/fink frnk. e[M seBheh
ekoBK eoe/ vke ftu ni/ fdZbh s'A jh g?Adk j?. j[D ;fsr[o{ ih dh fJZSk

56
nB[;ko fJ;B{z w?rIhB o{g ftu Bk fe nypko fiT[A SkgDk P[o{ ehsk
frnk. e[M wjhfBnk pknd ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fJ;d/ nze d/ ;c/ tXk e/
fJ;B{z gzdok o'Ik eoB dk j[ew eo fdZsk. j[D fJj 48 ns/ eJh t/o
fJ; s'A th tZX gzfBnK dk o;kb/ dh Peb dk ;fsi[r, gzdohA fdBhA ;qh
G?Dh ;kfjp s'A fsnko j' e/, b[fXnkD/ s'A Sg e/ fdZbh s'A vke ftu g? fojk
j?. fJ; dhnK fbysK, pj[ GKsh j[zdhnK jB.
gzikp d/ f;Zy fJfsjk; Bkb ;pzfXs yk; fdBK T[go ;fsi[r d/
nzeK ftu ftP/P ;wZroh fdZsh iKdh j?. vkH jofPzdo e"o fij/ ;cb
b/yeK d/ b/y, f;js ;wZf;nktK dk fBdkB g/P eod/ jB. pZfunK ftu
gVQD fbyD dk T[sPkj g?dk eoB bJh pkb^gzBk th okytK oZfynk ik
fojk j?. nzro/Ih ftu fbyD tkb/ :[tk BkwXkoh y'iekoK dhnK ouBktK
Skg e/ ns/ ;fsi[r d/ gzfBnK ftu :[tk b/yeK B{z EK d/ e/ Gkth BkwXkoh
b/yeK dk g{o fsnko eoB ftu, ;fsi[r nkgDk coI fBGkn fojk j?.
;qh G?Dh ;kfjp s'A ;fsi[r dk 2019 JhH dk ftP/P nze ;qh r[o{ joh f;zx
ih dh d{;oh gqekP Pskpdh pko/ Skfgnk frnk. fJ; ftu e[M ;wZroh
sK 1965 JhH ftu Sg/ go j[D Bk:kp, r[o{ joh f;zx nze ftu'A bJh
rJh. e[M Bt/A b/y r[o{ ih d/ ihtB ns/ :'rdkB d/ tZy^tZy gZyK pko/
fbytkJ/ rJ/ jB. ;[toB f;zx ftoe, ;toB f;zx ;B/jh, i;ftzdo
f;zx fj;N'ohnB, fBPkB f;zx eEktkue, r[o{puB f;zzx BkwXkoh, jogkb
f;zx ;/te, nihs f;zx bkfJb, vkH bypho f;zx BkwXkoh, GiB f;zx,
r[obkb f;zx, i;tzs f;zx w;s, soB f;zx pZb, jkew f;zx, ;ftzdo
f;zx, vkHr'gkb f;zx p[No, vkHr[bIko f;zx gzX/o, dftzdo f;zx frZb
ihnk BZEk nkfd j'o ftdtkBK d/ b/y ro{ joh f;zx pko/ ekch ikDekoh
d/D tkb/ jB. phs/ d' ;kb ftu ;fsi[r B/ gzikph GkPk nze, ftd/P d"o/
nze ns/ r[o{ BkBe nze nkfd g/P eoe/ ;fsi[r B{z ;w{j gzikph
fgnkfonkK dk gouk pDkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh j?. gzikph GkPk nze ;qh
G?Dh ;kfjp fty/ 13 nes{po 2019 B{z gzikph GkPk d/ w;b/ s' j'J/ fJe
;?whBko ;w/A tzfvnk frnk. fJ; ftu BkwXkoh b/yeK s'A fJbktk vkH
i'frzdo f;zx g[nko, vkH s/itzs f;zx frZb, r[opuB f;zx G[Zbo ns/ gq'H
i'rk f;zx fij/ T[x/ GkPk ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A gVQ/ ikD tkb/ gou/ Skg/ rJ/
;B. fJ; soQK ;fsi[r ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih dh gzikph GkPk dh r[ow[yh
nZyoK ftu f;Zfynk B{z, jo pZu/, p[ZY/, wkJh, GkJh sZe g[ukT[D dh

57
fceowzdh gqsh nkgDh tuB pZXsk fBGkT[Adk nk fojk j?. fJ; soQK
;fsi[r ;kfjs, fJfsjk;, ;ZfGnkuko ns/ ;wekbh fceoK gqsh ;[u/s
ofj e/ nkgDk g?Avk sfj eoh ik fojk j?.
ed/ ;fsi[r dh 65 thA toQ/ rzY s/ fJ; d/ fJZe ;w/A ;zgkde oj/,
;toB f;zx ;B/jh B/ fbfynk ;h, “nkw b'eh fJ; s'A fJzB/ ;zs[;N BjhA
T[jBK dk f\nkb j[zdk j? fe fJzB/ tZv/ gzE dk gouk j'D d/ Bks/ i' fJ;dh
o{g o/yk s/ nkeko j'Dk ukjhdk j? T[j BjhA j' ;fenk. fco th nk;
ehsh iKdh j? fe fJj nkgDhnK otkfJsk ekfJw oZydk j'fJnk, iBw
Pskpdh wBkJ/ ikD ;w/A j[D Bkb'A tX/o/ ;[zdo, ;[fdqV, ;fuso s/ ;koEe
gouk j't/rk s/ ;kv/ fenk; nB[;ko nkgD/ ;wekbh ‘ykb;k ;wkuko*
s'A fgZS'A T[es fe;w d/ iPB wBkT[D tkbk gzikph ;gskfje gZsoK ftu'A
fJj fJeZbk jh j't/rk.@15 n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe ;B/jh j'oK dh GftZys
pkDh ;jhA f;ZX j'Jh, id'A ;fsi[r nrb/ toQ/ nkgDh Pskpdh wBkJ/rk
ns/ pdbhnK ftPt gq;fEshnK ftu nkgDh wkBttkdh ;'uK dk j'ek th
d/t/rk. ;fsi[r dh fgqzN bkJhB s/ SgD tkb/ n?vhNoK dk ekoi ekb
fJ; gqeko ;h^
1H wjkokik r[ofdnkb f;zx L 26 wJh 1920 s'A d;pzo 1920 sZe.
2H fBXkB f;zx nkbw L d;zpo 1920 s'A 1924 JhH
3H (wk;No) pbtzs f;zx L 1925 JhH s'A 1953 JhH
4H r[ofdnkb f;zx L 1954 JhH s'A 1986 JhH
5H jopz; f;zx L 1987 JhH s'A 1992 JhH
6H wk;No fBjkb f;zx 1993 JhH s'A 2001 JhH
7H joftzdo f;zx jz;gkb 2001 s'A j[D sZe
wjkoki r[ofdnkb f;zx ih, ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih d/ ;G s'A S'N/
Goksk, nkb fJzvhnk eKro; ew/Nh d/ 1921, 22 ns/ 23 nfXt/PBk
ftu Pkwb j'J/ ;B. iZfbQnktkbk pkr d/ ;ke/ ;w/A T[j ns/ T[jBK d/ tZv/
GkJh, wjkokik fBjkb f;zx T[; ib;/ ftu Pkwb ;B. fJ; bJh d'jK
GkJhnK B/ pkeh ihtB ;[szsosk ;zrokw d/ b/y/ bk fdZsk ;h. wjkokik
r[ofdnkb f;zx ;fsi[r d/ pkBhnK ftu'A th fJZe ;B. T[wo B/ TjBK
Bkb tck Bk ehsh ns/ T[j 32 ;kb dh Go i[nkBh ftu jh j[ew ;Zs j'
rJ/.;fsi[r ftu T[jBK dh b/yDh ftZdtsk ns/ rfjo/ frnkB dhnK
pksK gkT[Adh, nkgD/ g[ofynK dh irkJh nkIkdh i's B{z, bN bN pbdh

58
t/yD dh ohMtkB ;h. T[jBK dk nzro/Ih GkPk dk v{zxk frnkB, ;oeko
nzro/Ih dh w[jkfci ykfBnK ftu'A e{ek fJfsjk; GkbD d/ ezw nfJnk.
;zs fBXkB f;zx nkbw th pkpk ;'jD f;zx GeBk d/ gq/oBk ;o's
pkpk e/;o f;zx w[jkt/ tkfbnK dh ;zrs ftu nke/, e{e/ pD/ ;B. T[j th
gzikp eKro; d/ u'Nh d/ nkr{nk ftu frD/ iKd/ ;B. ;zB 1920 tkb/
djke/ ftu bkj"o Pfjo ftu nkg dh ;w{bhns fpBK, eKro; dk e'Jh
ib;k ;|b BjhA ;h frfDnk iKdk. T[jBK B/ nkgD/ b/yK, eftsktK
d[nkok fiZE/ BkwXkoh wZs dk gquko ehsk T[~E/ n;fj:'r nzd'bB, ;_d/Ph
ns/ ftd/Ph t;s{nK s/ nzro/I ;oeko dhnK ;z;EktK d/ pkJhekN dk th
gouko ehsk. tzv s'A gfjbK T[j bkj"o ns/ r[ioKtkbk nkfd PfjoK
ftu ofjzd/ oj/. tzv s'A pknd b[fXnkD/ jh nk fNe/ ;B.
pbtzs f;zx wk;No d/ s"o s/ ikD/ iKd/ ;B. T[jBK B/ nkgDh
i[nkBh s'A Ybdh T[wo sZe dk 30^32 ;kb dk ihtB ;fsr[o{ goskg
f;zx dh Sso SkfJnk j/m fpskfJnk. fiT[A jh nkgD/ fgzv p[zvkb/ s'A
G?Dh ;kfjp nkJ/, fco xo tZb w{zj BjhA ehsk. r[opkDh d/ P[ZX gkmh ns/
frnksk ;B. ;fsi[r d/ bzwK ;wK fgqzN bkfJB d/ n?vhNo ofjD s'A
fJbktk, eJh t/o ebwh ;zgkde dh ;/tk th fBGkj[zd/ ;B. ;zgkdehnK
ns/ j'o b/y th fbyd/ ofjzd/. ;fs[ro{ goskg f;zx ih B/ fejk, “wk;No
ih ;t/o/ nk;k dh tko s'A pknd s[jkvk nBzd ekoi eoKr/.@ nkg B/
;[pjk ;fsr[o{ ih B{z p/Bsh ehsh fe w?B{z ;koh oks BhAd BjhA nkJh. w?A
s[jkvk ez[ih podko jK. nkgDh fIzw/tkoh s'A ;[u/s jK. ftnkj pknd
feZs/ rqfj;s dhnK b'VK, w?E'A nwkBs ftu f\nkBs Bk eotk d/D. fJ;
bJh feqgk eo' s/ w?B{z nBzd s'A fpBK jh nBzd ofjD dh j[D tkbh fposh
pyPh oZy'. 1953 ftu nkg nzs ;wK nkgDh e[NhnK ftu nkfd ;qh r[o{
rqzE ;kfjp dk ;[pjk ;t/o/ gkm eofdnK jh nkfJnk ;h. nkg dh
nkoik 50 ;kb d/ brgr jh ;h.
wk;No ih s'A pknd frnkBh r[ofdnkb f;zx, ;fsi[r d/ fgqzN
bkfJB s/ n?vhNo ti'A 1954 s'A 1986 sZe Sgd/ oj/. nkg np[b yokDk
(w[es;o) d/ ;/m ;[ikBk okw no'Vk d/ ikD/ gfjukD/ gfotko ftu'A T[;d/
g'so/ ;B. nkg dk fgsk r[ow[y f;zx, r[o{ joh f;zx ih d/ ;w/A e{ek
pfDnk s/ fco ;koh T[wo j'o XzfdnK s'A p/fXnkB j'e/ BkwXkohnK tkbh
w;sh ftu jh ftuod/ oj/. e{ek pDB ekoB T[;d/ gfjb/ ;j[o/ nkgDh

59
Xh th xo'A nk e/ b? rJ/ fe e{ek g[Dk SZv/rk sK e[Vh tZ;/rh. T[; ;w/A
;oeko s'A fonkfJsK b?D tkb/ b'e, e{fenK Bkb ;ke Bksk BjhA ;B
oZyd/. r[o{ joh f;zx ih d/ efjD s/ th r[ow[y f;zx dh f;zxDh T[;d/
;j[fonK B/ Bk tZ;D fdZsh. frnkBh ih dk iBw 1904 ftu fwzNr[woh
fty/ s/ nekb ubkDk 1986 ftu f;o;/ j'fJnk. T[j f;o;k Pfjo ftu
NoK;g'oN dk eko'pko eod/ ;B. ;zB 1958 ftu fJe g[fb; dk EkD/
dko f;o;k s'A ;fsi[r ftu SghnK e[M ;oeko fto'Xh fbysK pko/ g[ZS
frZS eoB nkfJnk. ssekbhB ;zgkde gqhsw f;zx eth j'oK T[; dh
jweh s[weh Bkb f;ZMfdnK j'fJnK, T[;B{z fejk fe s{z w?B{z i/bQ d/ vokt/
Bk d/ i/ i/bQ ikD dh B"ps nkJh sK s?B{z fJZE/ nkT[D dh b'V BjhA, n;K
nkgDk n?vhNo r[ofdnkb f;zx f;o;/ Pfjo ftu, i/bQ d/ B/V/ jh oZfynk
j?. T[j jw/PK fJ; ezw bJh s[jkB{z fsnko p?mk T[vhedk jh fwb/rk.
frnkBh r[ofdnkb f;zx pj[s jh gq/wh, fwZm p'bV/, ;[fjod ns/ ;kfjse
o[uhnK tkb/ gzEe Iip/ Bkb bpo/I ;ZiD ;B.
;fsi[r d/ ihtB Bro gqekPBk d/ nkyoh gzi toQ/ fJ; d/ fgqzN
bkJhB n?vhNo jopz; f;zx T[oc fpZb{ ;B. T[jBK dk iBw 1945 ftu
o"Ask(j[D fIbQk w'rk^ T[d'A cho'Ig[o) ftu ;qh r[opuB f;zx no'V/ d/ xo
j'fJnk T[j }?o BkwXkoh gfotko ftu iBw/ ;B. go T[jBK dh G?D
ihtB Bro eko'pko eoB nkJ/ o'v/ fibQk w'rk ;/m ;ZiD f;zx Bkb
ftnkjh ;h. jopz; f;zx nkgD/ fgzv s'A 1960 JhH ftu ihi/ gk; ihtB
Bro nk frnk fJZE/ nkT[D pknd T[j BkwXkoh f;zx ;Zi frnk ns/
1965^66 JhH s'A ;fsi[r gq?; ftu nZyo i'VB wPhB ubkT[D, go{c
ohfvzr nkfd j'o ;/tktK fBGkT[D bZr fgnk. T[; Bkb eow f;zx i'rh,
i'rk f;zx eohtkbk, uzBD f;zx ftoe. nkfde ;fsi[r gq?; ftu ezw
eoB tkb/ j'o ekw/ j[zd/ ;B. j"b/ j"b/ gfjbK T[; B{z ;fsi[r dk w?B/io
pDk fdZsk ns/ fco n?vhNo pD frnk nZi eZbQ T[j ihtB Bro (f;o;k)
fty/ fBtk; oZydk j?.
;qH joftzdo f;zx jz;gkb ;fsi[r dh n?vhNo ;/tk s/ wkH fBjkb
f;zx pknd uZb/ nk oj/ jB. T[jBK dk iBw 4 wJh 1938 B{z fgzv pkmK
tkbk (f;nkbe'N) fty/, fgsk ;qH frnkB f;zx jz;gkb d/ xo j'fJnk
phHn?;H;hH sZe gVQkJh ehsh. tzv pknd fdZbh ftu fNe rJ/. ;fsr[o{
irihs f;zx ih B/ id'A BkwXkoh :[teK B{z ;zrfms eoBk ukfjnk sk

60
nkg T[jBK d/ ;zgoe ftu nkJ/ ns/ fco nB/e wjZstg{oB fIzw/tkohnK
fBGkT[Ad/ oj/. nkg d' t/o oki ;Gk ftu ;z;d w?Apo, gzikp eKro; d/
gqXkB oj/ jB ns/ wkHfBjkb f;zx ih d/ ubkD/ s'A pknd BkwXkoh
dopko d/ gqXkB uZb/ nk oj/ jB. ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/ nB/e
ftd/Ph d"fonk ftu ;kE oj/ jB. ;fsr[o{ ih d/ gqtuBK B{z ;zgkfds eo
uZe/ jB. nzro/Ih gzikph ftu nkg d/ b/y ;fsi[r ftu Sgd/ ofjzd/ jB.
;fsi[r d/ d'jk soQK d/ ;zgkdeK dk fIeo eoB pknd ns/ gqekPB
n;EkBK d/ nXko s/ fJ; dhnk gzi ekb tzvK eoB pknd, n;hA
;fsi[r d/ fJe ;dhA d/ fJ; wjZstg{oB ;co s/ fJ; dhnK ftP/P
gqkgshnK s/ gzSh Mks wkoB dk :sB eoKr/.
(1) ;[szsosk ;zrokw ftu ;fsi[r dk :'rdkB ;G s'A gqw[Zy j?.
fJ; s'A gfjbK gzikph n\pkoK ftu f;oc }do gkoNh dk nypko
‘}do’ jh n?;k gouk ;h i' fBo'b d/P nkIkdh ns/ p;shtkdh ;oeko
fto[ZX f;oXV dh pkih bkT[D dh rZb eodk ;h. f;zx ;Gk bfjo ns/
uhc \kb;k dhtkB d// gqGkt j/m fBebD tkb/ ;ko/ gzikph nypko nkgD/
nkg B{z f;oc f;Zyh gouko sZe ;hfws oZy e/, nzro/I ;oeko gqsh
fBPmktkB ofjD dh g?o g?o s/ ;j[z yKd/ ;B. e{ek bfjo dk sK iBw jh
nzro/I ;oeko dk fto'X eoB bJh j'fJnk ;h, fJ; bJh BkwXkohnK
dk fJj n\pko oki Grsh dh bkr s'A 1947 sZe g{oh soQK pfunk fojk
fJ; nypko B/ n;fj:'r pkJhekN, ;td/Ph Pokp d/ m/fenK ns/
pd/Ph eZgfVnK dhnK d[ekBK dh fgefNzr (x/okpzdh) dh jwkfJs ftu
b/y fby/. bkj"o okth dfonk d/ ezY/ 1929^30 JhH ftu g{oB nkIkdh
d/ ws/ tkb/ eKro; d/ ;bkBk nibk; B{z ;cb pDkT[D ftu ;fsi[r dh
tZvh G{fwek ;h. f;Zy bhr fijVh fe f;ZyK ftu f;nk;h ikrqsh fbnk
ojh ;h, T[; dhnK ekBcoz;K B{z ;cb eoB bJh ;fsi[r fbydk fojk.
Pjhd Grs f;zx dh cK;h s'A pknd ;fsi[r d/ w[Zy b/y fJ; Pjhdh
;wkukoK Bkb jh Go/ j'J/ j[zd/ ;B. 19 u/so 1987 fpH dk ;fsi[r dk
wZ[y b/y fJ; Pjhdh ;ke/ d/ gqsheow ti'A fby fojk j?HHH‘fJ; ;w/A B"eo
Pkjh nkgD/ nyhob/ ;tk; g{oh eo ojh J/. T[j fdB j[D pj[s BIdhe
j? id'A fJj nkgDk fp;sok p'ohnK pzBQ e/ fJzrb?Av ik e/ dw bJ/rh.*
nzro/I ;oeko fto'Xh fbysK ekoB, d;zpo 1920 ftu jh ;fsi[r
dh gfjbh t/o IwkBs Ips j'Jh. 1924 JhH d/ p;zs nze B{z th pIko

61
ftu tzv/ ikD s'A gfjbK Ips eoe/ gou/ dh IwkBs Bt/A f;o/ s'A wzrh
rJh. 1936 JhH d/ p;zs nze Ips j'D dk fIeo T[go nk u[Zek j?.
wjkokik fog[dwB f;zx BkGk, fi; B{z nkw b'e, nkw okfinK d/
g[ZsoK d/ T[bN ‘d/P Grs PfjIkdk* efjzd/ j[zd/ ;B, nzro/I fto'Xh ns/
e{fenK Bkb w/b i'b oZyD tkbk j'D eoe/ nzro/I ;oeko B/ 9 i[bkJh
1923 B{z rZdh s'A T[sko e/ gfjbK v/jokd{B ns/ fco sk T[wo e'vkJh
eBkb (T[d'A wdok; gqKs) fty/ BIopzd oZfynk. gqf;ZX i?s' dk w'ouk
fJ;/ ekoB bkfJnk frnk ;h. ;fsi[r ftu rkj/ prkj/ wjkokik BkGk
d/ jZe ftu b/y Sgd/ oj/ ;B. 25 jkV 1991 fpH d/ ;fsi[r ftu
wjkokik BkGk B{z s[ozs fojk eoB dh wzr T[mkJh rJh ;h.
nzro/I ;oeko tZb'A fe;kBK d/ Bfjoh gkDh dh eN"sh eoB bJh,
w'x/ S'N/ ehs/ iKd/ ;B, fi; ekoB 1938^39 ftu gzikp fe;kB ;Gk tZb'A
nfpnkBk tXkT[D fto[ZX w'ou/ bkJ/ rJ/. ;zB 1938 ftu d[nkp/ ftu
gkDh dh ewh d{o eoB bJh ‘Bfjo eZY* nzd'bB uZfbnk. ;fsi[r
nypko B/ fe;kBk dhnK wzrK dh g[o I'o jwkfJs ehsh. pj[s tko
wId{oK fe;kBK d/ nzd'bBK T[go g[fb; dwB dk fto'X ehsk. nkIkdh
s'A pknd gzikp ftu gzikp fe;kB ;Gk tZb' ubkJ/ rJ/ y[P j?;hnsh
N?e; fto'Xh x'b dh th ;fsi[r fdnK eJh b/yK ftu jwkfJs ehsh iKdh
ojh ;h. fJ; soQK ;fsi[r ;kwoki fto'Xh Bhsh s/ uZbfdnK ftPt
nwB bfjo ns/ Pkekjko bfjo dh th Gog{o jwkfJs eodk fojk.
;fsi[r d/ 1947 s'A gfjb/ gofunK ftu p[js ;ko/ T[~x/ d/P GrsK
d/ ;zd/P Skg e/, ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ e{ek nzd'bB B{z Gkos ftu
nkIkdh gqkgsh bJh uZbD tkb/ eKro; nzd'bB ns/ j'o d/P Grs
nzd'bBK dk g{oti wzB fbnk frnk ;h. oki/ oitkfVnK d/ ipo fto[ZX,
fonk;sh goik wzvb bfjo B{z ;fsi[r B/ sK nkgDh jwkfJs d/Dh jh
;h, fJ; dk fJZe ;w/A ;zgkde fojk, fJzdo f;zx uZeotosh, gfNnkbk
fonk;s ftu goik wzvb dk ;orow ekoe[zB pD frnk.
(2) gzikph GkPk ns/ ;ZfGnkuko gqsh :'rdkB L ;fsr[o{ okw
f;zx ih d/ j[ewBkfwnK ftZu gzikph GkPk ns/ r[ow[yh fbZgh f;ZyD dh
jo BkwXkoh B{z ;\s skehd ehsh iKdh ;h sK i' T[j nkgD/ ftok;sh
yIkB/, r[opkDh, r[owfs ;kfjs ns/ fJfsjk; Bkb i[V ;eD. ;fsr[o{
goskg f;zx ih B/ fiZE/ ;w{zj BkBe Bkw b/ftnK B{z J/esk^;{so ftu

62
go"D bJh, 1934 JhH ftu G?Dh ;kfjp nkwzfsqqs ehsk ;h T[~E/ gzikph
p'bh d/ ftek; ns/ gquko gq;ko bJh th ekBcoz;K ehshnK ;B fijBK
ftu gzikph GkPk Bkb ;pzfXs wzrK i'o P'o Bkb T[mk e/, fJjBK s/ nwb
dokwd bJh gk; ehs/ ns/ gzikp ;oeko B{z G/i/ rJ/ ;B. fJj ekBcoz;K
;cb pBkT[D ftu fco fJjBK Bkb ;pzfXs wzrK dk ftnkge gouko
;fsi[[r B/ nkgD/ ;zgkdehnK ns/ j'o ekbwK ftu th ehsk ;h.
BkwXkoh ;zrs d/ ;kb ftu d' tZv/ g[op wBkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJe ig
gq:'r dh ;wkgsh s'A pknd ‘nZ;{ dk w/bk* ns/ d{ik ‘cZrD dh g{oBwkPh
s'A P[o{ eoe/ u/s tdh shi sZe* BkwXkohnK dk ;kbkBk j'bk wjZbk.
;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ r[og[op, Pjhdh g[op ns/ wb/oe'Nbk, okfJe'N,
nzfwqs;o ns/ b[fXnkD/ d/ Pjhdh ;ke/ th wBkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJjBK ;ko/
g[opK dhnK ohg'oNK ;fsi[r ftu SgdhnK nk ojhnK jB. ed'A e"D
e"D feZE/ ns/ eh p'b/ ;B fJT[A fJj nkgD/ ;ZfGnkuko B{z ;KGD tkbk
gouk j'D s'A fJbktk BkwXkoh ihtB iKu, T[jBK d/ gfjokt/, ykD^ghD,
Xkofwe wfonkdktK dk t/otk, fJj ;G ;fsi[r nkgD/ ;hB/ ftu ;w/Nh
p?mh j?. BkwXkoh iZE/dko fe; soQK dhtkB bkT[Ad/ ;B T[jBK Bkb fejV/
;kIh iZE/ ;B, eh eh ;ki tZid/ ;B, tid ftu nke/ iZE/dko fBos fe;
soQK eod/ ;B, fJj t/otk ;fsi[r ftu'A bZfGnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; ;pzX
ftu irdhP f;zx tfonkw dk p;zs nze 1995 JhH ftu Sfgnk b/y ‘s/
Y'be tZidh ojh* gfVQnk ik ;edk j?.
(3) ;fsi[r BkwXkoh fJfsjk; d/ gqwkfDe ;'w/ ti'A L ;zs soB
f;zx tfjwh B/ ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih dk ihtB ;wkuko ‘iZ; ihtB*
Bkw/ tZv nekoh g[;se d/ S/ GkrK ftu ;zg{oB ehsk j?. gfjb/ Gkr B{z
SZv e/ pkeh gzi fibdK ftu nzfes ;fsr[o{ ih dk ihtB t/otk T[jBK d/
gquko d"o/, f;ZfynktK, iK T[j j'o fejVhnK gqKfse iK e"wh j;shnK d/
;zgoe ftu nkJ/, fJj ;kok e[M tfjwh ih B/ ;fsi[r dhnk 1929^59
JhH sZe dhnK 30 ;kbK dhnK ckJhbK ftu'A gqkgs ehsk j?. p/PZe eJh
xNBktK T[jBK d/ ;kjt/A tkgohnK iK eJh fJfsjk; g[oyK Bkb T[jBK dk
f;ZXk tkj th fgnk, go nkgDh ouBk dh ;w[Zuh o{g o/yk ns/ sc;hbh
ikDekoh bJh, tfjwh ih y[d fbyd/ jB, fe T[j ;fsi[r s/ nXkfos th
rkj/ prkj/ ;fsi[r s'A bkGtzs j[zd/ oj/ ns/ nZi th j' oj/ jB. ftP/;
eoe/ ;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih d/ gquko d"fonK dhnK skohyK fgzv tko

63
t/ot/ ns/ feZE/ fejV/ f;zx ;B fJj t/otk ;fsi[r B/ jh ;KfGnk j?.16
fJ;/ soQK tZv nekoh fJfsjk; g[;se ‘stkohy BkwXkoh ;zs ykb;k
Gkr shik*, feqs g'qH feogkb f;zx e;/b, i' ;fsr[o{ irihs f;zx ih d/
ihtB ;wkukoK s/ nkXkfos j? fJ; ftu th ;fsi[r dhnK T[gbpX
ckJhbK dh Gog{o tos'A ehsh rJh j?.
(4) BkwXkoh ;wki dk p[bkok ;fsi[r L ;{uBk seBhe ftu eqKsh
s'A gfjbK ftP/P eoe/ d/P nkIkdh s'A gfjbK, BkwXkoh ;fsr[o{ ih dk
nkgDh ;zrs d/ Bkw e'Jh th ;zd/P ;fsi[r d[nkok jh T[jBK sZe gj[zudk
;h. feZE/ ed'A BkwXkoh ;zrs d/ dhtkB bZrDr/, ;fsro{ ih ed' fe;
fJbke/ d/ d"o/ s/ jB, fJj ;G ;fsi[r d[nkok jh ;{fus j[zdk ;h.
;kbkBk g[opK d/ n;EkB, skoheK dk t/otk th ;fsi[r ftu'A jh gsk
bZrdk ;h. r[o{ e/ bzro d/ T[rokjhJ/ ed'A fejV/ fJbkfenK ftu jB
fJjBK t/oftnk bJh th ;fsi[r dZ; gkT[Adk ;h. to gqkgs bVe/
bVehnK d/ ;w{zfje nBzd ekoi fe; w/b/ s/ ed'A j'Dr/, fJ;dh ;{uBk th
;pzfXs fXoK B{z ;fsi[r s'A g[Zidh ;h, ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp j'D tkb/ r[opkDh
d/ nyzv gkm, uzvh dh tko d/ gkm nkfd tZvh frDsh ftu j[zd/ ;B sK
wjhBK tko gkmhnK dh ;/tk bZr iKdh ;h. fJj t/otk th fe fe; fIbQ/
B/ ed'A nk e/ bZrDk j?, fejV/ wjhB/ ftu, fJj ;fsi[r dZ;dk ;h.
i'fVnK d/ nBzd ekoi, fpoXK d/ ubkDk eo ikD dhnK \poK, T[jBK
Bfws G'r w/b/ tZy^tZy EKtk s/ j'J/ ;wkrwK dhnk ohg'oNK, fJ; soQK dh
‘gzEe vke* dk fJZe' fJe ;o's ;fsi[r nypko jh ;h.
BkwXkoh f;Zy wZs d/ Xkofwe ftPtk;K T[go id'A wBwshnK tZb'A
jwbk ehsk iKdk ;h sK fJ;dk i[nkp d/Dk th ;fsi[r gou/ d/ fjZ;/
nkT[Adk ;h. ;fsi[r ftu fJ; gqEkfj SghnK ;zs fBXkB f;zx nkfbw,
fJzdo f;zx uZeotosh ns/ nkswk f;zx ;ByZso/ dhnK fbysK e[ZM sK
g[;seK dk nkeko Xko rJhnK ns/ e[M fJ; :'r jB. nZi eZbQ sK
;fsi[r d/ ‘ftd/P^d"ok nzeK ftu* Gkos s'A pkjo fijBK d/PK ftu
toswkB ;fsr[o{ T[d/ f;zx ih Xow gquko bJh iKd/ jB, T[; dhnK o'I
dhnK ohg'oNK, c'N'nK ;w/s ;fsi[r d/ gzfBnK s/ Sg iKdhnK jB. fJ;
bJh ;fsi[r BkwXkoh gzE d/ p[bko/ tkbk ekoi pky{ph fBGk fojk
j?.;fsi[r B{z n;hA fgSbh fJe ;dhA dhnK gqw[Zy e"wh ns/ e"wKsoh
xNBktK dh uhockV eofdnK th y'i ;ed/ jK.

64
 w/ok nkgDk nB[Gt L w?A T[; ;w/A ;sthA iwks dk ftfdnkoEh ;K
;kb 1960^61JhA j' ;edk j?. w/o/ fgzv eohtkbk s'A T[; ;w/A ;fsi[r
SkgD dk n;EkB ihtB Bro, d; e[ feb' whNo jh ;h. id'A ed/
;fsr[o{ goskg f;zx ih fJ; fJbke/ ftu nkT[Ad/ sK w?A th nkgD/ pkg{
ih iZE/dko r[ow[y f;zx ‘MZpo* dh T[Arb cVe/ ihtB Bro g[Zi iKdk.
fgzv tkg;h s/ w?A pkg{ ih B{z w{osK t/yD d/ bkbu ;dek ;fsi[r dk e'Jh
g[okDk ;bkBk ‘p;zs^nze* b? e/ d/D dh p/Bsh eodk. fJ; soQK j"b/
j"b/ w/o/ gk; ;fsi[r d/ g[okD/ p;zs^nze dk fJe ;zrqfj j' frnk i' w?A
ne;o ;e{b'A nk e/, iK S[ZNh t/b/ gVQdk ofjzdk. fJe t/o ihtB Bro'A
‘;zs nze^Gkr d{ik’ fwb frnk i' 1941 JhH ftu Sfgnk ;h. fJ; ftu
uZeotosh ih dh fJe p/fw;kb ouBk ‘p'ohnK tkbk* Sgh ;h. fJj
;fsr[o{ okw f;zx ih d/ ft:'r ftu nZm/ gfjo t?okrh ofjD tkb/ yzB/
gk; uBkoEb fgzv d/, GkJh Nfjb f;zx d/ fpqj'A e[Zm/ fjod/ dh nB{mh
tkosk ;h. fijV/ id'A e'm/ s/ oks B{z Ppd gVQd/ sK T[~vd/ gzSh o[eD
tkbh rZb pD iKdh ;h. T[; dk feodko pVk T[~uk ;[Zuk ;h. uZeotosh
ih dh ;kfjse ozr ftu ozrh T[; ouBk B/ w?B{z nzdo'A pkjo'A fJe nB{m/
ozr ftu ozr fdZsk. w?A pkg{ ih Bkb rZb ehsh. T[j efjzd/ fe w?A fJ;
w;skB/ Bkb, i' f;o s/ S'N/ S'N/ p'ohnK tor/ e/; oZydk ;h, r[o{ e/ bzro
dh T[rokjh eodk fojk jK. s{z fJjd/ pko/ fbyDk ukj/rK< w/o/ jK efjD
s/ T[jBK w?B{z ekgh g?~B fbnkT[D bJh fejk w?A fJj tkosk eh fbyh fe
o'I ftjb/ ;w/A xzNk d' xzN/ pkg{ ih s'A e[M Bk e[ZM fbyd/ ofjzdk. ;fsr[o{
goskg f;zx ih dh r[orZdh d/ gfjb/ ;skoK ;kbk d/ tkfens ebwpzd
ehs/ ns/ fJe g[;se j'Ad ftu nkJh ‘nZyh fvZmk feZ;k ehsk* i' 2013
ftu gfjbh Sgh ;h. S/sh jh gkmeK dh wzr s/ fJ; dh d{ih Skg th
Sg rJh. fJT[A w/o/ ;w/s j'o pj[s ;ko/ ;ZiD, fijBK dk T[~go fieo
nk u[Zek j?, ‘;fsi[r* d[nkok jh ebwh d[BhnK ftu dkybk b? ;e/ jB.
;fsi[r d/ ;ko/ gofunK dk fJzv?e; pBkT[Dk sK pj[s tZvk ezw ;h
go fJ; d/ j[D sZe d/ T[gbpX ftP/P nzeK, p;zs nzeK nkfd dk ;{uh
gZso pDkT[Dk th S'Nk ekoi BjhA ;h. fJ; ;{uh gZso d/ gkm ftu'A jh
fJe ;dh d/ ;fsi[r d/ ;co dh jkE gkJh ik ;edh j?. fi; ftu jo
nze ftu SgD tkb/ b/y, ejkDh, eftsk nkfd d/ b/ye, eth, iK ouBk
dk f;ob/y eh j? ns/ ed'A Sgh j?. fJj gsk bZr iKdk j?.;zB 1920 ftu

65
;fsi[r nkgDh gqekPBk dh gfjbh ;dh wBkT[D ik fojk j?. fJe ;dhA
d/ ;co d/ wjZst B{z T[ikro eoB bJh vkH e[bdhg f;zx u/no go;B,
;fsr[o{ okw f;zx u/no, ns/ w[yh fJfsjk; ftGkr, gzikp e/Adoh
:{Bhtof;Nh, pfmzvk B/ fJ; tZv/ ns/ i'yw Go/ ekoi B{z jZE gkfJnk j?
ns/ nZi ;fsi[r (BkwXkoh ;zgqdkfJ d/ fJ; gou/ d/ ;kbkBk nzeK) dh
ftP/^;{uh(1929^2020) gkmeK tk;s/ fsnko j' u[Zeh j?. vkH e[bdhg
f;zx gzikp d/ fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzfXs nekfdwe jbfenK ftu fJe
ikfDnk gfjukfDnk Bkw j?. T[j fgSb/ fszB e[ djkfenK s'A gzikp d/
nkX[fBe fJfsjk; dk nfXn?B eo oj/ jB. yk; eoe/ poskBthA oki
ftu f;ZyK dh G{fwek dh y'i gVskb B{z T[jBK nkgD/ nfXn?B dk gqw[Zy
ftPk pDkfJnk. T[ j BK d/ y' i gZ s o gz i kp ns/ Gkos dhnK
‘fJfsjk;^eKro;K’ ftu Sgd/ oj/. T[jBK B{z r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh,
nzfwqs;o B/ “BkwXkoh nzd'bB^fBozsosk ns/ gfotosB” ftP/ T[s/ y'i
gqpzX fbyD s/ ghHn?uHvhH fvroh godkB ehsh ;h. fJ; ouBK ftu
ftdtkB b/ye B/ ;fsr[o{ okw f;zx d[nkok 1857 ftu BkwXkoh ;zs
ykb;k dh ;EkgBK s'A nozG eoe/, ;fsr[o{ gqskg f;zx ih d/ d/jktkjB
1959 sZe e'Jh fJZe ;dh d/ BkwXkoh fJfsjk; d/ ftfGzB gVKtK dk
rzGho nfXn?B ehsk ;h. nkgD/ iBw fgzv mZmhnK wjzsK d/ r[nKYh fgzv
;ojkbh(soB skoB) d/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ykb;k jkJh ;e{b ftu'A w?fNqe
gk; eoB T[gozs nkg B/ fJfsjk;, gzikph, s/ nzrq/Ih ns/ ;wki
Pk;so ftu n?wHJ/H r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh nzfwqs;o ns/ gzikph
:{Bhtof;Nh gfNnkbk s'A gk; ehshnK. e{ek nzd'bB s/ n?wHfcbH dh
fvroh th r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh s'A ehsh j?.
gz i kph :{ B htof;Nh gfNnkbk s' A fJfsjk; dh n? ~ wHJ/ H ns/
ghHihHvhH;hHJ/H eoB tkbk r[ogqhs f;zx, vkHe[bdhg f;zx j'oK Bkb fJ;
u/no ftu u/no^c?b' j?. vkHe[bdhg f;zx ns/ r[ogqhs f;zx dh fwbthA
fwjBs dk Bshik ;fsi[r d/ brgr 90 ftP/P nze i' fgSb/ 80 ;kb d/
;w/A s/ c?b/ jB, dk ;{uh gZso fsnko j'fJnk. gzikp e/Adoh :{Bhtof;Nh
pfmzvk B/ d/P nIkdh ;zrokw ftu gqw[Zy G{fwek fBGkj[D tkbh, e{ek
bfjo Bkb ;pzfXs nkXko ;wZroh dhnK g?VK BZgD bJh, fJe m'; ekoi
eotk fbnk j?. ;kv/ fJfsjk;, ;kfjs ns/ ;ZfGnkuko d/ y'ihnK bJh
fJj fJe tvw[Zbk ekoi frfDnk ikJ/rk. nkgDh BthA ghVQh B{z T[;d/

66
g{otiK d/ ekfonK ns/ e[opkBhnK dh ikr bkJh oZyD dh nZi ;dk Bkb'A
tX b'V j?. nZi d/ fJe Xo[th ftPt ftu e"wK B{z T[jBK d/ bj{ ozr/
fJfsjk; dh b'n ftu jh gfjukD ns/ nksw ;BwkB dk nB[Gt j[zdk
j?. fJj ouBk fJfsjk;^ ;kfjs d/ gkmeK B{z w{b ouBktk d/ gkm bJh th
go/fos eo/rh. ;fsi[r d/ fJjBK nzeK ftu fBPu/ jh e[M ;dk pjko
fbysK th SgdhnK ojhnK jB. i/eo fJj ouBktK fJeZmhnK eoe/ e[M
fibdK ftu Skg fdZshnK ikD sk e{ek nzd'bB ns/ BkwXkoh ;w[dkfJ d/
e[M Bt/A g;koK s/ o'PBh gkJh ik ;edh j?.
fJ; bzwh G{fwek ftu ikD/ nBikD/ i/ e'Jh wjZstg{oB Bkw, fbys
ftu BjhA nkfJnk s/ b/ye fywK dk :kue j?. e{ek bfjo gzikp d/
;ZfGnkukoe ntu/sB ftu nkgDhnK wjkB e[opkBhnK eoe/ v{zxhnK
iVQK iwk u[Zeh j?. fJ; d/ g?o'ekoK d/ Xkofwe ftPtk; d/ nXko s/ fJ;
bfjo d/ fJfsjk; iK fJ; dh ni'e/ d"o ftu gq;zfresk d/ ;[nkb s/ fJ;
dh fBoy goy pko/ T[dk;hBsk tkbk otZJhnk ;zehoBsk dh T[gi ejh
ik ;edh j?. e/Adoh :{Bhtof;Nh gzikp, pfmzvk B/ ‘pkpk ;fsr[o{ okw
f;zx u/no* ;Ekfgs eoe/ gzikp d/ fJfsjk; d/ fJe wjZsg{oB nfXnkfJ
s/ BthA o'PBh gkT[D dk ekoi nozfGnk j?.

fwsh L 30H03H2020 ^;[toB f;zx ftoe

fgzv s/ vkexo L eohtkbk
fIbQk f;o;k^125075 (jfonkDk)
|'B L 99963^71716

67
 hrjv[
1TH ;fsi[r dk p;zs nze, ;qh ihtB Bro, fj;ko1 cZrD 2015 fpH, ekH noiB
f;zx rVrZi dk b/y BkwXkoh bfjo dk d/P Grs fJfsjk;, ;ck^30
1H i;ftzdo f;zx, ;fsi[r n\pko dk P[o{ j'Dk, ftP/P nze, ;fsi[r 80 ;kb,
2001 JhH, ow/P Bro, BthA fdZbh, ;ck 12^17
2H soB f;zx tfjwh, p[ZYh wkVh (okwg[o^s;hb f;o;k fIbQk fj;ko), iZ; ihtB
Gkr 1, 1971 JhH, ;ck 241
3H T[jh, ;ck 247^48
4H fBozeko f;zx u/sB, ;fsi[r, ;gskfje dk gfjbk gouk, 26 wJh 1920, bkj"o
5H fBozeko f;zx u/sB, b/y, T[go'es nze, ;ck^8
6H nkswk f;zx ;Bysqth^‘;fsi[r nypko fet/A s'A ed'A* ;fsi[r dk ‘p;zs nze*
2 cZrD 2042 fpeowh, ;qh ihtB Bro(f;o;k), fJ;/ p;zs nze ftu ‘;fsi[r*
dk 65 ;kbk nze th gqefPs j'fJnk fi; d/ ;ck 5 s/ T[go'es b/y ftu G?Dh
;kfjp ;fsi[r dk nkT[D dk ;wK 1983^84 fpeowh fbfynk j?, id'A bkj"o s'A
gq?; th G?Dh ;kfjp nk frnk. fJj' ;w/ ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp ftu BkwXkoh ftfdnkbk
y[ZbQD d/ B/V/ s/V/ dk ;wK j?.
7H ;fsi[r ftP/P^80 ;kbk nze, 2001 JhH ;ck 184, nkfbw ih d/ 1924 JhH sZe
;zgkde ofjDk fbfynk j?. T[BQK 1927 JhH ftu jh ;zgkde pD/ feT[Afe ;fsi[r
dk G?Dh ;kfjp nkT[Dk T[d'A jh f;ZX j[zdk j?. 1930 JhH d/ p;zs nze ftu fibd
BzL 4 fbfynk j?, sK s/ ;fsi[r d/ G?Dh ;kfjp 1927 JhH s'A gfjbk nkT[D dk
;[nkb jh g?dk BjhA j[zdk 1920 ftu bkj"o s'A SgD tkb/ ;fsi[r dk fibd Bz[po
1 ;h s/ fJ;d/ G?Dh ;kfjp nkT[D pknd BthA ofi;No/PB bJh rJh.
8H soB f;zx tfjwh, ;fsi[r 65 ;kbk ftP/P nze(Gkr d{ik), 13 cotoh 1986,
;ck 48 ftu'A T[fdqs
9H ;fsi[r, jkV 1977 fpH i[bkJh 1920 JhH ;zgkdeh^‘eh dopko ;kfjp f;ZyK dk
j?<* ;fsi[r 80 ;kbk nze, BthA fdZbh ftu'A T[fdqs, ;ck^46
10H ;zs fBXkB f;zx nkfbw, G{fwek ‘wkbt/Adq pko/* wjK eft ofus ;zs fJzdo f;zx
‘uZeotqsh* 1957 JhH fdZbh, ;ck^ ‘R* s'A ‘D*
11H iZ; ithB, Gkr gfjbk, soB f;zx tfjwh, ;ck^271
12H iZ; ithB, Gkr gzitK, soB f;zx tfjwh, ;ck^83
13H ;[toB f;zx ftoe, e{ek bfjo dk gzikph ;kfjs, 2009 JhH, ;qh G?Dh ;kfjp,
ftu Sfgnk b/y rZdeko g'qHskok f;zx nBikD, ;ck^415
14H T[go'es ftu'A ;ck 415 s/ T[dfos, fBpzX ;zrqfj ‘us[o f;nkDk ;[xV ;'fJ*,
feqs skok f;zx nBikD dh G{fwek
15H ;toB f;zx ;B/jh, ;fsi[r dh gqekPB Bhsh, ;fsi[r dk 65 ;kbk ftP/P nze,
p;zs nze (2 cZrD 2042) dk d{ik Gkr, 13 cotoh 1986, ihtB Bro
(f;o;k), ;ck^23
16H soB f;zx tfjwh, iZ; ihtB, Gkr fszB, ;ck 24H

68
 ;fsi[r
(BkwXkoh ;zgodkfJ dk ;kbkBk p;zs nze)

ftP?^;{uh
(;kb 1929 s'A 2020)

69
70
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 1986 \l.V 1929|

• wdrajrJ
#ldaepiP ijq dl>z vgY braji bj$ -dH>si dl>z y,wiriag@ #dHw
dHVwvjW bjIj$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ #fBijVg Wl.a$ -Wvr>a
dl>z euij;@ #Wl.a bjeqV$ -FjHg wjV% dl>z VjFj@ #Fjia dVqjSg
r,Dv'G bjf } rZjHg H[$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ #l.fjswg v[t a[ dryji$
-Wvr>a dl>z b{cgBi& f>V[ 1-6!
#ygVg blrji bjrgG$ -dH>si dl>z y,wiriag@ #ldaepiP dWvjl$ -
l.a dZbjV dl>z@ #?jai raV@ W[raV h' ujdH dwhCj ($ -debjVg
lisjij dl>z IPof@ #aplgG bjY A[ag Vj s[igbJ vjY$ -braji dl>z
bj;js@ #y, v w[ wp f > o f> o iju Fje hjij lg$ -wiaji dl> z
wvjlrjvgbj@ #ygVg rjvj ldaepiP dfbjij$ -RPZq dl>z bj;ju@
#wpsia lrjea sj Vjs rujdHbj H[$ -L[i dl>z h>l@ #q'C' ygVg rjvj
dfAJ qpt hpVa[$ -epfjv dl>z lr{a>ai@ #dHw bag lpbjsvg rjiaj
iju h>l w"i s[ f,a=$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ #cp,Wj W[Cj ajdibj$ -aiV
dl>z rdhqg@ debjVg RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ h>l ug@ a[uj dl>z wqv@
Fea dl>z f+[qg@ Zgi ug@ e.ej dl>z ilgbj@ e'fjv dl>z lr{a>ai@ f>V[
113-131!
#Wl.a lj} Fjr[ Vj$ -Zgi ug@ RPZq dl>z bj;ju@ f+gaq dl>z@ ZVg
ijq yjda=w@ dVqjSj ug@ e'fjv dl>z lr{a>ai@ dL>ejij dl>z dL>eji@
wiaji dl>z dhawjig@ v,tj dl>z vjh"i@ ?;jV dl>z dHVlj`@ aiV
dl>z rdhqg@ f>V[ 145-151!
#wsg lpSg xiIjs qlajdVbJ sg$ -ugrV dl>z Rps'rjvg@ RPZq
dl>z bj;ju@ biW[v dl>z iqvg@ iaV dl>z wPwj@ f>V[ 156-159!
#dWVj qhjiju bu f+jV RpC ujdh>e$[ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ f>Vj 159!
#fIji[ ygVg rjv[ qjhg s[ f+[q firjV[@ W{Gw'w dVrjlg wrgbJ s[

71
 dav ai>e$ -d*fjv dl>z iqvg@ Fea dl>z f+q
[ g@ Hgli dl>z sv[i@ ?;jV
dl>z dHVlj`@ wrg dsbjv dl>z@ hdi d*LV dw>wi@ f>V[ 163-170!
#srjsl lPif Zji vgbj braji bju$ -lp.si dl>z l[aw@ f>Vj
171& #wdraj$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ f>Vj 177& #f+eB H[l dsV tjvlj
l.a h'Ij$ -WtLgL dl>z F{Sg ljdhW@ f>Vj 180!

• v[t
#l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug b"i bjigIj lqju$ -lrjqg lpa>aij V.s@
#dl,t iju a'G Wjbs f>o } uo[W>s wiV sg fdhvg w'dLL$ -debjVg
hgij dl>z sis@ #epiP dwM ($ -iSuga dl>z ajuri@ #bj;jsg sj
s[raj$ -vjvj epidsaj t>Vj@ #dh>splajV sg bj;jsg dwV%J s[ h,o
dry h{ ( bj;jsg sj N.cj w"S NpvjH[ej$ -biPC dl>z ajdHW@ #qhJfpit
ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -braji dl>z@ #ldaupe a{G qjdSY$ -b{Kl!b{Kl!
vh"ij dl>z@ #l+g ijq dl>z ug qhjiju ba[ l" ljtg$ -lPia dl>z tjvlj@
#ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -FjHg f+[qj V.s b{Kq!H[!@ #ldaupeg idhWi$ -
vjvj ZVg ijq yjda=w& f>V[ 7-113!
#WijWi sg hwPqa$ -lisPv dl>z wrgLi@ #Wl.a$ -bjlj dl>z@ #wqjv
a[ij$ -lriV dl>z qp,nc[@ Zgi ug@ dVqjSj ug@ Wjv dl>z W{Gw'w@ f+gaq
ug@ h>l ug@ #l:{a>a=aj wj uVq sjaj l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug qhjiju )$
-f>ca bqi dl>z@ #upe upea Fea RpfjdHsj$ -ugrV dl>z@ f>V[
132-145!
#Wl.a ip,a$ -lfPiV dl>z@ f>Vj 160& #qhJfpiL l+gqjV WjWj w[li
dl>z njwi ug qhjr[ rjv[ )$ -hiVjq dl>z@ f>Vj 172& #F{Sg ljdhW a'G
H[vjV u>e$ -ijq dl>z Zji'@ f>Vj 178& #ljdhaI-lqjv'yVj$ -lph[v
dl>z Zgi@ #dya=fs s'dhij$ -epfjv dl>z lr{a>ai& f>V[ 181-186!

• whjSg
#dqvjf$ -f+gaq L[tPfpij& f>Vj 152!

• alrgiJ
#qhjiju L[i dl>z$& f>Vj 14@ #l+g ldaepiP Wjvw dl>z ug fjaLjhg

72
11rgG$& f>Vj 32@ #ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug \ldaepi siLV|$& f>Vj 64@
#qhjaqj ijq bjlij ug@ l+gqjV qhjV bjaqj w[li dl>z ug$& f>Vj
81-82@ #lyt>c rjlg l+g qhjiju epidsbjv dl>z ug$& f>Vj 112@ #l+g
108 h;Pi bB,v f+ajfg l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug ba[ lPW[ ba[ VjqZjig
f>o s[ qhjV bjaqj ljZ l.a a[ ldaepiJ s[ r[v[ s[ W;pie dl,tJ lq[a$&
f>Vj 128@ #lisji L[i dl>z ug e+.oeC$& f>Vj 144@ #l+gqjV sjV dl>z
ug aJzg W{Gw'w rjlg$& f>Vj 164@ #l+g qhjV bjaqj I'egiju WjWj
w[li dl>z ug njwpi \w[li dw,vg| qphjr[ rjv[$& f>Vj 172!

73
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa qjz 1987 \l.V 1930|

• wdrajrJ
#VjqZjig f>o } rZjHg H[ ) rZjHg H[ )$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@
#Wl.a$ -Wvr.a dl>z ug & f>V[ 1-2!
#ygVg rjv[ ldaepiP sj siWji$ -ZVg ijq yjda=w& f>Vj 36@ #Lhgsg
eP.u$ -lph[v dl>z Zgi@ #Wl.a sj yj$ -qla F"ij& f>Vj 43!
#ldaepiP ijq dl>z Zij braji h{$ -l.a u,lj dl>z lPxg@ #ygVg rjv[
ldaepiP sj Q{Wg lpV[hj$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ #h'Hg dh>s h{ vhP vphjV
a[ig$ -lp.si dl>z qla F"ij& f>V[ 47-49!
#Rpa[ ugF s[ ijq sj Vjq h'r$[ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ #ijq dl>z ug ijq
iqjIj x{vg yiyj s[l qNji$ -wiaji dl>z wvjlrjvgbj& f>V[ 51-52!
#s[h Zjig epiP$ -lph[v dl>z agi@ #f+[q y'F$ -wiq dl>z bjlg& f>V[
55-56@ #dlhij$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ #ldaVjq w[ sja[$ -r{sI lPia
dl>z tjvlj& f>V[ 62-63!
#f+[q lpV[hj$ -l.a l.fPiV dl>z@ Fea dl>z@ #FjeJ Fig lp.si Wl.a
bjHg h[$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ l.a aiV dl>z rdhqg@ FjHg y>s dl>z
qwi>s@ lph[v dl>z Zgi@ l.fPiV dl>z de,v@ s[rj dl>z dwiag@ #bju
qhjiju epiP ijq dl>z bjdHY h{$ -l.fPiV dl>z dVqjSj@ #ygVg rjv[
bjrl'e[ ws'G fgbj yv w[$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i& f>V[ 75-81!
#lpag fHg dh>s } uejIj ygVg rjv[ V[$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ lph[v
dl>z Zgi& f>Vj 99@ #Wl.a ijSg$ -drZjaj dl>z agi& f>Vj 102@ #u[ Vj
epiP ijq dl>z b"Gs[ dry s[L s[$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ lp.si dl>z l[rw@
Fea dl>z& f>Vj 107!

74
 #qjvj h{$ -l.fPiV dl>z@ RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ u,lj dl>z@ WPBj dl>z
ijH[fpi@ wiaji dl>z f{Cj@ aiV dl>z rdhqg@ dL>ejij dl>z dL>eji@
epiWtL dl>z f+gaq@ V,oj dl>z ujyw& f>V[ 108-120!
#bhp bj debj ) bjh bj debj ))$ -braji dl>z bj;js& f>Vj 125@
#sgsji fjRp$ -Hgli dl>z sv[i@ #l'y l'Z sg iga yvjHg bj w[$ -hiVjq
dl>z fdBbjvj@ aiV dl>z rdhqg@ v,tj dl>z qpn,Dc[ wvJ@ epfjv dl>z
dVdy>a@ #epiP s[hZjig W[C[ ajisj H[$ -hiVjq dl>z@ y>sj dl>z qwi>s@
epfjv dl>z dVdy>a@ e>ej dl>z ug ilgbj@ aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #blgG
wg lg ( wg WS[ ( a[ hpS wg hJ ($ -epiWtL dl>z LqL[i@ #bV.s Ziq$
-u,lj dl>z@ #iga tjvl[ sg V;i bJrsg Vj$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ #a[i[
yiV sg tjw } ails[ V[$ -RPZq dl>z bjd;u@ lphv [ dl>z Zgi@ hiVjq
dl>z dVh>e@ aiV dl>z rdhqg@ FjHg a[uj dl>z wqv@ ?;jV dl>z dHVlj`&
f>V[ 130-146@ #vdva fs$ -FjHg wjV% dl>z VjFj@ f>Vj 150!

• v[t
#ygVg blrji$@ -dH>si dl>z y*riag& f>Vj 3@ #VjqZjig LhgsJ sj
?PVg ljwj$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ f>Vj 37!
#epifsrg a[ ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -wiq dl>z bjlg@ f>Vj 44@
#bj;jsg sj s[raj$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ f>Vj 50!
#ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug b"i lja:w F'uV$ -lpa>a=aj V.s@ f>Vj 53@ #l+g
ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sj FuV a[ RpV%J sj Rpfs[L$ -dVi>uV dl>z
sp,ev& f>Vj 57@ #s[L Fea l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -qhjLj d*LV
ug& f>Vj 61!
#Wl.a Rps{$ -Wjrj Wp,Z dl>z wiaj@ #bldh I'e rjvj WjWj$ -lpbjqg
r[sj V.s@ #siLV s[ta s'l Vl[$ -l.a l.fPiV dl>z@ #f+[q lpV[hj$ -vjvj
ZVg ijq ug yjda=w@ f>V[ 64-74!
#VjqZjig vdhi$ -epiW?L dl>z@ #bjiLg r{s$ -hiVjq dl>z dVh>e@
f>V[ 82-98!
#VjqZjig vdhi$ -qj! lp.si dl>z vjdHvfpig@ f>Vj 100@ #VjqZjigbJ
sgbJ wpiWjVgbJ$ -yiV dl>z Lhgs@ f>Vj 103!

75
 #l+gqjV WjWj ijq dl>z ug sj dqLV a[ ljcj hpS `i;$ -e.cj dl>z
w[rv@ f>Vj 121!
#l+gqjV WjWj ijq dl>z ug sg Ijseji ljij f>o qVjH[$ -debjVg
hgij dl>z sis@ #WjWj ijq dl>z ( dw epiP ijq dl>z ( dw ldaepiP ijq
dl>z ($ -r{sI V"i>e dl>z aJzg& f>Vj 126-130!
#Wvg sjV$ -higL y.s= drdsbjiog& f>Vj 147!

76
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 1988 \l.V 1931|

• wdrajrJ
#ygVg sg lrjig h{$ -ZVg ijq yjda=w@ #ygVg rjvj$ -bj;js ug@
f>V[ 2-3& #fpLf qjvj$ -lph[v dl>z Zgi@ f>Vj 20& #y'ug f+gaq$ -RPZq
dl>z bjd;u@ f>Vj 26& #ajiV aiV wvPwjv w[ wV%Ij bjH[$ -dVZjV
dl>z bjdvq@ f>Vj 33!
#l.qa 1972 sg Wl.a$ -epiqpt dl>z qplj`i@ f>Vj 40& #ldaupeg
Wl.a sg Rpcgw$ -b{Kl! b{Kl! yiV dl>z Lhgs@ f>Vj 46!
#l+gqjV WjWj ijq dl>z ug qhjiju$ -qdhajW dl>z Zgi@ #dWVJ qjhg
s[ dw,sJ Wl.a Fjr[$ -Rpaq dl>z a[u@ #q[hi lsj dh>s Rpa[ AjHg ih[
Wl.a ip,a )$ -q[hi dl>z q[hi@ f>V[ 49-54!
#qjVjrjvj sj h"vj$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ f>Vj 58& zCg dw,Do[ fv
dry qV q[ij q'h debj$ -vjvj liqpt ijdH ljdhW@ #Wl.a bjIj Whji
bjHg$ -RPZq dl>z bjd;u@ #FjeJ Fig lp.si Wl.a ipa bjHg$ -l.a
l[rw VjVw dl>z@ #lyt>c a'G bjf dVi>wji bjdHbj$ -VjVw dl>z
dy,DdCbJrjvj@ #rjh rjh Wl.a a{o'G rjig ujrJ z'vgbJ )$ -w[hi dl>z
w[hi@ f>V[ 61-64!
#Rpyg i'S dVqjSgbJ ejHgbJ V[$ -debjVg uea dl>z siLV@
f>Vj 65& #epiP ijq dl>z Vjq Zij bjH[ )$ -dL>ejij dl>z dL>eji@
#hdispbji sg Ijaij$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #ldaepiP ijw dl>z$ -cj!
dH>s= dl>z sqw@ #f>ca a[uFjV sj RpZji wgaj$ -FjHg V.s vjv
dZ>eCj@ #ygVg rjv[ f+gaq ug ws'G zi bjr'e[ ($ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@
f>V[ 66-75!
#f+[q l.s[L$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ #ygVg rjvg rje Fp.rj$ -RPZq dl>z
bjd;u@ f>V[ 78-79& #qV ai>e$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ f>Vj 82@ #ygVg

77
 rjv[ #bjdu;$ sg bjl bj fpujrSg$ -RPZq dl>z bjd;u@ #ygVg rjv[
f+gaq sg bjqs$@ -epidsa dl>z wqv@ #bjf lpZji[ aJ u,e aji'$ -
lp>si dl>z vjdHvfpig@ f>V[ 86-90!
#dHw r[i x[i bj uj )$ -l.a l.fPiV dl>z dVqjSj@ #dHw rji x[i bj
uj$ -l.a L[i dl>z h>l@ f>V[ 95-96& #Vjq udfY dVi>wjig sj$ -biuV
dl>z ug r{sI@ f>Vj 111@ #b{ ijq aP. bj uj )$ -Vjq idha@ f>Vj 114&
#b{o[ bu[ hpS[ dHw tCg qpdBbji lg$ -V<oj dl>z F"i@ f>Vj 117!
#e'sgbJ dry vjc vcjY$ -q{V[ui Wgi il q{cgwv hjv vjh"i@
#ugr[G y>V h{G aP. w"qJ ljigbJ sj$ -drZjaj dl>z agi@ l.a qlajV
dl>z@ f>V[ 126-128& #l'hSg bjS i,tg VjqZjigbJ V[ )$ -?ujV dl>z
dHVlj`@ f>Vj 149!

• v[t
#bjfSj N[Cj$ -b{cgBi@ #ugrjvV hji ldaepiP$ -dH>si dl>z
y*riag@ f>V[ 4-19& #e+gWdVrj; ldaepiP$ -FjHg hiVjq dl>z@
f>Vj 22& #qhjV bjaqj sj f+wjL )$ -FjHg q'hV dl>z r{s@ #Wl.a ipa
sg dtCg fdra= wvg )$ -l! l! vh"ij dl>z@ f>V[ 28-32& #VjqZjig
dHdahjl$ -e.cj dl>z w[rv@ #eRP #QigWJ$ s[ ijt[ fPiV u'a ldaepiP
l+g ijq dl>z ug s[ yiV wqvJ dry W[Vag$ -biPC dl>z ajdHW@ #dlZ
fpit l+g WjWj ijq dl>z ug$ -l[rj dl>z@ f>V[ 34-40!
#l+g WjWj ijq dl>z ug$ -bqi dl>z@ f>Vj 42& #VjqZjig dl,t$ -f+'!
a[uj dl>z@ f>Vj 47& #lpFjeI dshjCj Wl.a f>yqg$ -fPiV dl>z wiaj@
f>Vj 55& #ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug qhjiju s[ s' hpwqVjdqbJ sg bn'a=g
ba[ LJag sg a[Q$ -biPC dl>z ajdHW@ f>Vj 60!
#ygVg rjv[ fjaLjh sg Ijseji$ -dVi>uV dl>z sp,ev@ f>Vj 66&
#l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug qhjiju$ -lrjqg lpa.aij V.s bjyjigbj@
f>Vj 76& #Vjq sg xphji rilS bjdHbj$ -ldaVjq dl>z@ f>Vj 80&
#lpfVj$ -u[!b{KV! epvjHg@ f>Vj 83& #VjqZjig dHdahjl s[ hgi[ q'agbJ
sg l.Fjv wi'$ -epiWtL dl>z LqL[i@ f>Vj 90!
#LjVag sj l'qj ldaepiP )$ -f>ca qVLj dl>z w"qg@ #epiP Wjvw dl>z

78
 ug$ -l.a dVZjV dl>z bjdvq@ f>V[ 97-110& #W>ZV a'i FH[ dVir{i$
-biuV dl>z ug r{sI@ #VPiJ sj VPi ldaepiP ijq dl>z$ -l.a L[i dl>z
h>l@ f>V[ 114-116& #l+g WjWj ijq dl>z ug$ -FjHg rgi dl>z ug@
f>Vj 119!
#fdhyjV$ -lpsiLV ug@ #l.a urjhi dl>z ug dqi;[ rjvgH[$ -debjVg
idu>si dl>z@ #ljdhaw lqjv'yVj$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ f>V[ 129-
148!

• Q;v
#bj ujY ) bj ujY )) ygVg rjv[ )$ -Vjq idha@ f>Vj 36!

• l.t[f ujSwjig
#Vj dqvriaV VjqZjigbJ a'G dl,Dt'$ -q'hV dl>z ug r{s@ f>Vj 65!

• alrgi
#l+gqjV l.a q>ev dl>z ug qlajV[$@ f>Vj 112!

79
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 1989 \l.V 1932|

• wdrajrJ
#idha Vjqj$ -FjHg wjV% dl>z VjFj@ #f+[q Wl.a$ -vjvj ZVg ijq ug
yjda=w@ f>V[ 2-3& #wvP wjv dry ldaupe riajIj dwV ($ -RPZq
dl>z qplj`i@ #rjvg s' uhjV s[$ -l.a d*fjv dl>z iqvg@ aiV dl>z
rdhqg@ f>V[ 32-34!
#sgVj sptgbj Vjv fIji a[ij$ -l.a wiaji dl>z W{Gw'w@ #rjvg s'
uhjV w[$ -FjHg dsbjv dl>z qVy>sj@ Fea dl>z f+[qg@ f>V[ 42-43&
#bjr' qpC w[ ygVg blrji h' w[$ -Zgi ug W{Gw'w@ #Wl.a drwjl$ -l.a
ijq[Gs= dl>z VjFj@ f>Vj 49-50& #dHdahjlw Njwg$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@
f>Vj 54& #l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z braji bjH[$ -liZj dl>z dVqjSj@
f>Vj 56& #YqgG sj Rpui$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #epiP fPuj$ -L"w ug
dcyw'B@ #l+gqjV WjWj ijq dl>z ug qhjiju sg fdr,ai Ijs dry wPw[
sg Wl.a$ -f+'! e.ej dl>z d`vjl`i@ #q{ wg epVjh wi W{ng hdabjigbj$
-V,oj dl>z F"i@ f>V[ 60-64!
#whgG wjlsj ygVg sg rje q'C'$ -RPZq dl>z bjdu;@ f>Vj 74& #wpv
bjvq ajHgG rZjHg h'r[$ -fPiV dl>z dVqjSj@ #lyj r{s WgqjiJ sj bj
dihj H[$ -RPZq dl>z bjdu;@ Wiqj dl>z bj;js@ f>V[ 89-90& #Wl.a
f>yqg$ -FjHg f+[qj V.s qvh'a=j@ f>Vj 93& #rjvg s' uhjV w[$ -l.a
lp.si dl>z l[rw@ l.a sjV dl>z aJzg@ f>V[ 98-99!
#WjHgwjB rjvg dh>splajV b>si$ -epiWtL dl>z u,B@ f>Vj 105&
#wi dsbJej W.s tvjlgbJ r[$ -l.ej dl>z qpigs@ f>Vj 107& #wPw[$ -
ulr>a dl>z dsvveg@ f>Vj 110& #ijq dfbjij$ -drZjaj dl>z agi@
#l+g WjWj ijq dl>z ug s[ Rpfwji$ -f+gaq dl>z drdsbjiog@ f>V[ 118-
119!

80
 #wPw[$ -FjHg yiV dl>z dViqjS@ f>Vj 125& #VjqZjig$ -epfjv dl>z
w>rv@ #lJNj dl,t dh>sP qplvqjV sj l{G$ -vjF y>s ug ljHgG@ #laVjq
w[ sja[$ -l.a lPia dl>z@ f>V[ 139-141!

• v[t
#zi sgbJ e,vJ$@ #y'ug f+gaq$ -b{cgBi ldaupe@ f>V[ 4-31& #IjirJ
ujqj$ -dVZjV dl>z bjdvq@ f>Vj 35& #ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sg zjvSj$
-lp.si dl>z dLqvj@ f>Vj 44& #l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sg bjaqw
Lwag$ -cj! dH>s+ dl>z sqw@ f>Vj 51& #ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug b"i
dHla=g ujda$ -lpa.a=aj V.sj vjh"i@ f>Vj 55& #lp<y[ ugrV dvta dry
dvtjY$ -epiWtL dl>z LqL[i@ f>Vj 57& #dH,Aj fPiw WjWj$ -a[uj dl>z
vjdHvfpig@ f>Vj 61!
#RpeP y,w a'G epiP y,w$ -FjHg hiVjq dl>z ijeg@ f>Vj 76& #dWihp.
AdhWiJ a[ dlqiV ZpVwjiJ l+g WjWj ug sg wijqja$ -debjVg ldaVjq
dl>z@ f>Vj 91& #w"qg vdhi s[ q'Tg$ -lPia dl>z I'eg@ f>Vj 94& #VjqZjig
sWjRp y,wi$@ #wPwj f>o r,v liwjig fjvlg sj blv li'a$ -higLy.s+
drdsbjiog@ #Fjia } V[w lvjh$ -L[i dl>z h>l@ f>V[ 100-106!
#bj;jsg sg vdhi a[ VjqZjig$ -qj! lp.si dl>z vjdHvfpig@ f>Vj
109& #bfV[ l[rw wg bjf[ ijt{ bjf[ Vjq ufjr{$ -l.a bjrS y>s@
f>Vj 111& #l+g WjWj ijq dl>z ug s[ Rpfwji$ -w{fBV ueV Vjo l[ng@
f>Vj 119& #qhJfpiL WjWj w[li dl>z ug yp,f$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #w"qg
Lhgs$ -f>ca qjVlj dl>z w"qg@ #l+g WjWj ijq dl>z a[ qhjaqj eJZg$
-yiV dl>z@ f>V[ 120-128!

• whjSg
#dlsw sj xp,v$ -Vi>uS dl>z sp,ev@ f>Vj 65!

• ujSwjig
#dya= yiyj$ -b{cgBi ldaupe@ f>Vj 129!

81
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 1990 \l.V 1933|

• wdrajrJ
#rZjHg h'r[$ -s[rj dl>z dwiag@ f>Vj 12& #F{Sg ljdhW$ -l.a wp>sV
dl>z Fe"aj@ f>Vj 20& #s:jsl iPf Zdibj dh>splajV s[ dry$ -l.a
qlajV dl>z@ f>Vj 23!
#lsj Vjq ih' dyajisj$ -biuV dl>z r{s@ #Wl.a s[ i>e$ -vjv
dl>z w>ri@ f>V[ 42-44& #wpsia sj lrjea wiVj$@ -l.fPiV dl>z
dVqjSj@ #dfbjig Wl.a bj eHg$ -q[hi dl>z q[hi@ f>V[ 47-48& #wdW,a$
-RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ #VjqZjig Lhgs$ -vjvj dl>z w>ri@ f>V[ 55-57!
#aJzJ$@ #Wl.a bjHg h{$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ f>V[ 60-61& #ldaepiP
ijq dl>z ug s[ yiVJ idr>s q[G fpLfJuvg$ -f>ca vAqV dl>z@ l.fPiV
dl>z dVqjSj@ f>V[ 67-68& #vj w[ Vjq sg ritj WpNjS bjIj )$ -l+!
h;ji dl>z ug@ f>Vj 70& #Wl.a ip,a$ -iaV dl>z iaV@ f>Vj 75& #Wl.a
f>yqg$ -WPBj dl>z@ f>Vj 79!
#Vjq w' f+yji wgV' s[l w[ q>Nji h{$ -l.a sjq"si dl>z drdsbjiog@
f>Vj 112& #ldaupe r,Dv'G dl,t f>o } rZjHg H[$ -Wvr.a dl>z x,wi@
f>Vj 118& #fIji Fig ds>sj h{ rZjHg sjl ldaupe$ -FjHg wjV% dl>z
VjFj$@ f>Vj 130!

• v[t
#b{cgB'igbv V'B$ -b{cgBi ldaupe@ #drAC[ q[vS hji ldaepiP$ -
l.a qlajV dl>z@ #epiqa ditgw[L$ -vjvj ZVg ijq yjda=w@ f>V[ 2-
12& #qjhj qjh qpqjitg ydCbj lsj Wl.ap mm$ -FjHg q'hV dl>z r{s@
#fdra=aj sj l,yj w[Gsi$ -cj! e'wv y.s Vji>e@ #ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug
hg Fjia riL sg bjaqj hV$ -biPC dl>z ajdHW@ #q[i[ ugrV RpKa[

82
 VjqZjig f+Fjr$ -wrv drV's FPLV f>ca njwi s,a@ #Wl.a sj l.s[Lj$
-u'de>si dl>z@ #f+[q vBW"ig dxi[ hi uj Wl.a h{ )$ -W+hqj dl>z bj;js@
f>V[ 13-22!
#WJh fwC wT vgV[ uV bfV[ e+dh b>Z wPf a[ qjdHbj$ -WPBj dl>z
ijH[fpi@ #ldaupe WjWj$ -e.cj dl>z ujyw@ #l.a WyV bBvjZj$ -
FjHg q'hV dl>z r{s@ #LiZj s[ xp,v$ -dVi>uV dl>z ajdvW@ #qpiNjdHbJ
} lpiuga ba[ q'IJ } ugra wi s[S rjvg bwjvg u'a$ -qhjiju
epidsbjv dl>z@ f>V[ 24-42!
#dlqiV$ -epiWtL dl>z LqL[i@ f>Vj 45& #q'hg s[t sil )$ -epiWtL
dl>z@ f>Vj 49& #LJag a[ r{ije sj l'qj$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ f>Vj 58&
#epiqda ije wjVx=.l$ -cj! f+spqV dl>z@ f>Vj 62& #f+[q I'eg WjWj ijq
dl>z ug$ -y"Zig ugrV dl>z@ f>Vj 69& #dWis fjvw epiP$ -bjrS y>s@
f>Vj 71& #fdhvj Vj dqv riaVg$ -hiVjq dl>z vtVRP@ f>Vj 76!
#VjqZjig f>o w' q[ig qppWjiwWjs$ -bV.s liPf dl>z@ #wjrV$ -higL
y>si drdsbjiog@ #lpFjeg Wl.a$ -h;jij dl>z WjWP@ #eRP e+gW sj
lhjdHw ldaepiP )$ -f>ca qVlj dl>z w"qg@ #ugrV sjaj ldaepiP
\Wl.a braji|$ -qj! epiWtL dl>z@ f>V[ 80-111!
#ygVg rjv[ WjW[ sg ri%[ e.T$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ f>Vj 114&
#VjqZjig f>o b{l r[v[ L+'qSg l.a qa h{$ -dH>si dl>z sqw@ #WjWj ijq
dl>z dw ldaepiP ijq dl>z ($ -bjlj dl>z vjh"i@ #bjaqw RpKyaj s[
hqjv[ l+g WjWj ijq dl>z ug qhjiju$@ -r{sI V"i>e dl>z aJzg@
f>V[ 119-126!

• alrgiJ
#l+gqjV WjWj urjhi dl>z ug_f{hv[ F[l dry / l+gqjV WjWj urjhi
dl>z ug lPWj$@ f>Vj 32& #VjqZjig ljZ l.ea W{Gw'w \dlbjq|$@ f>Vj 96!

83
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 1991 \l.V 1934|

• wdrajrJ
#bj Zdibj braji H[$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ #ygVg rjvj WjWj$ -
braji dl>z bj;js@ #sis lV[h[$ -drZjaj dl>z agi@ f>V[ 1-3!
#ygVg sj up blrji H[$ -RPZq dl>z bjdu;@ f>Vj 30& #lp,aj f>o
uejIj qpC w[$ -cj! izWgi dl>z qdvw@ #ygVg rjv[ sj bjV braji
h'dHbj mm$ -ljZP dl>z ug ljdWi@ f>V[ 37-38!
#wvupe dry ldaupe$ -l.ej dl>z qpigs@ f>Vj 42& #aJzJ$ -vjv
dl>z w>ri@ #ygVg rjv[ sj duV%J sgsji wgaj@ W[C[ daV%J s[ Fruv'G
fji h' eH[$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ f>V[ 48-49!
#f+ga h{$ -f+gaq dl>z drdsbjiog@ #Wl.a sj$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg$@
f>V[ 54-55& #WjTg wpv sj l+sji$ -q[hi dl>z q[hi@ #uea Lhgsg
fjHg$ -cj! izWgi dl>z qdvw@ f>V[ 58-59!
#ygVg rjv[ fgbj bjH[ bu s[ dshji lg )$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@
#bjdH fag q[i[ lpa[ Fjia ue"V }$ -l.a iaV dl>z wPwj@ f>V[ 62-63!
#rjh rjh fIjij bj debj$ -l[rj dl>z dLqvj@ f>Vj 67& #rZjHg$
-ir[v dl>z@ f>Vj 70!
#bj Fje Vr[G dli vjdHbj lP$ -FjHg epiWtL dl>z u,B@ #ldaupe
lsw[$ -r{sI V"i>e dl>z aJzg@ f>V[ 79-80& #a[ij ldawji WjWj$
-r{s Wp,Tj dl>z@ #f+[q l.s[Lj$ -de! xwgi dl>z f+s[lg@ #qga s[ ega$ -
dH>si dl>z y*riag@ #VjVw hg epiP ljdibJ sj f[Bj ajVj h{$ -l+sji
vjvj dl>z@ #Z.V bjrVjWjTg lpvajV a[ij )$ -FjHg ijq dl>z dVqjSj$@
f>Vj 84-88!

84
• v[t
#dtqJ sg q>e$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ #f+[q f+rjV[ ba[ f+ga sg fit$
-ygx b{cgBi@ #ipa bjHg v[!!!$ -wqvj bwjvg@ #dV,DdwbJ hp>dsbJ sgbJ
e,vJ$ -L[i dl>z debjVg@ #Wl.a$ -epiWtL dl>z@ f>V[ 4-37!
#hdi uV hdi b>ai VhgG$ -FjHg q'hV dl>z r{s@ #l+g WjWj ijq dl>z
ug WjWa dHw yLqsgs erjhg$ -l'Tg h;jij dl>z@ #Vjq a[ VjqZjig$
-h;jij dl>z bjlg@ f>V[ 39-48!
#drhji lpZji$ -e.cj dl>z ujyw@ #VjqZjigbJ s[ wpN epS$ -dWLV
sjl fpig$@ #LjVag s[ fPiV braji l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug )$ -RPZq
dl>z qplj`i@ f>V[ 50-54& #wg blgG bu[ rg WjWj ijq dl>z ug }
bjfSj Vj lqNJe[ ($ -r{sI V"i>e dl>z aJzg@ f>Vj 56!
#1872 s[ l,Dy[ Lhgs$ -r{sI V"i>e dl>z aJzg@ f>Vj 60& #b,u sj
Wl.a$ -cj! f+spqV dl>z@ f>Vj 64& #ug bjrShji sjaj$ -epidsa
dl>z wqv@ f>Vj 68& #dfbji s[ b,oiP$ -bjlg ug@ #qv[iw'Bv[ s[ ljw[
sj dHw f,aij$ -higL dl>z y>si drdsbjiog@ #dwiagbJ sj dha{Lg
ldaepiP$ -f>ca qVlj dl>z w"qg@ f>V[ 71-78!

• alrgiJ
#l.ega yjiIj FjHg ljdhW FjHg hiVjq dl>z ug ijeg$@ #l:ierjlg
FjHg ljdhW qlajV dl>z ug h;Pig ijeg fdBbjvj$@ f>Vj 24!
#f>o iaV l+gqjV l.a dH>s+ dl>z ug y*riag / l+gqjV l+sji bjaqj
dl>z ug ijrvdf>cg$@ f>Vj 40!
#l+gqjV@ l[n Vi{S dl>z ug@ Wga[ hjv-epuiJ rjvj@ l+g qjV FjHg
rdibjq dl>z ug dya=wji l+g F{Sg ljdhW / VjqZjig ljZ l.ea W.WHg$@
f>Vj 80!

85
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 1992 \l.V 1935|

• wdrajrJ
#qpwda Fpeda s[S rjvj$@ #aV sj Lrjvj rl"S rjvj$@ #dfi fis[l
dlZjdHY$@ #qV q'hSj qjhg$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ #wpN bjfSg r,Dv'G$
-b{cgBi ldaupe@ #fPiV fpit sj braji$ -Ipa ijq braji VjdHw@
f>Vj 1-8!
#f+gaq dfbji[$ -drZjaj dl>z agi@ #sil WtLV[ RpyCg LjV rjv[$ -
cj! izWgi dl>z ljhV[rjv@ #fgbj bjeqV$ -epidsa dl>z wqv@ f>V[
39-42!
#dfbji[ sg Fjv$ -epidsa dl>z wqv@ #q{} bj dqv ygVg rjdvbj$
-vjvj ZVg ijq yjda=w@ f>V[ 51-52& #VjqZjig dl,t$ -Fea dl>z
f+[qg@ #dl,t l.fisj wjVxi>l sj qV'io$ -vjv dl>z w>ri@ #e'riZV
Zjig$ -epidsa dl>z wqv@ f>V[ 56-57!
#f+[q Rpcjig$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ f>Vj 63& #b,u bjRpS rjvj w"S
h{ ($ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #ygVg s[ lrji Vjv$@ #epvLV Wl.a ip,a blJ
} FJrsg$ -w[li dl>z epvLV@ f>V[ 67-68!
#dViqjS wvg ^ ugrV$ -dViqjS ug tjvlj wjvu@ #b"Sj ue a[ij
ajhgH[ ilgbj lphjr[Vg$ -e.ej dl>z ug ilgbj@ #ldaupe r,Dv'G dl,t f>o
} rZjHg H[$ -Wvr.a dl>z W{ijC@ f>V[ 73-74& #wpv bjvq ajHgG
rZjHgbJ V[$ -liZj dl>z dVqjSj@ f>Vj 78& #dHw f+[qg r,Dv'G$ -Vjq
idha@ f>Vj 80& #dfbji[ bj$ -f+gaq dl>z ug wrg@ #zi zi dus%[
bjeqV sg rZjHg H[$ -h;jij dl>z dLqvj@ #ldaepiP l+g ijq dl>z ug
qhjiju$ -iPf VijdHS fJc[@ f>V[ 82-84!
#hjC%j$@ #wjL )$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ f>V[ 87-89& #drsjdHeg lq[G

86
 s[ hpwq$ -lPWj hdiVjq dl>z vtVRP@ f>Vj 93& #ygVg rjv[ sj bjV
braji h'dHbj$ -debjVg yai dl>z yai@ f>Vj 97& #l+g ldaepiP ijq
dl>z bjf bjdHbj$ -l.a Zjij dl>z ug uo[sji@ f>Vj 102& #Vjq y,fP v{
w[ bjH[ fji ug RpajiV[ mm$ -q'hV dl>z qarjvj@ f>Vj 106& #bjH[ V[ )$
-wrg f+gaq dl>z@ f>Vj 108!
#ldaVjq sj ujf ufjV bjdHbj$@ #bqgiJ a[ eigWJ sg Wl.a$@
#rZjHg H[ ) rZjHg H[ ))$ -s[rj dl>z dwiag@ f>V[ 119-120@ 123!
#slq[L df,DA'G dl,tg sg hjva tijW h'Hg$ -l.a f+ajf dl>z v'heC%
fdBbjvj@ f>Vj 132& #ygVg rjv[ sj f{Qjq$ -vgvjr.ag ug@ f>Vj
137& #dVe%j Vjv hg durJsj h'Ij )$ -Vdi>si w"i@ #Wl.ag siWji$ -
epidsa dl>z wqv@ f>V[ 142-143!
#aP. hg w>VJ rjvj h{G$ -dL>ejij dl>z dL>eji@ f>Vj 147& #dfbjij
ygVg rjvj$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ f>Vj 150& #FjeJ Fig Wl.a$ -
vjv dl>z w>ri@ f>Vj 154& #lFVJ V[ uj uj yp.dqbj )$ -epiWtL dl>z@
f>Vj 159!
#ygVg rjv[ f+gaq$ -l.a qghJ dl>z lPWj@ #ygVg rjv[ sj bjeqV$ -
WjWj urjvj dl>z@ f>Vj 162& #ldaepiJ sg bjdebj$ -aiV dl>z
rdhqg@ f>Vj 165!
#wgiag W>sVj$ -Fea dl>z f+[qg@ #l'hSj ldaepiP$ -epiWtL dl>z
f+gaq@ #v<t v<t rZjHgbJ )$ -sjV dl>z aJzg$@ f>V[ 173-174& #qhjiju
bjH[$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ f>Vj 176!

• v[t
#bfPir Wvg sjV$ -yg` b{cgBi ldaupe@ f>Vj 9& #VjqZjig LhgsJ
s[ lqjyji RpV%J wjavJ sg wvq a'G$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ f>Vj 43&
#Wl b>a dry dxi Wl.a$ -e.ej dl>z df+>lgfv@ f>Vj 53& #VjqZjig
vdhi$ -epiqpt dVhjv dl>z@ f>Vj 58& #ZiqJ sg l<yg lJN$ -L[i dl>z
debjVg@ f>Vj 64& #dHvjhg sja[ sj Wiqj s[L dry x[ij$ -epids,a
dl>z wqv@ f>Vj 69!
#f>ujWg dvtjig$ -lPia dl>z I'eg@ f>Vj 75& #w"q sj l,yj lfPa

87
 w"S ($ -vjv epidsaj t>Vj@ f>Vj 79& #Lhgs f{sj wiV rjvg qhjV
RpKy Lwag$ -r{s V"i>e dl>z aJzg@ f>Vj 81& #VjqZjig f>o )$ -l:jqg
FerjV sjl ug byjiI@ f>Vj 83& #W.dsbJ } i,W Vjv u'CV rjvj$
-l.a h;Pij dl>z FPig rjv[@ f>Vj 85!
#s[L Fea WjW[ sj uVq Rpalr$ -dVi>uV dl>z ajdvW@ f>Vj 88&
#avrigH[ a'G b>dq+a-ligbj$ -iSZgi dl>z ail@ f>Vj 90& #f+gaq
drA'Cj$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ f>Vj 94& #dHw Vr[G braji sg v'C$ -L[i
dl>z debjVg@ #Z.V ) ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -WjWP h;jij dl>z l.ZP@
f>Vj 98-102!
#ljseg sj dfbji ldaepiP$ -f>ca qVlj dl>z w"qg@ f>Vj 103& #l+g
WjWj ug sg ri%[ e.T$ -cj! f>ujW dl>z@ f>Vj 107& #Wgaije l+g l.a
w[li dl>z ug ydr>c[ rjv[$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #LhgsgbJ sj qpC
RpaLjh WtLV hji[$ -FjHg q'hV dl>z ug r{s@ f>V[ 109-119!
#VjqZjig ugrVj bjsiL$ -qpVLj dl>z sptg@ #ygVg rjvj WjWj$ -
dL>ejij dl>z dL>eji@ #RpV%grgG lsg sj lF a'G r,cj s[L Fea$ -WjWj
qjV dl>z ejej@ #ljcj q;%W$ -bjlj dl>z vjh"i@ #dWV dlqiV duRp
ugrV WvVj$ -qh>a epiWtL dl>z l[rj f>og@ #ljdibJ sj lJNj WjWj$ -qj!
ajij dl>z ug@ #wPdwbJ sj ugrV$ -Z.Vj dl>z wj}Ve'@ f>V[ 121-141!
#biLg siWji$ -Vjq idha@ #dltg a[ ljseg sj f+yjiw$ -Vjhi
dl>z b{Kq!H[!@ #bj;jsg f+jfag s[ blv ljZV$ -bjaqj dl>z ijHgl
ijrvdf>cg@ f>V[ 144-149!
#l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug w[ dlZJa$ -ijLBifag WjWP iju[Gs= f+Ljds
ug@ #Wl.a s[ qhjiju sg Wl.a igN$ -epiWtL dl>z@ f>V[ 153-159&
#bj;jsg sj l.s[Lj s[S rjvj$ -HgLi dl>z qN{v@ f>Vj 161!
#da>V i>e[-dya=J l.W.Zg$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ #igdrRP VjqZjig
dHdahjl$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ #e'dW>s sjl a'G l.a hiVjq dl>z$ -
dH>si dl>z y*riag@ f>V[ 165-72!

• alrgiJ
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88
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dWih'G beVg ija dsV[ aCfJ e[ sptgH[@ qylV dsvgG FWjw[ m$ f>Vj 6!
#qv[iw'Bv[ sj Lhgsg ds=LI$@ f>Vj 24& #ldaepiP ug sg wvwdaY
uhj; a[ irjVeg$@ f>Vj 44& #dwv%j dHvjhjWjs l+! q>ev dl>z ug
ijhg l.eaJ s[ Vjq l.s[L$@ f>Vj 80& #l+gqjV f>ca qpVlj dl>z ug/
l+gqjV qj! lphjrj dl>z ug$@ f>Vj 104& #VjqZjig ljZ l.ea y>eqHg
\dlbjq|/VjqZjig ljZ l.ea V{i'Wg \b`igwj|@ f>Vj 120& #l+gqjV
l+sji L.ejij dl>z ug/wjwj wiq dl>z ug$@ f>Vj 124!

89
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 1994 \l.V 1937|

• wdrajrJ
#q>ev qHg bjeqV$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ f>Vj 1& #aP. dw,Do[ H[G ($ -
braji dl>z bj;js@ f>Vj 4& #fpLf qjvj$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@
f>Vj 14& #Wl.a dw Wl-b>a$ -yiV dl>z dViqjS@ #dl,tg$@ -f+'! q'hV
dl>z@ f>V[ 21-22& #bj dqvg dyig drAp.V[$ -cj! izWgi dl>z@ f>Vj 28&
#drLr Vjy$ -dVZjV dl>z bjdvq@ #lWw fwjHgH[$ -ljZP dl>z de,v@
#f+jioVj$ -ugrV dl>z f+s[lg@ f>V[ 31-32!
#H[waj sg Wiwa$ -epfjv dl>z sis@ #iPf hig s[$ -V"i>e dl>z
aJzg@ #l+g epiP yiV'G wg ZPvg fi fJy xPv$ -iSrgi dl>z f+ZjV@ #Wl.a
wj$@ #dl,Bj dlsw$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ f>V[ 47-50@ 55!
#ldaepi lFVJ sj Fvj qVjdHsj$ -Fea dl>z f+[qg@ f>Vj 58& #ygVg
rjvj y>V$@ -ivj dl>z bjdvq@ f>Vj 67& #rZjHg$ -dsbjv ug b>Wjvrg@
f>Vj 70& #dli` zCg sg zCg$ -hig dl>z lji>e@ f>Vj 78!
#a[i[ WjN lhjij w'Hg Vj$ -RPZq dl>z bjdu;@ #raVJ rv x[ij fj$ -
ljZP dl>z tpidCbjrjvj@ #qV qV sj f+yji$ -l! l[rw ug@ #bu Wl.a
a[ bjIj ijq$ -W+hq dl>z debjVg@ f>V[ 80-87!
#i,Wg VPi$ -bqi w"i@ #lPai siLV$ -dVZjV dl>z bjdvq@ f>V[ 89-
104& #ygVg rjvj dfbji$ -w[li dl>z epvLV@ #dlqiVj$ -W{Gw'w wrg
siWji@ f>V[ 134-139& #i,Ddtbj$ -vjvj dl>z w>ri@ f>Vj 144!

• v[t
#Rpy[yj l.s[l$ -f>ca urjhi vjv VdhiP@ #lPw[ hi[ wi[ dtV qjdh$
-FjHg wjV% dl>z VjFj@ f>V[ 2-3& #l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug qhjiju sj

90
 qjVr Ziq ba[ VrJ Fjia$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ f>Vj 9& #ljcj
dHw aivj$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ #lF a'G fdhvj bjidow vdhi$
-wjWv dl>z e'dW>sfpig@ #eigWJ sj l,yj bjeP$ -l'hV dl>z u'L@ f>V[
16-21!
#epiP ug sg uejHg u'a uesg ih[$ -vjvj tpLhjv y>s@ #l+g ldaepiP
ijw dl>z ug sg cjw$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ #bdWyv iju$ -dVZjV
dl>z bjdvq@ f>V[ 23-30& #ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug bi r{dsw ljdhaI$
-wjvgsjl drdsbjiog@ f>Vj 33!
#qjVl a[ s[ra[ wgH[ ugrV qpwa WjWj u'a dl>z ug sj ugrV$
-bjaqj dl>z lVtaij@ #ygVg rjv[ sj dsrI iPf$ -h;Pij dl>z ug
FPig rjv[@ f>Vj 51-58!
#VrJ ugrV VrgbJ Rpq>eJ$ -wrg ug drdsbjiog@ #b>aiIjqg
ldaepiP$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ #dHw cP>zg Ijs$ -l! l! bq'v@ #Fjia s[
qhJfpit$ -u{ y.s= drsIj fgn wJLg@ f>V[ 68-79!
#drsIj$ -f>ca qVlj dl>z w"qg@ f>Vj 88& #dfbjij ldaepiP$ -WgWg
vgvjr.ag@ #Wl.a ba[ l+gqjV 108 WjWj ijq dl>z ug qhjiju$ -lrjqg
l.a dl>z@ #drijB liPf$ -t;jV dl>z dHVlj`@ #dHw ;jhig wijqja$ -
hiVjq dl>z Wepvg@ #ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug sg Wjv vgvj$ -WtLg
his[r dl>z@ #l`vaj sg wp>ug$ -yiV dl>z vtVRP@ f>V[ 105-114!
#dfbji sg fpwji$ -lpiS{ dl>z eigW@ #eigW dVrju bi Rpls[ dVrju[$
-WjWj epis[r dl>z@ f>V[ 140-143& #l+g qhjiju ijq dl>z ug$ -epiW?L
dl>z@ f>o sj rjvg w[hCj H[ a[ dw,Do[ H[ ($ -bjaqj dl>z ijrvdf>cg@
#Qva xdhqg sj Wpij bli$ -Wl.a dl>z WVjil@ f>V[ 145-153!

• whjSgbJ
#bV.s sj fpi$ -l[rw ug@ f>Vj 60& #dtqJ$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@
f>Vj 115!

• alrgiJ
#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug qhjiju$@ f>Vj 32!

91
 #dabjeg qPiag I'egiju Vjq ilgH[ l.a h;Pij dl>z ug FPig rjv[$@
f>Vj 56!
#b,lP s[ q[v[ lq[G h'H[ I,e dry l[rj wiV rjv[ l,uS@ l+g 108 h;Pi
l+g ldaepiP ug lPW[ ba[ VjqZjig f>o s[ bjeP$@ f>Vj 72!
#Vjq s[ ilgH[ wgiaV s[ ZVg VjqZjig f>o s[ f+dl,Z bjeP l.a Fea
dl>z ug sja[ rjvgH[$@ f>Vj 80!
#VjqZjig f>o s[ l.a dlfjhg l+sji bjaqj dl>z ug iHgl$@ f>Vj
104!
#l+gqjV l.a hdiVjq dl>z ug lPWj vtVRP / l+gqjV W?Lg hdis[r
dl>z ug vtVRP$@ #f>o s[ dVLwjq l[rw WjWP dViS{ dl>z ug vtVRP$@
f>Vj 112!
#WPCj dl>z Wjugei Rpqi 123 ljv u' 7 drrjh wi yp,Dw[ hV m dHl
sg l.ajV s[ 150 W.s[ hV$@ f>Vj 143!

92
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 1995 \l.V 1938|

• wdrajrJ
#b,u w"S bjdHbj lg ($ -dVZjV dl>z bjdvq@ #bj f+gaq hpS F{Sg
rjv[$@ bj;jsg sj f{Q.Wi$ -V"i>e dl>z aJzg@ #dW+hV wj Wl.a$ -
Wvr.a dl>z euiju@ #V<y V<y qlajVj h' ujlg$ -dfbjij dl>z
ldhijHg@ f>Vj 1-4!
#ygVg rjdvbj a[ig Vj lji bjHg$ -debjVg HgLi dl>z@ f>Vj 28&
#Wl.a Whji bjH[$ -FjHg debjV dl>z VjqZjig@ f>Vj 38& #bj ygVg
rjv[ )$ -yiV dl>z ug dViqjS@ f>Vj 40@ #bj ega Wl.a sj ej
f+gaq$ -RPZq dl>z bjdu;@ #s[L eqV$ -l.a Rpujei dl>z@ f>V[ 43-
44!
#a{o'G dWVJ aJ dwl ApcjrVj VhgG$ -lPWj hiVjq dl>z@ f>Vj 48& #Z.V
epiP ijq dl>z$ -bjaq dl>z lV?aij@ f>Vj 50& #a[igbJ i'GsgbJ l.eaJ
Zgi h'r[$ -FjHg hiW>l dl>z@ f>Vj 54& #y>ej ujSsj dldZbJ ljdsbJ
}$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #VjqZjig dHdahjl s[ wpN f,ai[$ -braji dl>z
bj;js@ f>V[ 66-75!
#bjf v.z lqp>si'G fji deYG$ -dVi>uV dl>z VjqZjig@ f>Vj 87&
#drA'C[ sj agi$ -iaV dl>z wPwj@ f>Vj 106& #epvjqg a[ Wl.a$ -
bidr>s ug WVjil@ f>Vj 109& #ega ej dihj H[ ljij s[l a[ij$ -
epfjv dl>z@ f>Vj 116!
#siLV bjS dstjr'$ -cj! izWgi dl>z@ #dqv ujdH qPida dfbjig
dHw rjig a[ig$ -epiWtL dl>z f+s[lg@ f>Vj 121& #aJz$ -braji dl>z
W,Wi@ f>Vj 130& #Fp,v sj fAajrj$ -vjv dl>z w>ri@ #apnJ H[G lJHgbJ
aJ W?L qpbj`g$ -l.a hwgwa dl>z ug@ f>V[ 135-136!

93
 #WjiJ qJh$ -y>eqHg dlbjq sg l.ea@ f>Vj 149& #sgVJ sj sis
r.cjS[ vHg$ -wiq ug w{oP dLqvj@ f>Vj 157& #rZjHg$ -epidsbjv
dl>z@ #i,u i,u w[ a[ij sgsji h'r[$ -w[li dl>z epvLV@ f>Vj 172!

• l.fjswg
#Z.Vrjs$ -b{cgBi ldaupe@ f>Vj 5!

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#u'da liPf$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ #VjqZjigbJ a'G bjl$ -lpFjL
y>si W'l@ #l.s[L$ -urjhi vjv VdhiP@ #ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug a[ Vj
dqvriaV$ -FjHg fiqjV.s@ #F{Sg ljdhW dry ldaupeg V;ji[$ -cj! li
e'wv y>s@ #LhgsJ s[ idhWi$ -cj! e'fg y>s Fjier@ #bj;jsg sj
N.cj NpvjY$ -y>VS dl>z@ #dqBg Zp.s uep yjVS h'Ij$ -ijuj Vi[Gs=
Vjo@ #Wjeg epiP sg Ijs$ -f+'! AWgv sjl@ #Wl.a sg Ijs$ -cj! iSZgi
dl>z@ #LiZj s[ xp,v$ -qhjLj d*LV ug@ #wg blgG l,yqpy ugMs[ hJ ($
-l.fPiV dl>z@ #ygVg rjvj$ -l[rj dl>z vjh"i@ #t'u$ -l[rw ug@ #VjqZjig
vdhi$ -hgij dl>z sis@ f>V[ 9-30!
#dfbjig Wl.a$ -debjVg HgLi dl>z sis@ #l.a WyV bBvjZj$ -
epis[r dl>z ug VjqZjig@ f>V[ 39-42& #debjVg dl>z ug$ -higL
y>si drdsbjiog@ #WjSg sj Lp<Z fjn$ -FjHg bqi dl>z Fje'rjv@
#dl,tg bSt } lpiuga wiV rjv[ l.a$ -wiq dl>z b{cr'w[B@ #F{ dry
yv{ vt sigbjRp$ -xigs ug@ #qVp<t lqju s[ wdvbjS sj qjie$ -
wjvgsjl drdsbjiog@ #liW dh>s wJeil$ -debjV dl>z@ f>V[ 45-
66!
#l+g qhjiju ug s[ hpwqVjq[$ -r{sI V"i>e dl>z aJzg@ #rZjHg )$ -
epfjv dl>z@ #ujVriJ sg agio Ijaij$ -l[rw ug@ #ldaupeg V;ji[$
-WgWg vgvj r>ag@ #lda l.ea sj f+Fjr$ -WgWg vwLqg s[rg@ #ldaepiP
ug sj sqsqj$ -epiWtL dl>z F'i@ #ugrV qpwa WjWj ditg dl>z
ug$ -lp.si dl>z@ #ygVg rjv[ s[ 12 Rpfs[L$ -dVZjV dl>z bjdvq@
#iPhjVg Wl.a ba[ l+g WjWj ijq dl>z ug$ -qj! q'aj dl>z ug@ #q[ig
W[Vag$ -bjlj dl>z@ #l.a LWs$ -Ljq vjv Ljlaig@ #h'v[ s[ sgrjVJ

94
 sj f+Fjr$ -L[i dl>z drdsbjiog@ #epiP ijq dl>z ug ba[ Wl.a$ -
lrjqg l.a dl>z@ #qhjiju ijq dl>z ug sg F[Bj$ -l.a't dl>z@ #wjRpdHV
a[ Rplsg d;>q[rjig$ -de^ ajij dl>z ug@ #w"q s[ yjVS qpVji[$ -l'hS
dl>z u'L@ #qVJ s[ l<y[ fjaLjh$ -h^ dl>z@ #l:ie dry dHw ija$ -
iSWgi dl>z@ #blgG VjqZjig dwM WS[$ -WgWg qVq'hV w"i@ f>V[ 76-
134!
#ajiV hji epiP$ -bjrV y>s wjqvfpi@ #ilqg Ijs a[ dstjr[ sg
LiZj$ -wjWv dl>z@ #bjsiL ugrV$ -hiVjq dl>z b{cr'w[B@ #ugrV
qpwa WjWj vjv' ug -hiVjq dl>z spe{y@ #bj;jsg sg Veig$ -f>ca
qpVg vjv@ f>V[ 137-148!
#VjqZjig rgiJ } rZjHg$ -cj! ldafjv@ #l+g WjWj dwLV dl>z
ug$ -l.a epidsbjv dl>z@ f>V[ 152-157& #l+g qhjiju ijq dl>z ug s[
bjsiL$ -epiyiV dl>z@ #dHl s[hg wRp dlqidh s[r$ -wqvj bwjvg
VjV dl>z@ #aP ldaepi hRp VRp aV y[vj$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #f+gaq
sg Fjv$ -WtLg his[r dl>z vtVRP@ f>V[ 159-171!

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#Fp,v sg l'Z$ -q>ev dl>z vjdHvfpig@ f>Vj 31!

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#l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug } ldaepiP ygVg rjv[ s[ hpwq$@ f>Vj 16!
#l+g ldaepiP ygVg rjv[ yVjW } fji wi ih[ hV$@ f>Vj 52!
#l+gqjV f>o iaV u'eg l+sji a'vj ijq dl>z ug iHgl bj;q w{qvfpi/
fiq fPuIj l+g WjWj FerjV sjl ug qhjiju w{Wvfpi$@ f>Vj 80!
#VjqZjig l.ea qjz-1955 dW^$@ f>Vj 88!
#l+gqjV l.a hiVjq dl>z sv[i@ l+gqjV WjWP q[hiWjV dl>z V{i'Wg$@
f>Vj 112!
#l+gqjV l+sji s{bj dl>z ug f+{;gc{GB VjqZjig siWji xji f>ujW$@
f>Vj 120!

95
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-Fjsi'G 1998 \l.V 1941|

• wdrajrJ
#dHw ipWjHg$ -f+gaq dl>z f>Ag@ f>Vj 46& #biLg sjaj )$ -yiV dl>z
dViqjS@ f>Vj 46& #l.aJ sg A'h$@ l.a huPij dl>z FPig rjv[$ -f+gaq
dl>z f>Ag@ f>Vj 97@ 117!

• v[t
#l+g WjWj l,sj dl>z ug wWgi$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ #l.a bjaqj
dl>z ug Wijv$ -hiVjq dl>z Wevg@ #l.a q>ev dl>z ug ijqBjv%g$ -
hiVjq dl>z spe{y@ #qh>a rZjrj dl>z ug tjVfpi$ -bjaqj dl>z
lVt,a=j@ #l.a Rpaq dl>z ug w{Glgbj rjvj$ -WgWg u{ w"i@ #lPWj t[q
dl>z ug qjhPrjv$ -f+gaq dl>z f>Ag@ #f+[q u'Cg$ -epidsbjv dl>z Wlij@
#WjWj Vi{S dl>z ug wjqvfpi$ -qj! l.fPiV dl>z@ #WjWj ditg dl>z ug
qsji rjv[$ -l.a lp.si dl>z L[tPfpij@ #ugrV qpwa WjWj vjv' ug$ -l.a
hiVjq dl>z spe{y@ #qhjV bjaqj l.a dqa dl>z ug$ -f+gaq dl>z
f>Ag@ #l.a qdhajW dl>z ug de,v$ -debjVg vjF dl>z@ f>Vj 24-45!
#l.a lps
. i dl>z ug q>ug a'C$@ #l>a Bdhv dl>z ug l[trJ rjv[$@ -dH>si
dl>z y*riag@ f>V[ 47@ 56& #l.a qghJ dl>z ug u>cP dlbjvw'B$ -aiV
dl>z rdhqg@ #lPWj dWLV dl>z ug Fs"C$ -f+gaq dl>z f>Ag@ #l.a-
ugrV$ -debjVg dVhjv dl>z@ #l.a uea dl>z ug t>cr P jvg$ -aiV dl>z
rdhqg@ #lji[ v'wg #i,W$ bjts[ V[$ -u'a ug epuiJ rjvj@ f>V[ 73-82!
#l.a wjvj dl>z ug debjVg$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ #l.a lpZ dl>z
ug$@ #l.a y[a dl>z ug$ -debjVg Wvr.a dl>z ug a[ f>Ag ug@ f>V[ 95-
102!

96
 #l.a l.qj dl>z ug qJej$@ #l.a V,oj dl>z ug fa>e$@ #FPig rjvj$
-dH>si dl>z y*riag@ #l.a L[i dl>z ug c`iw[$@ #epiP wgbJ wjiJ$
-wrg f+gaq dl>z@ #l.a q,vj dl>z ug de,vJ rjv[$ -l.a qpVLj dl>z ug@
f>V[ 118-143!

• whjSgbJ
#l.a dlfjhg$@ #s{Ga a'G s[raj$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ f>Vj 1@ 66!

• dHwJeg VjBw
#Vjq tpqjig$@ #Wpi[ sj Fvj$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ f>Vj 87@ 103!

• alrgiJ
#l+gqjV l.a lp.si dl>z ug fP>eJ rjv[@ l+gqjV l.a dwLV dl>z ug ba[
l.a liV dl>z ug@ l+g fpuI[ I'egiju qhjV bjaqj l.a hdiVjq dl>z
ug dwv%[ rjv[@ l+gqjV l.a hiVjq dl>z ug APagH[$@ f>Vj 16!
#l+gqjV l.a Fea dl>z ug #lPWj$ sja[rjv@ l+gqjV l.a dwLV dl>z
ug ApagH[ \Aujrv|$@ f>Vj 88!
#Wga ije L+'qSg qhjV bjaqj u'egiju l.a w[li dl>z ug ydr.c[
rjv[$@ f>Vj 104!

97
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2000 \l.V 1943|

• wdrajrJ
#lpbjea$ -ijdH F{Sg ljdhW@ f>Vj 7& #l+g epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug sg
f[LgVe'Hg$ -l+g ldaepiP dWvjW@ f>Vj 32& #ldaupe r,Dv'G lji[ s[L }
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dl>z bjdvq@ f>Vj 50& #dqv[ ijq lq sPlij B'dvbj Vj$ -bqi dl>z@
f>Vj 64!
#Vj ujr[ sp,t N,Ddvbj$ -wjwj w[hi dl>z w[hi@ f>Vj 73& #Wl.a Vjv
s' e,vJ$ -bjaqj dl>z lVt,a=j@ f>Vj 76& #ygVg rjv[ bjeqV$ -f+gaq
dl>z wrg@ f>Vj 80& #xiIjs-aivj$ -epidsa dl>z wp>sV a[ bjdu;@
f>Vj 82& #Wl.ag f+Fja$ -e.ej dl>z w"qg@ f>Vj 85! #bj )$ -q[hi dl>z
f+s[lg@ #bjeqV$ -RPZq dl>z qplj`i@ f>Vj 95-96!

• v[t
#VjqZjig ugrV bjsiL$ -dVZjV dl>z bjdvq@ f>Vj 1& #l:{s[L f+[q$
-qj! epiWtL dl>z Wi[vg@ #Wl.a s[ Ni't[ dry'G$ -braji dl>z bj;js@
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98
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l.s[L$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #ijq braji$ -vjv dl>z vjh"i@ #liW,a
ijq,Ij$ -dVi>uV dl>z ;`iw[@ f>V[ 54-75!
#bdh>lj sj s[raj$ -dH>si dl>z y*riag@ f>Vj 77& #Fjia qjaj sg
e'sg sj yqwgvj vjv$ -l.a dVZjV dl>z@ f>Vj 81& #epiP dl,t yqawji$
-aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #dfAvg ija Vj ujdeY$ -lPWj hig dl>z@ #ygVg
sj l:jqg bj debj$ -l[n f+gaq dl>z@ #lji[ l.lji } rZjHgbJ$ -a[uj
dl>z wqv@ #Fg epi s[tS ujHg$ -his[r dl>z Fs"C@ #dH,Aj fPiw liW
lptsjaj$ -lPWj qghJ dl>z@ f>V[ 83-95!
#l.fjswg V'B$ -b{cgBi ldaupe@ #VjqZjig$ -dL>ejij dl>z ug@ f>V[
97-105!

99
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2007 \l.V 1950|

• l.s[L
-cj! e'fg y>si Fjier@ f+ZjV q>aig f>ujW liwji& l+g df+org dl>z
bj;js v[Wi qdVlBi@ f>ujW& Vi'aq dl>z@ drdsbj q>aig f>ujW&
vjufa ijdH@ cjdHi{wBi v'w l.W.Z drFje@ f>ujW@ f>Vj 10-11!

• wdrajrJ
#Wl.a sg rZjHg H[ )$ -Wvr.a dl>z \l.fjsw|@ #rZjHg rZjHg rZjHg$
-l+g wWgi ugRp@ f>Vj 1& #aiv'yV } ly[ ZVg rv'G )$ -aiV dl>z
rdhqg@ #aivj$ -qdh>si dl>z@ f>V[ 8-9& #Lwv dsl[ Wsi[ qpVgi a[ig$
-wiaji dl>z wplq@ f>Vj 14& #bj siL dstj$ -l.a epiyiV dl>z
iaV@ f>Vj 19!
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l.a epiWtL dl>z h>l@ f>Vj 41& #wPw[ ljZ$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #Wl.a
h{$ -l.a liZj dl>z ug dVqjVj@ #ow eH[ V{S dryji[$ -l.a WyV dl>z@
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hig ijq sg sphjHg H[ )$ -hig dl>z wigrjvj@ f>V[ 46-48!
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bjd;u@ f>Vj 58& #wPw[ sg Wl.a$ -l.a bwWjv dl>z W{Gw'w@ f>Vj 64&
#a{o'G WvhjigbJ )$ -f>ca hig dl>z W{Gw'w@ #braji vgY ue ajiV
w'$ -debjVg e'fjv dl>z@ #?pLg s[ V;ji[$ -FjHg buga dl>z ldhqg@
f>V[ 72-73!
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100
 buqjY Vj$ -l.a ajij dl>z@ #aivj )$ -l.a y>VS dl>z f+s[lg@ #Rphsj
f+ajf H[ )$ -V<oj dl>z F"i@ #sl ygVg rjdvbj r[ dHr[G buqjHg sj ($
-q,tS dl>z ejug@ #Rpcgw$ -epiWtL dl>z h>l@ #Wl.a$ -l.a epidsbjv
dl>z@ #f+[q w[ fpujig hgI[ biq h' uja[ h{ m$ -l.a HgLi dl>z@ #a{} Ijs
wi[ l+g F{Sg )$ -lpiuV dl>z f+[qg@ #sil dstjre[ ))$ -lriV dl>z@
#bu q"dvbj ljij l.lji dsl[$ -l.a epiWyV dl>z@ #rZjHg )$ -epiWyV
dl>z ug l`ig@ #ygVg rjv[ f+gaq sg Wl.a bjHg$ -l.a qdhajW dl>z@
#xiIjs$ -w[hi dl>z w[hi@ #qhjijSj Wl.a$ -r{sI tpLhjv dl>z@ #eRP
QigW sj dVLV Vjlg W.l i{hSj$ -hiW>l dl>z W.l@ #ygVg rjv[ sg Ijs
dry$ -WgWg fg!w[! dWih@ #dWihS sj ega$ -l.a hiW.l dl>z ug@ #lsgrg
v' )$ -bjlg ug@ #f+gaq sg Fjv$ -RPZq dl>z bjd;u@ f>V[ 80-92!

• v[t
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dl>z@ #Fjia sg bj;jsg s[ lF a'G fdhv[ bjeP l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z
ug$ -qh>a Fea ijq@ #l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sj qp,t f+I'uV$ -r{sI
qh>a fiajf dl>z@ #Wl.a f>yqg wg F[B )))$ -uea ijq lPs@ dLqvj@
f>V[ 12-18! #ldaepiP$ -l.a q>ev dl>z vjdHvfpig@ #bqV ) bqV )
bqV ))$ -cj! da=v'w dl>z l.a Vei@ #Bdhws[ xp,v$ -l.a lp.si dl>z@
#lF iPdf hdi f+ajf )$ -FjHg ajij dl>z dVh>e@ #bisjl )$ -qdh>si
dl>z `igs@ #risja[ l+g epiP hig dl>z ug$ -l.a Bdhv dl>z l,Ds'rjv@
#bVa wvJ h'dH njwpi ydCbj$ -l.a hiW.l dl>z@ #sPi sj ds=L$ -l.a
iaV dl>z wPwj@ f>V[ 20-40! #l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug a[ lqju lpZji$
-debjVg hiFuV dl>z@ # Wl.a ijSg )$ - u'de>si dl>z ijqeC%gbj@
f>Vj 42-46& #bqg il$ -l.a lpiuV dl>z f+[qg@ f>Vj 49& #d;>seg s[
dsV lph[r[ ljdhW$ -qjlBi dVhjv dl>z@ f>Vj 51!
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#bsp,ag Lhgsg$ -l.a RPZq dl>z bjdu;@ f>Vj 58& #ijq iduI sj
Ip,e )$ -qh>a bjaq dl>z lVt,a=j@ #w,y a'G w>yV$ -qj! lphjrj dl>z
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dl>z ue dry bjdHbj$ -dWLV dl>z V.ev wvJ@ f>V[ 65-80!

101
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-f'h 2010 \l.V 1953|

• wdrajrJ
#ldaupe sj iljvj H[$ -l.a aiV dl>z rdhqg@ f>Vj 29!

• v[t
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#qVp<t iyVj sj dHdahjl$ -bWjsRpKvj debjVg@ epuiJrjvj@ #l.a
q>ev dl>z biLg xdiLaj$ -spbjiw dl>z@ wPwj@ #ljc[ u[v% tjV[$ -
b{cgBi@ #Bwljv$ -idu>si dl>z@ f>Vj 1-28!
#y.debjHgbJ$ -L[? ljbsg@ #b,tJ$ -q[ui b{Kl!Wg! dl>z ijuj@ #l+g
ldaepiP ug sj b`igwj sj s"ij$ -sjV dl>z aJzg@ f>V[ 31-42!

• W,DdybJ vHg
#dqnjl$ -L[? ljbsg@ f>Vj 30!

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#V{i'Wg s[ hrjHg b,Dc[ a[ l.eaJ l+g ldaepiP ug sj lrjea wi
ihgbJ hV m l+gqjV lPWj vjv dl>z ug@ f>ca epiWyV dl>z ug siLV
wi ih[ hV$@ b?givj f>Vj m
#l+g ldaepiP ug s[ l,Du[ fjl[ l+! wiaji dl>z ug `'B'e+j`i a[ l+!
q[hiWjV dl>z ug lw,ai VjqZjig l.ea V{i'Wg@ l`i sj hjv fp,A ih[
hV@ df,DA[ h'i l.eaJ siLV wiV bj ihgbJ hV$@ b?givj f>Vj m

102
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2010 \l.V 1953|

• wdrajrJ
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-epiWtL dl>z L"w@ #fgi WpZP Ljh s[ dsv sj yj$ -lp.si dl>z sir[L@
#dfi fis[l dlZjdHY )$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ f>Vj 22-26!
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dl>z@ f>Vj 50& #f+q
[ dfbji[ epiP ijq dl>z bj w[ s[h sgsji epi$P -u'de>si
dl>z@ f>Vj 55!
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ug$@ #epiqpt dl>z Lhgs$@ #FjHg hiVjq dl>z sg bV'tg Lhgsg$@ #WgWg
iaV w"i sg Whjsig$@ #FjHg hiVjq dl>z ug sg sv[ig$@ #LhgsJ sj
h"lvj$ -b{cgBi@ #WjN fgbj s[ dHRp wpivjr[$ -dVi>uS dl>z Wpiu@
f>V[ 60-65!
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H[$ -wrg q,tS dl>z@ #wpiWjVg$ -bjaqj dl>z lVt,a=rg@ #f>o VjqZjig
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103
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bj;js@ f>V[ 93-124!
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dl>z qie[L@ #Wl.a$ -qh>a svgf dl>z f>Ag@ f>V[ 135-136!
#Bp,Bj bjaqj u' uea hji dry'G )$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #l! bjaqj
dl>z ug sg Ijs dry$ -bjaqj dl>z lVt,a=rg@ f>Vj 180& #VjqZjig
yqV sj xpv , $@ #fi[q sg alrgi lg$ -dVZjV dl>z bjdvq@ #bjiag$ -l[n
lph[v dl>z@ f>V[ 194-195!

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#bfpir WvgsjV$ -dH>si dl>z y,*riag@ f>Vj 27& #Vwvg Ziq{$ -
dqhi dl>z@ f>Vj 41& #ljZ WyV bBvjZj$ -B[w dl>z ipCwg@ f>Vj 47&
#VjqZjig lhjdHw x>c$ -w[hi dl>z w[hi@ #ug bjdHbJ$@ -dH>si dl>z
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v'hj$ -Ziq Ipe@ f>V[ 56-59
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#uea dfaj sj fis[l F=qV$ -epiWtL dl>z L"w@ f>Vj 81@ #l.ega
q[v[$ -ijdu>si dl>z@ #F[t sg B[w$ -b{cgBi@ #l.a q>ev dl>z ug HgljHg
h' eH[$ -spbjiwj dl>z wPwj@ f>V[ 85-93!
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w"i@ f>V[ 125-134!
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104
 #slq e+.o ljdhW s[ 101 bt>c fjnJ s[ F'e$ -b{cgBi@ #l+g qjaj
FPdf>si w"i ug sj Rpfwji$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ f>V[ 137-179!
#w"q sg LjV$ -qjlBi dVhjv dl>z@ #l! ug sg Rpsjiaj$ -qj! l'hV
dl>z Z"S F>V@ #l.t[f ugrV_l! bjaqj dl>z ug VjqZjig$ -f+! WyV
dl>z WyV@ f>V[ 181-193& #yjVS qpVjij$ -dH>si dl>z y,*riag@
f>Vj 196!

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#lrj v<t e+.o ljdhW s[ F'eJ lq[G h'vj qh,vj l+g F{Sg ljdhW 1998
s[ lq[G sg alrgi$@ f>Vj 8!
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ljrV dl>z ug ijZjlrjqg@ l[n dWv+j ba[ h'i far.a[ l,uSJ lq[a@
h'vj l+g F{Sg ljdhW$@ f>Vj 40!
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d;v%j vjdHvfpi/ldaepiJ sg wvw,DdaYG uhj; sg irjVeg$@ f>Vj 40!
#dWuvg rjvj e+.o s[ F'e lq[G l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug l.ea
lq[a@ 1998/q>cg WiVjvj drt[ hjC 1998 } e+.o ljdhW s[ F'e lq[G
sg alrgi$@ f>Vj 88!
#vps[hjVj 1998 l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW s[ F'eJ a'G Wjbs ijegbJ dl>zJ
sg alrgi / lrj v,t e+.o ljdhW s[ F'eJ lq[G h'vj qh,vj l+g F{Sg
ljdhW 1998 s[ lq[G sg alrgi$@ f>Vj 146!
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fjnJ s[ F'e lq[G$@ f>Vj 155!
#slq e+.o ljdhW ug s[ fjngbJ dl>zJ sg alrgi@ spldhij l.^ 2000
l+g F{Sg ljdhW ug sg alrgi$@ f>Vj 170!
#df>c ijHgbJ drt[ du,Do[ l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sj f+wjL blojV
h{@ e+.o ljdhW s[ F'eJ lq[G sg alrgi$@ f>Vj 186!

105
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2011 \l.V 1954|

• wdrajrJ
#Wl.a wWgi ug$ -b{cgBi@ f>Vj 3& #qv[iw'Bv[ s[ wvi dry$ -l.a
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dl>z y,*riag@ #aP. lPiu q{G w>rv$ -xp>qS dl>z w>rv@ f>V[ 23-26!
#ygVg rjv[ sg qjvj$ -dVhjv dl>z sqsqj@ #bjf dVi>wji bjH[$ -
hiW>l dl>z bqijli@ #f+gaq$ -Wvr>a dl>z w'nj epiP wj@ f>V[ 41-42&
#ygVg s[ blrjij )$ -wjwj Rpujei dl>z lxig@ f>Vj 46& #xp,v Wl.a
h'r[$ -wiaji dl>z f>Ag@ f>Vj 50!
#aP. W[b>a wgaj bjf dslsj lg$ -l.a aiV dl>z rdhqg@ FjHg rdibjq
dl>z Lhgs@ #wPw[ qv[iw'Bvj q{sjV$ -FjHg dWLV dl>z ug a[ hiVjq
dl>z Lhgs@ #lJNj lF } lWw dltjS bjdHbj$ -dVi>uV dl>z uI'ag@
f>V[ 55-56!
#aivj$ -dVi>uV dl>z uI'ag@ f>Vj 63& #Vr[G Ipe } qvjh dqdvbj$
-RPZq dl>z bjdu;@ f>Vj 66& #z'i dVijlj$ -hiFuV dl>z@ #u'sCg )$
-l.a bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ #Wl.a WSj uj )$ -r{s Wvr.a dl>z VjqZjig@
f>Vj 69-72& #q[ij s[L bj;js wijdHbj$ -epui dl>z Vw"Cj@ f>Vj 77!
#ldaupe b?Wji@ dHh} LpiP wgaj VjqZjigbJ V[$ -dVi>wji dl>z
y[aV@ #e,cg_l+g F{Sg ljdhW b{wlf+{l q[v uo[sjiJ rjla[ lf{Lv$
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-WiZj dl>z dVqjSj wigrjvj@ #bj;jsg sj s[raj$ -Wvr.a dl>z
w'nj epiP wj@ #lji[ l.lji w' rZjHg H[ rZjHg H[$ -liZj dl>z dVqjSj
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106
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#Zji braji b,u bjH[ epiP ijq dl>z$ -hiW>l dl>z ql{w' rjvg@ #dHwiji
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dHw' a[igbJ$@ #lpy l'Z sj wiV f+yji bjdHbj$@ -lp.si dl>z l[rw
W{Gw'w dlbjq@ #vegbJ Wl.a Rpa[ ijqj dH>a;jigbJ$ -urjvj dl>z
l[rw i'fC@ #wgagbJ dabjigbJ$ -afj hig dl>z Wn'Hg@ #ygVg rjv[
fjaLjh sptgbJ s[ sis r.cj$ -wjwj wiaji dl>z ds,vg@ #Whji bjHg
a[ wg bjHg$ -xdiIjsg ds,vg@ f>V[ 83-98!
#eRP wsg Vj dwl[ oJ qji h'r[$ -debjVg WPBj dl>z f{flP@ f>Vj 103&
#ygVg rjv[ f+ga mm$ -ulr>a dl>z e.ejVei@ f>Vj 109& #Rph bu F{Sg
dry bjdHbj H[$ -xp>qS dl>z w>rv@ f>Vj 122!

• v[t
#bjfSg r,Dv'G$ -b{cgBi@ #fdhvg Lhgsg wjVxi>l$ -f+ajf@ #83 rdi%bJ
df,DAG' $ -l+g uea VijdHS@ #f+eB FH[ ijq dl>z sPv$' @ #y'ug f+gaq$ -q>ev
dl>z vjdHvfpig@ f>V[ 11-22!
#l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug a[ RpV%J sg wPwj vdhi$ -l.a dVZjV dl>z
bjvq@ f>Vj 27& #ldaupeg yjVS qpVjij$ -epqVjq@ f>Vj 43& #VjqZjig
q[V vjHgV$ -dVZjV dl>z bjvq@ f>Vj 47& #sPug qhjV F,pv$ -FjHg
dVi>uS dl>z uI'ag@ f>Vj 51& #dHla=g lqjVaj s[ q'Tg$ -WgWg Wvrgi
w"i@ #l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sg dfA'wC a[ qp,Tvj lqJ$ -q>ev dl>z
vjdHvfpig@ #dh>s } bj;js wijS rjvg fdr,a= hlag$ -ijq y>s
fBrjig fjdwlajV@ f>Vj 57-65!
#dabje$ -debjVg l.a't dl>z q>cg@ f>Vj 67& #dW+BL ljqiju a[
ldaepiP ijq dl>z$ -bqi Fjiag@ #uVaj sj bjeP$ -de^ hiFuV dl>z@
iq[L Vei@ ds,vg@ f>Vj 73-83!
#u.de bj;jsg s[ hgi' l+! ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -b{Kl!b{Kl! qVZgi@
#Wl.a iuSg$ -WgWg W[b>a w"i ug Wg!H[!@ #Rph qjhg$ -lpdh>si dl>z@
iq[L Vei ds,vg@ #ldaepiP ijq dl>z d;>sjWjs$ -q>ev dl>z vjdHvfpig@
f>Vj 104-118!
107
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#fjnLjvj a'G wavejh aw$ -VjVw dl>z VjrdvlB@ f>Vj 35&
#dHVwvjWg epiP$ -WPBj dl>z Wg!H[!@ f>Vj 119!

• alrgiJ
#f+wjL Rpalr l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug qhjiju f^ lj^ 12$@ f>Vj 10!
#f+{l lBjx$@ f>Vj 50!

108
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2011 \l.V 1954|

• wdrajrJ
#hpS aPhgYG hg l'y w[ sl ljHgbJ w[hCj a[i[ dWV s[L Wyj lwsj$
-epiWyV dl>z qplj`i@ f>Vj 10& #eRP yjh>rsg dsvg dfbji a[ij$
-Wvr.a dl>z drdsbjiog@ #bj ujH[ ygVg lrji aJ wg h'r[$ -l.a
l.fPiV dl>z ds,vg@ #VjqZjig f>o q{} lF a'G dfbjij H[$ -epiWtL dl>z
L"w@ hiW>l dl>z bqijli@ f>Vj 41-42!
#qiaWj Wv.s WCj Wji%r[ braji sj )$ -RPZq dl>z bjdu;@ #eRP
yjh>rsg dsvg dfbji a[ij$ -epis[r dl>z qjV@ wjwj l.a't dl>z@
bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ f>Vj 60-68!

• v[t
#VjqZjig a[ f>yjdHa iju$ -q>ev dl>z vjdHvfpig@ #q>edabJ sg
f>yjdHa$ -wJa ug epfa ba[ q>ev dl>z vjdHvfpig@ #df>c a[ Ldhi$
-WtLgL dl>z@ #hi qV dfbjij lisji )$ -Wvr>a dl>z r{s@ #u>e dw
bqV$ -de^ hiFuV dl>z ds,vg@ f>V[ 3-23!
#b,u sj Fjia$ -bqi Fjiag@ #Wl-b>a )$ -l.a't dl>z q>cg@ #urjV
ZgbJ a[ qjf[ F{SJ s[ f>V$[ -q>ev dl>z vjdHvfpig@ #faj h{ Rph w"S lg ($@
#lpS' ) q>edabJ } dFdAbj VhgG w>q dsY$ -b{cgBi@ f>V[ 25-41!
#h'dvbJ rjvg af' FPqg } fiVjq$@ #2011 dry l.a Vei sj h'vj$
-b{cgBi@ f>V[ 43-45!

109
 ldaupe sj bxigwj b>w ^
l.qa-u[n 2012 \l.V 1955|

• wdrajrJ
#dHw ega$ -epiWtL dl>z L"w@ f>Vj 21& #f+gaq sg aJz$ -siLV
dl>z f+[qg@ f>Vj 24& #wpiWjVg$ -sgsji dl>z Wjurj@ f>Vj 40& #f+gaq
sg Ijs$ -sgsji dl>z Wjurj@ #Vjq sjV dHLVjV H[ )$ -RPZq dl>z
bjdu;@ #ygVg blrji u[hj$ -b{cgBi@ f>V[ 48-50!
#bxigwj } Fje vjdHbj epiP f+ajf hdi$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@
f>Vj 83& #F{Sg rjdvbj dsh sgsji q{}$ -ijq sPa qp>Wjlj@ w[!b{Kl!
bjlg V{i'Wg@ l.a tCe dl>z Fqjij@ lpts[r dl>z@ l[rw uesgL dl>z@
wqvj ug@ L"w@ #dHwaji a[ij ($@ #tCjrj$ -lpts[r dl>z s[rj@ #f>Vj
90-97!

• v[t
#sPi W{n[ lV[hgbJ }$@ #l+g epiP biuV s[r ug$ -q>ev dl>z vjdHvfpig@
#bxigwj sg Ziag Vjv lJN$ -dfbjij dl>z b{Kq!H[!@ #Vr[G Ip,e s[
bvq Wisji$ -WPBj dl>z Wg!H[!@ #;qjV[ sg hrj$ -xp>qS dl>z w>rv@
#lqju a[ Rpl f+da ljcj `i;$ -b{Kl! b{Kl! qVZgi@ #wjvg rhpBg$ -
lg!b{Kv! yqV@ #qpvw dW+dBL HglB bxigwj $y f,wg rl'G$ -dqhiWjV
dl>z@ f>V[ 3-48!
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-epiW?L dl>z L"w@ #l+g ldaepiP ug sj b`igwj s"ij$ -WjWP dqhiWjV
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sg qjiyglV xjvl \Vsg|$ -l+g y>si bjV.s ug@ #s,tSg bxigwj s[

110
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ug@ f>Vj 114-120!

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#wjv[ a' e'i[$ -debjVg hiFuV dl>z@ f>Vj 98& #dFtjiV$ -bqi
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drywji dWijuqjV hV$@ f>Vj 90!

111
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2012 \l.V 1955|

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f>Vj 36& #dWev rujdHbj bjV$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ f>Vj 38!
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w"i@ epiyiV w"i@ f+wjL w"i@ fdra= w"i@ wiaji w"i@ lpifdra= w"i@
hiW>l qjV@ f>Vj 74-77!
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112
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-epiWyV dl>z wigrjvj@ f>Vj 112-114!

• v[t
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-WgWg WvWgi ds,vg@ #ygVg rjv[ fjaLjh$ -ulfjv w"i@ f>Vj 65-74!
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#qv[iw'Bv[ dry Lhgsg q[vj$ -Vr Fjia dry'G@ #Wpa$ -Wvr>a dl>z
r{s@ f>Vj 119-111!

• whjSgbJ
#f+S$ -q>ev dl>z vjdHvfpig@ f>Vj 53& #sju$ -WgWg dfbji w"i
ds,vg@ f>Vj 60!

113
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#dW+dBL l,,aj dri'Zg FjiagI lra>a=aj l.eijq s[ lir df+oq l{vjVg
l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug qhjiju ba[ RpV%J s[ dl,t$@ f>Vj 18!
#Fjia dry dW+dBL l,aj sgbJ uC%J fp,BS vHg lra.a=aj l.eijq sj
df+oq Zru u' l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug qhjiju V[ 1 drljt l.qa
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f+s[L eqV$@ f>Vj 50!
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hV$@ #dfAv[ ljv l+g f>ca urjhi vjv ug@ epispbjij l+g F{Sg ljdhW
sg Ijaij a[ l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug s[ siLV wiV bjH[$@ f>Vj 82!

114
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2012 \l.V 1955|

• wdrajrJ
#F{Sg rjvj njwi$ -l.fPiV dl>z ds,vg@ #ygV[ rjv[$ -a,wvj Vi'Wg@
f>Vj 8& #ega$ -RPZq dl>z bjdu;@ f>Vj 15& #rji rji wpiWjVg$ -l.fPiV
dl>z ds,vg@ #wjh} agi dWihj s[ vjrVj H[$ -df+afjv dl>z ojHgv{Gc@
f>Vj 50!

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#h'v[ a[ fp,Du'$ -b{cgBi@ #s[L sj wgqag liqjdHbj$ -Wvr.a dl>z
f+[q@ f>V[ 3-7!
#c>eiJ dry hvw$ -cj! wiaji dl>z dlilj@ #rZ ihg Vjlawaj$ -
dHw bjlaw@ #f>ujWg W'vg a[ Rpls[ b,ti$ -ijdu>si dl>z epiPli@
#qjVdlw Fp,t$ -l.a't dl>z debjVg@ #dq,n[ a[ w"C[ W'v$ -bWsRpKvj
debjVg fjdwlajV@ #l+g epiP s[r W{Gw'w #f+gaq$ s[ blq[Z Ie dry$@
-w[hi dl>z w[hi@ #l.a b>ai dl>z ug$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #f>ow cjw$@
-b{cgBi@ f>V[ 9-49!

115
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2013 \l.V 1956|

• wdrajrJ
#qJ )$ -ueuga dl>z bj;js@ f>Vj 9& #fjrV r{ljtg$ -q'hV dl>z
qarjvj@ #VjqZjig bV.s$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ f>V[ 19-22!
#Whpi>eg VjVw$ -dqhiWjV dl>z Vi'Wg@ #ldaupe ljc[ bjfS[ vHg
b{vjV$ -epidsbjv dl>z f+wjLw@ #dcn[ buW V;ji[$ -qh>a svgf
dl>z f>Ag@ #dar[G siLVJ sg aJz ih[ q{}$ -braji dl>z Vw'si@
#ygVg blrji }$ -l.a't dl>z l.a Vei@ #ug sj bli$@ #Fjia sg
fdhvg f'Sy,wg$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ f>V[ 26-31!
#bj F{Sg rjv[$ -hiFuV w"i@ f>Vj 33& #da,tj drb>e$ -RPZq dl>z
bjdu;@ f>Vj 52!

• v[t
#r,wji uJ drwji$ -ijdu>si dl>z@ #q"a sg AJ h[n$ -l+g q'hV dl>z
l[Gei@ #Wga[ sg Ijs$ -dH>si dl>z y,*riag@ #us'G q{G qjlBi WdSbj$
-ijdu>si dl>z@ f>V[ 3-18!
#qpxa sp,Z$ -ijdu>si dl>z@ #Fjia vHg lpi>eJ wiV rjv[ uv-uhj;$
-l.fjsw@ f>V[ 24-25& #VdhiP ug Npw eH[$ -b{cgBi@ f>V[ 32& #l+g F{Sg
ljdhW dry VjqZjig l.eaJ sj qhjV lqjeq$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=j@
f>Vj 35!

• cjw
#f>ow cjw$ -l.fjsw@ f>Vj 46!

116
 ldaupe sj dHlaig b>w ^
l.qa-u[n 2013 \l.V 1956|

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118
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120
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
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w>rv@ f>V[ 39-44!

121
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-r{ljt 2014 \l.V 1957|

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#qpwjWvj yv dihj h{$ -l.fjsw@ f>Vj 16!

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124
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2014

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125
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126
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sj Lhgsg q[vj$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg f>Ag@ #wjdr epv;ji$ -ulr.a dl>z
driw@ f>V[ 97-111!

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h'H[$@ f>Vj 72!
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17 Vr.Wi 1957$@ f>Vj 88!
#ijLBifag FrV dry f+gag F'uV$@ f>Vj 96!
#ds,vg drt[ l+g ldaepiP ug r,Dv'G fis[lg LjwjhjigbJ } f+gag F'uV$@
f>vj 112!

127
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-x,eS 2015

• wdrajrJ
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#wPw[ LhgsJ } f+Vjq$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ #ldaepiP sj siWji$ -aiV
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f>Vj 27!
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#LpF bjeqV$ -dsbjv dl>z vphji@ f>Vj 45& #Lhgs$ -hiFuV dl>z
N,v@ f>Vj 49& #i,W wBs[ sp,t drA'dCbJ sj$ -l.a't dl>z l.aVei@
f>Vj 53& #Wl.aJ$ -svWgi dl>z ail@ f>Vj 61!
#bj eHg ipa Whji$ -Rpujei dl>z Wgi@ f>Vj 65& #dHvjhg sgsji$
-epidsa dl>z wqv@ f>Vj 71& #bv"dww siLV$ -epidsa dl>z@ f>Vj
74& #WyV bjf s[ fPi[ lF h' ih[ V[$ -dL>ejij dl>z dL>eji@ f>Vj 78&
#ygVg rjv[ s[ u' epS ejS rjvj$ -f+gaq dl>z sgfw@ f>Vj 80!
#wPdwbJ s[ wvi sg dq,Bg h{ fpwjisg$ -bjaqj dl>z lVt,a=rg@
#larjij$ -dBwj lpdi>si dl>z ds,vg@ f>V[ 83-84& #braji dshjCj
bjdHbj H[$ -liZj dl>z dVqjSj@ f>Vj 86& #bjfSj dWis fpejr[$ -l.a
ijq ug Rpsjlg@ f>Vj 88& #dHh dwlsj bjeqV h{ ($ -RPZq dl>z bjdu;@
f>Vj 94& #f+gaq sg Fjv$ -WgWg ulWgi w"i sPbj@ f>Vj 100& #aivj$
-bqigw dl>z l.a Vei@ #VrJ riwj$ -svWgi dl>z sil@ f>V[ 104-
106!

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128
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129
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-l.fjsw@ f>Vj 109!

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132
 ldaupe sj bxigwj b>w ^
l.qa-b,lP 2016

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dVbjig h{$ -epiWyV dl>z qplj`i@ f>V[ 86-92!

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133
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134
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l.qa-b,lP 2016

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f>V[ 121-122!

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135
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f'n'hji sg l.ea l+g F{Sg ljdhW drt[$@ f>Vj 104!

137
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2016 \l.V 1959|

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42!

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f>V[ 11-21!
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138
 ldaupe sj Lhgsg b>w ^
l.qa-Fjsi'G 2017 \l.V 1960|

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139
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2017 \l.V 1960|

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 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2018 \l.V 1961|

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#LhgsJ sg rji$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ f>Vj 20& #ega$ -siLV dl>z
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sg H[$ -liZj dl>z dVqjSj@ #f+gaqj@ fia bjrgG$ -hidsbjv dl>z
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-braji dl>z i>Zjrj@ #Rpcgw$ -dL>ejij dl>z dL>eji@ f>V[ 39-46!

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1-19!
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142
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l.qa-Fjsi'G 2018

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Fqij@ f>Vj 43& #ipWjHgbJ$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ f>Vj 46!
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h;i'G$@ #b>a WjWa ujSwjig$ -l.fjsw@ f>V[ 105-113!

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#W[b>a fjaLjh l+g ldaepiP fiajf dl>z ug qhjiju$@ BjHgBv f>Vj m

144
 ldaupe sj dlbjq b>w ^
l.qa-u[n 2019

• wdrajrJ
#ega$ -svWgi dl>z ail@ f>Vj 27& #dHw lpfVj$ -dHwWjv dl>z
qVy>sj@ f>Vj 69!
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epiWtL dl>z h>l@ #lpbjea$ -t;jV dl>z dHVlj`@ #lpbjea LWs$ -l+g
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-dfbjij dl>z lys[r@ #qhjiju bjH[ V[ )$ -lisji eS[Lj dl>z W{Gw'w@
#upe upe ugr[$ -qjHg wiaji w"i@ #epiP VjVw ug uea df+afjv
bjH[$ -l.a lp.si dl>z ug@ f>V[ 100-106!

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#qp,T$ -l.fjsw@ #ojHgv{Gc hlqptJ sg Ziag$ -ijufjv dl>z@ #bji>Fw
rjw`g$ -dHV `jVg ugr@ #l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug qhjiju sgbJ
dlbjq x[igbJ$ -dHwWjv dl>z qVy>sj@ f>V[ 1-26!
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x[ig$@ #y.eqHg s[ y.e[ Fje$@ #qpC W{Gw'w dry$@ #fdhvg dlbjq x[ig s[
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#l.fjsw r,Dv'G$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ f>V[ 107-118!

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#l,yt>c rjlg l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug qhjiju$@ BjHgBv f>Vj m
#dlbjqg lwPv W,Dy[ \dV+a sg v{b dry|$@ f>Vj 8!
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sj W{Gw'w H[bi f'iB $a[ 4!1!1961 Hg! } f+oq lpbjea$@ f>Vj 32!
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WgWg idu>sifjv w"i|$@ #f>Vj 76!
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ug bjfS[ h;PigbJ dry|$@ f>Vj 92!

146
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2019 \l.V 1962|

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dl>z dVqjSj wigrjvj@ #fv[ rA'C[ sg ijl f{ eHg$ -epv;ji dl>z
dWihg@ #b,u braji epiP ijq dl>z Zjdibj$ -qh>a f+yji dl>z@ #ega$
-svWgi dl>z ail@ f>V[ 31-34!

• v[t
#Ziq i,Ddtbw@ ldaepiP ijq dl>z$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #ldaepiP ijq
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ug qhjiju sj braji dsrl$ -qh>a f+ajf dl>z qhjr{s@ #hrjvj
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147
 ldaupe sj bB,v f+ajfg b>w ^
l.qa-Fjsi'G 2020

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-wpvuga dl>z uga@ f>V[ 79-80!
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dl>z wrg@ f>Vj 117& #Rph$ -f+gaq dl>z sgfw@ f>Vj 121& #bjtgG$
-epiFuV dl>z l.aVei@ f>Vj 129!

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148
 W[b>a w"i@ #lpS ljtg@ qV ufp@ dfbji$ -lriV dl>z driw@ #bjwiLw
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130-137!

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dl>z ug ajRpl ruj ih[ hV$@ f>Vj 112!

149
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2020 \l.V 1963|

• wdrajrJ
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#bV.s epi a[ ujdSbj$ -l.fjsw@ f>Vj 1& #VjqZjig dHdahjl ^ v'w
egaJ dry$ -dfbjij dl>z drisg rji>B b"xgli@ f>Vj 9& #V[ai hgV
lpujtj$ -qj! dVhjv dl>z@ f>Vj 26!

150
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-x,eS 2022

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dl>z w'qv@ f>V[ 48-49!
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WijWig$ -l.a aiV dl>z rdhqg@ f>Vj 73& #Ijs$ -q>ev dl>z w,wC@
f>Vj 80!

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#bjfSg r,Dv'G$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #fdr,ai hpwq$ -l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z
ug s[ dvtag `piqjV@ #l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -qhjijuj epidsbjv
dl>z@ f>V[ 1-17!
#VjqZjig f>o s[ q'Tg$ -qdhaj ljZP F'vj Vjo@ #WiajVgbJ s[ w,BC
spLqS$ -l.fjsw@ f>V[ 19-29& #lpa.aiaj l.eijq a[ lps[Lg vdhi s[
q'Tg ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sg s[S$ -vjvj xgi'; y>s@ f>Vj 34!
#qhjijuj svgf dl>z a[ wPdwbJ s[ filfi l.W.Z$ -cj! `"uj dl>z
b{Kq!H[!@ f>Vj 50& #dxi rg dHh bqi u'a uesg ihg$ -cj! b{Kq!b{Kq!
bjhvPrjvgbj@ #epiP ijq dl>z ug ba[ V[fjv liwji$ -Vjhi dl>z
b{Kq!H[!@ f>Vj 57-72& #wjL ) ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug b,u ljc[ dry
hp>s[ )$ -iaV dl>z@ #l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug s[ yji iPf$ -l+g iSWgi
ug@ f>V[ 74-79!

151
 #q,Z H[Lgbj dry WjWj epiyiV dl>z sj dqLV$ -fg!lg! ijH[@ #VjqZjig
b>s'vV sj dlbjlg V;igbj$ -WPBj dl>z b{Kq!H[!@ #l' dwRp q>sj bjtgb{
duap u>qdh ijujVp$ -WgWg yiVuga w"i b{Kq!H[!@ #dfbji sg fit$
-lpriV dl>z driw@ #AjdfbJ ba[ l[rj sj qp,v$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@
#bldh drA'Cj )$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ f>V[ 81-111!

152
 ldaupe sj W,pZ dl>z drL[L b>w ^
l.qa-Fjsi'G 2022

• wdrajrJ
#Rphsj iPf ueuga$ -dWLV dl>z F"i@ f>Vj 26& #sl'G dslg a[ij
uvrj$ -tCw dl>z Fqij@ f>Vj 50& #hig hig r[v$ -svWgi dl>z@
f>Vj 64& #hdi w[ dfbji' bjf$ -l.a dWLV dl>z dhlB'igbV@ #rjh epiP
aP. Z.V wqjHg a[ig$ -l+g w[@ b{Kl! Fqij@ f>Vj 95& #ega$ -svWgi dl>z
ail@ #dus[ f'ai[G Rpa'G uhjV lsw[$ -epis[r dl>z e{Wg@ f>Vj 104!

• v[t
#bt>c fjn$ -qhjiju Wgi dl>z ug@ #l+g WpZ dl>z ug ldaepiP hig
dl>z ug s[ iPf dry$ -l.fjsw@ #dHVwvjWg qhJfpiL s[ yiVJ dry$
-f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #epi dlt rjCg sj fdhi[sji$ -l.a bjaqj dl>z
lVta=j@ #wijqja VhgG dwifj ds=LBg$ -l.fjsw@ #dVdtZ uPV a[ d*fj$
-sPvj dl>z hv'rjv@ #Wg Wgu ds,aj h{$@ #w'C%g a[ dwifj$ -epidsa dl>z
q'ej@ f>Vj 6-26!
#spt dVrjiS$ -dfbjij dl>z t'oCg@ #WjWjSgbJ whjSgbJ$ -epidsbjv
dl>z@ #epiP wj v.ei$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #epiP hig dl>z ug$ -aiV dl>z
ug rdhqg@ #epiP hig dl>z ug sj dVa-wiq$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #Ljaeg
WjWj u,lj dl>z ug sj b>a lqJ$ -WjWj l.a't dl>z wiaj@ #l+g ldaepiP
hig dl>z ug s[ wpN WyV$ -l.fjsw@ #Ljaeg dw eigWg$ -svWgi dl>z
bjlB=[vgbj@ #l.a ldaepiP$ -ijdu>si dl>z epiPli@ #F{iM dl>z$ -l.fjsw@
#dqhi V;i$ -dVhjv dl>z ugrV Vei@ #dril[ dry dqdvbj F{Sg
ljdhW$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ f>V[ 27-94!
#q'hg s[dt silp$ -l[n t;jV dl>z@ #Z.V ldaepiP hig dl>z ug$ -WgWg
vgv%jr>ag@ #FPdibJ rjv[ iju[$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ #dlsw ba[ Fi'l[

153
 sg dHw d;>sj dqljv$ -spbjiwj dl>z wPwj@ f>V[ 96-103& #bCW>eg$
-f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #q>ug epiP$ -l.fjsw@ f>V[ 105-109!

• alrgiJ
#l+gqjV WjWj W{Gwj ug vWjvpW$@ f>Vj 16!
#dHw fjl[ l+g ldaepiP WjWj ijq dl>z ug a[ sPu[ fjl[ ljig l.ea sj
b,e v,eg e[vg } yp,wSj a[ Rplsj yp,Ddwbj Vj ujSj$@ f>Vj 24!
#duhCg e[vg l.ea a'G Vj yp,wg eHg Rph ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug V[ epiP
hig dl>z ug } l,s w[ bjdtbj@ #wg bj FjHg dHh a[ij q[ij hg w>q h{$@
f>Vj 32!
#l+g epiP hig dl>z ug } ldaepiP ygVg rjv[ sj hpwq$@ f>Vj 40!
#l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sj fis[l eqV$@ f>Vj 48!
#dcRpTg epispbjij l+g F{Sg ljdhW$@ f>Vj 68!
#sp,t F>uV ldaepiP l+gqjV l.a iaV dl>z ug t'B[bJ rjv[ } hvw
wp,sS wiw[ l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug RpV%J sj sp,t sPi wi ih[ hV$@
f>Vj 72!
#l+gqjaj ugrV w"i ug a[ qjaj xdah w"i ug$@ f>Vj 80!
#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug qhjiju$@ f>Vj 96!
#qjaj Fpdf>si w"i ug$@ f>Vj 104!

154
 ldaupe sj epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug drL[L b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2023 \l.V 1966|

• wdrajrJ
#Wjh'G xC w[ bjH[ WyjV ?jai$ -liZj dl>z dVqjSj@ #Yl urjVg sg
u{wji$ -f+gaq dl>z sgfw@ f>V[ 41-42& #qjAgrjCj dry$ -l.a't dl>z
ljuV@ f>Vj 71& #ipWjHg )$ -bqigw dl>z@ l.a Vei@ #a[ig avrji V[$
-W[b>a dl>z l'tv@ f>Vj 79!
#a[ig avrji V[$ -epis[r dl>z L'wg@ f>Vj 86& #aji s[$ -qpVLj dl>z
sptg@ #dl,tg sg yjv )$ -h;jij dl>z f+{l@ f>Vj 88& #fBV[$ -ail dl>z
rdhqg@ #a[ig avrji V[$ -epiWtL dl>z ijqfpig@ f>Vj 94-95!
#epuig$ -f+gaq dl>z sgfw@ #sgsji wigH[$ -u'de>si dl>z qpwaj@
#a[ig avrji V[$ -ail dl>z rdhqg@ f>V[ 102-104& #ipWjHgbJ$ -buga
dl>z dqiujfpi@ f>Vj 119!
ljdhW;jdsbJ r,Dv'G lPW[ lih>s } urjW$ -WgWg u>egi w"i l.ZP@
f>Vj 123& #slq[L bjIj$ -dVi>uS dl>z aJzg@ f>Vj 130& #ipWjHgbJ$
-fiquga dl>z dT,Dv'G@ f>Vj 139& #ipWjHgbJ$ -e!l! VjqZjig@ f>Vj
166!

• v[t
#qhJ wrg epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ #wg slq e+.o
epiWjSg VhgG ($ -qhjiju Wgi dl>z@ #hrV a[ ljdhW epiP e'dW>s dl>z
ug$ -qjlBi dVhjv dl>z@ f>V[ 1-41!
#slq[L a[ ljcj Fdr,t$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ #epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug a[
APa Aja$ -f>ca e'fjv dl>z@ #Fdr,ta rjw$ -l.a aiV dl>z rdhqg@
f>V[ 43-70!

155
 #tjvljHg dy>V%$ -Fea dl>z u,u@ #l,yj dl,t$ -qpVLj dl>z sptg@ #f+[q
fjaLjh epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug$ -yiVuga dl>z Zjigrjv@ f>Vj 72-87&
#sqsqj ljdhW rjvg WgC Wji[$ -dH>si dl>z y,*riag@ f>Vj 89&
#dHVljVgba$ -l.a't dl>z ljuV@ #epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug s[ idhaVjq[$
-aiV dl>z rdhqg@ f>Vj 96-102!
#wg epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug V[ qjl tjS sg bjdebj ds,ag lg ($ qj!
dVhjv dl>z@ #epiqa ba[ wjv[-Vgv[ Wla=$ -qhjijuj Wgi dl>z@ #eRP
i,Ddtbw epiP$ -epiFuV dl>z VjqZjig@ #V.s[C'G Wjs$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@
#epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug sg s[rg fPuj$ -bqi Fjiag@ f>V[ 105-164!

• alrgi
#l+g epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug s[ blvg Ljlai$@ f>Vj 104!

156
 ldaupe sj Iprw b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2024 \l.V 1967|

• wdrajrJ
#dWVJ eRP Vdh> s[L tpLhjv h'Sj$ -qpVLj dl>z sptg@ #VrgG i"LVg$
-lriV dl>z lV[hg@ f>Vj 3& #ipWjHg$ -fiquga dl>z dT,v'G@ #dWVJ eRP
VhgG s[L tpLhjv h'Sj$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ f>Vj 6-7!
#Y V"urjV$ -Vdi>si dl>z ypejrJ@ f>Vj 10& #ipWjHgbJ$ -h;jij
dl>z@ f>Vj 12& #ipWjHgbJ$ -e! l! VjqZjig@ #dWVJ eRP VhgG s[L tpLhjv
h'Sj$ -WvWgi dl>z dT,Dv'G@ f>V[ 16-17!
#ipWjHgbJ$ -l.a't dl>z ljuV@ f>Vj 20& #dWVJ eRP VhgG s[L bj;js
h'Sj$ -cg! b{Ky! FPy@ f>Vj 22& #ipWjHg$ -iaV dl>z l.a Vei@ f>Vj
27& #s' ipWjHgbJ$ -vtrgi dl>z qLgV q{V@ f>Vj 33!
#qjl a[ blgG$ -q[hi dl>z wjVfpi@ #ygVg blrji Vg lhgY$ -buga
dl>z uga@ #YH[ wPdwbj$ -qj! dVhjv dl>z@ #ega$ -lpv<tS dl>z dsvWi@
#b,u sj VjqZjig a[ dfA'wC$ -l.a't dl>z ljuV@ f>V[ 33-44!

• v[t
#fdhvg s[S$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ f>Vj 1& #tpijw ba[ bjaqj sj
l.W.Z$ -epiP VjVw l.s[L F'fjv $y'G@ f>Vj 4& #Iprw v[tw a[ RpV%J s[
f+wjLw$ -cj! hjHg; Iji/bVprjsV lV[hg@ #dWVJ eRP VhgG s[L ?pLhjv
h'Sj$ -epiWtL dl>z ijqfpig@ #sPt Vj s[Hg dwl{ ugbj$ -buga dl>z
uga$@ f>V[ 8-16!
#Wp,Z sj Ziq LjlV$ -b{Kl! ijZj d*LVV@ f>Vj 18& #sdHbj ba[
Ziq$ -svgf dl>z IqVjVei@ #l'rgba IPVgbV dry V"urjV wg
fC%s[ hV$ -W'il W{Gw'/lV[hg@ f>Vj 23-27!

157
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dfbji[ }$ -Wvrgi dl>z dT,Dv'G@ #sjVg ldaepiP$ -iSuga dl>z@ f>V[
45-46!

• ujSwjig
#bjlB=[vgbj sg lp.siaj$ -svWgi dl>z@ f>Vj 21& #lojVw u<dobJ
Wji[ ujSwjig$@ #l.t[f dHdahjl VjqZjig dr,Ddsbw u,oj$ -l.a dl>z
driw@ f>V[ 47-56!

158
 ldaupe sj eRP qjaj drL[L b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2024

• wdrajrJ
#eRP h,Ddabj$ -epiWtL dl>z ijqfpig@ f>Vj 8& #ujV WyjSg h{$ -wjwj
siLV dl>z@ f>Vj 36& #eRP WjN VhgG s[L tpLhjv h'Sj$ -upde>si dl>z
qpwaj@ #eRP s[ sp,Z sg dl`a$ -liZj dl>z dVqjSj@ f>Vj 54!
#s' ipWjHgbJ$ -e! l! VjqZjig@ f>Vj 59& #s' ipWjHgbJ$ -iAfjv
dl>z f>VP@ f>Vj 62& #eRP sj sp,Z )$ -h;jij dl>z Fp>ei@ f>Vj 68& #eRP
s[ bdhljV$ -e'fjv dl>z b"vt@ f>Vj 77& #Wiwa$ -Vdi>si dl>z@
#Rplsj Rpaq Rpfs[L dryjdibj VhgG$@ -RpKaq dl>z RpKaq@ #eRP a[
eigW a[i[ bjdHbj lp,t fjr[ej$ -fiquga dl>z iju@ f>V[ 81-84!
#dWVj eRP VhgG s[L tpLhjv h'Sj$ -rdibjq dl>z dfbjl@ f>Vj 90&
#eRP Ziq a[!!!$ -vtWgi dl>z@ f>Vj 99& #eRP sg LjV s[ ijt[$ -liZj
dl>z dVqjSj@ f>Vj 128& #r>VegbJ$ -lpiuga dl>z ijeg@ ulr>a dl>z
u'L@ wjwj epidsbjv dl>z@ f>Vj 135& #eRP qJ )$ -W[W[ uegi w"i@
#ipWjHg )$ -l.a't dl>z ljuV@ f>V[ 154!

• v[t
#eRP i,Ddtbj ba[ VjqZjig f>o$ -braji dl>z bj;js@ f>Vj 5& #dl,t
Ziq dry eRP sj lojV$ -qhjijuj Wgi dl>z@ #eRP Wji[ wdraj$
-aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #eRP qjaj dwM ($ -ijdu>si dl>z epRPli@ #eRP
sg h,Ddabj ip,tJ sj sp,Z$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ # Fjia a[ e' ZV sg
i,Ddtbj$ -LqL[i dl>z bL'w@ #fLP rfjigbJ s[ h,o eRP Vj r[y'$ -y"Zig
lpts[r dl>z@ #eRP i,Ddtbj Ziq h{$ -l+g Y!fg! t'lvj@ f>V[ 9-43!
#eRP ba[ Fjiag ldFbjyji$ -iaV dl>z@ #eRP i,Ddtbj a'G hg s[L
i,Ddtbj$ -ijq Liqj dlilj@ #Ziq dry ^ fLPbJ s[ bdZwji$ -fjsig
159
 bji! lg! bji! b{cdwV@ #eRP ZV$ -hilj dl>z yai@ #eRP wdvbjS
$y hg s[L wdvbjS$ -dVi>uS dl>z aJzg@ #eRP LvjrJ ba[ e'lr
. iZV$ -
ijZj d*LV Wuju u{fip @ #Fjiag ugrV dry eRP sg qhjVaj$ -lriV
dl>z driw@ #eRPbJ sj rfji$ -bjaqj dl>z lVt,aij@ f>V[ 47-81!
#eRP l[rj sj xv$ -wiaji dl>z@ #Ws[L ba[ eRP ba[ blgG$ -svgf
dl>z VjqZjig@ #eRP fjvw w"S$ -dfbjij dl>z drisg@ #eRP i,Ddtbj$
-qj! wfPi dl>z ugrV Vei@ #liwji fPig ai%J eRP-r>L sg h,Ddabj
$a[ fjW>sg vjH[$ -l+g IP!b{Kv! Z[Wi@ #y>eg dwlq sg eRP a[ Apig yvsg
h{$ -drV'Fj Fjr[ ug@ #Fjia s[ ZV qlv[ vHg eRP sg ;iPia$ -iaV
dl>z@ #qjaj ba[ eRP qjaj$ -l.fjsw@ #eRP i,Ddtbj dwM a[ dwr[G$ -
uI.ag vjv qjVwi@ #rjdHl ijdH sj dWbjV$ -lisji sjaji dl>z@
#dqB{ wLB eRPbV ApB{ t[s Fjig$ -q[hi dl>z wjVfpi@ f>V[ 87-141!
#Fjia dry WvsJ sg v'C$ -l+gqjV fiV[iwi ug@ #eRP itLj$ -Whjv
dl>z ug l[rjsji@ #bjfSg r,Dv'G$ -l.a't dl>z ljuV@ f>V[ 147-153!

• whjSgbJ
#eRP l[rj sj yqawji$ -qj! dVhjv dl>z@ f>Vj 44& #W[;WjV$ -l.a't
dl>z ljuV@ f>Vj 85& #s' Rpfwji$ -l.a't dl>z ljuV@ f>Vj 142!

• alrgiJ
#qgVj@ l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug sg Rph eRP dulV[ 300 dsV dry
12000 fjRPGc a'G r,Z sp,Z ds,aj ba[ dulsg lji[ lPH[ sg i';jVj b"la
23!4 fjRPGc lg$@ f>Vj 40!
#hpwqg@ l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug s[ zi f{sj wgag h'Hg Rph eRP
dul V[ lp.siaj dry ba[ sp,Z s[S dry Fjig l'Fj f+jfa wgag$@ #vtVRP
drt[ l.V 1940 dry liW dh>s fLP f+siLVg l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug
bjfS[ u[aP fLPbJ Vjv$@ f>Vj 72!
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug rv'G l.V 1960 dry bjfS[ lq[G dry
wgag eHg l+g ugrV Vei drt[ lir f+oq fLP f+siLVg$@ #l+g ugrV
Vei dry l.V 1960 sg fLP f+siLVg lq[G l+g ldaepiP ug y"Zig lPiu
qv fLP-fjvV q>aig } bjfSgbJ lhgrjv eRPbJ dstj ih[ hV$@
f>Vj 120!
160
 ldaupe sj Ljwjhjig b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2025 \l.V 1968|

• wdrajrJ
#ipWjHgbJ$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ f>Vj 25& #lqNS sj r[vj$ -
lriV dl>z lV[hg@ f>Vj 27!

• v[t
#dwr[G a[ wg )$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ #fC%' a[ dryji'$ -lriV dl>z
lV[hg@ #fdra=-qVp<taj$ -l+g epiP biuV s[r ug@ #19rJ qhjV b>ai
ijLBig Ljwjhjig dHw,n$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ #qVp<taj ba[ qjljhji$
-l.fjsw@ #dHVljV a[ h{rjV$ -qVLj dl>z sptg@ #Ljwjhjig f{hvrjV$
-dh>sg e' ZV dry'G@ #qjl bjhji qVp<t sg bi'eaj sj dwr[G ldabjVjl
wisj h{$ -qjVrgI bjhji dry'G bVprjs ldha@ #Z.Vrjs$ -bjaqj
dl>z lVta=rg@ #urjW dsY$ -l.fjsw@ f>V[ 2-32!

• alrgiJ
#sl ri%[ fdhvJ sg dHw Ijs_Ws[Lg LjwjhjigbJ } F'uV AwjRpS
df,DA'G l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z LjwjhjigbJ Wji[ VjqZjig ds=LBgw'S f[L
wi ih[ hV$@ #l+g njwpi spvgf dl>z ug Ws[Lg LjwjhjigbJ } F'uV
Awj ih[ hV m 1957 rjvg Ljwjhjig wjV`i>l lq[G Ws[Lg qdhqjVJ }
l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug r,Dv'G f+gag F'uV ds,aj debj$@ f>Vj 8!
#l+g ldaepiP ug a[ Ws[Lg Ljwjhjig lpbjeag lqji'h dry@ RpsjzBV
a'G wpN fdhvJ l+g svjHgvjqj ug q>evjyiV fC% ih[ hV$@ #19rgG
drLr wjV`i>l s[ RpszjBV a'G fdhvJ l+g ldaepiP ug@ qjVwi a[ l+g
qpijiug c[ljHg$@ f>Vj 16!
#ijLBifag FrV dry l+g qjVwi ug@ ijLBifag h'iJ sg l+g ldaepiP

161
ug Vjv fAjS wi ih[ hV@ v[tw dqvSg dry l+g qjVwi ug VjqZjigbJ
sj Ljwjhji Wji[ ds=LBgw'S f[L wi ih[ hV@ ijLBifag cj! ;jdwi
hpl{V Vjv dryji rBJsij wiV lq[G l+g ldaepiP ug$@ #l+g ldaepiP
ueuga dl>z ug@ Ws[Lg LjwjhjigbJ a[ VjqZjig l.ea ldha$@ f>Vj 24!
#Ljwjhjig wjV`i>l s[ Ziq l.q[vV dry l+g ldaepiP ug a[ h'i Zjiqw
V[aj@ qsijl lqjeq dry drdsbjiog a[ Iprw l.q[vV sj ds=L$@ #l+g
ldaepiP ug v[tw dqvSg df,A'G Ws[Lg LjwjhjigbJ a[ VjqZjig IprwJ
Vjv$@ f>Vj 32!

162
 ldaupe sj epiP VjVw b>w ^
l.qa-u[n 2026 \l.V 1969|

• wdrajrJ
#uea uv.sj it v{$ -dVi>uV dl>z aJzg@ f>Vj 8& #Zji braji
bjH[$ -epiq[v dl>z dlbjC%@ f>Vj 51& #epiP VjVw lg dry l.lji
bjdHbj$ -tpLhjv dl>z epfaj@ f>Vj 72& #ega$ -epis[r dl>z qjV@
f>Vj 81& #ipWjHg$ -hiW>l dl>z bi'Cj@ f>Vj 107& #bjdHbj q[BV upsjHg
H[$ -ulr>a dl>z@ f>Vj 110& #ipWjHg$ -bqi dl>z wjhv'G@ #qisjV[ sg
u'sCg$ -Vquga dl>z qpwqJ@ f>Vj 124& #s' ipWjHgbJ$ -wpvr>a dl>z
bSujsj@ f>Vj 145!
#liW drbjfg epiP VjVw$ -wiq dl>z Wjvq@ #lJNj lF sj Ljh
lpvajV bjdHbj$ -hiFuV dl>z firjVj@ debjVg e'fjv dl>z@
epiWtL dl>z ijqfpig@ epiq[v dl>z Z.uv@ #wiV vHg liWa sj Fvj
VjVw$ -bqi dl>z fis[lg@ #ega$ -qj! bqigw dl>z@ #wiV vHg
liWa sj Fvj VjVw$ -epiWtL dl>z ijqfpig@ #y'u epiP VjVw s[
deS[ VhgG uJrs[$ -hiW>l dl>z@ #b,u s[ dsV bjdHbj dVi>wjig$ -
qVuga dl>z qpwqj@ #rZjHg )$ -h;Pi dl>z y>sih>l@ #ipWjHg$ -wjwj
lptuga dl>z@ #y'u ldaepiP$ -Vdi>si dl>z@ #LiV bjdHbJ } ws[
spiwjdibj Vj$ -l.fPiV dl>z@ #a[i[ xpiqjV RpKa[$ -bqi dl>z ds,vg@
#hLi agw VhgG Fp,vSg Ijs a[ig$ -epidsbjv dl>z w>ri@ #l,yj l"sj$
-epidsbjv dl>z qVq"ug@ #epiP VjVw ug sj qjVr Ziq$ -qdh>si
dl>z x'B'e+j`i@ f>V[ 168-184!
#da>V ipWjHgbJ$ -vtWgi dl>z@ buga dl>z uga@ wiq dl>z u'eg@
#VjVw sptgbJ sj sis r.cjS bjdHbj$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@
f>V[ 186-187!

163
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-dVi>uV dl>z aJzg@ #l.uq apiwj FjHg$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ #epiP
VjVw s[r ug$ -WgWg ulWgi w"i@ #VjVw dqLV a[ Vgv$ -uesgL
dl>z b>dq+ali@ #Wga[ dsVJ sg Ijs l+g epiP VjVw s[r ug$ -episgf
dl>z VjqZjig@ f>V[ 9-83!
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-debjV dl>z@ q>cg@ #epiP VjVw sgbJ e'LBgbJ$ -bjaqj dl>z
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qjl$ -qj! dVhjv dl>z@ f>Vj 108-136!
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. ^ uVqljtg$
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f>Vj 185!

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#WjWj r{s i'egbJ sj$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ f>Vj 84& #rjvgbJ
sj rjvg$ -wiquga dl>z iju@ f>Vj 154!

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#epiP VjVw s[r ug lpvajVfpi r[HgG Vsg s[ faV $a[ t,a=g qlPvgH[ }
eRP W+jhqS a'G wi \yp>eg| v{S a[ Vgv[ w,fC[ fdhVS sg ajCVj wi
ih[ hV$@ f>Vj 72!
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qjiV rjvg qJ sj \qpis[ tjS| Viwg ugrV a'G RpZji wi ih[ hV$@
f>Vj 88!

164
 #epiP VjVw s[r ug sj s[r e.Zji s[l fhp>y w[ s[r vPa ijtL }
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} qjl rjv[ s[e[ dry'G tgi riajS sj hpwq s[ ih[ hV$@ f>Vj 128!
#epiP VjVw s[r ug a[ bdu,aj i>Zjrj sg e'LB@ Wji%r[G ujq[ \l+g
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165
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2027 \l.V 1970|

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#lpbjeag ipWjHgbJ$ -l.fjsw@ f>Vj 4& #ipWjHg$ -hiW>l dl>z bi'Cj@
f>Vj 26& #Q;v$ -RPZq dl>z bjd;u@ f>Vj 32!

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#l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sj braji$ -l+g fjnw ug@ Rpf ijLBifag
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sj bjsiLrjs$ -episgf dl>z ds,vg@ #qhjV wPwj vdhi$ -Lhgs Fea
dl>z@ #VjqZjig V"urjV Ip,Z wi dihj h{$ -qjlBi dVhjv dl>z@ 5-31&
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166
 ldaupe sj ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug
f+s[l eqV LajWsg b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2029 \l.V 1972|

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#v'C a[i[ sgs sg H[ h'i w'Hg v'C VhgG$ -bjaqj dl>z lVt,a=rg@
LpiPbjag f>Vj& #yqdwbj uhjV a[ lajij$ -l+! Whjsi dl>z wqv@
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109!
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aju'w[@ upde>si dl>z qpwaj@ hiFuV dl>z firjVj@ rdibjq dl>z
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167
 dry filfi dri'Z$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ #hdispbji sg bZ wp>Fg$ -
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ug$ -epiyiV dl>z qnjiP@ # l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug s[ rwa wjsgbJ
drt[ q[vj$ -WgWg wpvsgf w"i wjsgbJ@ #Fjiag iPl dqa=aj sj fdhvj
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wfPi@ #wdvupe q[G ldaupe riajRPG$ -q[hi dl>z wjVfpig@ #VjqZjig
u'a$ -braji dl>z dqVhjl@ #Lhgsg WjWj vdhSj dl>z ug$ -ajij
dl>z bVujS@ #l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sg lqju } s[S$ -WgWg Wvdr>si
w"i wjsgbJ@ #f+gaq sg Ijs$ -debjV dl>z q>cg@ f>V[ 1-70!
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#us'G v.ei dry f+Ljsj Aw"Sj upiq lg$@ #WJh sg Tjv$ -l.fjsw@
f>V[ 154-164!

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#17 uVrig sj lPiu$ -l.a't dl>z ljuS@ #lFhV w[ dliq"i$ -dfbjij
dl>z risg@ #Z"wv sj Bv$ -l.fjsw@ f>V[ 119-153!

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#l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sg f+s[L } irjVeg \ljwj uvjraV|$@
BjHgBv f>Vj!
#ljwj qv[iw'Bvj \l.a epiqpt dl>z ug|$@ f>Vj 120!
#l+g F{Sg ljdhW fpdvl a'G y'ig dl>zJ sj f+ljs[ v{S sj ds=L$@ f>Vj 154!
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f>Vj 160!

168
 ldaupe sj l+g epiP a[Q Whjsi b>w ^
l.qa-q,zi 2033 \l.V 1976|

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#l+g epiP a[Q Whjsi q>ev$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ f>Vj 8& #a[Q
Whjsi epiP h'S wpiWjV api fH[$ -hiFuV dl>z uVjVj@ f>Vj 13&
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liZj dl>z dVqjSj@ f>Vj 39& #u' epiP a[Q Whjsi$ -qj! hilj dl>z
Wjn@ f>Vj 47!
#epiP a[Q Whjsi ug$ -hiW>l dl>z q{lw'rjvg@ f>Vj 54& #l+g epiP a[Q
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dl>z q"ug@ #l+g epiP a[Q Whjsi a[ WjsLjh b"i>eu[W s[ lrjv urjW$
-bqi Fer.a dl>z@ #s' ipWjHgbJ$ -dL>ejij dl>z dl>eji@ #epi siLV sg
dt,y$ -qj! hilj dl>z Wjn@ #ipWjHg$ -l.a wiq dl>z u'eg@ f>V[ 79-81!
#FjHg qag sjl sg Lhgsg$ -his[r dl>z driw@ f>Vj 87& #ipWjHg$ -
wjwj idu>si dl>z@ f>Vj 165& #ugrV qpwa whjr[$ -WjWj hjwq dl>z
riVgrjvj@ #FjHg dsbjvj ug sg bsp,ag Lhjsa$ -hiW>l dl>z bi'Cj@
f>V[ 171-172& #epiP a[Q Whjsi bjH[$ -wjwj lpiuga dl>z@ f>Vj
174!

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#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug r,Dv'G bjLgirjs$ -l.fjswg@ f>Vj 2&
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dl>z@ f>V[ 9-24!
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169
 Lhgsg sj f+agwiq$ -izWgi dl>z vjeig@ #wqP s[L x[ig_iju[ dWLV
dl>z sg lhjdHaj$ -hiW>l dl>z q{lw'rjvg@ #VjVdw iju yvjdHbj$
-l.fjsw@ #dHag duV wig$ -debjVg yiV dl>z Zjigrjv@ #ljij
wdvupe F'elg@ VjVw Zi braji$ -ail[q dl>z VjqZjig@ #lgl sgbj
fi dliip V sgbj$ -bujdHW dl>z VjqZjig@ #epiP a[Q Whjsi ug sg
WjSg dry dHla=g$ -l+gqag bqiuga w"i@ #epiP a[Q Whjsi ug sg
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-epiWyV dl>z VjqZjig@ f>V[ 26-56!
#l+g epiP a[Q Whjsi ug sg Lhgsg sg lqwjvgV qhjVaj$ -qj!
buga dl>z b{Kq!H[!@ #ds,vg a'G WjWj Wwjvj a,w$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@
#l+g epiP a[Q Whjsi sg WjSg dry Feag l.wvf$ -f+!' ug!b{Kl! wrgije@
f>V[ 59-78!
#epiP a[Q Whjsi ug sg Lhjsa sj wjiV )$ -WPBj dl>z b{Kq!H[!@ f>Vj
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dlqigH[$ -dfbjij dl>z drisg@ f>Vj 88-171!
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ljwj duVp wgbj$ -buga dl>z vpdZbjSj@ f>V[ 173-180!

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#l+g epiP a[Q Whjsi ug l+g e+.o ljdhW } rjfl wiajifpi F[uS
rjla[ WgCJ } sdibj s[ lfpis wiw[ WjW[ Zgi q,v } dHw ijhg h,o l+g
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#l+g epiP hid*LV ug ds,vg dVrjl lq[G b>aq r[v[ epiPe,sg sg ljqe+g
\f>u f{l[ a[ Vjigbv ojv dry i,t w[ WjWj Wl[dh ug e+jq Wwjv[ s[
l.w[a Vjv| l.ea s[ lfpis wi ih[ hV$@ f>Vj 64!
#l+g epiP a[Q Whjsi ug sj b>dq+ali f+r[L \alrgi dry epiP ug
q,tS Ljh lq[a siLVg dcRpTg b,e[ tv'a[ dstjHg s[ ih[ hV$@ f>Vj
120!

170
 ldaupe sj lPWj ljdhW dl>z LajWsg b>w ^
l.qa-u[n 2036 \l.V 1979|

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#l+g epiP s[r W.ZV$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ f>Vj 4& #ipWjHg$ -qj!
hiW>l dl>z@ f>Vj 24& #dl,tg dlsw r,Dv'G tWisji h'dHbj$ -hiVjq
dl>z wrg@ f>Vj 37& #ipWjHg$ -lpiuga dl>z@ f>Vj 44& #ipWjHg$ -his[r
dl>z driw@ f>Vj 60!
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dl>z ds,vg@ #f+l.ljI'e dl,t$ -rjiJ FjHg episjl@ f>V[ 65-67!

• v[t
#wpN bjfS[ r,Dv'G$ -bjaq dl>z lVt,a=rg@ #epi dl,tg ugrV$ -rji
FjHg episjl ug@ #hjidsw LiZJuvg$ -l.fjswg@ #VjqZjig dHdahjl
dry lPWj ljdhW dl>z s[ lpVdhig wjiVjq[$ -l.fjsw ldaupe@ #lPWj
ljdhW dl>z_liwjig V;iJ dry$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ #epiP ijq dl>z
ug sj ujVLgV$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #dur aP itdh dar ihRp$ -bjaq
dl>z lVt,a=rg@ #lPWj ljdhW dl>z ug ba[ wPwj qPrq{GB$ -qj! dVhjv
dl>z Wg!H[!@ #ljdhW sjl a'G lPWj ljdhW dl>z a,w$ -ljdr>si dl>z
VjqZjig@ f>V[ 5-65& #Z.Vrjs$ -bjaq dl>z lVt,a=rg@ f>Vj 68!

• alrgiJ
#l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug fj^ 12rgG/lPWj ljdhW dl>z ug a[ lPWj v<tj
dl>z ug$@ f>Vj 8!
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$@ f>Vj 40!

171
 ldaupe sj 65 ljvj b>w ^ Fje fdhvj
l.qa-x,eS 2042 \l.V 1985|

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#iqj idr idhbj liW,De[$ -bjaqj dl>z lVt,a=rg@ f>Vj 2& #a'fJ
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#ipWjHg$ -qj! hilj dl>z Wjn@ f>Vj 30& #ipWjHgbJ$ -lpiuga dl>z f+{l
rjvj@ f>Vj 37!
#fPij dl,t VjqZjig h{$ -FjHg wjV% dl>z VjFj@ #bj Zjdibj braji
H[$ -dH>si dl>z y,*riag@ #FH[ h{G bjZgi b{lg fgi a[ WyjHg H[$ -l.a
dl>z de,vJ dVrjlg@ #q>s q>s rjw wi Rpfs[La h{$ -epiWyV dl>z bV.s@
#v{ w[ VrJ l.sL[ Whji bjHg$ -dVi>uV dl>z uI'ag@ f>V[ 61-64!

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s[hJa Wji[ drrjs$ -uldr>si dl>z dhlB'igbV@ #lsjyjiw l+g ldaepiP
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epidsbjv dl>z@ #wjn wg fp,aig$ -ulWgi w"i dLqvj@ f>V[ 3-61!

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#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug s[ lq[G s[ VjqZjig f>o s[ qptg ba[ lPW[
duV%J V[ s[L sg bj;jsg@ f>o f+yji ba[ #ldaupe$ sg bSo,w l[rj
wgag$@ f>Vj 8!

172
 #l+g ugrV Vei drt[ h'Hg fLP f+siLVg lq[G l+g ldaepiP ug bjfSgbJ
RpKVa wgagbJ hdibjSj a[ ljhgrjv Vlv sgbJ eRPbJ Vjv$@ #l.qa
2000 l+g F{Sg ljdhW q[v[ $a[ fLP f+siLVg a'G Wjs l+g ldaepiP f+ajf
dl>z ug s[ Vjv h'i l,uS$@ f>Vj 24!
#cj! li e'vw y>s awigi wi ih[ hV m l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug
Vjv lB[u $a[ W{n[ RpKz[ l,uS hV$@ f>Vj 32!
#l+g qhjijuj epidsbjv dl>z ug \duV%J s[ fpiljio Vjv #ldaupe$
b?Wji yjvP h'dHbj|$@ b?givj f>Vj m

173
 ldaupe sj 65 ljvj b>w ^ Fje sPuj
l.qa-x,eS 2042 \l.V 1985|

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#VjqZjigbJ sj fdhi[sji ldaupe$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ f>Vj 1&
#zCg qpCg dHh rwa dxi bjrSj VhgG$ -dVi>wji dl>z y[aV@ #ipWjHg$
-iSZgi dl>z Zgij@ f>Vj 7& #fi Rpfwjig epiP ijq b"Se[$ -dVi>wji
dl>z y[aV@ f>Vj 23& #ipWjHg$ -lpiuga dl>z qLgVq{V@ f>Vj 40!
#ipWjHg$ -epis[r dl>z@ f>Vj 43& #ipWjHg$ -dL>ejij dl>z dL>eji@ f>Vj
47& #ipWjHg$ -bjaqj dl>z u,B@ f>Vj 48!

• v[t
#ldaupe b?Wji dwr[G a[ ws'G ($ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ #ldaupe
sj 65 ljvj l`i$ -f+gaq dl>z f>Ag@ #ldaupe sg f+wjLV Vgag$ -
lriV dl>z lV[hg@ #l.ega yiyj$ -l+g qhjijuj Wgi dl>z@ #us'G F{Sg
ljdhW a'G fpdvl y"wg hBjHg eHg$ -f+gaq dl>z f>Ag@ #LhgsJ sg Ijs
dry$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ #ije \l.ega| Whpa lji[ i'eJ sj sjiP h{$ -
qhjijuj epidsbjv dl>z@ #qjvj sg qhjVaj$ -dVZjV dl>z bjdvq@
#ldaupe b?Wji a'G q{G ujrJ Wdvhji$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ f>V[ 3-48!

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#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug dsvipWj rujMs[ h'H[@ l+g qhjiju Wgi
dl>z ug ajVfpij rujMs[ h'H[ ba[ l.a siLV dl>z ug ijeg$@ f>Vj 2!
#bj;js dh>s `"u s[ b`li b>ei[;g `"ug bsjva dry'G Wig h'S $a[
vjh"i bjH[ ba[ l+g ldaepiP f+ajf ug r,Dv'G lrjea wgaj debj$@
f>Vj 16!

174
 #l+g qjaj ugrV w"i ug s[ b>daq siLV$@ f>Vj 40!
#l+g qjaj ugrV w"i ug s[ F'e f{S rjv[ q[v[ $a[ bjH[ LiZjvP l+g
ldaepiP f+ajf dl.z ug lq[a$@ #q[v[ a[ sPli[ sgrjV dry l+g ldaepiP
f+ajf dl>z ug ba[ h'i l,uS$@ f>Vj 48!

175
 ldaupe sj h'vj qh,vj IP!w[! b>w ^ Fje aguj
l.qa-qjz 2042 \l.V 1985|

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#dl>zJ VjqZjigbJ$ -hidu>si dl>z w>rv@ f>Vj 2& #IP!w[! $y qVjdHbj
h'vj dl>zJ VjqZjigbJ$ -xp>qS dl>z w>rv@ f>Vj 5!

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#h'v[ sg q>e$ -l.fjsw@ #VjqZjig l.ea IP!w[!$ -bjaqj dl>z lVt,ar
= g@
#h'v[ sg bi>Faj 20!4!84$ -l.fjsw@ #h'vj fpiW RpKa[ dl,t drilj
f+siLVg$ -h! l! w>rv@ #l.ega siWji$ -l.fjsw@ #lj Ziag FHg
hdibjrvg$ -u'ej dl>z Wjidq>eq@ #dl>zJ VjqZjigbJ$ -cj! y>VS
dl>z y>V@ #hjidsw Z.Vrjs$ -l.fjsw@ #IP!w[! f+[q dslsj njnJ qjisj
lg$ -bjaqj dl>z lVt,a=rg@ f>V[ 2-24!

176
 ldaupe ^ l.qa-x,eS 2043 \l.V 1986|

• wdrajrJ
#epiP ijq dl>z Zji braji bjdHbj$ -episgf dl>z VjqZjig@ f>Vj
28& #bjHg ipa Wl.a dVhji$ -lpiuga dl>z qLgVq{V@ f>Vj 42& #wPw[
lg$ -u{ dl.z h,Bg rjvj@ f>Vj 50& #ldaepiP ijq dl>z$ -bjaqj dl>z
u"hv@ f>Vj 63& #s[h sgsji bj w[$ -hiW>l dl>z q{V[ui@ f>Vj 66!
#ygVg rjdvbj s[ sgsji bj w[$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v ugbj V,oj@
f>Vj 75& #Wl.a$ -hiFuV dl>z firjVj$ -f>Vj 81& #qj! lphjrj
dl>z ug$ -qj! dVhjv dl>z ug@ f>Vj 85& #bjHg r[t Wl.a Whji
l'hSg$ -hiW>l dl>z q{V[ui@ f>Vj 89!
#biu'Hg$ -h;Pi dl>z y>s=hJl@ #bjrgG NW bjrgG$ -WvWgi dl>z
FC"vgbJ@ f>Vj 97& #h[ ijq )$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ f>Vj 102& #dWih'G s[
f+agw l,a rji a[ WjiJ qjh$ -a[uj dl>z l'tv@ #qv[iw'Bv[ s[ LhgsJ
sg Ijs dry$ -qj! wiaji dl>z f>Ag@ #dHh' ljcg a'f l,yg@ ev duhCg
qjvj h{$ -dL>ejij dl>z dl>eji@ #f+gaq ) bjh ) qjvj h{$ -l[n epiWtL
dl>z@ #dh>splajV bdhljV VhgG Fp,v lwsj$ -hiFuV dl>z ijuj@ #Whji
bj eHg H[$ -qj! bqigw dl>z@ #b,u s[ dsrl bjdHbj dl,tg sj
lhjij H[$ -epidsbjv dl>z f+ga@ #lgVj ljC l<pdBbj H[ dtCgbJ
WhjiJ V[$ -u'de>si dl>z qpwaj@ f>V[ 104-112!

• v[t
#f+eB[ dl>z ijq wvqv{G Bjiw[$ -l.fjsw@ #epiWjSg wgiaV fi>fij
ba[ qhjaq$ -qhjijuj Wgi dl>z ug@ #VjqZjig dHdahjl a[ Rpls[
v[tw$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ #l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug s[ wLqgi ba[
V[fjv Vjv l.W.Z$ -sdr>si dl>z de,v ugbj V<oj@ #wdvupe q[G ldaupe$
-WgWg dWb>a w"i@ #Vj dqvriaV vdhi s[ q'Tg l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z
ug$ -ldr>si dl>z VjqZjig@ #bj;jsg sg Ljq uejHg ldaepiP ijq

177
 dl>z$ -izWgi dl>z h{KcqjlBi@ #WVlfda qRpvg ydCbj Wl.a$ -izWgi
dl>z lilj@ #u>e[ bj;jsg ba[ wPwj vdhi$ -ulr.a ijH[@ #tjvlj t[ag
q[ig$ -epidsbjv dl>z VjqZjig@ #idha qiIjsj s[ WjVg l+g ldaepiP
ijq dl>z ug$ -episgf dl>z@ l.aVei@ #Ziq-i,Ddtbw l+g ldaepiP ijq
dl>z$ -l.a't dl>z@ #Wl.a f>yqg sj braji$ -dVi>uV dl>z aJzg@ #dxi
q{G wg bjtJ$ -WgWg ulWgi w"i dLqvj@ #l+g qhjiju W,pZ dl>z ug ldaepiP
hig dl>z ug s[ iPf dry$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v ugbj V,oj@ f>V[ 2-75!
#wPwj dHdahjl sj drldibj riwj lPWj fhjCj dl>z$ -lriV dl>z
lV[hg@ #ldaepiP dl,t wj hva fva lrji{$ -l.a ail[q dl>z@ #b>ePng$
-ijdu>si dl>z epiPli@ #bj;js dHw Ijs$ -ijdu>si dl>z epiPli@ #f>o
iaV l.a rdibjq dl>z ug #qpl,ri$ Vjv wpN fv$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v
ugbj V,oj@ #ldaupe s[ 60 ljv$ -ijdu>si dl>z epiPli@ #l.a LiV
sjl ug$ -svuga w"i@ f>V[ 76-103!
#l+g F{Sg ljdhW W.sgtjV[ s[ iPf dry$ -bjaqj dl>z lVt,a=rg@
#Z.Vrjs$ -l.fjsw@ f>V[ 113-116!

• alrgiJ
#l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug lPWj v,tj dl>z ug ba[ lPWj ljdhW dl>z ug
ldha$@ BjHgBv f>Vj m
#bf+{v 1953 dry bxigwj drt[ sgrjV lq[G@ l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z
ug Vjv l.a iaV dl>z ug vJeig@ f>ca e'fjv dl>z ug@ l.a f+gaq
dl>z ug fsg rjv[ wgiaV wis[ h'H[$@ #bjlj sg rji lq[G wgiaV sj
il s[ ih[ l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug bjfS[ dsvipWj \lj;| Vjv q'dha
wi ih[ hV$@ #l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug s[ f+qp,t h;Pig ijeg$@ f>Vj 4!
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug wgiaV wis[ h'H[@ Vjv W{n[ h'H[ ijugr
eJZg ug@ debjVg ;{v dl>z ug@ h>lfjv ug$@ f>Vj 8!
#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug Vjv FPa fPiW i,Ddtbj q>aig fiv'w
rjlg l+g Wvs[r dl>z ug$@ #lsFjrVj ds=LI_f>ujW s[ qp,t q>aig l+!
siWjij dl>z ug ba[ Fjia liwji s[ e+dh q>aig debjVg ;{v dl>z
ug@ l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug Vjv m Rpfi'wa s'r[G vgciJ s[ qaF[s

178
lF } drsa hV fi ldaepiP ug sg d*fj Vjv dHw' q>y $a[ ldaepiP ug
s[ bjl fjl s'r[G tC'a[ hV$@ f>Vj 24!
#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug s[ h;Pi l+g F{Sg ljdhW q[v[ dry wgiaV
wis[ h'H[$@ #l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug_dV,ug lrjig r[v[ #h>l$ z'C[ $a[
lrji$@ f>Vj 68!
#l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug qhjiju$@ f>Vj 72!
#l.a Fea ug lPWj@ sja[rjv$@ f>Vj 81!
#l.a h;Pi dl>z ug FPig rjv[@ yw s[liju \uv.Zi| l.a ug s[ l<u[
fjl[ qh>a dH>si dl>z ug@ y'ejrJ N'i W{n[ hV m bjf l.a bai dl>z
u,Do[sji Vjv T'vwg ru"Gs[ lV m dHw rji bjf V[ dHw' bjlV bjn
fdhi T'vwg ru'S sg l[rj wgag$@ #lh[r[ ljdhW f>u l" bt>c fjnJ sg
lqjfag s[ q[v[ $a[ VjqZjig f>o s[ f+qp,t drsrjV v[tw ba[ f+yjiw
l.a dVZjV dl>z bjvq@ l.a siLV dl>z ug@ l.a t;jV dl>z ug h;Pig
ijegbJ Vjv l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug sg hj;ig dry wgiaV wis[
h'H[$@ f>Vj 112!

179
 ldaupe sj bB,v f+ajfg l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug
bjeqV LajWsg b>w ^ Fje fdhvj
l.qa-y[ai 2047 \l.V 1990|

• wdrajrJ
#biu'Hg$ -lys[r W{Gw'w@ f>Vj 17& #dHw q>e$ -dHwWjv dl>z qVy>sj@
f>Vj 35& #dHw VrJ WdhLa lujdHbj H[$ -vtdr>si dl>z Wjurj@
#drA'Cj$ -epidsbjv dl>z q"ug@ f>Vj 56& #wrg r,Dv'G W[Vag$ -dHwWjv
dl>z qVy>sj@ f>Vj 69& #ipWjHgbJ$ -dL>ejij dl>z Ziqfpij@ f>Vj 81!
#Q;v$ -epidsbjv dl>z f+ga@ f>Vj 104& #silV r,c f+ajfg sj$ -
hiW>l dl>z q{V[ui ldaupe@ f>Vj 115& #epiP qdhqj$ -dVLjV dl>z
u"hv@ f>Vj 124& #ipWjHgbJ$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ f>Vj 128&
#rivjf$ -bjaqj dl>z u"hv@ f>Vj 131& #ipWjHg$ -epis[r dl>z
w>fjugBi@ f>Vj 134& #s' ipWjHgbJ$ -lpiuga dl>z qLgVq{V@ f>Vj 138!
#epiP f+ajf bJsj W>uigG WhjiJ }$ -hiFuV dl>z ijuj@ f>Vj 148&
#yjVSj uhjV sj$ -lriV dl>z ygqj@ f>Vj 158!
#a[i[ u[hg bjaqj$ -WtLg dl>z bjdsv@ #r,Z y>V'G lg qjhg f+wjL
a[ij$ -hilj dl>z Wjn@ #b{ h;Pdi WjsLjh@ qpiLds wjdqv@ rj VPi$ -
a[uj dl>z ug w>rv@ #dfbji qplwSg a[ dqwVjaglg a,wSg$ -bjaqj
dl>z lVta=rg@ #bBv fiajfg qdhqj$ -u'ej dl>z VjqZjig@ #F{Sg
rjvj fgi$ -dHwWjv dl>z qVy>sj@ hiFuV dl>z@ epiq[v dl>z@ #ugrV
s[ y.Vj aP. l{G yjVS uhjV sj$ -epiWtL dl>z ijqfpig$@ #ipWjHg$ -
hiFuV dl>z@ f>V[ 160-168!

• v[t
#l+g epi f+ajf lPiu RpsI'a$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ #eRP eigW s[

180
 fjvw$ -qhjijuj Wgi dl>z@ #Z.V ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug$ -f>ca e'fjv
dl>z@ #dHw lphjrSg Ijs$ -ijdu>si dl>z epiPli@ #sCf s[ dHvjw[
dry l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z s[ yqawji siLV$ -a[uj dl>z w>rv@ #l+g
ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ba[ bj;jsg l.eijq 1959-1989$ -sjl l.a't
dl>z uqVjVei@ #s'la s'_rti[r[G wHg$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ #l+g
ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug sg fdhvg dlbjq x[ig$@ #bSdeSa y'u$ -
dHwWjv dl>z qVy>sj@ #bqi lpV{hig qpVji[$ -uea dl>z yjrvj@
f>V[ 2-88!
#uVq LajWsg ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug$ -l.a svgf dl>z VjqZjig@
#lqjurjsg ldaepiP$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ #l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug
s[ ugrV a[ dHw V;i$ -dVi>uV dl>z uI'ag@ #l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z$
-hjwq dl>z ipfjSj@ #ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z LajWsg 1989-90 qVjRpS
Wji[ dryji$ -WyV dl>z dH>ugVgbi@ #ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug a[ hjl
il$ -qj! buga dl>z ygqj@ #epiP ul$ -u{ dl>z ugrV Vei@ #q{G l,y
wdh ihg hJ$ -ulWgi w"i dLqvj@ #b,tgG dc,nj w"aw$ -epiWyV dl>z
ijSgbJ@ #q"w[ sj braji ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z$ -hig dl>z@ #bB,v
f+ajfg sg Ijs$ -bjaqj dl>z u"hv@ #fi[a u{Vg sj RpZji$ -Bdhv
dl>z i>Zjrj@ #z,B z,B sg ujVS rjv[_ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug$ -cj!
dZbjV dl>z l{wBig@ #ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug Vjv h'H[ bFp,v WyV
dWvjl$ -WjWP wiaji dl>z ds,vg@ #fPiWg l.ld*ag s[ bv.qWisji ldaepiP
f+ajf dl>z ug$ -qj! dVhjv dl>z ug@ #yjVS uhjV sj$ -lriV dl>z
ygqj@ f>V[ 101-160!
#f>ca urjhi vjv VdhiP s[ VjqZjigbJ Vjv l.W.Z$ -s[dr>si dl>z
de,v ugbj V,oj@ f>Vj 169!

• alrgiJ
#l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug qhjiju$@ BjHgBv f>Vj m
#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug s[ qjaj@ qjaj ugrV w"i ug$@ f>Vj 8!
#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug$@ f>Vj 16!
#qjaj Fpdf>si w"i ug \ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug s[ qdhv|$@ f>Vj 32!

181
 l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug qhjiju$@ f>Vj 40!
#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug s[ Vjv tC%[ hV l+g qhjijuj Wgi dl>z
ug$@ f>Vj 48!
#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug bjfS[ b>av[ dsVJ dry q[igu WpbjH[
z'C[ $a[ lrji q>cg dhqjyv f+s[l$@ f>Vj 64!
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug sj lpbjea
wis[ h'H[$@ f>Vj 72!
#l[n t;jV dl>z bjfS[ lfp,ai l[n braji dl>z ba[ Ziq dl>z
lfp,ai l[n braji dl>z@ l>aj dl>z lfp,ai l[n ulfjv dl>z Vjv l+g
ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug sg h;Pig dry$@ f>Vj 80!
#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug l+g ugrV Vei lojfVj dsrl s[ lq[G
wgiaV dry siLV ds>s[ h'H[$@ #l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug Vlv lpZji
dry z'dCbJ s[ bjiqg h"il L'b lq[G brv bjHg z'Cg cjdl>e eiv a[
Rpls[ W,Dy[ Vjv$@ f>Vj 88!
#dHvjhjWjs s[ dwv%[ dry l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug uViv ajij
dl>z W,v a[ `"ug bdZwjigbJ Vjv$@ f>Vj 104!
#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug F{Sg ljdhW b,lP s[ q[v[ $a[ woj wis[
h'H[$@ f>Vj 112!
#f>ujW fLP drdebjV wjvu s[ drdsbjiogbJ } l<y[ fjaLjh ug
f+Ljs AwjMs[ h'H[$@ #l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug iPl s[ ijLBifag
WpvejdVV a[ f+ZjV q>aig tpily[r } bjfS[ fLP dstjMs[ h'H[@ Vjv
f>ujW s[ qp,t q>aig vjvj Fgq l{V l,yi ba[ RpKVag q>aig l+! f+ajf
dl>z w{i'G$@ f>Vj 128!
#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug f>ca urjhi vjv VdhiP Vjv$@ f>Vj
168!

182
 ldaupe sj bB,v f+ajfg l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug
bjeqV LajWsg b>w ^ Fje sPuj
l.qa-r{ljt 2048 \l.V 1991|

• wdrajrJ
#qjHg sjVg sg f+[q whjSg$ -qdh>si dl>z qlwgV@ f>Vj 7& #FjrVw
W'v$ -u'de>si dl>z qpwaj@ f>Vj 26& #bB,v f+ajfg ldaepiP sj dfbji
q>debj$ -dVi>uV dl>z aJzg@ #Ziq bio b" wjq q't sj c[ij H[o[
vjdHbj$ -bjaqj dl>z lVta=rg@ f>Vj 39& #l+g ugrV Vei rljdHbj
f+ajf epi$ -hiFuV dl>z ijuj@ f>Vj 48!
#ega$ -uldr>si dl>z dF>ci@ f>Vj 52& #s' ipWjHgbJ$ -hiW>l dl>z
q{V[ui@ f>Vj 61& #f+gaq f+ajfg ug sg woj hg dVijvg lg$ -dL>ejij
dl>z dL>eji@ f>Vj 80& #l+g ugrV Vei$ -hiW>l dl>z yjVj@ f>Vj 91!
#ipWjHg$ -epis[r dl>z w>f'ugBi@ f>Vj 98& #h'i tjdhLJ ljigbJ qpw
ujrS$ -dL>ejij dl>z dL>eji@ #ipWjHgbJ$ -u'de>si dl>z qpwaj@ f>V[
112-114& #l<y[ fjaLjh H[waj sjV s[r'$ -WvWgi dl>z dT,Dv'G@ f>Vj
117!

• v[t
#l+g ldaepi f+ajf dl>z ug sj braji a[ bji>Fw lqJ$ -qhjijuj
Wgi dl>z ug@ #b{lj ldaepi v'dC vhp$ -ljZP dl>z dwljV@ #l+g ugrV
Vei dwM a[ dwr[G ($ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ #RpcgVg RpcgVg RpcgVg
wdW zdi bjr[eg$ -qhjijuj Wgi dl>z@ #hc Wgdabj dfbji$ -bjaqj
dl>z lVt,a=j@ #eRP qjaj dwM ($ -idu>si dl>z epiPli@ #ldaepiP f+ajf
dl>z ba[ dl,t lqju lpZji$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v ugbj V,oj@ #e,cg dry
q[ig i,Ddtbj dwr[G wgag$ -l[rj dl>z uo[sji@ f>V[ 2-39!

183
 #ujVj ijq sg h,c Wgag$ -epidsbjv dl>z u'Zfpi@ #l.ziL rjV
ldaepiP$ -lpdi>si dl>z VjqZjig@ #bB,v f+ajfg ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug
s[ yqawji$ -bqi dl>z IP!fg!@ #dl,t sg FjrVj$ -wiaji dl>z
wgiagrjvj@ #q[hiJ sj ?;jVj$ -bjaqj dl>z u"hv@ #dH,Aj fPiw
ldaepiP$ -episgf dl>z@ l.aVei@ #ugrV ejoj s[ wpN b>L$ -tCw
dl>z Fqij@ #l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug r,Dv'G b`igwj s[ yji s"i[$ -
hiW>l dl>z yjVj@ #us'G l+g ldaepiP dl>z ug V[ f>ow H[waj rjla[ dl,t
lpf+sj wjV`i>l sj qgv f,oi i,Ddtbj$ -bjaqj dl>z lVt,a=rg@ f>V[
40-91!
#Z.V ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug$ -e'fjv dl>z@ #ldaepiP r,cj wdi
lvjhgb{$ -ijdu>si dl>z epiPli@ f>V[ 94-112& #dWih'G sg aCf$ -
bjaqj dl>z lVt,a=rg@ f>Vj 117!

• alrgiJ
#l+g ugrV Vei sj RpszjBVgI lqji'h$@ f>Vj 8!
#bxigwj V.Wi 1953 \dwBjvg drt[ ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug|$@ f>Vj 16!
#Wl.a lqjeq IPVgridlBg hjv@ vjh"i$@ f>Vj 32!
#s[L r.cji[ a'G ;ij fdhv'G$@ f>Vj 48!
#dh>sP dl,t dqvjf wjV`i>l l+g F{Sg ljdhW 25 qjiy 1943$@ f>Vj 64!
#ds,vg drt[ l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug s[L f+s[L s[ Ljwjhjig f+jhpdSbJ
Vjv l.V 1957 Hg! lq[G$@ f>Vj 96!
#108 fPuI l+g qjaj FPdf>si w"i ug s[ VgLjS f,ai siLV$@ f>Vj 104!
#l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug s[ l,Du[ fjl[ dwL'i brloj dry ljdhW;js[
dWb>a ug$@ f>Vj 108!

184
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2048 \l.V 1991|

• wdrajrJ
#rZjHg$ -l.a dVZjV dl>z bjdvq@ f>Vj 1& #siLV bj w[ dstjSj$ -
WgWg lriV w"i l'vS@ f>Vj 5& #biu'Hg$@ #ipWjHg$ -bjaqj dl>z
lVta=rg@ -f>Vj 9& #ygVg rjvCj$ -qdhv dl>z VjqZjig@ f>Vj 13&
#ipWjHg$ -episgf dl>z VjqZjig@ f>Vj 15!
#e'dW>s sj hg iPf$ -ulr>a dl>z u,l@ f>Vj 22& #drA'Cj epiP ijq
dl>z ug$ -lisji dl>z wPwj@ f>Vj 26& #ygVg rjvC[ sj fpiW$ -episgf
dl>z VjqZjig@ f>Vj 30& #FjrdVw W'v$ -f>ujW dl>z dru'eg@ f>Vj33&
#sgs Vj dobjdHbj$ -l.a svgf dl>z f>Ag@ f>Vj 34!
#lWw fC%jdHbj lg dabje WvgsjV sj$ -WtLg dl>z bjdsv@ #ygVg
rjv[ f+gaq ug sil dstjY$ -l.a't dl>z t'ti sjvq@ #bjdHbj ygVg
rjvj w.a r[ bV.a LW Zji w[$ -qdh>si dl>z qlwgV@ #rjhp q[i[ ldaepiP
rjhp q[i[ ldaepiP a[ig qdhqj dVbjig$ -u'ej dl>z ds,vg@ #epiP ijq dl>Z
ug$ -da=v'yV dl>z hlq,pt@ #ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug s[ us h' ujSe[
sgsji[$ -silV dl>z h{sijWjs@ #ygVg blrji bj uj$ -u'de>si dl>z
w>e@ #FjeJ Fig Wl.a Whji bjHg$ -hiFuV dl>z ijuj@ #rjvg s'
uhjV sj$ -qdhv dl>z VjqZjig@ l.a Vei@ #wg wdhSj q[i[ LdhVLjh
Rpl ygVg s[ blrji sj$ -u'de>si dl>z qpwaj@ f>V[ 36-44!

• v[t
#bsp,ag *Jag s[ l.yjvw l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -qhjijuj Wgi
dl>z@ #zi zi ijq dl>z rjv[ rjw sj bdqB f+Fjr$ -bjaqj dl>z
lVta=rg@ #drsrjVJ sg V;i $y ldaepiP ijq dl>z$ -s[dr>si dl>z
de,v ugbj V,oj@ #LqJ bj;jsg a[ lCV rjv[$ -svgf dl>z VjqZjig@
185
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188
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ug s[ WjHg lPW[$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ f>V[ 138-147!

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#ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug s[ siLV vHg Wiqj ujS rjv[ dl>zJ s[ Vjq$
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f>Vj 52& #F{Sg ljdhW dry VrJ a?a$@ f>Vj 65!
#sv[i bjaqj rjvj fpiL$ -wfPi dl>z@ f>Vj 72& #WjHgwjB sj lrjv$
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dl>z@ #qhjV e"irLjvg figL+q$ -f>ca urjhi vjv VdhiP@ f>Vj 137&
#VjqZjig ljdha fplawJ sg lPyg$@ #qh,arfPiV daojrvg ldaepiP
ijq dl>z ug$ -l.fjsw@ f>V[ 148-152!

• alrgiJ
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f>Vj m

189
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-x,eS 2050 \l.V 1994|

• wdrajrJ
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#l.a tjvlj sg ljuVj$ -u'de>si dl>z w>e@ f>Vj 114!
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#wPw[ sg Wl.a$ -l[rj dl>z l[rjsji@ #wPw[ sg Wl.a$ -f+'! e.ej dl>z
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H[$ -t;jV dl>z dHVlj`@ #ygVg rjv[ bj zi bjfS[$ -episgf dl>z
VjqZjig@ #l'hS[ Wl.a qjhg$ -ugrV f+wjL ugrV@ f>V[ 118-123!
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#bj F{Sg s[ sil wijrJ$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ #u[wi bjdHbj Vj
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dl>z dT,Dv'G@ f>V[ 129-132@ 144!

• f+ryV
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$@ #l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug$ -l.fjsw@
f>Vj 8-11!

• v[t
#ydCbj lsj Wl.a$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ f>Vj 6& #f+wjl lojV sg

190
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-cj! hdiFuV dl>z@ #lpa>aiaj l.eijq sj fdhvj v'w-VjdHw WjWj
ijq dl>z$ -cj! wiVuga dl>z@ #dHw Fea sg ljtg$ -Lhgs FjHg qSg
dl>z ug@ f>V[ 12-29!
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dl>z ug$ -qj! dVhjv dl>z@ #Wp,ZgugrgbJ sg V;i dry wPwj vdhi$ -
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b>ei[; dh,v eH[$ -epvr.a `jdie@ f>V[ 30-55!
#ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug a[ s[L Fea$ -lpdi>si w"i tiv@ #q'hg s[t
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uldr>si dl>z dhlB'igbV@ f>V[ 56-77!
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sj$ -dlqiuga w"i@ #*Jagwjig ldaepiP l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -
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#dWb>a dWb>a dWb>a w' wi>a fjn f[tgb{ mm$ -lpiuga dl>z uga@ #ldaepiP
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f>V[ 93-110!
191
 #ldaupe sj Wl.a V.Wi ^ dHw fi>fij sj bwl$ -f+gaq dl>z@ #wPwj
vdhi a[ lqju sj Vr dViqjS$ -hiFuV dl>z iaV@ #ldaepiP ug s[
bdh>lj@ lps[Lg a[ VjdqvriaV s[ hdobji dwM ($ -l! l! qVZgi@
#ldaepiP ug s[ uvjraV h'S df,A'G sqV y,wi$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@
f>V[ 111-118!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Socio-cultural & Political aspect of Kuka Movement’ -Dr.
Jagbir Singh, ‘Baba Ram Singh : The Rebel’ -Harcharn Singh
Sobit, ‘Guru Ram Singh the Harbinger of Social & Policital
Awakening in Punjab’ -Dr. Amarjit Singh, ‘Namdharis’ -S. S.
Matharu, pp.133-143.

• l.t[f ujSwjig
#l+g F{Sg ljdhW$ -lpiuga dl>z tpiLgsg@ f>Vj 38& #s[L Fea l+g
ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -qhjLj d*LV ug@ f>Vj 55!

192
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-x,eS 2051 \l.V 1995|

• wdrajrJ
#wpiWjV wPdwbJ a'G$ -dVi>uV dl>z VPi@ f>Vj 21& #fiqjaqj Vjv
dqvS sg upea$ -bqi Fjiag@ f>Vj 40& #qiSj wWPv wi'$ -q"vrg
epvjq Fgt@ f>Vj 67!
#Wl.a lj} Fjr[ Vj$ -t;jV dl>z dHVlj`@ f>Vj 76& #VjqZjig vdhi
sj liW Fjrg Fje$ -f+'! u'de>si dl>z@ f>Vj 80& #qdhw[ qdhw[ q"lqgG$
-epvr.a xjdie@ f>Vj 85!
#l'hSj Wl.a qjhg$ -ugrV f+wjL ugrV@ #larjij$ -u'de>si dl>z
w>e@ #r,Dc[ f+ajf rjdvbj$ -hiFuV dl>z iaV@ f>V[ 127-132& #u>qg
Wgiaj F{Sg sg uPh dry'G$ -l.a't dl>z ljuV@ f>V[ 134& #ygVg rjv[
f+gaq } lpV[hj$ -qVuga dl>z ijeg@ f>Vj 139!

• v[t
#dHw IaV Vr[wvj duhj$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ f>Vj 6& #l.a tjvl[
sg ljuSj$ -WjWj l.a't dl>z Wjh'rjv@ #f+ryV l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z
ug RpKa[ LiZj$ -Fea dl>z@ #bqi Lhgs Fea dl>z wj ijLBig FjLj
dh>sg f+[q$ -Fea dl>z sj h,o dvtag f,ai@ f>V[ 8-11!
#a[ T'vwg rusg ihg$ -uesgL dl>z rdibjq@ #dxi>eg xiJlglg
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#VjqZjig lqju ba[ lqwjvg l.lji$ -cj! wiVuga dl>z@ #qhjV s[L
Fea$ -dfbjij dl>z sjaj@ #dl,t a[ dl,tg$ -qj! dVhjv dl>z@ #qiSj

193
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lPWj lpdi>si w"i tiv@ #VjqZjig dril[ sj dfA'wC$ -lpiuga dl>z
uga@ f>V[ 45-80!
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braji$ -dVi>uV dl>z aJzg@ #Vphji ygVg rjv[ sg$ -lpiuga tpiLgsg@
f>V[ 82-98!
#VjqZjig lqju ba[ dHlaigbJ$ -WgWg dlqiuga w"i@ #VjqZjigbJ
sj f+agdVZ ldaupe$ -episgf dl>z VjqZjig@ #19rgG lsg s[ sPli[
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uldr>si dl>z@ #ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug dHw i[tj dy,ai$ -bqi
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VjVwg sLq[Laj$ -cj! bjaqj hqijhg@ f>V[ 99-126!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Role of Mandi State (Himachal Pardesh) in India’s Freedom
Movement’ -Dr. M.S. Ahluwali, ‘1942 Movement & the Primi-
tive Paharia Tribe of Bihar’ -Dr. Dinesh Narayan Verma, ‘Wazir
Ram Singh Pathania First Freedom Fighter from Nurpur Himachal
Pardesh’ -Dr. M.S. Ahluwalia, ‘Guns of Jamalpur’ -Prof. Ranjit
Singh, pp.136-153.

• dh>sg v[t
#1857 w[ lpa>aiaj l.eijq q[G Ldh;jsj d`i'; wj I'esjV$ -wP!
RPLj beirjv@ #VjqZjig dl,t-l.fisj wj ijLBig y[aVj q[G I'esjV$
-lptrgi dl>z epvjBg@ f>V[ 154-160!

194
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#dHw qpvjwja$ -hidr>si dl>z h>lfjv@ Wvr>a dl>z ijqPrjvgbj@
uesgL w"Lv@ f>V[ 41!

• alrgiJ
#rji>B dy,ng l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$@ f>Vj 72!
#dHh VwLJ Rpl W>ev[ sj dul dry l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug l,a
ljv a'G r,Z lqJ ih[ lV m yji yp`[i[ f>u xp,B y"Cg tjHg V;i f{ ihg h{
ba[ t,DW[ fjl[ tPhg WSg h'Hg h{$@ f>Vj 73!

195
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-x,eS 2052 \l.V 1996|

• wdrajrJ
#qgig fgig s[ qjvw$ -u'de>si dl>z w>e@ f>Vj 44& #Wy' rvjr[G a'G$
-bujdHW dl>z tjsq@ #VjqZjig$ -wLqgi dl>z Vgi@ #ygVg rjdvbj$
-Wvuga w"i drvtP@ #Rpl Ziq } lgl Npwj bjHgH[$ -cj! epif+ga dl>z
dl>Zij@ f>Vj 75!
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cj! Wvr>a dl>z sisg@ f>Vj 84& #ueuga ue dudabj$ -hiFuV
dl>z iaV@ f>Vj 99& #dshp dssji ldaepiP$ -siLV dl>z@ f>Vj 123!
#v{ w[ api edHM wjvg wqvg$ -braji dl>z VjqZjig@ f>Vj 138&
#ijq dq+de>s bjH[ aV Zjig$ -l.a dZbjV dl>z wjsiWjsg@ #bjHg ip,a
Wl.a lhjrSg H[$ -t;jV dl>z dHVlj`@ #Ipe fpiL l+g ldaepiP ijq
dl>z ug qhjiju$ -ugrV f+wjL ugrV@ f>Vj 140-144!

• v[t
#dHh b>w fC% w[ s,Dl' Vj )$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ f>Vj 6& #Vjq sj
A,Bj$ -l.a't dl>z Wjhprjv@ f>Vj 8& #epidl,t fi>fij s[ drwjl dha$ -
l.fPiVjV.s l.ld*a drLr drdsbjv[ rjijSlg s[ eJcgrq lfajdhw
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dldi WjSg sj lp,Z RpyjiV$ -hidr>si dl>z h>lfjv@ #*Jag siLg lV
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196
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-qjlBi dVhjv dl>z@ f>V[ 21-54!
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#ldaepiP ug sgbJ uvjraVg lq[G lieiqgbJ$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@
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FerjV sjl dViq'hg@ f>Vj 150!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji’ -Beant Kaur, ‘Namdharis–The Free-
dom Fighter’ -Ajit Singh Namdhari, pp.145-149.

197
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2053 \l.V 1997|

• wdrajrJ
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dirju wju WC[ hg drejCsj$ -u>egi w"i u>cP@ f>Vj 50& #epiqa dry
lpt lji[ vjF RpnjSj h{$ -lriV dl>z@ f>Vj 55!
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198
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b"i e"ir$ -dwifjv dl>z wl[v@ f>Vj 118!

• dh>sg v[t
#bdh>lj b"i qjl FtLS$ -f+dqvj da=fjng@ f>Vj 126!

199
• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Do Not Cooperate with the Corrupt Rulers’ -Yogendra Bali,
Kalika Bali, p.134.

• ujSwjig
#alrgiJ Wji[ ujSwjig$@ f>Vj 136!

200
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-x,eS 2054 \l.V 1998|

• wdrajrJ
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• v[t
#fjnwJ s[ hp>eji[ } Rpcgwsj dHh b>w$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ f>Vj 6&
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201
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#l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sg dl,tg ba[ W[ejVj h,w$ -episgf dl>z
VjqZjig@ #ljdhW epSg eh[ij_l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug$ -ajij dl>z
bVujS@ f>V[ 117-123!

• dh>sg v[t
#f>ujW q[G drijB wj drfvr wj f+oq bI'uV_wPwj drsi'h wj
dHdahjl$ -Lhgs Fea dl>z@ f>Vj 124!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Indian & Home Memories’ -Sir Henry Cotton, p.131.

• VjBw
#a'fJ s[ qP>h q'CV rjv[$ -cj! hiyiV dl>z@ f>Vj 37& #duV%J q"a
vjCg } q;jwJ widsbJ rjdibj$ -qj! dVhjv dl>z@ #wdvupe s[
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202
 ldaupe sj 300rgG drljtg tjvlj b>w
l.qa-x,eS 2055 \l.V 1999|

• wdrajrJ
#aW FdHY uea lF tjvlj$ -FjHg episjl sPuj@ f>Vj 8& #hpS
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f>Vj 107!
#ljdubj ?jvlj a[Q sg Zji dry'G$ -u'de>si dl>z w>e@ #N.c[ NpvJsj
h'dHbj wPwj bj debj$ -dVi>uV dl>z uI'ag@ #ljwj qv[iw'Bv[ sj$
-epidsbjv dl>z@ f>V[ 139-144!

• v[t
#300rgG drljtg tjvlj b>w$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ f>Vj 6& #y>cg sg
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f>V[ 46-67!

203
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dl>z bVujS@ f>V[ 105-117!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Sikh History Requires Autheniticity’ -H.S. Hanspal, ‘Bishan
Singh Kuka’ -Dr. Amar Bharti, ‘Tricentenary of the Khalsa’ -Dr.
Charanjit Singh, pp.124-135.

• dh>sg v[t
#ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug ba[ l+g F{Sg ljdhW$ -f+'! rjyldfa spr[sg@
f>Vj 137!

• Rpfs[L
#Rpfs[L l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug$@ #Rpfs[L l+g ldaepiP ueuga
dl>z ug$ -l.fjsw@ f>V[ 9-11!

204
 ldaupe drL[L b>w epie,sg s[ yjvg ljv ^
l.qa-y[ai 2056 \l.V 2000|

• wdrajrJ
#wj`g$ -qj! bqigw dl>z@ f>Vj 38& #aP fiq-fpit$ -lPWj lpdi>si w"i
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iaV@ #ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug dq+spvg qplwjV$ -cj! bjaq hqijhg@
f>V[ 133-140!

• v[t
#q{G qAvg w{l[ b>a vhj$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ f>Vj 6& #l+g ldaepiP
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qdh>si dl>z fPiWj@ #ljdha a[ wvj s[ lif+la$ -dwifjv dl>z wl[v@
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-ljZP dl>z dwljV@ #bv"dww LwagbJ s[ qjvw$ -df+>! buga dl>z

205
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#ljdhawjiJ s[ f+[qg$ -lPWj lpdi>si w"i tiv@ #dqhiJ sj sjaj$ -lpiuga
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-hiFuV dl>z iaV@ #ije Vjs s[ dl,Z ljZw$ -Rplajs hiFuV
dl>z@ f>V[ 113-129!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘A True Voice of the New Millennium’ -Yogendra Bali, ‘The
Grand Master of The Great Sikh Traditionals’ -H.S. Hanspal,
‘Festival of Silence and Music’ -Dr. Harbhajan Singh, ‘Incarna-
tion of Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji Yellow Flowers were Dancing
Majestical’ -M.M. Ahluwalia, ‘My Impression of Namdhari Sikhs’
-Mrs. J.K. Sodhi, pp. 142-158.

• alrgiJ
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug drs[LJ dry$@ #l+g ldaepiP ueuga
dl> z ug hdiq> s i ljdhW li' r i@ l+ g b> d q+ a li drt[ wji l[ r j
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ljdhW sg wji l[rj lq[G_1976$@ f>Vj 80!

206
 ldaupe sj 80 ljvj drL[L b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2057 \l.V 2001|

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dl>z VjFj@ #lpy l'Z sg iga yvjHg bj w[$ -hiVjq dl>z fdBbjvj@
f>V[ 166-169!
#ldaupeg Wl.a sg Rpcgw$ -b{Kl!b{Ky! yiV dl>z@ #ygVg rjvj$ -
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f>V[ 170-172!
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Wl.a$ -f+'! e.ej dl>z dxvjl`i@ #VjqZjig Lhgs$ -vjv dl>z w.ri@
#ugr[G y>V h{ aP. w"qJ ljigbJ sj$ -drZjaj dl>z agi@ f>V[ 173-175!
#fpLfJuvg$ -f>ca vAqS dl>z@ #s:jsl iPf Zjdibj dh>s'lajV s[
dry$ -l.a qlajV dl>z@ #ldaupe r,Dv'G dl,t f>o } rZjHg$ -Wvr.a
dl>z x,wi@ #bjH[ fag q[i[ lpa[ Fjia uejRpS }$ -iaV dl>z wPwj@
#Rpl s[ W,pv%J sg dHw qplwijhB a,w w[$ -h;jij dl>z bjlg@ #Wl.a
rZjHg$ -LqL[i dl>z bL'w@ f>V[ 176-178!

207
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#ldaupe s[ b,lg ljv$ -f+gaq dl>z f>Ag@ #ldaupe b?Wji sj LpiP
h'Sj$ -uldr>si dl>z@ #ldaupe b?Wji sj b,lg ljvJ sj l`i$ -
s[dr>si dl>z de,v@ #ldaupe ldy wh{ lF w'Hg$ -svgf dl>z VjqZjig@
#ldaupe b?Wji sj lpa>aiaj l.eijq vHg I'esjV$ -s[dr>si dl>z
de,v@ f>V[ 9-28& #ldaupe s[ b,lg ljv$ -bjaqj dl>z u"hv@ f>Vj 36!
#bwjvg u'da$ -qhjijuj epidsbjv dl>z@ #WjWj ijq dl>z ug sj
dqLV a[ ljcj hpS `i;$ -cj! e.cj dl>z w[rv@ #ldaepiP ijq dl>z b"i
lja:w F'uV$ -lpbjqg lpa>aiaj V.s@ #WjWj ijq dl>z dw epiP ijq dl>z
dw ldaepiP ijq dl>z$ -V"i>e dl>z aJzg@ #l+g WjWj ijq dl>z ug sg
Ijseji ljij f>o qVjH[$ -hgij dl>z sis@ f>V[ 78-87!
#l+g qhjijuj ijq dl>z ug a[ qhjaqj eJZg$ -b{Kl!b{Kl! yiV dl>z@
#ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug w[ dlZJa$ -WjWP ijdu>si f+Ljs@ #Wl.a s[ qhjiju
sg Wl.ag igN$ -epiWtL dl>z f+gavCg@ #bfiPr WvgsjV$ -dH>si
dl>z y,*riag@ #wPdwbJ sj sgrjV$ -Z.Vj dl>z wj}e'@ f>V[ 89-112!
#f>ca urjhi vjv sj l.s[L$@ #lPw[ hi[ wgH[ dtV qjdh$ -wjV% dl>z
VjFj@ #dHw cP>zg Ijs$ -b{Kl!b{Kl! bq'v@ #epiP ug sg uesg u'a
uesg ih[$ -vjvj tpLhjv y>s@ #s[L Fea drsrjVJ s[ l.s[L$ -l.fjsw@
#F{Sg ljdhW dry ldaupeg V;ji[$ -e'wv y>s Vji>e@ f>V[ 115-123!
#l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug a[ Vj-dqvriaV$ -FjHg fiqjV.s
b{Kq!b{Kv!H[!@ #ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sg cjw$ -dH>si dl>z y,*riag@
#fjnJ sg fPuj$ -dWLV dl>z V.ev@ #wPwj dHdahjl sj LjVsji riwj$
-dVZjV dL>z bjdvq@ #dl,t f>o dry xp,B fjRpS sg w'dLL$ -q>ev dl>z
vjdHvfpig@ #qjaj duRpS w"i ug$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ f>V[ 124-141!
#fdhvg dlbjq x[ig sj f+Fjr$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #WiajVgbJ s[
w,BC spLqS$ -l.fjsw@ #qhjijuj svgf dl>z a[ wPdwbJ s[ filfi
l.W.Z$ -cj! x"uj dl>z@ #y>eg dwlq sg eRP Rpa[ Apig yvsg h{$ -l+g
drV'Fj Fjr{@ #epiP VjVw s[r ug sg f>urgG LajWsg$ -bjaqj dl>z
lVta=rg@ #qhjV wPwj vdhi$ -Fea dl>z@ #b>ePng$@ -idu>si dl>z
epiPli@ f>V[ 147-165!

208
• dh>sg v[t
#ldaupe_v.qg b"i ljiow Ijaij$ -cj! qhgf dl>z@ f>Vj 36!
• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Satjug–A Spokesman of Namdhari Sikhs’ -H.S. Hanspal, p.37.
• ?WiJ
#b,lg ljv sgbJ y'SrgbJ ?WiJ$@ f>V[ 44-75!
• alrgiJ
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$@ f>Vj 4!
#bjfSg wvq sg A'h Vjv lq[G-lq[G ldaupe } dL>ejiV rjv[
l.fjsw$@ f>Vj 18!

209
 ldaupe dHdahjlw lq,eig b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2058 \l.V 2002|

• wdrajrJ
#wPw[ dl>zJ sg woj$ -debjVg debjV dl>z@ f>Vj 32& #fi>fij$ -
ijLBig wrg q{dovgLiS epfaj@ f>Vj 142!

• v[t
#dl,tJ sj wPwj VJ sj VrJ dxiwj$ -f>ca s[Wg f+Ljs@ #blv q;%W
dlt'G wj$ -q"vrg epvjq Fgt uv.Zig@ #wPwj WQjra$ -drsi'hg@ #wPw[
\VjqZjig dl,t|$ -qh>a eS[Lj dl>z@ #iPl siWji dry wPwj V[aj epiyiV
dl>z$ -fg!lg! ijH[@ #VjqZjig vdhi ba[ l'rgba bjvq$ -rg!
W'el' v'rlwg@ #wPw[ dl>zJ sg ejoj$ -debjVg debjV dl>z@ f>V[ 11-29!
#VjqZjig qPrq{GB$ -WjWj l'hV dl>z FwVj@ #esi fjiBg a[ wPwj
vdhi$ -Fea dl>z dWvej@ #qn,cj wvJ d;v%j uv.Zi dry s[L FeaJ
sj Fjig dHw,n$ -l.fjsw@ #Wl.a s[ qhjiju sg Wl.ag igN$ -epiWtL
dl>z f+gavCg@ #ljdibJ sj lJNj WjWj$ -qj! ajij dl>z@ #F{Sg ljdhW
sg urjvj$ -l.a't dl>z Zgi@ #wPw'G wg adhigw$ -FjHg fiqjV.s@ #WjWj
ijq dl>z wPwj$ -lisji wfPi dl>z bjHg!lg!b{Kl! f>V[ 36-50!
#dHdahjl s[ bSdvt[ f,ai[_qhJfpit WjWj bujfjv dl>z ljdhW$ -
FjHg wjV% dl>z VjFj@ #WjWj bujfjv ug slq fjaLjh hV$ -l.fjsw@
#l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z uI'daL sg V;i dry$ -bqiuga dl>z@ #f{Gagl
b,tig$ -wrg WjWj wjvj dl>z@ #VjqZjig l.f+sj$ -e! w'ar
' lwg@ #qjHgbJ
} b>dq+a sg sja$ -FjHg l.a't dl>z@ f>V[ 66-87!
#bjV.s qiIjsj sj bji>F 3 uPV 1863 Hg!$@ #drZg bVplji fdhv[
bt>c fjn$ -uldr>si dl>z@ #bdua[ i>Zjr[ sg e'ldB$ -l.fjsw@ f>V[
88-91!
210
• dh>sg v[t
#VjqZjig f>o w[ firiaw_l+g epiP ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -rjVt[C[
epiP ug@ ds,vg@ #Fjia w[ f+ZjV q>aig l+g urjhi vjv VdhiP wj H[w
FjLS$ -urjhi vjv VdhiP@ f>V[ 144-148!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Satguru Ram Singh Energetic Successor’ -A British Officer,
‘Rising of Kuka Movement’ -T.H. Thorton, ‘Kuka Regiment in
Kashmir’ -British Report, ‘Supreme Sacrifice 1871’ -L.Cowan,
Dc, Ludhiana, ‘Removal of Guru Ram Singh & His Subas’ -T.
D. Forsyth Commissioner Ambala, ‘Evidence Concerning Kuka
Revolt’ -S. Hira Singh, pp.93-106.
‘Guru Ram Singh’s Deportation Burmah’ -Chief Commissioner
British Burmah, ‘Other Prisoners’ -Home Deptt. 1872, ‘Address
Sikh Sardars’ -Home Sect. Calcutta, ‘Address Movement in News
Papers’ -British Report, ‘Energy Among The Kuka Sect is Re-
viving’ -Punjab Police–1872, ‘Satguru Ram Singh Transferred
To Remote Spot in 1886’ -British Report, pp.109-121.

211
 ldaupe sj VjqZjig ljdhawji drL[L b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2059 \l.V 2003|

• wdrajrJ
#b,tgbJ a[ f+[q b,ti$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ f>Vj 75& #WgC } dWbjl
sdibj w'v bqjVa$ -bjaqj dl>z lVt,a=rg@ #yC%sg wvj i,tg
VjqZjigbJ V[$ -lpriV dl>z driw@ f>Vj 134!

• v[t
#hpwqVjq[_ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug s[ f+qjdSw W'v$ -cj! hdiFuV
dl>z@ #ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug s[ hpwqVjdqbJ sj bdZb{V$ -cj! lpda>si
dl>z VPi@ #l+[Ln VjqZjig ljdhawji_l.a l.a't dl>z Wjh'rjv$ -f+'!
lda>si dl>z@ #b>ei[; liwji r,Dv'G WjQg lqNg eHg fdhvg wjdr
iyVj l.a y>sj dl>z VjqZjig idya WjiJqjh$ -cj! epis[r dl>z dl,ZP@
#VjqZjig vdhi sj dHw qp,Tvj wrg_wjhvj dl>z$ -cj! hdiFuV
dl>z@ #ilgvg wrg iyVj sj wiaj_l.a dZbjV dl>z wjsijWjsg$ -
dH>si dl>z y,*riag@ f>V[ 9-25!
#l.a dZbjV dl>z sg wjdr iyVj ldaepiP dWvjl_fjaLjhg Wji%rgG$
-bqi Fjiag@ #bjdvqjVj L?lgba_l.a dVZjV dl>z bjdvq$ -ajij
dl>z bVujS@ #L+'qSg VjqZjig ljdhawji_l.a dH>si dl>z y,*riag$
-f+'! dwifjv dl>z wl[v@ #Whpqptg f+daFj s[ ZVg_l.a dH>si dl>z
y,*riag$ -f+gaq dl>z f>Ag@ f>V[ 30-43!
#FjHg hiVjq dl>z Wevg rjvj ba[ RpV%J sg bqi iyVj_l.a
tjvlj arjigt VjqZjig$ -lpriV dl>z driw@ #wPw bj;jsg sg$ -
uldr>si dl>z dhlB'igbV@ #dHVlj` fl.s drbwag_l.a ?;jV dl>z
dHVlj`$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ #lPiq[ dWLV dl>z bqg rjw y'H[ lg$ -
lpriV dl>z driw@ f>V[ 45-65!
212
 #dHdahjlw t'ug a[ ljdhawji_l.a aiV dl>z rdhqg$ -epiF[u dl>z
epijdHbj@ #WjiJqjhgbJ s[ wrg$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ #l>ziLqHg
L?lgba_l.a q>ev dl>z vjdHvfpig$ -b{Kl!b{Kl! qVZgi@ #RpKz[ diliy
lwjvi_l+! Vjhi dl>z b{Kq!H[!$ -lPWj lpdi>si w"i tiv@ #VHg drbjh
iga borj bV.s wjiu wg qdiIjsj$ -Vjhi dl>z sg rjiaw r>Veg@
#wPwj vdhi ba[ f>ujWg ljdha } s[S_bjaqj dl>z lVtaij$ -s[dr>si
dl>z de,v@ f>V[ 71-94!
#wrg ug } Ijs widsbJ$ -epiWyV dl>z Fp,vi@ #H[w f+qjdSw
VjqZjig drbwagar qjlBi dVhjv dl>z$ -lptWgi dl>z epvjBg@
#WjWjSgbJ whjSgbJ wiVhji_ijdu>si dl>z epiPli$ -ajij dl>z
bVujS@ #ljr[ d?bjvJ s[ wrg_epiWtL dl>z L"w$ -uesgL dl>z
rdibjq@ #epi dHdahjl ujSwjig sj dvtjig_wiq dl>z fBrjig$ -
ajij dl>z bVujS@ f>V[ 103-119!
#dHw Rpsqg L?lgba_l.a lpiuga dl>z tpijSj$ -liW LwagqjV@
#l.a qdh>si dl>z fdVhjig$ -lpiuga dl>z uga@ #FjiagI ljdhaI w'
VjqZjig l.loj wj I'esjV$ -cj! hidq>si dl>z W[sg@ #A>sjW>sg sj
wrg a[ ejdHw_ugrV dl>z wrgLi$ -uesgL dl>z rdibjq@ f>V[
123-131!

213
 ldaupe sj dHdahjlw LajWsgbJ drL[L b.w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2060 \l.V 2004|

• wdrajrJ
#l+g epiP b>es s[r ug ba[ tcPi ljdhW$ -FerjV dl>z sgfw@ #tcPi
ljdhW } bsW ldawji dqdvb$ -aiv'w dl>z sgrjVj@ f>V[ 34-35&
#dl,tg bSt sg$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ f>Vj 136!

• v[t
#H[h dwV[hg bjLwg$ -l.a't dl>z Zgi@ #epiP b>es s[r ug ^ ugrV a[
WjSg$ -cj! qdh>si w"i de,v@ #W{n tcPi[ u'da uejHg$ -s[dr>si dl>z
de,v@ #df+>! u{s[r dl>z@ #sPug fjaLjhg l+g epiP b>es s[r ug$ -lpiuga
dl>z tpijSj@ #epiP b>es s[r ug sg WjSg bVplji epiP sj qh,ar$ -
svgf dl>z VjqZjig@ #uJ lpZ'lp aJ vhSj dBdwYVp$ -hidr>si dl>z
h>lfjv@ f>V[ 7-31!
#epiP b>ea s[r ug_drbwagar b"i dy>aV$ -cj! iaV dl>z u,eg@
#l+g epiP b>es s[r ug ba[ tcPi ljdhW$ -lpiuga dl>z u'WV@ f>V[ 36-
43!
#epiWjSg bVplji epiP a[ dl,t sj l.wvfea liPf a[ filfi l.W.Z$
-dwifjv dl>z wl[v@ #epiP e+.o ljdhW dry l.a wWgi sg WjSg$ -cj!
qhgf dl>z@ #epiWjSg sg i"LVg dry l+g bjds e+.o ljdhW sg y"og
LajWsg$@ #bhgbjfpi rjvg f'og$ -bqi Fjiag@ f>V[ 55-73!
#dl,t dryjiZjij s[ w[Gsig dW>sP$ -uesgL dl>z rdibjq@ #l+g bjds
e+.o ljdhW sj dHdahjlw qh,ar$ -lPWj lpdi>si w"i tiv@ f>V[ 80-89!
#r,Dc[ ljdhW;js[$ -f+'! f+gaq dl>z@ #r,Dc[ ljdhW;jdsbJ sg Lhgsg$ -
rdibjq dl>z l.ZP@ #A'B[ ljdhW;jdsbJ sg Lhgsg$ -sdr>si dl>z de,v@

214
 #vjljVg LhjsaJ$ -uldr>si dl>z dhlB'igbV@ #A'BgbJ du>sJ r,Dc[
ljw[$ -buga dl>z vjdHv@ #dV,wgbJ du>sJ r,cj ljwj$ -cj! yiVuga
dl>z@ #epuig ajHgG rZjHg h'Hg lg$ -cj! Wvr.a dl>z sisg@ f>V[ 102-
144!

• dh>sg v[t
#l+g epiP b>es s[r ug_ugrV@ WjSg H[rq qhjV wjigI$ -cj! lar>a
w"i@ f>V[ 44& #epiP e+.o ljdhW_FjiagI ljdha wj f+oq l.rjs$ -cj!
hidq>si dl>z W[sg@ f>V[ 95!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘From Lehna to Angad’ -Harjinder Singh Kanwal, p.50.

215
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2061 \l.V 2005|

• wdrajrJ
#b,u i>e Wl.a sj r,tij H[$ -FerjV dl>z sgfw@ f>Vj 10& #lp,t
lpV[hj s[i h'Hg Vj z<dvbj$ -qj! bqigw dl>z@ f>Vj 13& #dl,tg x[i
ljug$ -debjVg a[uj dl>z wr{GBig@ f>Vj 37!
#ega a[ wdrajrJ$ -wiaji dl>z f>Ag@ aiv'w dl>z dsrjVj@ svWgi
dl>z ail@ hdi>si dl>z fa>ej@ upde>si dl>z qpwaj@ hiFuV ijuj@
idu>si dl>z ijuj@ wpvsgf dl>z b{vVjWjs@ braji dl>z yjVj@
Wvs[r dl>z rC{y@ epidsbjv dl>z f+ga@ lriV dl>z ygqj@ fPiV
dl>z dVijvj@ wiV{v dl>z blfjv@ epiqpt dl>z iaV@ f>V[ 80-93!

• v[t
#dl,t Ziq sg bqi L?lgba_WjWj ijq dl>z$ -cj! iaV dl>z
u,eg@ #ldaepiP ijq dl>z r,Dv'G dHlaig RpZji vHg wga[ eH[ Rpfijv[$ -
cj! Ziq dl>z@ #VjqZjig vdhi sj lqwjvgV ba[ firiag f+Fjr
lqju ldFbjyjiw fdif[t dry$ -cj! uda>sifjv dl>z u"vg@ #q{ qAvg
w{l[ b>a vhj$ -l.a't dl>z VjqZjig@ f>V[ 9-18!
#wPwj b>s'vV_dHw ijuVgaw b>s'vV$ -uldr>si dl>z dhlB'igbV@
#sPib>s[L idhWi$ -epiF[u dl>z epijdHbj@ #dw>u w,Bg w{s wPw[ lPdWbJ
V[$ -lpriV dl>z driw@ #VjqZjig dl>z ba[ wPwj dl,t b>s'vV$ -lpiuga
dl>z uga@ #dy,aiwjig dry ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sj bwl$ -s[dr>si
dl>z de,v@ #wdvwg braji@ ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug ba[ Ipe$ -hidu>si
dl>z w>rv@ #ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sg Fjiag lpa>aiaj } s[S$ -l.a
dl>z@ f>V[ 25-59!

216
 #d;>seg $y'G dfaj sj idhWi fp,ai$ -ljZP dl>z dwljV@ #idhaVjq[ sj
fiyj$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ #drs[LJ Vjv l.W.ZJ spbjij ijuVgaw
lieiqgbJ$ -svgf dl>z VjqZjig@ f>Vj 67-73& #yji b,tij q>ai l'
riajr[ej$ -l.a't dl>z Wjh'rjv@ f>Vj 128!

• dh>sg v[t
#Ip,e f+riaw_l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -cj! i[} dsr[sg@ #lrs[Lg
b"i ldaIe+dh w[ lPaiZji$ -lpiuga dl>z u'WV@ #l+g ldaepiP ug w[
lpFwiq'G l[ i"LV bju Fg ue h{$ -idLq lpq[Zj@ f>V[ 94-103!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Popular Sikh Movement’ -Dr. Joginder Singh, ‘Natural of
Communication Between Guru Ram Singh & His Followers in
the Punjab’ -Dr. Kuldip Singh Deep, ‘Are Kuka Martyrs Free-
dom Fighters’ -Prof. Malwinderjit Singh Waraich, ‘The Adi
Granth : Unique and Universal Holy Scripture’ -Surjit Singh Jeet,
pp.105-121.

217
 ldaupe epie,sg LajWsg b>w l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ^
l.qa-y[ai 2062 \l.V 2006|

• wdrajrJ
#hdi uP hdiq>si bjdrdh>e[$ -cj! hdiFuV dl>z@ f>Vj 29& #hig
braji$ -svWgi dl>z ail@ #dudV Bp,Bg vHg dqvjdH$ -qj! bqigw
dl>z@ f>Vj 36& #f+Fjwig dwiVJ sj W'hv$ -cj! bjaq hqijhg@ f>Vj 53!
#qdhqj r,c f+ajf sg$ -lpiuga tpiLgsg@ f>Vj 72& #qhjiju s[ wsqJ
dry$ -f+wjL ljog@ f>Vj 77& #l;j dw>Vg wp Wjwg h{$ -ajij dl>z@ f>Vj
86& #fiajfg Veqj$ -hidu>si dl>z w>rv@ f>Vj 96!
#ugRpS w"i sj bisjlj$ -WjWj l.a't dl>z Wjh'rjv@ f>Vj 113&
#w[hg ija bjHg$ -epiq[v dl>z h>l@ f>Vj 126& #Ijs ih[ej lsj dfbji
a[ij$ -wiq dl>z Wjvq@ #dfbji a[ij$ -l.a ijq Rpsjlg@ #ldaepiP
f+ajf dl>z ug sj u,l$ -hiFuV dl>z ijuj b{vVjWjs@ f>V[ 148-
150!

• v[t
#l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug s[ wpN WyV$ -l.fjsw@ #l+g WpZ dl>z ug
ldaepiP hig dl>z ug s[ iPf dry$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #fpdvl ejis RpKn
eHg$ -uldr>si dl>z dhlB'igbV@ #l.a ldaepiP$ -idu>si dl>z epiPli@
#epiP hig dl>z ug sj dVawiq$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #fjnJ sg l;j$
-l.a dWLV dl>z V.ev@ #q'hg s[t sil$ -l[n t;jV dl>z dHVlj`@
f>V[ 9-35!
#dqhi V;i$ -dVhjv dl>z@ #b"tj lqJ$ -WjWj l.a't dl>z Wjh'rjv@
#dHvjwj l+g ugrV Vei sj wjdHbj wvf$ -V.Wisji hig dl>z rcjSj@
#WpdZ lp sgfw duRp Rpugbji{$ -ijeg epiyiV dl>z w>rv@ #dqhS[ a'G

218
 qjvwg$ -ljZP dl>z dwljV@ #blvg lisjHg$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #dHw
qplvqjV VjqZjig$ -qj! bqigw dl>z@ f>V[ 36-67!
#iju qdh ijup u'de qdh u'eg$ -l.a't dl>z VjqZjig@ #bB,v f+ajfg
ldaepiP ug s[ Rpfwji$ -bqi dl>z V.Wisji@ #idhVpqj ldaepiP f+ajf
dl>z ug$ -ldr>si dl>z VjqZjig@ #VVwjSj ljdhW s[ q'iy[ dry Lhgs
h'H[ VjqZjig dl>zJ sg ejoj$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v ugbj V<oj@ #s[L
Feag@ iPhjVgba ba[ FjHgyji[ sg r,cg dqljv l+g ldaepiP f+ajf
dl>z ug$ -Wvuga dl>z ijSgbJ@ f>V[ 73-94!
#bejRPG WyfV$ -l.a't dl>z Wjh'rjv@ #dsv sj RpWjv$ -l[n lph[v
dl>z Zgi@ #qhjijuj f+ajf dl>z ug sg bFp,v Ijs$ -wjqi[c hdidwLV
dl>z lpiuga@ #l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug sg WtLL$ -l.a aiV dl>z
rdhqg@ #cp,WdsbJ } ajiV rjvj$ -f>ca qVLj dl>z w"qg@ #b>aq
siLV$ -l.a rdibjq dl>z qpl,ri@ f>V[ 97-108!
#epSj FifPi ldaepiP$ -qj! dVhjv dl>z@ #l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug$
-braji dl>z bj;js@ #ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug s[ lpfdVbJ sg
Ziag_dHvjwj l+g ugrV Vei$ -lpriV dl>z driw@ #ldaepiP f+ajf
dl>z ug s[ fdr,ai Rpfs[L$ -l.a dl>z@ f>V[ 110-127!
#ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug sg sPisiLaj$ -hidr>si dl>z h>lfjv@
#ljdhW;jsj f+ajf dl>z a'G bB,v f+ajfg ldaepiP ug$ -ajij dl>z
bVujS@ f>V[ 136-142!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘The Majestic–Satguru Partap Singh’ -Harjinder Singh Kawal,
p.151.

219
 ldaupe sj wPwj b>s'vV 150 ljvj b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2063 \l.V 2007|

• wdrajrJ
#epiP ijq dl>z ug V[ x[i bj uejHg lg$ -hiFuV dl>z ijuj@ f>Vj 28&
#epiP ijq dl>z uhg RpKyg bjaqj$ -epiqpt dl>z iaV@ f>Vj 116& #ldaepiP
ijq dl>z ug sgbJ `"uJ$ -FerjV dl>z sgfw@ #rji bj;jsg sg$ -
vtdr>si dl>z@ #wiVg$ -aiv'w dl>z sgrjV@ f>V[ 120-122!

• v[t
#ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug a[ wPwj vdhi$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ #q[ig F{Sg
ljdhW sg fdhvg Ijaij$ -f='! f+gaq dl>z@ #qhjiju ijq dl>z ug sg
bv"dww L?lgba$ -cj! qjV dl>z dVi>wjig@ #VjqZjig vdhi_b>ei[;g
iju s[ drip,Z fdhvj drsi'h lg$ -cj! qhgf dl>z@ #bjaq fpVi-RpojV
sg vdhi$ -cj! wiVuga dl>z@ f>V[ 9-36!
#VjqZjig q,a sj dl,t Ziq ba[ Fjiag lqju } drL[L I'esjV$ -f+'!
dwifjv dl>z wl[v@ #qhjV lpa>aiaj l.eijqg ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -
cj! s[dr>si dl>z RpljhV@ #dl,t tjvlj a[ VjqZjig wPw[$ -hifjv dl>z
l[rw@ #b,tgG dc,ng a'G w>Vg lpSg$ -ljZP dl>z dwljV@ #dLqv[ a'G y>cgeC%_
dHw i"yw l`i$ -qj! bqigw dl>z@ f>V[ 40-65!
#wPwj b>s'vV_lqwjvg dHdahjl ba[ Rpaiwjvg vdhiJ s[ f+l.e
dry$ -lpriV dl>z driw@ #d;>seg s[ Ljh lrji_ldaepiP ijq dl>z
ug$ -buga dl>z vjdHv@ #l.a tjvlj sg ljuVj lq[G f>ujW sg Zjidqw
hjva$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v@ #fdhij ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug sj h{$ -l.a
dl>z@ #ljwj qv[iw'Bvj ba[ liwjig slajr[;$ -lPWj lpdi>si w"i tiv@
f>V[ 70-98!

220
 #dW+hjeVg$ -epiPWyV dl>z VjqZjig@ #ldaepiP ijq dl>z a[ l.a tjvlj
vdhi$ -svgf dl>z VjqZjig@ #y"Z[ sg rjflg$ -uldr>si dl>z
dhlB'igbV@ #drv<tS qiIjsj s[ WjVg_ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -ldr>si
dl>z VjqZjig@ f>V[ 102-117!

• dh>sg v[t
#lrZgVaj l.eijq w[ beisPa_ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -cj! i[}
ds=r[sg@ f>Vj 123!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Gandhi Ji took lead from Satguru Ram Singh’ -H.S. Hanspal,
‘The Prime Freedom Fighter Satguru Ram Singh’ -M.K. Gill,
‘The Namdhari Struggle Against the British Raj in the Second
Half of the 19th Century Punjab’ -Prof. Joginder Singh, ‘Kuka
Movement : Selected Documents (1872-1911) -Malwinderjit
Singh Waraich, pp.127-151.

221
 ldaupe f+oq bldhI'e b>s'vV b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2064 \l.V 2008|

• v[t
#w"qg bj;jsg s[ b>s'vV sj lpVdhig f>Vj$ -cj! ajij dl>z l.ZP@
#VjqZjig FjHgyji[ sg f+eagLgv dryjiZjij$ -cj! hidq>si dl>z
W[sg@ #VjqZjig vdhi sj qV'io$ -iaV dl>z u,eg@ #wPwj vdhi sg
f>ujWg rjiaw } s[S$ -cj! Ziq dl>z@ #VjqZjig vdhi_dHw lqju
drdebjVw ds=LBgw'S$ -cj! hidr>si dl>z F,Bg@ f>V[ 9-23!
#VjqZjig vdhi ^ dH,wgrgG lsg a[ drLrgwiV sgbJ ypS"agbJ$ -cj!
qVuga dl>z@ #ldaepiP ijq dl>z sj dqLV$ -cj! epis[r dl>z dl,ZP@
#wPwj vdhi sj I'Zj_dwLV dl>z e+.oeC%$ -uldr>si dl>z dhlB'igbV@
#o'o[ igag dirjuJ d?vj` v'wJ } ujde+a wiV vHg VjqZjig lqju
sg s[S$ -epiWtL w"i@ #b"iaJ f+ag VjqZjig dl,tJ sj ds=LBgw'S$ -
Wdi>siuga w"i@ f>V[ 29-51!
#wPwj vdhi ba[ bj;jsg l.eijq sgbJ h'i vdhiJ$ -lpriV dl>z
driw@ #dl,tg ba[ VjqZjig adhigw$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ #dHdahjlwjiJ
sgbJ V;iJ dry l.a tjvlj sg ljuVj$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v@ #VjqZjig
dl,tJ sgbJ eRP eigW vHg wpiWjVgbJ$ -cj! vtrgi dl>z VjqZjig@
#Ip,e fpiL l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -epis[r dl>z ygqj@ #bjaqw
RpKyaj a[ uf f+I'e$ -uda>sifjv dl>z u"vg@ f>V[ 53-103!
#l' f+Fp V[i{ hP a[ V[i{$ -l.a dl>z@ #Wl.a ip,a ba[ Vjq dlqiV$ -dVLjV
dl>z u"hv@ f>V[ 106-113& #Fjia sg bj;jsg dry f>ujW sj I'esjV$
-wdraj wpqjig@ f>Vj 134!

222
• dh>sg v[t
#s[L w' bj;js wijV[ q[G l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug wj I'esjV$ -qhJ
dl>z@ f>Vj 132!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Uprising of 1857 & Kuka Movement and Analysis of their
Links’ -Dr. Joginder Singh, ‘Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji : The
Pioner of Non-co-operation and Swadeshi Movement’ -Pankaj
Saini, pp.127-130.

223
 ldaupe sj epiPe,sg sg b,Zg lsg b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2065 \l.V 2009|

• wdrajrJ
#epiP ueuga qga lji[ l.lji sj$ -hiFuV dl>z ijuj@ f>Vj 21&
#ueuga ?psj$ -iSuga w"i uga@ #ueuga epiP a[ig Rpfqj hi oJ
Fjig H[$ -wpvsgf dl>z sgf@ #ipWjHg$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ f>Vj 44!
#epiP ueuga lji[ u,e s[ dfbji[$ -fPiV dl>z dVijvj@ f>Vj 49& #epiP
ueuga qga lji[ l.lji sj$ -episgL w"i ei[rjv@ f>Vj 52& #dqi[
ljhJ $y Rph zpdvbj qdhwsg aj;eg riej$ -wiaji dl>z f>Ag@
f>Vj 93!
#epiP ueuga duhj spVgbj $a[ w"S h{$ -vtdr>si dl>z Wjurj@
#ueuga epiP$ -svWgi dl>z ail@ #lji[ u,e ajHgG dfbj idhqaJ Rph
r.csj H[$ -u'de>si dl>z w>e@ #ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug Wl dHw'
sgsji sg v'C lj}@ -buga dl>z ygqj@ f>V[ 112-115!

• v[t
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug s[ lq[G VjqZjig ljdha dliuSj$ -ajij
dl>z bVujS@ #l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug s[ f+ryV_dlsw sg
ljV $a[ yC%[ f{Q.Wig W'v$ -cj! qdh>si w"i de,v@ #VjqZjig drdsbw
u< o [ sj hp v ji$ -uesgL dl> z rdibjq@ #ldaep i P dWvjl ba[
hpwqVjdqbJ sj f+wjLV$ -uldr>si dl>z dhlB'igbV@ f>Vj 10-33!
#drLr bqV s[ bv.Wisji l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$ -lpriV
dl>z driw@ #RplajsJ s[ Rplajs$ -hiFuV dl>z IP!w[!@ #b,tgG r[tgbJ
dltiJ$ -ljZP dl>z dwljV@ f>V[ 38-50!
#eRPbV w[ itrjv[$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v@ #drs[LJ dry VjqZjig

224
 lqjeq$ -hidu>si dl>z w>rv@ #dl,Ddtbj l.lojrJ ba[ l+g ldaepiP
ueuga dl>z$ -cj! WPBj dl>z driw@ #vjv H[dh iaV AjfS vHg_l+g
ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug sg drL[L d*fj$ -l.a dl>z@ #dq,ngbJ IjsJ
sg fBjig dry'G$ -qj! bqigw dl>z@ f>Vj 53-72!
#apZp u[hj Vjhg w'dH sPuj$ -buga dl>z vjdHv@ #VjqZjig l.fisjdH
dry b"ia sg qh,aaj$ -cj! hidL>si w"i@ #wPwj b>s'vV ba[ Vjig
lLwagwiV$ -lPWj lpdi>si w"i tiv@ #l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug
ba[ VjqZjig lgc;$ -dr*q dl>z a[ sgfdH>si dl>z@ #VjqZjig hjwg
LpiP a'G b,u aw$ -iLfjv dl>z w'y@ f>V[ 76-91!
#l+g ldaeiP ueuga dl>z ug sg l.ega } s[S$ -aiv'yV dl>z
vjvg@ #bfpV[ l[rw wg bjf[ ijt{$ -episgf dl>z VjqZjig w{V[cj@ #a[i[
wrV wrV epS wdh wdh ejrj$ -ulWgi w"i dLqvj@ #u{lj ldaepip
lpSgsj a{l' hg q{ cgnp$ -Wvr.a dl>z VjqZjig@ f>V[ 88-105!

• dh>sg v[t
#liV bjH[ l' lWdh RpWji[ H[lg RpVwg iga$ -cj! i[} dsr[sg@ f>Vj
116!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Some of The Eventful Events’ -H. S. Hanspal, p.6; ‘Partition
of Punjab 1947’ -Prof. Joginder Singh, p.120.

225
 ldaupe sj fiRpfwjiJ sg biZ LajWsg b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2066 \l.V 2010|

• wdrajrJ
#h{ w"S$ -buga dl>z vjdHv@ f>Vj 14& #Z.V Z.V ldaepiP ueuga
dl>z$ -lriV dl>z ygqj@ f>Vj 21& #bV'tj Iji dqdvbj H[$ -hiFuV
dl>z firjVj@ f>Vj 34& #ujeda u'a$ -hifjv dl>z l[rw@ #f>ujh
ljv epie,sg ri%j$ -lpv<tS dl>z dF>ci@ f>Vj 41!
#ug wis{ ejrJ$ -Wvs[r dl>z rC{y@ #a[i[ sil sg Rpcgw$ -cj!
lar>a w"i qnjCP@ f>Vj 62& #W[b>a vgv%j$ -hiFuV dl>z ijuj@ f>Vj
93& #epiP ueuga dl>z a[i[ siLVJ sg v'C H[$ -wpvsgf dl>z sgf@
#a[ij si l'hSj a[ij zi l'hSj$ -W[b>a dl>z rC{y@ f>Vj 107& #dL>eji
q[i[ dsv sj$ -fPiV dl>z dVijvj@ f>Vj 111!
#siLV H[l sj uVq lrjisj H[$ -W[b>a dl>z l'tv@ f>Vj 114&
#epie,sg$ -epidsbjv dl>z f+ga@ #ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug wg wiJ
dl`a a[ig$ -FerjV dl>z sgfw@ #i,Wg iPf dVi>uVg Rph$ -vtdr>si
dl>z Wjurj@ f>Vj 121-123!

• v[t
#ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$ -cj! svgf w"i dBrjSj@ #l+g ldaepiP
ueuga dl>z ug sg f+FjrLjvg L?lgba$ -l! aiv'yV dl>z@ #lqju
} l[Z s[S rjv[ l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$ -dru[ wpqji@ #ldaepiP
ueuga dl>z ug sg epdibjHg sg b,Zg lsg$ -epiWyV dl>z Fp,vi@ f>V[
9-14!
#fpijaVaj a[ bjZpdVwaj sj l.eq$ -cj! iaV dl>z u,eg@ #qjVrg
FjrJ } lqNS rjvg L?lgba$ -cj! ulfjv dl>z i>Zjrj@ #ljdhaw

226
 lif+lag_VjqZjig ldaepiP ug sg$ -cj! Ziq dl>z@ #dsW ds=LBg s[
lpbjqg ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$ -cj! ulfjv w"i wJe@ #ldaepiP
ueuga dl>z ug@ dur[G q{G r[dtbj$ -lisjij dl>z u"hv@ f>V[ 15-24!
#w"awg ldaepiP$ -qvdr>si dl>z rC{y@ #lqsiLg H[w ds=LB[aj_
ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$ -agio dl>z dT,Dv'G@ #epie,sg sg b,Zg lsg
LpF w>qJ sg deSag rZg$ -qj! bqigw dl>z@ #u' hdi wj dfbjij l'
lFVj wj dfbjij$ -cj! bqiuga w"i@ #iPhjVg r[e$ -hidu>si dl>z
w>rv@ f>V[ 27-38!
#ueuga dl>z ug spbjij VjqZjig dHdahjl sg l.Fjv$ -lpriV
dl>z driw@ #l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug r,Dv'G VjqZjig Lhgsg blojVJ
sg lJF ba[ Ijsejig q[v[$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v@ #a[i[ wrSp wrSp epS
ejrJ$ -lPWj lpdi>si w"i tiv@ #l' ldaepip dul dis{ hdi VjRp$ -hifjv
dl>z l[rw@ f>V[ 42-59!
#df+afjvdh dVa lji lqjvdh$ -buga dl>z vjdHv@ #Mevg xCj
dul apiVj dltjdHbj$ -lPWj Wvdr>si dl>z N,v@ #u{lj ldaepiP r[dtbj$
-vtdr>si dl>z Wjurj@ #qptCj yC%s[ lPiu riej$ -idu>si dl>z ijuj@
#ldaepiP ug s[ fiRpfwji$ -df=>! lar>a w"i@ #liW wvj l.fPiV$ -
epiqga w"i@ f>V[ 63-92!
#idhqaJ s[ l'q[ l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$ -lpv<tS dl>z dF>ci@
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug s[ ljdhawjiJ a[ Rpfwji$ -s[dr>si dl>z
de,v@ #w"S ujS[ dHhs[ RpfwjiJ }$ -hiFuV w"i yjVj@ #H[w H[w
duhWj FS[ epS uesgL w[$ -ldr>si dl>z VjqZjig@ #e'-fjvw ldaepiP$
-uldr>si dl>z dhlB'igbV@ f>V[ 94-112!
#dHvjhg Vsdi wj wdiLqj ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$ -cj! bqiuga
dl>z wJe@ #u{ u{ wji ldaepiP l<y[ fjaLjh ug sg$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@
f>V[ 113-115!

• dh>sg v[t
#epiP ul dvtj Vj ujH[$ -cj! i[} dsr[sg@ f>Vj 124!

227
• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Extant beliefs & practices of Namdhari Sikhs of Punjab’ -Dr.
Joginder Singh, ‘The Omnipotent Satguru’ -Sant Singh, ‘Satguru
Ji’s 50th Guru Gaddi Divas’ -Satish Acharya London, pp.126-
142.

• alrgiJ
‘Swami Atam Parkaash At Akshardham, Nesden, UK’, ‘Dr.
Suchart offering honours–Bangkok’, p.65.
‘At Durgiana Mandir, Amritsar’, p.66.
‘Top classical ustad in holy company of His Holiness/Ustad
Vilayat Khan Sahib, Ustad Amjad Ali Khan Sahib.’, p.67.
‘Master of Masters on Taoos–Performing of specially designed
Taoos.’, p.68.
‘Top leadership with His Holiness–Smt. Sonia Gandhi, Shri
Atal Bihari Vajpayee.’, p.69.
‘His Holiness at Shaheed Parivar Fund Jalandhar/Comrade
Harkishan Singh Surjit visited His Holiness.’, p.70.
‘At Satguru Partap Singh Apollo Hospital, Ludhiana,
Manmohan Singh and Capt. Amrinder Singh, Shri I.K. Gurjral
offering flowers.’, p.71.
‘Chief Ministers with His Holiness–S. Parkash Singh Badal,
CM Punjab, Smt. Sheila Dikshit, CM Delhi.’, p.72.
‘His Holiness in a an agile mode on an makeshift arrangement
at Ghaggar/Waling through the fields.’, p.73.
‘His Holiness attending the International Conferences. World
vegetarian Conference at Bangkok. World Peace Summit in UN
Comple, In New York.’, p.74.

228
 ‘His Holiness–a regular player of Badminton. Encouraging the
young players.’, p.75.
‘Love for Cow, Feeding jaggery to cow.’, p.77.
‘Patrinising Cow, Chaffing the fodder/Affectionate Toch.’ p.78.
‘Sri Satguru Ji’s Love for Animal Kingdom, Monkey receiving
the food, feeding peacock.’, p.79.
‘Love for every Lining being, Caring wild Rodont.’, p.80.

229
 ldaupe sj l+g F{Sg ljdhW b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2067 \l.V 2011|

• wdrajrJ
#q>s= F{Sg dur iy[$ -dZbjV dl>z wjsijWjsg@ f>Vj 9& #l+g F{Sg
ljdhW$ -a[vP ijq wphjCj@ f>Vj 14& #F{Sg ljdhW sj VwLj$ -hiFuV
dl>z ijuj@ f>Vj 18& #wsgqg dq,ai$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ f>Vj 68& #b{lj
F{Sg ljdhW r[dtbj$ -wiV{v dl>z blfjv@ f>Vj 86!
#fiq l.a't$ -wjwj wjv[vwi@ #q[ij ugb wisj h{$ -f+gaq dl>z
wrg@ f>Vj 99& #l+g F{Sg ljdhW$ -buga dl>z ygqj@ #l+g F{Sg ljdhW
lrieJ duhj H[$ -qj! bqigw dl>z@ f>V[ 127-128!

• v[t
#df>c ws'G a[ dwr[G W,Nj ( VJ dwr[G dfbj ($ -cj! bqiuga w"i@ #d;v%[
vpdsbjV[ ejq F{Sg Vjq ujS[ bjq$ -uesgL dl>z rdibjq@ #wPdwbJ
sg F{Sg$ -ljZP dl>z dwljV@ #l+g F{Sg ljdhW ejis sg oJ Wsvg$ -
uldr>si dl>z dhlB'igbV@ #l+g F{Sg ljdhW baga ba[ riaqjV s[
Ni't[ $y'G$ -lpriV dl>z driw@ #ijq dl>z h'dH q[i' Vjqj WjTg lpa F{Sg
w' Zjqj$ -hifjv dl>z l[rw@ f>V[ 11-59!
#l+g F{Sg ljdhW \qiIjsj ba[ y[aVj sj w[Gsi|$ -ulfjv dl>z
i>Zjrj@ #Vjs W+hq sg Ziag l+g F{Sg ljdhW$ -Rplajs hiFuV dl>z@
#lpt-lpdrZjrJ Vjv FifPi l+g F{Sg ljdhW$ -aiv'yV dl>z vjvg@ #s[L
FeaJ sg fjnLjvj_l+g F{Sg ljdhW$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v@ #l' ojVp
lphjrj$ -l.a dl>z@ f>V[ 66-87!
#dVrjduL sg oJ l+g F{Sg ljdhW sg Ziag$ -lPWj Wvdr>si dl>z N,v@
#l+g ldaepiP ug sg Aai AjdHbj h[n l+g F{Sg ljdhW drt[ lrieg

230
 V;ji[$ -xp>qS dl>z w>rv@ #l+g F{Sg ljdhW sg lqju } s[S$ -buga
dl>z vjdHv@ #VjqZjig eRPLjvj_l+g F{Sg ljdhW$ -lPWj lpdi>si w"i
tiv@ f>V[ 91-106!
#VjqZjigbJ sj q,wj_epispbjij l+g F{Sg ljdhW$ -ldr>si dl>z
VjqZjig@ #l+g F{Sg ljdhW sj VrJ iPf$ -Vdi>si w"i ds,vg@ #q'hCg a'G
q'hig$ -ajij dl>z bVujS@ f>V[ 115-126& #b{l blojV w' q,oj
B[wSe[$ -l.a't dl>z Wjh'rjv@ f>Vj 129!

• dh>sg v[t
#uea f+dl,Z V[aj l+g urjhi vjv VdhiP wj H[w FjLS$@ #lriV
Ip,e wj F{Sg ljdhW$ -w[!b{Kq! qpVlg@ bVp ^ Vjhi dl>z@ #l+g F{Sg
ljdhW H[w V;iW>sg w{Gf$ -f+gaq dl>z f>Ag@ #aflovg l+g F{Sg ljdhW$
-cj! i[} dsr[sg@ f>V[ 130-136!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Spiritual Kingdom of Namdhari Sikhs’ -H.S. Hanspal, ‘Shri
Bhaiani Sahib Headquarters of Namdhari Sikhs’ -Babusha
Maingi, pp.139-144.

231
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2068 \l.V 2012|

• wdrajrJ
#q{G Wl.a hJ$ -ljZP dl>z dwljV@ #Rpcgw$ -lpiqpt dl>z LjdHi@ f>Vj 13&
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-WvWgi dl>z dT,Dv'G@ f>Vj 24& #ldaepiP ijq dl>z bjf[ hg Wl.a b{$
-hdi>si fa>ej@ f>Vj 88& #braji ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$ -vtdr>si
dl>z Wjurj@ f>Vj 111& #Wl.a$ -lriV dl>z ygqj@ f>Vj 122!

• v[t
#VjqZjig vdhi ^ b>ei[;g iju s[ drip,Z fdhvj drsi'h lg$ -cj!
qhgf dl>z@ #f>o V yv[ WjN epS Lwag$ -lg! bji! q'sdev@ #wPwj
vdhi sj Fjiag lpa>aiaj l.eijq dry I'esjV$ -uesgL dl>z
rdibjq@ #VjqZjig ljdha Wji[ RpfjZgqPvw t'u$ -cj! Ziq dl>z@ f>V[
7-21!
#VjqZjig f>ujWg ljdha s[ f+qjdSw hlaj?i$ -cj! lpts[r dl>z@
#epiP ijq dl>z ba[ wPwj b>s'vV_wpN drL[L a,o$ -uldr>si dl>z@
#ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug s[ lPdWbJ sj lpa>aiaj l.eijq dry I'esjV$ -
lpriV dl>z driw@ #ldaupe ^ 1929 \22 qjz 1986| Wl.a b>w sg
dHdahjlw qh,aaj$ -cj! wpvsgf dl>z sgf@ f>V[ 25-69!
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232
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#VjqZjig epiP f+>fij wj rdLLB b"i lqju fi Rplwj f+Fjr$ -cj!
i[} dsr[sg@ f>V[ 104!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Are Kuka, Martyrs are Freedom Fighters ?’ -M.S. Waraich,
‘Satguru Ram Singh In 1000 Years 1000 People’ -H.S. Hanspal,
‘The Times, London’ -Inderjit Singh, ‘The Namdhari Movement :
An Introductory Note’ -Himadri Banerjee, ‘Namdhari Guru’s
detention in British Burma’ -Prof. Joginder Singh, ‘The Indian
Public Opinion & Punjab Times, September 1, 1871 & March
22, 1872’, pp.108-128.

233
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l.qa-y[ai 2069 \l.V 2013|

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#Whpf,tg L?lgba s[ ZjiVg ldaepiP ueuga dl>z$ -laVjq qjSw@
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#Ijs[G_l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$ -uldr>si dl>z@ f>Vj 97!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Remembering Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji (1920-2012)’, Dr.
Joginder Singh, ‘Reminiscences of Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji’ -H.S.
Hanspal, pp.105-113.

• LiZJuvgbJ
#LiZJuvgbJ$ -lir l+g fiquga dl>z liVj@ bdrVjL t>Vj@ ueqga
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vtdr>si dl>z@ WjWj hiuga dl>z@ h;Pi qhjijuj biuV dl>z@ WjWj
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slaji lujRpS Rpfi>a qjaj ug a'G bLgirjs m
\Rpfi'wa alrgiJ f>Vj 88-89 RpKfi|

238
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• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Satguru Jagjit Singh : Piety Politics and Economy’ -Prof.
Joginder Singh, ‘A Leader & His Community’ -Himadri
Banerjee, ‘Virtuous : Satguru Jagjit Singh’ -H. S. Hanspal,
pp.123-131.

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241
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242
 ldaupe sj ldaepiP ueuga dl>z RpfjlVj b>w ^
l.qa-y[ai 2071 \l.V 2015|

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stage’, ‘Namdhari Satguru Jagjit Singh : A Nobel Soul’ -Dr. Jai
Rup Singh, ‘My Encounters with the Satguru’ -Dr. Harmohinder
Singh, ‘Satguru Jagjit Singh : As I have seen Him’ -S. S. Johal,
‘Satguru Jagjit Singh : A Believer in Intellectual’ -Prof. Joginder
Singh, ‘Satguru Jagjit Singh : Inheritor of Spiritual Legacy’ -
Harvinder Singh Hanspal, ‘Sacred Memories’ -Suba Satnam
Singh, pp.124-140.

244
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u'WV@ f>V[ 98-111!

• b>ei[;g v[t
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‘Satguru Ram Singh : As I Understand Him’ -S.S. Johal, ‘Guru
Ram Singh : A Redical Reformer’ -Dr. Joginder Singh, ‘Satguru
Ram Singh’ -Prof. Malwinderjit Singh, ‘The Pioneer of Freedom
Struggle’ -Sant Singh Waraich, pp.112-139.

• alrgiJ
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-Prime Minister of India, Home Minister of India, President
Bhartiya Janta Party, Chief Minister Delhi, Radha Soami
Satsang Beas, Sant Nirankari Mandal Delhi, Dera Sacha Sauda
Sirsa, Governor Haryana, Governor Gujrat, Visva Hindu
Parishad. pp.5-7.

252
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w"i ug$ -cj! lar>a dl>z qnjCP f>V[ 83-89!!
• b>ei[;g v[t
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Chand Kaur Ji : Full of Pious Charm and Dignity’, pp.90-100.
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sj$ -lPWj dVi>uV dl>z Bqw"sg@ f>Vj 43& #qjaj ug Rpfwji u' wga[
Fp,v VhgG lws[ lji[$ -hiFuV dl>z ijuj@ f>Vj 50& #dw,Do[ api eH[
qjaj ug$ -epiqga dl>z@ f>Vj 56& #wdhi wqjdHbj fjfgbj$ -WgWg
uLVf+ga w"i F>eP@ f>Vj 73& #qjaj ug sg bqi whjSg$ -ajij dl>z
bVujS@ f>Vj 80!
#du,sJ qjaj ug lj} dfbji ds,aj$ -u<o[sji wqjv dl>z wqjv@
#ldaepiP ljdhWjVJ sg d*fj WtdLL$ -vtdr>si dl>z Wjurj@ #ljcg
N'vg $y wgiV[ fj eH[ Y$ -WgWg idu>si w"i f>VP@ #uea qjaj }
e'vgbJ qjiV rjdvbj$ -l.a ljZP dl>z dwljV@ #drA'Cj qjaj y>s w"i
sj$ -wrg wiV{v dl>z blfjv@ #qjaj y>s w"i ug sgbJ IjsJ$ -fPiV
dl>z dVijvj@ f>V[ 86-91!

• v[t
#f+ryV l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$ -l.fjsw@ #qjaj ug V[ WyV
l,y wi drtjdHbj$ -hidr>si dl>z h>lfjv@ ajij dl>z bVujS@ #qjaj
y>s w"i ug a[i[ wrSp wrSp epS ejrJ$ -qj! dVhjv dl>z@ #dHvjwj l+g
ugrV Vei sg whjSg$ -l.a f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #qhjV Rpli,HgH[_
qjaj y>s w"i$ -lriV dl>z driw@ f>V[ 2-20!
254
 #dWiZ bjLiq ba[ qjaj y>s w"i ug$ -uldr>si dl>z dhlB'igbV@
#q[ij qV'io lsj ldaepiP ug sgbJ ?pLgbJ_qjaj y>s w"i ug$ -l.a
ueaji dl>z@ #qjaj ug V[ bjfSg d;>q[rjig Wj?PWg fPig ai%J dVFjHg$
-b{Ky!b{Kl! h>lfjv@ #bfji W?dLLJ s[ qjvw qjaj y>s w"i ug$ -
epiPWyV dl>z VjqZjig@ #qjaj ug sj ipaWj$ -lPWj Wvdr>si dl>z N,v@
f>V[ 24-39!
#qjaj y>s w"i ug l[rj@ ljseg a[ LiZj sg qPiag$ -ajij dl>z
bVujS@ #qjaj ug V[ bjfS[ WyVJ Vjv l.eaJ sgbJ N'vgbJ Fi
ds,agbJ$ -WgWg w>rvuga w"i W{Gw'w@ #qlajVeC% bjWjs wiV dry
qjaj ug sj I'esjV$ -qptdabji dl>z Wju[ rjv[@ #qjaj ug sg l[rj
FjrVj$ -vtdr>si dl>z Wjurj@ #qjaj ug V[ ldaepiP f+ajf ug sj
WyV ljwji wgaj$ -qj! e'dW>s dl>z Wpiu oi'C@ #VjqZjig f>o } l.wB
$y'G RpFjdibj qjaj y>s w"i ug V[$ -w[li dl>z vjcg@ f>V[ 42-55!
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug s[ RpljiP wjiu$ -epiuga dl>z@ #l+g
ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug ba[ bj;jsg s[ 70 ri%[$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v
ugbj V,oj@ #l+g ueuga Vei dHw lrie$ -lriV dl>z driw@ #l+g
ldaepiP ug s[ hpwqJ sj fjvS wiV rjv[ l+g qjaj y>s w"i ug$ -
epiyiV dl>z y>V@ #qjaj ug s[ WyV bB,v hV$ -WgWg hiFuV w"i
yjVj@ f>V[ 57-67!
#lp,tJ sgbJ N'vgbJ FiV rjv[ qjaj y>s w"i ug$ -l.a fPiV dl>z
dVijvj@ #b{ uea qJ b{ q[ig y>s w"i qJ$ -WgWg Vdi>si w"i ds,vg@
#h'vj qh,vj ljc[ VjVw[ df>c$ -WgWg dl>si w"i ds,vg@ #drLjv dhis[
rjvg qJ qjaj y>s w"i ug$ -cj! iur>a w"i l,eP@ #yjVS qpVjij qjaj
y>s w"i ug$ -df+>lgfv lar.a w"i@ #fPuI qjaj y>s w"i ug sg l[rj
FjrVj$ -lisji dl>z bqijli wvJ@ f>V[ 69-81!
#Wga[ fv_b>daq fv$ -wrgLi epil[rw dl>z@ #qjaj ug sg l[rj$
-WgWg hiFuV w"i yjVj@ #l[rj sg dqljv qjaj y>s w"i ug$ -Wvs[r
dl>z rC{y@ f>V[ 83-85!

255
• dh>sg v[t
#epiP qjaj H[w l.ziL$ -cj! i[} dsr[sg@ #lrie b>siSgH[ qjaj
y>s w"i ug$ -lpiuga dl>z u'WV@ f>V[ 92-95!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Sri Mata Chand Kaur Images of Sewa, Humility and Faith’ -
Prof. Tara Singh Anjan, ‘Role Model Mata Chand Kaur Ji’ -
Principal Satwant Kaur, ‘Mata Chand Kaur Ji She Shined Like
Goddess’ -Sri. H.S. Hanspan Ex. M.P., pp.96-104.

• alrgiJ
#qjaj y>s w"i ug Vjv l.W.Za alrgiJ$@ f>Vj 80-81!

256
 ldaupe sj l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug sg
sPlig f+wjL LajWsg b>w ^
l.qa-qjz 2075 \l.V 2019|

• wdrajrJ
#epiP hig w' VqV hqjij$ -vtdr>si dl>z Wjurj@ f>Vj 14& #epiP hig
dl>z dl,tg hig i,tg$ -u'de>si dl>z w>e@ f>Vj 21& #VjqZjig f>o rjvg
c'i RpV%J xCg H[$ -wiV{v dl>z blfjv@ f>Vj 27& #Z.V epiP hig dl>z
ug$ -epil[rw dl>z dT,Dv'G@ f>Vj 49& #l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug Z.V Z.V
wh[ v'wjHg ljig$ -ijdu>si w"i f>}@ f>Vj 53& #a[ij f+ajf H[$ -hiFuV
dl>z iju%j@ f>Vj 56!
#epiP hig dl>z ug$ -epiWtL dl>z h>l@ f>Vj 68& #ugRPGsj a[ ujesj
dHdahjl$ -ldaVjq dl>z w'qv@ f>Vj 83& #q{G epiP hig dl>z sj diSg
hJ$ -WjWj l'hS dl>z FwVj@ f>Vj 98& #Z>V epiP hig dl>z$ -ljZP dl>z
dwljV@ f>Vj 163!
#hig braji$ -svWgi dl>z ail@ #fis[l ujS r[v[ drsjdHeg lq[G
s[ hpwq ygVg rjv[ fjaLjh ug r,Dv'G l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug }$ -lPWj
hiVjq dl>z vtVRP@ #l'qj lg LJa xphjiJ sj$ -hiFuV dl>z firjVj@
#Apdfbj xp,v$ -qj! dVhjv dl>z@ #wdWa ip,t lF ip>c qp>c a[ dVijl
cjvgbJ$ -l.a dVLjV dl>z wojrjyw@ #a[ij f+ajf H[$ -Wvrgi dl>z
dT,v'G@ #rZjHg v<t rji H[$ -l.a't dl>z VjqZjig@ #epiP hig dl>z ug$@
#q>Vs[ VhgG epiP duhC[$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #a[ij f+ajf H[$ -epidsbjv
dl>z f+ga@ #LJag s[ braji$ -dH>si dl>z y,*riag@ #us aw ihP
spVgbj w"q V[ diSg idhSj$ -ldaVjq dl>z w'qv@ #`adh s[ N.c[ Npvj
ds,a[$ -rdi>si fjv dl>z wjvj bjdvq@ #cp,WdsbJ W[CgbJ } W.V[ vjSe[
Vjv H[h$ -l.a l.fPiV dl>z ds,vg@ #dl,tg hig i,tg$ -vtdr>si dl>z
Wjurj@ f>V[ 177-191!

257
• v[t
#hpwqVjqj l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug$@ #l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug
s[ f+ryVJ $y'G$ -l.fjsw@ #l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug s[ f+ryVJ $y'G$
-V{i'Wg \bxigwj|@ #lF a'G fdhv[ bjt>c fjn$ -qhjijuj Wgi dl>z ug@
#epiP hig dl>z ug ba[ wPwj-qpwag l.eijq$ -lpriV dl>z driw@ #Wp,Z
dl>z ujV' vzp Wgi$ -uldr>si dl>z dhlB'igbV@ f>V[ 7-22!
#epiP hig dl>z wjv s[ dHdahjlw l+'a$ -lriV dl>z lV[hg@ #l?agbJ
s[ s"i dry epiWjSg f+yji-f+lji )$ -dVLjV dl>z wojrjyw@ #VjqZjig
q,a } ldaepiP hig dl>z ug sj dHdahjlw I'esjV$ -f+'! dwifjv dl>z
wl[v@ #hig dl>z } ujVSj iPf q[ij$ -cj! Ziq dl>z@ #epiP hig dl>z s[
I'esjV sg yiyj$ -cj! u'de>si dl>z@ f>V[ 28-57!
#lgavaj sj l+'a ldaepiP hig dl>z ^ fjnea bdZb{V$ -cj! wpvsgf
dl>z@ #l+g epiP hig dl>z ug sj by.dFbJ Fdibj ugrV dWiaJa$ -cj!
e'fjv dl>z Wp,Bi@ #u'a wj ujqj!!!duV Bp,Bg vHg dqvjdH mm$ -cj! epv;ji
dl>z f>Z[i@ #W'vsj W'hC$ -epiPWyV dl>z VjqZjig@ #a[i[ dw>V[ fp,ai
bj ($ -buga dl>z vjdHv@ f>V[ 60-76!
#Rpafaj lh[ bda bjq duV'$ -hifjv dl>z l[rw@ #FH[ hig hdi
hig$ -l.a dl>z@ #ldaepiP hig dl>z ug s[ lq[G epiqda wgiaV sg
fi>fij$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v ugbj V,oj@ #;Wi a[ hV[ig N,tC dry rg
u'a vB vB Wvsg ihg$ -cj! vtrgi dl>z ijqfpij xPv@ #epiP w[ v.ei
$y l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug sj I'esjV$ -l.a't dl>z VjqZjig@ #epiP
hig dl>z wjv ^ wPwj vdhi sj ljdha \1872 Hg! a'G 1906 Hg! aw|$
-FuV dl>z@ #bj;jsg l.eijq a[ ldaepiP hig dl>z$ -epivjv dl>z@
#ldaepiP hig dl>z ug s[ W?dLL fjai s' l[rw$ -ulr>a dl>z #qla$@
f>V[ 78-125!
#l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug sg h;Pig dry h'v[ qh,v[@ q[v[ ba[ s"i[$
-aiV dl>z W,v@ hjwq dl>z@ #VjqZjig dHdahjl sj qgi q>}$ -lriV
dl>z lV[hg@ #eigW dVrju ldaepiP$ -hiVjq dl>z ijeg@ #ri sja[ l+g
epiP hig dl>z ug$ -l.a B{hv dl>z ug l,Ds'rjv@ #qjaj xah w"i ug$
-dVZjV dl>z bjdvq@ #epiP hig dl>z ug$ -q>ev dl>z vjdHvfpig@
#w'hC[ sj RpZji$ -lPWj qlajV dl>z@ f>V[ 132-159!
258
 #e,Ds'G c'W a'G epiPli$ -lPWj qghJ dl>z@ #epiP wgbJ ljtgbJ$ -dWLV
dl>z dhlB'igbV@ #qjaj ugRpS w"i$ -aiV dl>z rdhqg@ #q>ug epiP$ -
f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #ldaeiP hig dl>z$ -uesgL dl>z rdibjq@ f>V[
161-176& #bWPv df>c a[ WtdLLJ sg ritj$ -cj! vtdr>si dl>z
ijqfpij xPv@ f>Vj 191!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘Satguru Hari Singh Maintained High Spiritual & Moral Val-
ues’ -H.S. Hanspal, ‘A Rare Conversation with Satguru Hari
Singh Ji’ -Ajmer Singh, ‘The Saviour’ -Ajit Singh Namdhari,
‘Satguru Hari Singh and His Times’ -Mohinder Singh Kuka,
pp.195-207.

• ujSwjig
#l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug a'G bjdebj v{ w[ 1857 a'G 1881 Hg! aw
i>ePV ba[ qie'Hg ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug s[ siLV wiV eH[ epidl,tJ
sg lPyg$ -ldr>si dl>z VjqZjig@ f>Vj 211!

• alrgiJ
l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug@ qjaj ugrV w"i ug@ qjaj `ah w"i ug@ l+g
ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug@ qhjiju epidsbjv dl>z ug@ qhjiju dVhjv
dl>z ug m
t'dBbJ s[ FjHg iaV dl>z } hvw wp,s dfbj m epiP hig dl>z ug V[
lS[ fRPdHbJ s[ Rpl s[ ligi $a[ s' e[C[ vjH[ m hvw sPi h' debj m
lihjvg s[ qghJ dl>z } vwrj h' debj m Rplsj dfaj Ljq dl>z
bjaLg LgLj drtjRpS v<ej aJ qgGhJ dl>z V[ LgLj r[tS sg WujH[
F{Sg ljdhW uj w[ epiP hig dl>z s[ siLV wiV } y>ej lqdNbj m
siLV widsbJ vwrj ngw h' debj m
fpdvl a'G y'ig Wjhi dl,tJ rjla[ f+Ljs[ dvuJs[ dl>z@ l+g F{Sg ljdhW
l.V 1897 Hg! dry FjHg njwi dl>z WjnJ rjv[ r,Dv'G WSjdHbj debj
tijl m

259
 l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug r[v[ l?agbJ s[ WjruPs h;jiJ bt>c fjn
h'H[ ba[ fjngbJ } l;jrJ ba[ upiqjV[ rg h'H[ m
epiP hig dl>z ug e+.o ljdhW rjv[ dHl ypWji[ dry i';jVj bjds epiP
e+.o ljdhW s[ 100 f,adibJ sj fjn wdibj wis[ lV m
V{LVv bjwjHgr; \ds,vg| a'G f+jfa l.V 1879 Hg! lPWj epiyiV
dl>z sg alrgi ba[ ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug ba[ ldaepiP hig dl>z ug s[
iPl s[ hjwqJ r,v dvt[ f,ai ba[ `jilg dry urjWg l.s[L m
1896 Hg! dry WjQ rjvg w'ng dabji h'Hg lg m dHl a'G fdhvJ tPh
vj w[ WjQ vj ds,aj debj lg m l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug V[ bjiuj s[
bj?ig shjw[ dry dH,Do[ hg dVrjl wgaj m
hvB@ tPh ba[ WjQ rjvg w'ng_l+g ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug ba[ l+g
ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug V[ dHl ue%j Vjv lvjVj Vjq dlqiV uf
f+I'e wga[ m
dHl e,sg ljdhW rjv[ y'Wji[ dry i'; lr[i[ bjlj sg rji v<esg a[
Ljq sj sgrjV hp>sj m dH,Do[ W{n w[ hg epiP hig dl>z ug bjfSj dVaV[q
wis[ lV m
dul zi dry epiP hig dl>z ug sj f+wjL h'dHbj lg@ ldaepiP ueuga
dl>z ug V[ RpKo[ hg epiP hig dl>z v.ei hjv sg Rpljig wirj ds,ag m
hig q>si blojV $a[ l+g epiP hig dl>z ug sj llwji h'dHbj lg m
Wjbs dry ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug V[ l.ea s[ woj wgiaV vHg dHw
r,c[ A,fi fpbj w[ hig q>si WSrj ds,aj m
l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug r,Dv'G l+g ldaepiP ijq dl>z ug r,v dvtg
bisjl \W[Vag f,ai| m
dHh fpijaV q>si l+g epiP hig dl>z ug sj dVrjl lojV lg m dHo[ hg
ldaepiP f+ajf dl>z ug ba[ ldaepiP hig dl>z ug sj f+wjL h'dHbj m
dHl[ ue%j sj fpijaV ds,t rjvj riaqjV liPf m
epispbjij l+g ijqli ljdhW VjqZjig l.f+sjdH@ w'nj epiP \Wdn.cj| m
l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug V[ 1901 Hg! dxi';fpi s[ s"i[ bWvP Vei

260
eH[ m df>c s[ v'wJ V[ bi; wgag dw lji[ tPhJ sj fjSg tjij h{ m bjf
ug sg d*fj wi' m l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug V[ bjfS[ wi wqvJ Vjv tPh
sj B,f vjdHbj m dul sj fjSg dq,nj dVwdvbj m b,u aw dHh Ijseji
q"uPs h{ m
l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug sj y'ej \u' l+g F{Sg ljdhW lpi,Ddtba h{| m
l+g ldaepiP hig dl>z ug sgbJ dV,u ria'G sgbJ spiv<F rlaJ \dHh
rlaJ l[n xPvj dl>z yjrvj@ W{Gw'w s[ fdirji fjl hV m
\Rpfi'wa lqp,ygbJ alrgiJ sj f>Vj V.Wi 112-113|

261
 ldaupe sj Wl.a b>w ^
ldaepiP ueuga dl>z LajWsg b>w
l.qa-y[ai 2077 \l.V 2020|

• v[t
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug s[ fjrV Rpfs[LJ dry'G b>dq+a WyV$@
#lpt-ljei ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$ -lpriV dl>z driw@ #ldaepiP
ueuga dl>z ug sj Iojiow f+Fjr$ -cj! ajiV dl>z@ #blv Ziq
aJ qph,Wa hg H[$ -lHgbs bjdl` Ljhwji@ #b>si sgbJ iq;J sj
hjSg$ -uda>sifjv dl>z u"vg@ #l+g F{Sg ljdhW $y wpN fv$ -HgLi
dl>z bBjig \lr!|@ #drLr bqV s[ bjv.Wisji$ -ueuga dl>z bjV.s
\lr!|@ #q[i[ f+ZjV bjZji!!!$@ -dwifjv dl>z wl[v \lr!|@ f>V[ 7-31!
#l[t'G ug F{Sg ljdhW bjH[$ -rdibjq dl>z l.ZP@ #q{G bfVg dVLyj l[@
ldaepiP wdh ihj hP.$ -lrjqg bidr>sj V.s@ #V[dCM a,wgbJ yjVS
diLqJ$ -hiFuV dl>z iaV \lr!|@ #s' s[LJ s' ZiqJ sg dqvSg$ -lr!
ueugL dl>z rdibjq@ #dHh qhJ fpiL w"S hV ($ -ajij dl>z bVujS
\lr!|@ #ldaepiP ueuga dl>z wpN bFp,v IjsJ$ -l! aiv'yV dl>z
ljWwj b{Kq!fg!@ #dHdahjl qVp<tJ } a'CV rjvj VhgG le'G u'CV rjvj
h'r[$ -\cj!| wpvsgf dl>z sgf@ #q[ig iPh Rpavj VjqZjig f+wjL y,wi$
-epiFuV de,v@ f>V[ 34-46!
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z s[ b>aiijLBig l.W.Z$ -lriS dl>z lV[hg
b{Kq!H[!@ #IjsJ s[ Ni't[ $y'G_ldaepiP siLV$ -lpriV dl>z driw@ #Ijs
WSg dHdahjl$ -s[dr>si dl>z de,v \ugbj V<oj|@ #Rph dsV Whji s[$
-buga dl>z vjdHv@ #bjsiL lqju s[ RpliHgH[ ldaepiP ueuga
dl>z ug$ -l+g bqi Fjiag \lr!|@ #slr.Z sg wijqja$ -qjlBi bqigw
dl>z@ #epiP ueuga \IjsJ s[ Ni't[ $y'G|$ -vtdr>si dl>z Wjurj@ #lPw[
hi[ wgH[ dtV qjh[$ -cj! vtrgi dl>z ijqfpij xPv@ #dVrjuL$ -l.a't
dl>z ljuV@ f>V[ 48-77!

262
 #ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug sgbJ bFp,v IjsJ$ -cjwBi lirf+ga
dl>z ds,vg@ #H[o[ W{n w[ bjf ug f+FP Feag $y vgV h'dHbj$ -iAfjv
dl>z l[rw@ #dHh V[ lj;@ lj;dVrj; aP.$ -lpiuga fjai@ #epiqda s[
qjie siLw ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$ -l+g hiFuV dl>z I'eg ug
\lr!|@ #dur[G epiP VjVw s[r ug wgiaV wi ih[ h'S$ -l! FifPi dl>z
\WvWgi|@ #bW bjf iWjW WujdHbj wi[Ge[$ -iWjWg epv`jq bdhqs
tJ@ f>V[ 81-100!
#WjWjSgbJ whjSgbJ dry'G$ -f>dca idu>s= dl>z epiPli \lr!|@ #ejoj
dHw dsV sg 17 upvjHg 1993$ -hifjv dl>z l[rw@ #WJh dwl }
xCjHg h{!!!($ -lpdi>si w"i tiv@ #ldaepip rcj wdi ljvjhgb{$ -idu>si
w"i f>VP@ #eigW dVrjup eplHgbj q[ij$ -hifjv dl>z l[rw@ #lx{s
Wlai Zjig FerjV f+eB h'H[$ -qVuga w"i@ #zB zB w[ b>ai wg
ujVa$ -qj! epis[r dl>z dlbjC% \lB[B brjicg|@ #!!!whjSgbJ l.q+o
w>a wgbjh mm$ -lptdr>si dl>z vjdHv@ f>V[ 112-129!
#epiqpt dl>z \uC%Jrjvj|$ -buga dl>z vjdHv@ #ldaepiP eigW
dVrju h{$ -ijur>a w"i \ijqfpij xPv|@ #f+[LjVgbJ q[ig RpV l[ Vj wdhVj$
-buga dl>z vjdHv@ #l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug sgbJ W?dLLJ$
-epiqpt dl>z Ljh@ #fiRpfwjig l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug$ -wiV{v
dl>z blfjv@ #epi fPi[ wg W[b>a rcjHg$ -f+gaq dl>z wrg@ #y'; W[b>a
s[$ -l.a dVLjV dl>z wojrjyw@ #bisjl-W[Vag$ -f+'! dwifjv dl>z
wl[v \lr!|@ #Ijs idhSe[ lsj Rpfwji a[i[$ -h;jij dl>z q>c@ #Vjq
epiP ueuga sj$ -uo[sji wqjv dl>z@ f>V[ 132-178!
#l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug da,ojrvg$ -hifjv dl>z l[rw@ #l+g
ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug sg Aai AjdHbj h[n h'H[ h'v[ qh,v[$ -l.a
dVLjV dl>z@ #l+g ldaepiP ueuga dl>z ug s[ lq[G dry h'H[ Vjq-
dlqiV uf-f+Ie ' \b,lP sj q[vj|$ -l.a dVLjV dl>z@ #l+g ldaepiP ueuga
dl>z ug s[ lq[G dry h'H[ VjqZjig drdsbw l.q[vV$@ f>V[ 202-210!

• b>ei[;g v[t
‘His Holiness Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji An Eminent...’ -Taranjit
Singh, ‘The Religion of Music’ -Mohinder Singh Kuka, pp.101-

263
109, ‘Reflections’ -Satguru Uday Singh Ji, ‘World Vegetarian
Conferences 1957 and 1967’ -H.S. Hanspal, ‘Sri Satguru Jagjit
Singh Ji the Multi-Faceted Spritual Leader’ -Charanjit Ajit Singh,
‘Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji : A Divine Light’ -Gurmukh Singh,
‘Satguru Ji’s grace on his devotees’ -AS Panesar, ‘It happened
one afternoon’ -Taranjit Singh Namdhari, pp.179-201.

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