ODABULTUM UNI

VERSI
TY
COLLAGEOFNATURALRESOURCEANDENVI
RONMENTALSCI
ENCE
DEPARTMENTOFFPRESTRY

ASENI
ORRESEARCHPROJECTON:
-

ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL AGROFORESTRY PRACTI

CE FOR NATURAL FOREST
CONSERVATI
ONINCASEOFNEJEBASKEBELEOFWESTHARERGHEZONE,OROMI YA,
ETHIOPI
A

BY:
-
BolChuolGatl
uak
IDNO:1254/13

ADVI
SOR:
AdaneMul
at(
MSc.
)

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMI

TTED TO ODA BULTUM UNIVERSTY,COLLEGE OF
NATURALRESOURCEANDENVI RONMENTALSCIENCE,DEPARTMENTOFFORESTRY,
I
NPARI TI
ALFULFI
LMENTOFTHEREQUI REMENTFORBSc,DEGREEINFORESTRY

APPRI
L202024
CHI
RO,ETHI
OPIA

1
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Aboveal l,al
waysandf orev
ermyheartf
eltandeternall
oveandadmi r
ati
ongoest omy
Al
mi ghtyGod.Besi desthismyadv i
sorAdaneM.( MSc),whoisalwayswi thmef or
gi
vingal ltheenduranceandever
ythi
ng,Ieverasked,tokeepmyselfontrack.Without
hi
sbl essing,Iwouldneverhav
esucceeded.Isi
ncerelywisht
oexpressmygr at
it
udet o
al
lmar velouspersonsImetduri
ngthi
smi ssi
on.

2
 ABSTRACT
Agr oforest r
ypl aysi mpor t
antrolei nr educi ngpr essur esonnat uralforestr esour ce
distr
action.I n Nej ebaskebel ehavedi ff
er entchar acteristicsofl ocalagr of orestry
practi
ce.Thi sar eai smor eofnat uralforestdi straction,butt hecommuni t yuseagr o
forest
rypr acti
cet or educet hedi stractionofnat uralf orest.Theobj ectivesoft his
research pr oposali st o assess localagr of orest r
y pr act i
ce f or nat uralf orest
conservationandi t sspeci f
icobjecti
vesar et oassesst hel ocalcommuni typer cepti
on
onbenef i
tofl ocalagr oforestr
ypr acti
cesandt oi dentifyt hef actorsaf fecti
ngof
agroforestryconser vationint he st udyar ea.Toknow t heassessmentofl ocalagr o
forest
rypr acticei nNej ebasKebl ebot hpr imar yandsecondar ydat awasgat hered.The
natureoft hedat at hatwasneededf orthest udyisbot hqual itativeandquant i
tati
ve.The
primarydat awascol l
ectedbyobser vation,per sonali nterview anddi scussionwi th
respondentbyusi ngst r
ucturedandsemist r
ucturedquest ionnai r
es.Thesecondar y
datawascol lectedf r
om r evi
ewingt her elevantr eferencemat er
ialsuchasr esear ch
document ,books, internetanddocument arysour ces, whichl ocat edint hestudyar ea.

Keywor
ds:
Agr
ofor
est
ry,
Nat
ural
resour
ce,
for
est

3
 LI
STOFTABELES
Tabl
e1:
Househol
dagest
ruct
ure.
…………………………………………………………….
..
.16

Tabl
e2:
Educat
ionl
evel
ofr
espondent
s……………………………………………………….
..
16

Table3.Ty
pesandcomponent
sofagr
o-f
orest
rypr
act
ices i
nthest
udyar
eaaccor
ding
totheHHrespondent
s………………………………………………………………………………………17

Tabl
e4.Agr
o-f
orest
ryspeci
escommonl
yusedi
nthest
udyar
ea……………………………….
18

Table5.Summar yofcommuni
typer
cept
iononagr
ofor
est
rypr
act
ices
benefit
s…..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
19

Table6.Summaryofmaj
orconst
rai
ntsf
oragr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icei
nNej
ebas
kebele……….…20

ACRONYMS
HH Househol
d

HHs Househol
ds

4
 TABLEOFCONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2
ABSTRACT 3
LI
STOFTABELES 4
ACRONYMS 4
1.I
NTRODUCTI
ON 6
1.
1Backgr
ound 6
1.
2St
atementoft
hePr
obl
em 7
1.
3Obj
ect
ives 8
1.
3.1Gener
alobj
ect
ive 8
1.
3.2Speci
fi
cobj
ect
ives 8
1.
4Resear
chquest
ion 8
1.
5Si
gni
fi
canceoft
hest
udy 8
1.
6Li
mit
ati
onoft
hest
udy 9
2.LI
TERATUREREVI
EW 9
2.
1Conceptanddef
ini
ti
onofagr
oFor
est
ry 9
2.
2Agr
ofor
est
rysy
stemsandpr
act
ices 10
2.
3Local
agr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icesi
nEt
hiopi
a 10
2.
4Rol
eofagr
ofor
est
ryi
nnat
ural
for
estconser
vat
ionanddev
elopment 10
2.
4.1Soci
oeconomi
crol
eofagr
ofor
est
ry 11
2.
4.2.Rol
eofagr
ofor
est
ryofEnv
ironment
alser
vice 11
2.
5Thechar
act
eri
sti
csofl
ocal
agr
ofor
est
ry 11
2.
5.1.Agr
osi
l
vicul
tur
alsy
stem 11
2.
5.2.Si
l
vopast
alsy
stem 11
2.
5.3.Agr
osi
l
vopost
ural
syst
em 12
2.
6Local
knowl
edgeonagr
ofor
est
rymanagement 12
2.
7.Communi
typer
cept
ionont
hepot
ent
ial
foragr
ofor
est
rypr
act
ices 12

5
3.MATERI
ALANDMETHODS 12
3.
1Descr
ipt
ionoft
hest
udyar
ea 12
3.
1.1Locat
ions 12
3.
1.2Topogr
aphy 13
3.
1.3Demogr
aphi
cchar
act
eri
sti
cs 13
3.
1.4.Landuseandsoi
lty
pe 13
3.
1.5Cl
i
mat
e 13
3.
2Met
hoddat
acol
l
ect
ion 13
3.
2.1Sour
ceofdat
a 13
3.
2.2Sampl
i
ngTechni
ques 14
3.
2.3Sel
ect
ionoft
hest
udykebel
e 14
3.
2.4Dat
acol
l
ect
ion 14
3.
2.5Dat
aanal
ysi
s 15
4.RESULTANDDI
SCUSI
ON 15
4.
1Demogr
aphi
cdat
a 15
4.
1.1Agest
ruct
ure 15
4.
1.2.Educat
ionl
evel
oft
her
espondent 16
4.2.Commonty
pesofagro-
forest
rypr
act
icesf
oundi
nthest
udyar
eaandi
tscomponent
s
accordi
ngt
otheHHrespondents. 16
4.
3.Agr
o-f
orest
ryspeci
esusedi
nthest
udyar
ea 17
4.
4.Communi
typer
cept
ionont
hebenef
it
sofagr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icesi
nthest
udyar
ea. 18
4.
5.Maj
orconst
rai
ntsf
oragr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icepr
act
ici
ngi
nthest
udyar
ea 19
4.6.Communit
yper
cept
ionont
her
oleofagr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icesf
ort
henat
ural
for
est
conserv
ati
on 21
5.CONCLUSI
ONANDRECOMMENDATI
ON 21
5.
1Concl
usi
on 21
5.
2Recommendat
ion 22
6.REFERANCE 22
7.APPI
NDEX 24

6
 1.I
NTRODUCTI
ON

1.
1Backgr
oundandJust
if
icat
ion
Agrof orestryisanew namef oranol dsetofl andusepr acti
ces.Itisani ntegrated
approacht osol v
ingl andusepr oblem byal
lowingfarmersproductionfood,fi
ber,fodder
andfuelsi multaneousf rom t hesameuni toflandcommonchar acteri
sti
cfeatur
esofal l
far
merofagr of orestryi sthattreei sdel
iberat
elygrowni nagr i
cult
uresetti
ng( CTA,
2003).Theconceptofagr of orestr
yisbasedont hedevelopmentoft heinterface
betweenagr i
culturalandf or
estry.Themainconceptofagr oforestr
ysy st
em ar etrees
andshr ubs,crops,past ur eandl i
v est
ocktogetherwithenvir
onmentf actor
sofcl imat e,
soi
l,land f orm,ot hercomponentoccuri n special
ized syst
em ( young,2005)agr o
for
estryt herefor
ei nvol
v estwoormor especiesofpl antandani malatl eastoneof
whichawoodper ennialandwi thtwoormor eout put
.

Simpl eagr of orestrysystem ismor ecompl exbot hecol ogicalandeconomi calthan

monocr oppingsy stem.Theai m ofagr ofor
estl iesinopt i
mizingpr oduct i
onbasedon
thei nter
actionbet weent hecomponentandt heirphy si
calenvironment .Thatwillleadto
highersum t otalandmor ediv ersi
fi
edandsust ainabl
epr oduct i
ont hanf rom amono
culturalofagr icult
ure orf orestry al
one (Raintree,2004) .The numberofhuman
popul ati
oni ncreasingf r
om timet otimeandt hedemandagr icul
turepr oductionalso
i
ncr easingduet osat isf
yt hepeopl ewantlikef ood,f i
berandf uelint hisreasont he
numberoff orestbecomesdest roy(shekhar
ic,2001)

Themanagementoft hel andf orbothagr icult

uralandconser vati
onpur poser emai n
cent r
altosust ainabledev elopmentef for
t(Duf fet.
al2001).Harvestingoff or estuseof
ti
mber ,fuelwood,const r
uct i
on,food,fodderhasperf oundaf fectsbi ol
ogi caloft he
forestecosy stem i tsleadt ochangespeci alcomposi t
ion.Overgr azingi soneoft he
maj orfactoraffectingnatur alfor
estdestructi
onduet oremov i
ngt hey oungt reespeci es
andl ossofsoi l( Shekhar,2001)Agr oforestryhasthepot ent
ialtopr ovidet hepr oduct
whi chwasmayhar vestfrom t hef or
estaswel lasi mprovi
ngsust ainabil
ityofl ocal
agricult
uralpract i
ceagr of orestr
ypr ov
ideslandmanagementsy stem thati ncreaset he
productionandecol ogicalst abi
li
ty.

Theintegrati
onoftr
ee,agricul
turalcr
opandani malsi
ntoagroforestrysystem hast he
potenti
altoenhancesoilfert
il
it
y,reduceerosi
on,impr
oveweatherqual i
tyandenhance
ofbiodi
v er
sit
y.I
thasbeenr ecognizedthatt
heseservi
cesandbenefit
spr ovidedbyagr o
for
estrypracti
cesoccurov erarr
angementspatialand t
emporalscales( Garret
t,2005)
agroforestr
yhastheabili
tytoprov i
deshadeforhumanandl i
vest
ockr educt i
oninwi nd

7
speed,cont
rolofweedandaddi
ti
onalt
othati
treducesorcont
rolofdecor
ti
cat
ionsand
i
ncreaseofbiodi
ver
sit
y(Ret
nowati
,
2003)

1.
2St
atementoft
hePr
obl
em
Theneedf orusi ngofnat ur alf orestsf orthedai l
yl i
feofpeopl esandt heirincreasing
demandonf or estsf orbet terener gypr oduct i
onandecol ogicalser vicesoff orest sar e
notbal ancingandbi odiver si t
ybecomel essbecauseofunsust ai
nabl eut i
li
zat i
onof
resour ces.Si mi l
arly,thef or estr esour cesar et hebasi cofl ivehoodf orcommuni ti
es
aroundNej ebascommuni ty .Theyusedt heforestr esour cef ort heirdailyli
feact i
v i
ty.As
ar esult,therei sagr eathumani nt er
ferenceont henat ur alforest .Thishasr esultedi n
thedet eri
orationoff or estr esour cer eductionofbi odiversityi ncidenceofsoi ler osion,
and l and degr adation.Ov ergr azing and def orestation ar et he maj orpr oblem f or
destruct i
on( reduction)off or esti nt hesur r
oundi ng ar ea,someoft hecaused f or
deforest ati
on i nclude gr azi ng ofdomest ic animal s,ext raction f orf uelwood and
charcoaloft hest r
ategi esi ncl udeagr of or
esterpr acticesandusedbyt helocalf armer s
i
nNej ebaskebel e.Inr esponset ot hi
sf armer sar epr acticingl ocalagr of orestryinone
ordi f
f erentway .Andt heot hercausesofr educt i
onofnat uralforestar eagr i
cultural
activi
tyf orcr opcul ti
v ati
onandcut t
ingoft hef orestf ormaki ngf urnitur
e,houseand
othersour ceofi ncome.Sot her educt ionoff orestl eadst oi ncreasinggl obalwar ming
andsoi lerosioni nthiskebel e.

1.
3Obj
ect
ives

1.
3.1Gener
alobj
ect
ive
Theoveral
lobjecti
veofthest
udywast oassesst
hel
ocalagr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icef
or
nat
ural
forestconser
vat
ioni
nNej
ebaskebel
e

1.
3.2Speci
fi
cobj
ect
ives
 Toi
dent
if
yandchar
act
eri
zet
heexi
sti
ngagr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icesi
nst
udyar
ea.

 Toassessthel
ocalcommuni
typer
cept
iononbenef
itofl
ocalagr
ofor
est
ry
pr
act
ices.

 Toi
dent
if
ythef
act
orsaf
fect
ingofagr
ofor
est
ryconser
vat
ioni
nthest
udyar
ea

 Toassessthecommuni t
yper cept
iononr
oleofagr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icesf
ort
he
conser
vat
ionofnat
ural
forest
s.

1.
4Resear
chquest
ion
 Whatt
ypesofl
ocal
agr
ofor
est
erpr
oduct
ionexi
sti
nNej
ebas?

8
  Whataret he use and benef
it
sthatl
ocalcommuni
ty obt
ains f
rom t
hese
agr
ofor
est
rypracti
ces?

 What ist he r
ole of l
ocalagr
ofor
est
ry pr
act
ice pl
ay i
n nat
uralf
orest
conser
vat
ions?

 Howt
hel
ocal
communi
tycangener
atei
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
heuseofagr
ofor
est
ry?

1.
5Si
gni
fi
canceoft
hest
udy
Thisresear
chissupposedtoobt ai
nclearpictureofl
ocalagroforestrypract
icesofthe
studyareaandfindi
tspreventi
onmeasur esoft hepr
oblem ofthisstudyisexpectedto
helpfarmersuseofl ocalagrof or
estr
yt hatar ecrop,perennialplantand animal
producti
oninor
dertodecreaseforestdest
ruction.

1.
6Li
mit
ati
onoft
hest
udy
Thest udywasr estri
ctedbothinspaceandt i
me.Thi swasduet ot heconst rai
ntsof
ti
measwel lasf inancialshort
ageoft imet odiscusswi t
hf armer ,unwil
li
ngnessof
peoplet oprovidei nf
or mati
onf ortheresear
cherisconst r
aint
st hatencount eredthe
study.Theot herli
mi t
ationwhichf acedt
hestudywasl ackofmat er i
alstoconductt hi
s
studylike,l
ackofsecondar ysour cesofdataandunawar enessoft heindiv
idualtogi v
e
theaccur at
einformationwer eencounter
edthefor
est.

9
 2.LI
TERATUREREVI
EW

2.
1Conceptanddef
ini
ti
onofAgr
ofor
est
ry
Agroforestryisanew namef oranol dsetofl andusepr acti
ces.I tisani ntegrated
approacht osolvi
ngl anduseproblem byal
lowingfarmersproductionf ood,fi
ber,fodder
andf uelsimultaneousf rom t
hesameuni toflandcommonchar act eri
sti
cfeaturesofal
far
merofagr of orestryisthattreeisdeli
beratelygrowninagr icult
ureset ti
ng( CTA
(2003) .Theconceptofagr of orest
ryisbasedont hedev el
opmentoft heinterface
betweenagr i
culturalandforestr
y.Themainconceptofagr oforestrysy st
em ar etrees
andshr ubs,crops,pastureandl i
vest
ocktogetherwithenvir
onmentf actor
sofcl imat e,
soil
,l and form,ot hercomponentoccuri n speciali
zed syst
em ( y
oung,2005)agr o
for
est rythereforei nvol
vestwoormor especiesofpl antandani malatl eastoneof
whichawoodper ennial
andwi t
htwoormor eout put.

Simpleagrof orestr
ysyst
em ismor ecomplexbothecologi
calandeconomi calthan
monocr oppingsy st
em.Theai
m ofagrofor
estli
e4sinoptimi
zingpr
oductionbasedon
theint
eract
ionbet weent
hecomponentandthei
rphysi
calenvi
ronment.Thatwil
lleadto
highersum totalandmor edi
ver
sif
iedandsustai
nableproducti
onthanfrom amono

10
cul
tur
alofagr
icul
tur
eorf
orest
ryal
one(
Rai
ntr
ee,
2004)
.

2.
2Agr
ofor
est
rysy
stemsandpr
act
ices
Thewor dsy stem andpr acticesareof t enusedsy nony mi nagrof orest
rylit
erature.
Howeversomedi sti
ncti
oncanbemadebet weent heset woconcept sagrof orestry
syst
em consi stofoneormor eagrof or est
rypr acti
cest hatareextensivel
yingi ven
l
ocali
tyorareat hesy st
em isusuallydescr i
belevelsoft echni
calmanagementorsoci o
economicfeat uresagrof orestrypracticeont heot herhand,denot esspecifi
cl and
managementoper at
ion on t he f
arm orot hermanagementuni ti tconsistst he
arr
angementoft hecomponenti nspacet ime.Agrof orestrysy
stem consistatl
eastt wo
moret hemaj orgr oupsoft rees,agriculturecrop,l i
v est
ock,fsh,honeybee(Wu,Y
i
(
2007)
.

2.
3Local
agr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icesi
nEt
hiopi
a
Thepr acti
cesi nEt hiopi
awer edi ver
seagr ofor estr
ythatexi sti
ng inbymeansof
di
fferentplantspeciesandagr icultur
alpr oducti
on.Themostcommonagr of orest
ry
system inEt hi
opianhi ghlands( Hoekstra,et,al
,
2000)l ocalagrof orestrypract
icesas
tr
eeandcer ealvegetableandf ruitunderear thtreeal ongriverandhomest eadori n
betweeni sani ndigenousagr of orest
rysy stem int heHararghehi ghlandsofeast ern
Ethi
opia(poschen,1986) .Fruitt
reescor dialAfri
canamostcasei splantedinthehome
gardentogetherwi t
hinset(Abebe, 2000)

2.
4Rol
eofagr
ofor
est
ryi
nnat
ural
for
estconser
vat
ionanddev
elopment
The numberofhuman popul
ati
on i
ncreasi
ng fr
om time t
ot i
me and the demand
agri
cul
tur
eproduct
ional
soi
ncr
easi
ngduet osat
isf
ythepeopl
ewantlikef
ood,fi
berand
fuel
inthi
sreasont
henumberoffor
estbecomesdestroy(
shekhar
ic,
2001)

Themanagementoft hel andf orbothagr icult

uralandconser vati
onpur poser emai n
cent r
altosust ainabledev elopmentef for
t(Duf fet.
al2001).Harvestingoff or estuseof
ti
mber ,fuelwood,const r
uct i
on,food,fodderhasperf oundaf fectsbi ol
ogi caloft he
forestecosy stem i tsleadt ochangespeci alcomposi t
ion.Overgr azingi soneoft he
maj orfactoraffectingnatur alfor
estdestructi
onduet oremov i
ngt hey oungt reespeci es
andl ossofsoi l( Shekhar,2001)Agr oforestryhasthepot ent
ialtopr ovidet hepr oduct
whi chwasmayhar vestfrom t hef or
estaswel lasi mprovi
ngsust ainabil
ityofl ocal
agricult
uralpract i
ceagr of orestr
ypr ov
ideslandmanagementsy stem thati ncreaset he
productionandecol ogicalst abi
li
ty.

2.
4.1Soci
oeconomi
crol
eofagr
ofor
est
ry
Agrof orest
ryhas product
ive and ser
vices functi
on the dist
incti
ve contr
ibuti
on to
producti
onisobt aintr
eecropandl i
vestockpr oductfrom thef ar
m andpr oduct
ive
servi
ces orf unct
ion t
o protectthe outside ofdi st
urbf orestlike wind erosi
on,

11
degr
adat
ionofl
andf
orestl
i
kewi
nder
osi
on,
wat
erer
osi
on,
degr
adat
ionofl
and.

Thei nt
erestandpossi bi
li
tyofi ntroducingnew t echniquet omakeagr oforestr
yi s
al
ternati
veinhelpi
ngsmal lformer stoimpr ovet heirsocialandeconomi ccondit
ioni
ng
motivati
ngthem tocont i
nuewor kingthel andandst oppi ngmi gr
ationtour banar ea
which one worstpr obl
em f aced byagr i
cult
ure( Bi
showa, 2000).Agr of or
estr
ycan
contri
butetowardt hesatisfacti
onofsubst anceneedl ikef ood,fuel,woodt imber,
supplementincomesal eorraworpr ocessedt reepr oductsr epl
acef arminputswhi ch
wouldot her
wisebepur chasedf orsoci albenef it
ssuchasboundar y,shade(cernea,
1992).

2.
4.2.Rol
eofagr
ofor
est
ryofEnv
ironment
alser
vice
Theintegrati
onoft r
ee,agricul
turalcropandani malsintoagrof or
estrysystem hast he
potenti
altoenhancesoi lfert
il
it
y,reduceer osi
on,improveweatherqual i
tyandenhance
ofbiodi
v er
sity
.Ithasbeenr ecognizedthattheseservicesandbenefit
spr ovidedbyagr o
for
estrypracticesoccurov erarr
angementspat ialand temporalscales( Garret
t,2005)
agroforestr
yhast heabili
tytoprov ideshadeforhumanandl i
vestockreduct i
oninwi nd
speed,controlofweedandaddi t
ionaltothatitreducesorcontrolofdecor t
icati
onsand
i
ncreaseofbi odiversi
ty(Retnowat i
,2003)

2.
5Thechar
act
eri
sti
csofl
ocal
agr
ofor
est
ry
Practi
cesi nNejebaskebel eagr oforest
rysystemsar echaracter
izedbyt r
eebasic
component s namely,the wood per enni
al(tr
ee,shr ubs).Herbaceous pl
ants(cr
op,
pasture speci
es)and t he animal
s based on these three basi
c components.Agro
forest
rysystem canbecl assi
fi
edforallpr
act
icalpurposeaccordingtothei
rcomponent
composition(Nair
,1993).

2.
5.1.Agr
osi
l
vicul
tur
alsy
stem
Thisisanagr of
orest
rysystem whereagronomiccropsarecombi nedwi
thshrubs,tr
ee
ont hesomeuni toflandf orhigherorbettersustai
nedproductionofannualcrops
fodder,andwood.Inanyoneagr oforest
rysystem t
herecanbet hanoneagroforestr
y
system ther
ecanbemor ethanoneagr ofor
estr
ypracti
ces.

2.
5.2.Si
l
vopast
alsy
stem
Thisisanagr of orest
rysy stem wher
eranget r
eeandani malscombinef orbet
ter
product
ionofgr assesandf odderthi
scombinat
ioncanbear r
angedaspurestandwith
foddertreesorshr ubsplant sthestor
agewithcutandcar ryfodderpr
oducti
onand
mixedindiff
erentconf i
gur
ationsuchasli
vi
ngfenceoffoddertr
eeandhedges.

2.
5.3.Agr
osi
l
vopost
ural
syst
em
Thisagr
ofor
est
rypract
icesbywhichfood,past
ureandt
reeorshr
ubarecombineon
thesameuni
toflandfortheproduct
ionofgrassandbr
owsefeed,bi
omassforfuel
12
woodandgr eenmanur
eandf oodforhumanconsumpt
ion.Thi
ssystem ispract
ices
whenthef ar
merneedsel
lthebenefi
tthatwoul
dbeobtainedf
rom sil
vipast
ureand
agr
isi
l
vical
tur
esyst
em f
rom uni
toft
heland

2.
6Local
knowl
edgeonagr
ofor
est
rymanagement
Treeshav ealway shavebeeni mportantt ot hesoci ety .Thel ocalpeopl eplantedand
protecttreesaspar toftheirmul tispeciesandmul ti
pur poseagr of orestr
yandl anduse
system.Et hi
opiaagrofor estrywasdev elopmentandmanagementt omeetnotonl y
peopleneedf orfoodotherpr oductbutal sot heneedoft hesy stem asawhol efor
fert
il
izer,much,ani malfodder ,shade.Tr eeal sopr ovidespr otecti
onf r
om erosionwi nd
(Thaman, 1999).Theuseknowl edgeofdi versef ar
mingsy stem.Thust hedetermi nati
on
ofhow t echniquesadv ancei nagr of orest r
yspeci allyf armer scommuni cati
onand
l
earningnet worki
ngiscr i
ticalt ounder standbar r
ier
sf or f armeraccesst oi nformant
(Admms, 2007) some of r esident,some ar e resour ce user s wi t
h speci ali
zed
knowl edge’ssuchasf orestryar er esour cesorhunt er s.Itcanbequi t
especi ficto
l
ocat i
onandamayv arybet weeni ndiv
idualf rom differ entsoci algr oupsaccor dingto
thei
rage, gender,
wealt
handoccupat ion( Mal f
i,2003).

2.
7.Communi
typer
cept
ionont
hepot
ent
ial
foragr
ofor
est
rypr
act
ices
Farmersar eposi
ti
vel
yt owar dst hepot entialr
oleofagr of orestr
yi nnat ur
alforestry
conserv
ation.Thecommuni t
yal soexpr essedt hei
rinterestt odev elopmenttheiragro
for
estr
ymor ethebothcommuni t
yandnat ur
alf or
estconser vat
ion.Far mersi nthe
fut
uredevelopmentforagr oforestryadj acentthenaturalforestwoul dhelptopr ovi
de
dif
fer
entusesand ser viceswhi ch wi l
lbeobt ai
nf rom nat uralf orestbyt hel ocal
communi t
yandt husbr i
ngdownt hedependencyont henat uralf orest
.Amongt he
dif
fer
entuseandser vi
cesf orbeehiv esplacingbef odder,li
vestockf odderconstructi
on
materi
al,f
uelswood,tr
eef ortimber,f ood(Temu, 2008).

3.MATERI
ALSANDMETHODS

3.
1Descr
ipt
ionoft
hest
udyar
ea

3.
1.1Locat
ions
Thest udywil
lbeconducti
nginNej abaskebel
eChi r
oWor edaofWest ernHarargheZone,
whichi sl
ocatedinOromiaRegionalStateofEthi
opia.Thestudyarealocated326km of
Addis Ababa and itislocated 2km awayf rom Chirotown.Thi s studyar ea l
ies
approximatel
y7°25’ 15’
’
and9° 20’
43’’Nort
haltit
udeand40°03’ 33’
’to40°34’ 33’’
east
l
ongitude(ChiroworedaAgri
cultur
eandRur alDevel
opmentOf fi
ce,2016).

13
3.
1.2Topogr
aphy
ThePhy si
ographi
cofWor edaischaracter
izedbydiversif
iedtopogr
aphicf
eatur
e oft
he
areaconsist
sofregardtopographicsuchaswi l
lhil
l
yv all
eyandf l
ataswellasthepl
ain
l
and feature gor
ogores mountainous chine t
he alt
itude r
ange from 1500mm t o
3200mm abov esealevel
,
(NejabasKebeleAdmi ni
str
ati
v eOffi
ce,2016).

3.
1.3Demogr
aphi
cchar
act
eri
sti
cs
Thet
otalpopul
ati
onofKebel
eis7300.Thr
ought
his3175ar
emenand4125ar
e
Women,t
hel
i
vel
i
hoodofpeopl
eint
hekebel
edependi
ngonagr
icul
tur
alact
ivi
ty,HHs
(
Nej
abasKebl
eAdmi
nist
rat
iveOf
fi
ce,
2016)
.

3.
1.4.Landuseandsoi
lty
pe
Thet
otall
andar
eaofst
udykebel
eis67428ha,ofl
andf
rom t
his26531ha,i
susedf
or
cul
ti
vat
ion7261ha,
cov
eredbyf
orestandbosh,
5000haar
egr
azi
ngl
and,
11926ha,
are
communall
andt
her
est21210ha,ar
egul
l
yandr
ocky
.Thef
armi
ngsy
stem oft
he
communi
tyi
nthest
udyar
eai
smi
xedf
armi
ngsy
stem bot
hagr
icul
tur
alcr
oppr
oduct
ion
andani
mal
srear
ing.Somecommoncr
opt
ypesar
egr
owni
nthear
eai
ncl
udi
ngChat
,
mai
zeSor
ghum,andpot
atoes.Thest
udyar
eai
schar
act
eri
zedbydi
ff
erentsoi
lty
pes
t
hesear
ered25.
5% bl
ack32% andbr
own42% soi
l(Nej
abaskebel
eadmi
nist
rat
ive
of
fi
ce,
2016)
.

3.
1.5Cl
i
mat
e
Thecl i
matecondit
ionofthestudyareachar
act
erizedbyf l
uct
uaterai
nf allpatter
nand
temperatur
e.Thest udyareahasmeanannualmi nimum andmaximum r ai
nf al
lis
700mm and900mm andt hemeanannualtemper aturei
srangefrom 17. 5°cto25oc
respecti
vel
y.Theagroecol
ogicalcl
i
matezoneofthest udyar
eaischaracterizedby46%
Degaand34%Kol a.

3.
2Met
hoddat
acol
l
ect
ion

3.
2.1Sour
ceofdat
a
Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofdat
asuchaspr
imar
ysecondar
ydat
asour
ce.Pr
imar
ydat
a
sour
ce woul
d be col
l
ect
ed f
rom l
ocalpeopl
etr
ough quest
ioner i
nter
view and
obser
vat
ion.Thesecondar
ydat
awoul
dbecol
l
ect
edf
rom di
ff
erentmat
eri
alsl
i
kebooks,
i
nter
netanddi
ff
erentdocument
swhi
chpr
ovi
dewhi
chenoughi
nfor
mat
ion.

14
3.
2.2Sampl
i
ngTechni
ques
Forthepur poseoft hi
sstudyat wost agesampl ingt echniquear ebeempl oyedtoselect
ther espondent s.Inthefir
stst agepur posi
vesel ectionoft hekebele(Nejebas)outof
totalwasdone.Thi sisbyconsi der
ingorunder standi ngoft hedistance,thesecond
reasoni ssincet her
eisshor tageofti
meandbudgetsoi tisdif
fi
cultt
oconductr esearch
i
not herf arplaces.Inthesecondst agesi mplerandom sampl i
ngwasusedt oselectthe
sampl ehousehol dforhouseholdsur vey.Theset echni queswer ebeempl oyedwi t
ht he
assumpt ionofi tavoi
dsbi asofr epresentati
veandi tcreateanoppor t
unit
ytot heall
peopl eint hepopul ati
onequalchanceofbei ngsel ected.Thesampl esizefort hese
studiesisdet erminedbyusi ngSlovenes’formula,whi chi sasfoll
ow:

Wher
en=sampl
esi
ze

N=t
otal
popul
ati
on(
7300)

℮=i
sthel
evel
ofpr
eci
sionwi
tht
he10%ofsampl
i
ngi
ntensi
ty

Fi
nall
ythe det
ermi
ned sampl
e(40)was t
aken byusi
ng si
mpl
erandom sampl
i
ng
method.

3.
2.3Sel
ect
ionoft
hest
udykebel
e
The Chi
ro wor
eda compr
ises of38 kebel
es.Among t
hese kebel
es Nej
ebas was
sel
ect
edbyusi
ngsi
mpl
erandom pr
obabi
l
itysampl
i
ngmet
hodsand5%ofhousehol
d
/
HHswer
etakenbasedonpopul
ati
onsoft
hekebel
es.

3.
2.4Dat
acol
l
ect
ion
Toknowt heassessmentoflocalagrofor
estrypr
act
iceinNejebas|Kebl
ebothpr
imar
y
andsecondar
ydatawasgat hered.Thenatur
eofthedatathathavebeenneededf
ort
he
studyi
sbothquali
tat
iveandquantit
ati
ve.

Thepr imar
ydatawascol l
ectedbyobservat
ion,personali
ntervi
ewanddi scussi
onwith
respondentbyusi ngstructuredandsemist ructuredquestionnai
res.Thesecondary
data have been coll
ect
ed f r
om r ev
iewi
ng the rel
evantreference materi
alsuch as
researchdocument ,books,inter
netanddocument arysourceswhi chlocatedinthe
studyarea.

3.
2.5Dat
aanal
ysi
s
Thedat
aint
hisst
udywasanal
yzedbyusi
ngquant
it
ati
veandqual
i
tat
ivedat
aanal
ysi
s

15
met
hod.Thequant
it
ati
vedat
awasanal
yzedby
,per
cent
ageandpr
esent
edbyt
abl
e.The
qual
i
tat
ivedat
awasanal
yzedbydescr
ibi
ng,
andpr
esent
edbyt
abl
esandf
igur
es.

4.RESULTSANDDI
SCUSI
ON

4.
1Demogr
aphi
cdat
a

4.
1.1Agest
ruct
ure
Theageofr
espondentsi
nthestudyshowst
hatdi
ff
erentmember
soft
hecommuni
ty
youngt
ool
drepr
esentedi
n(Tabl
e1).

Tabl
e1:
Househol
dagest
ruct
ure

20-
30 24 40

16
31-
40 20 33.
33

41-
50 12 20

>50 4 6.
66

Tot
al 60 100

Sour
ce:
fiel
dsur
vey(
2010)

Asitcanbeseenf rom tabl

e1mostoft heHH respondent
sf r
om whi cht hedata
col
l
ected areyoung 20-
30year
s( 40%).t
hisindi
cat
est hatitisdif
ficultto pr
act
ice
agr
oforest
rysy
stemsintheareaastheydonothavet
heirownlandholdings.

4.
1.2.Educat
ionl
evel
oft
her
espondent
I
nthest
udyareapopul
ati
onar
ecat
egor
izedi
ndi
ff
erenteducat
ionl
evel
sasshowni
n
t
abl
e2below.

Tabl
e2:
Educat
ionl
evel
ofr
espondent
s

Lev
el Fr
equency %

Li
ter
ate 26 43.
3

I
ll
i
ter
ate 34 56.
7

Tot
al 60 100

Sour
ce:
respondent
s

Manyoft her espondent

sinvol
vedinthest udywereil
li
ter
ate(56.
7%),andtherest
const
it
utesli
terates(43.
3%)
.Thisimpli
esthatmostoftherespondentsi
nstudyarea
arei
ll
i
terat
e.I
lli
teracyi
soneprobl
em i
ntheareaincaseofusi
ngagrofor
est
ry.

4.
2.Common t
ypes ofagr
o-f
orest
ry pr
act
ices f
ound i
nthe st
udy ar
ea and i
ts
component
saccor
dingt
otheHHr
espondent
s.
Table3.Ty
pesandcomponent
sofagr
o-f
orest
rypr
act
ices i
nthest
udyar
eaaccor
ding
totheHHrespondent
s.

t
ypesandcomponent
s Number of r
espondent %
(
frequency
)

Agr
isi
l
vicul
tur
e

17
Homegar
den 3 5

al
l
eycr
oppi
ng 4 6.
7

scat
ter
edt
reesonf
arml
ands 55 71.
7

t
reespl
ant
edonf
arm boundar
ies 30 50

tr
ees/shrubs gr own on soi
l 20 33.
3
conservati
onst
ructur
es

Si
l
vopast
ural
agr
o-f
orest
ry

f
oddert
reesar
oundgr
azi
ngl
and 15 25

scat
ter
edt
reesonpast
urel
ands 45 75

ani
mal
/past
ureundert
ree 40 66.
7

Asi ndicatedint heabovetable3anumberofagr oforest

rypracticesar ebeingpracti
ced
i
nt hest udyar ea.Thedominantandt hecommont ypeofagrof orestr
ypract i
cefoundin
thear eaandpr act
icedbymostpeopl ear escatt
eredtreesonf arml and,ongr azi
ngland
and t rees planted around the farm and gr azi
ng land boundar i
es (>45%)oft he
respondent s and mostkebel e manager s al
so supportt hese.As st ated bysome
respondent sand wor eda expert
ise otherform ofagr oforestrypr act
icesl i
ke tr
ees
growingonconser v
ati
onst r
uctures,homegar densar ealsopr acti
cedi nthear eato
somesmal lextents.

Accordingt otheopi nionoft herespondentsmostoft hefar mersinthestudyarearetain

diff
erentt reepl antsont heirfarml andsandmanaget hem wi thagricul
tur
alcrops
i
ntentionall
yf ordi ff
er entreasonsl i
keobt ai
ningofdi ver sproducts,obtai
ningbasi c
forestproduct s,andf orenv i
ronmentalconservati
ons.Ast heystatedtheyalsogr ow
somef oddertreesar oundt hegr azi
nglandsandr et
ainnat ural
lygrownt r
eeSpecieslike
acaciaspeci eswhi chi sthecommononeont hepastur
el andst obeusedasanani mal
feedspeci all
ydur i
ngt hedr yseasons.Theypl antsomefr uittr
eesar oundhomeandon
farm boundar i
est oobt ainfr
uitsbothforHHf oodandsale.

4.
3.Agr
o-f
orest
ryspeci
esusedi
nthest
udyar
ea
Thecommont r
eespeciesusedindi
ff
erentagr
o-f
orest
rypr
act
icesi
nthest
udyar
eaar
e
descr
ibedi
nthefol
l
owingtable.

18
Tabl
e4.Agr
o-f
orest
ryspeci
escommonl
yusedi
nthest
udyar
ea

Agr
ofor
est
ryspeci
es No of %
r
espondent
s

Acaci
aspeci
es 60 100

Cor
dialAf
ri
cana 30 50

Sasbani
asasban 20 33.
3

Leaceani
aspeci
es 25 41.
7

Gr
evel
i
arobust
a 20 33.
3

Al
bzi
agummi
fer
a 40 66.
7

Mangof
erai
ndi
ca 35 58.
33

Pr
eanceamer
icana 10 16.
7

Papaya 15 25

Mor
inga 20 33.
3

Asshownont heabovet able4themostdomi nantagr oforestryspeci esusedi nt he

studyar eai sacaciaspeci essuchasAcaci aalbida,Acaciaabysini ca,Acaciadecurrens,
Acaciaselegin.Thesear ecommonl yf
oundasscat teredtreesi nt hef arm andgr azing
l
ands by bei ng purposivelyr et
ained by farmer st o prov i
de di fferentser vi
ce and
productivev alues.Ast her espondentsespeci all
yt heHHsst atedt hei mpactoft hi
s
speciesint heassoci at
edcr opsandpast ur
ei sv erylessandcompat ibleforpracti
cing
thesy st
em.Theypoi ntedt hatthi
shasapot entialtopr ovi
degoodf uelwood,char coal,
andot herwoodpr oducts.Thef armersalsoappr eciatethepot entialoft histreespecies
i
nmai nt
ainingsoi lf
erti
l
ityandpr oducingfodderf orani mal
sf rom i t
sdi f
ferentpart
sl i
ke
l
eav eandpod. (1oo%).

Theot herspeciesli
keCor di
aafri
cana,Al
biziagummi f
feraar eal
soret
ainedonf armlands
andar oundhomest udyt oprovi
dewoodpr oduct
sliketimberandf ir
ewood.Theyar e
alsoappr eci
atedfortheirpot
entialt
opr ovi
deshadef orshadelovi
ngagr i
cul
turalcrops
l
ikecof f
eesandani mal sandhumanbei ngs.Fr ui
ttr
eesl i
keMangof erai
ndi
ca,Av ocado
(Preanceamer i
cana),Papayaar ealso commonl ypl anted i
n homecompound and
aroundf armlandstoprov i
defrui
tproductsf orsal
eandsubsi st
ence.

19
4.
4.Communi
typer
cept
ionont
hebenef
it
sofagr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icesi
nthest
udyar
ea.
Thegener
alpercept
ionthecommunityi
nthestudyareahasont
hebenef
it
sofagr
o
for
est
rypr
act
icesaresummarizedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngt abl
e.

Tabl
e5.Summar
yofcommuni
typer
cept
iononagr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icesbenef
it
s.

Benef
it
sofAF No %
r
espondent
s

soi
ler
osi
onpr
otect
ion 12 20

Mai
ntai
ningsoi
lfer
ti
li
ty 15 25

Reduct
ionofpr
oduct
ioncost 10 16.
66

Reducel
ossofbi
odi
ver
sit
y 13 21.
66

Amel
i
orat
ecl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
on 10 16.
66

Shadepr
ovi
sion

Wi
ndbr
eak 10 16.
66

Pr
ovi
sionofbasi
cfor
estpr
oduct
s 60 100

Pr
ovi
sionoff
oodpr
oduct
s 50 83.
3

Gener
atei
ncome 45 75

From myst udyIhav ef oundt hatthecommuni tyinthest udyar eagener

all
yhasa
posit
ivepercepti
onont hebenef it
sofagr of orestr
ypr act
ices.Asmostoft heHH
respondent
sandot her
si ndi
catedt heypercei
v ethatagr oforestr
ypracti
cesprov
ide
bothproductiv
eandpr otecti
vef unct
ions.Theyspeciall
yappr eci
atetheprot
ecti
ver
ole
ofthesesystem comparedtot hesolecroppi
ngsy stem.

Theystatedthatt
hetreecomponentthati
sbei nginvol
vedinthefar
mingsy st
em hel
ps
toprotectthesoi
lfr
om bot hwindandwaterer osi
onbyr educi
ngtheimpactofthese
agentsonthesoil
.Theypointt
hattr
eesint
erceptrainandreducei
tsimpactonthesoi
l.

Theyalsosaidtreesplant
edont heboundari
esoff ar
ml andhelptopr ot
ectagr
icul
tural
componentsfrom theadverseef
fect
sofwi nds.Theyalsobeli
evet hattr
eesassoci
ated
wit
hagr i
cul
tur
alcr opshelptoamel i
orat
emi crocl
imati
cconditionst hr
oughprovi
ding

20
shadesandpr otecti
ngf r
om strongsunli
ghtandwindandst or
m ef f
ects.Theyalso
revealedthatagroforest
rysyst
em hel
psthem t
hroughincr
easi
ngtheirproduct
ivi
tyand
div
er si
fyi
ngtheirincomefrom t
heproduct
sofdif
fer
entcomponents.

Theymai
nlyappr
eciat
ethepotent
ialofthi
sty
peoflandusesyst
em i
npr ov
idi
ngthem
wit
hbasi
cwoodpr oduct
sespeci
all
yfuelwoodandchar
coalbot
hforconsumpti
onand
sal
e.

4.
5.Maj
orconst
rai
ntsf
oragr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icepr
act
ici
ngi
nthest
udyar
ea
Thi
s study f
ound t hatt
her
e are sev
eralconst
rai
nts obst
acl
etothe pract
ice of
agrof
orest
rypract
icesint
hestudyareaofwhichthemajoronesar
epresent
edi nt
he
fol
l
owingtabl
e.

Tabl
e6.Summar
yofmaj
orconst
rai
ntsf
oragr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icei
nNej
ebaskebel
e.

Const
rai
nts Noofr
espondent
s %r
espondent

Lackofknowl
edgeandski
l
l 50 83.
3

Lackoft
rai
ning 40 66.
7

Lack of appr
opri
ate agr
ofor
est
ry 45 75
speci
es(
germplasi
um)

Lackofl
oan/cr
edi
tser
vices 40 66.
7

Lackofl
and 25 41.
7

Lackofpr
oper
tyr
ightonl
and 15 25

Lackofef f
ort
st oscal
eupmoder
n 50 83.
33
agrof
orest
rysyst
ems

From t heabov etabletherear emanyconst raintsthatcanretardordel ayagr oforestry

practicesinthearea.Oneoft hecommonf actorsamongt heseislackofknowl edgeand
tr
ainingonpr acti
cingagr of orest r
ysy stem ofl anduse.RuralHHsi nt hesear eaar e
charact er
izedwithlowl i
teracyandl ackinadequat eskil
lsandt r
aining(50%) ,suchason
managi ngandpr oducingdi fferentcomponent sont hesameuni tofl and.Thel ackof
l
andandpr oper
tyrightonlandi stheot herobst acleforagrof
orestrypr acticei
nt hisar ea
becauset hefarmersindicatedt hatmostoft hecommuni tymember sl i
vi
ngi nthear ea
arelandl essandt hyfarm cr opsbyl andr enti
ngasar esul
ttheydonothav eani nterest
toplantl ongterm perennialwoodycomponent swithagri
cult
uralcr ops.Thel ackofan

21
appropriat
eagr of orestr
yspeci eswhichar esui tabletobeassoci atedwi t
hher baceous
crops and pr ov i
de mul t
iusesf orthe user si st he ot herhi ndr ance f orpr acti
cing
agroforest
ryi nt hear ea( 75%) .Mostoft her espondent si ncludi ngDAsandwor eda
experti
sepoi ntedt hatthisi st hemostconst rai
ntf orpr act i
cingt hesy stem. The
fi
nancialpr obl em t he f
armer s hav e also r educed t heiri nterestt o par t
icipatei n
agroforest
rypr actices.Thel ackorl essef f
ortsmadet oscal eupt headopt i
onof
agroforest
ryt echnol ogyandenhancei t
saccept abil
ityamongmanymor epot ential
farmerswhocoul dbenef itf r
om t het echnologyi sal sost atedasmaj orpr obl em for
practi
cinganagr of orest
rylandusesy st em inthear ea.Ingener al,from myst udyIhav e
foundthatf armer sdoappr eci
at eagroforestryandi tspot entiallinkaget of oodsecur ity
andHHwel farei ndicators,butt heyspeakoutt hatt heyf acedchal l
engest ot hewi de
spreadupt akeofagr of
orest r
ymai nl
ybecauseofl andconst raints,pr oper tyright,lack
ofseedsandseedl ingsofagr oforest
ryspeci esandknowl edge- intensi v
enat ureoft he
system.

4.
6.Communi
typer
cept
ionont
her
oleofagr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icesf
ort
henat
uralf
orest
conser
vat
ion
Asmostoft her espondent smor et han75% i ncludi ng DAsand Wor edaexper ti
se
i
ndi cated,t he communi ty have a gener alper cept i
on t hatt raditi
onalagr ofor est
ry
pract i
ceshav eagr eatcont r
ibut
ionfortheconser vationofnat ur alforestsfoundi nt he
area.Theysai dt hatagr oforest
rycont r
ibut esf ornat uralf orestconser vati
oni nmany
diff
er entway s.Forexampl etheHHr espondent spoi ntedt hatt hewoodycomponenti n
theagr oforestrypr acti
cespr ovi
det hecommuni t
ywi thbasi cf orestpr oductsl ikef i
re
wood,char coal ,ti
mberandt heothernon- woodyf orestpr oduct s.Theyst atedt hatt he
mai nr easonf orwhi chthecommuni tygoest othenat ur alforesti stof etchthesebasi c
forestpr oduct s,especiallyforfirewoodandchar coalonwhi chal mostal ltheener gy
sour cesoft hecommuni t
ydepends.I not hercaset heysai dt hatagr oforestrypr act i
ces
helpst hem t odi versi
fytheirproducts,incr easet heirpr oductiv i
tyandi ncome,r educe
costofpr oduct ion,anddemandf oragricul turall
andst her ebyi mpr ovet hei
rlivelihood.
Theseal lshowst hatthesy stem hel
pst or educet hepr essur ethecommuni tyhasont he
natur alforestandcont r
ibutesforthenat uralforestconser vat i
oni noneort heot her
way s.

22
 5.CONCLUSI
ONANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS
5.
1Concl
usi
on
Thest udyconcl udest hatther ear edifferenttypesoft radi t
ionalagr oforest
r ypr acti
ces
i
nt hest udyar eawher ethecommuni tymanageswoodyper ennialcomponent swith
agri
culturalcropsont hesameuni tofland.Theov erallper cept ionoft hecommuni tyon
thebenef itofagr oforestrypr act i
cesandi t
sr olef ornat ur alf or
estconser vationis
generall
y posi tive.The communi tyi s highly posi ti
v e aboutt he cont ribution of
agroforestr
ypr act icesf orsoiler osionpr otecti
on,biodi ver si
tyconser vati
on,soi lfert
il
it
y
enhancement ,cl i
mat econdi ti
onamel i
oration,windbr eakandshadepr ovision.They
alsoposi ti
velyper ceivet her oleagr oforestryplayi npr ovidingdi verspr oduct sand
i
mpr ovet hel ivelihoodoft hecommuni t
yt hroughr educi ngcosto0fpr oduct ionand
i
ncreasing pr oduct sf rom di fferentcomponent s oft he sy stem.Butt hough t hey
appreciatether ol eoft hissy stem i nsuchaway s,theyst atedt hatt hepracticingoft he
system isconst rainedbydi fferentsoci o-economi calandagr onomi calproblems.Lack
ofknowl edge,ski l
l,traini
ngandl ackofappr opri
ateagr ofor estryspeci esarer aisedas
majorconst raintsf orpr act
icingt hesy stem inther equiredmanner .

5.
2Recommendat
ions
Thest udyf oundthatt houghthegeneralpercepti
onofthecommunit
yonagr ofor
estr
y
pract
icesi spositi
ve,sti
llt
herearesomegapsandbot tl
eneckst
hoseshouldberesol
ved
sothatt hesy st
em canbepr acticedi
ntherequiredmanner
.Asaresul
t,t
hestudywould
l
iketof orwardthef ol
lowingrecommendations:

 Tomanageeasi lyt
hesyst
em andobtai
nthedesi
redresult
s,thecommuni
ty
shoul
dbeaccessedwit
hanappr
opr
iat
emulti
pur
poseagr
oforestr
yspeci
es

 Eff
ort
sshouldbemadeandext ensi
onservicesshoul
dbeprovi
dedtoscaleup
theadopti
onofimprovedagr of
orestr
ytechnologi
esinthest
udyareasothati
t
canenhancetheaccept
abil
i
tyoft hesyst
em amongmanymor epotent
ial
far
mers
whocouldbenefi
tfr
om thetechnology.

 Thewor ker
swhoar eengagedinagrof
orest
rypract
icedonothav eprofessional
underst
andingaboutspeciesthatar
eimportantforagroforest
rypr
acti
cewhi ch
resul
tir
regular
ityi
nselect
ingofanappropri
atemulti
purposet r
ee.Sotrainedor
wellski
l
ledwor ker
sshouldbeusedinordert
odobet terwork.

23
  Weedsarethemajorchall
engesf
orcropsandtreeswhi chenhancecomplet
ion
bet
weent r
eespeciesandweeds;theref
ore,t
heor gani
zat
ionshouldpract
ice
weedingacti
vi
tyi
nor dertoheal
thygrowthoft reesandi ncreaset
hef or
est
cover
ageofthear
ea.

6.REFERANCES
ABEBE,
2000.Far
merpr
ivat
etr
eegr
owi
ngt
radi
ti
onal
andmanagementatwi
ndowGenet

Adam,2001-farmer
s’adopt
ion,changeandcr
isi
sint
heSahelgl
obalenv
ironment
change

Al
ao,
J.SandShuai
bu,L.
C(2011)
,Agr
oForest
ryPr
acti
ceandPr efer
enti
alAgroForest
ry
Tr
ees Among Far mer
s in Li
fa Local Governmental Area, Waste
ManagementandBi
oResour
ceTechnol
ogy1(2)12-20.

Bent
rup,2000-
thecontr
ibuti
onofagroforest
rysystem t
or educefarmersdependency
ontheresourceofadj
acent,
vol52,
pp,171-
184, Bi
shaw,2000-Contr
ibut
ion
ofagroforestr
ytotherur
aldevel
opmentint heHararghethehighlandin
Ethi
opi
a

Br
eas,2012–technologyfori
ncr
easeagr
icul
tur
al,pr
oduct
ionuni
test
ateagencyf
or
i
nter
nati
onaldevel
opment

Badege,
S.C,
Henry,NandJeremiahs,M( 2013),
Farmer
sStrategiesf
orAdopt
ingtoand
mit
igat
ing Cl
imat
e Var i
abil
it
y and Change through Agr
o Forest
ryin
Et
hiopi
a,Keny
aandAl exandraDimit
ri
v.

Benj
ami
n,T.
J( 2000)
,Def
ini
ngCompet i
ti
onVect
orsinaTemper
ateAl
l
eyCr
oppi
ng
Sy
stems,Agr
oForest
rySy
stems,
48,79-
73

Car
nea,1992-
acooper
ati
ver
evi
ew ofagr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icei
nfor
est
sadv
ancement
s
par
ichonmounti
ng.

Col
e,R.J(
2010),Soci
alandEnvi
ronmentalImpact
sofPaymentf orEnvi
ronment
al
Serv
iceforAgroFor
estryi
nSmal lScal
efar
ms,Int
ernati
onalJour
nalof
Sustai
nabl
eDevel
opmentPP.17,208-
216.

CTA(
2003)
,Agr
oFor
est
ryAr
bur
setAgr
icul
tur
eMul
tist
ages,
Net
her
lands,
P.280

Duf
fet
al,
2001-si
mul
ati
ngl
andusedeci
sioni
nthel
andecol
ogi
cal
model
i
ng

24
Ev
ans,AandAlexander,L(2004)
,Or
ganicFarmingSupport
sBi odi
versi
tyinFarmi
ng
wit
h Nat ur
e,Low External I
nput and Sust
ainable Agri
cul
tur
e,the
Nether
landsP.36

FAO(
2005)
,Real
i
zingtheEconomicBenef
itofAgroFor
est
ry:LessonsandChal
l
enges
i
nStateofWorl
d’sFor
est
,PP.88-95

Fel
dhake,C.
M(2008)
,Economi
cAspectofAgr
oFor
est
ry,Agr
oFor
est
rySy
stems1,29-
39

Fer
nandez
,E.C.M andNai
r,PK.R(1996)
,AnEval
uat
iononStruct
ureandFunct
ionof
Tropi
calHomeGardens,
AgroFor
est
rySy
stem 21,
179-310

Fr
azel
,S,Wambugu,CandTuwei,P(
2003),TheAdopt
ionandDissemi
nat
ionofFodder
TreesandShrubsinCentr
alKenyaAgricul
tur
alResear
chandNet work
Seri
esPaperNo.131

Gengadr
ahappa,N R.(2003),AgroForest
ryaVi
ableAlt
ernat
ivef
orSocial
,Economi
c
andEcologi
calSustai
nabi
l
ity,
Agr
oForest
rySyst
ems,8,32-
39

Gal
ri
ty,D.R(
2004),Agr
oFor
est
ryandtheAchi
evementoft
heMi
l
lenni
um Dev
elopment
Goal
s,Agr
oFor
est
rySyst
ems61:5-17

Leakey
,R(
2000)
,Def
ini
ti
onofAgr
oFor
est
ryRev
isi
tedAgr
oFor
est
ryt
oday8(
1):
5-17

Lundgr
en,
B(2003)
,Int
roduct
ion(
Edi
tor
ial
),Agr
oFor
est
rySy
stems1:
P,3-
6

Lundgr
en,1999-
woodyspecies di
ver
sit
yofagricul
tur
all
and scupes i
n Ar
siNegel
e
Di
str
ict
sEt
hiopi
aagrofor
estryEr
act
ices

Get
a sew,
2005-t
he admi
nist
rat
ion of Ar
bami
nchzur
iawor
eda i
n agr
icul
tur
al
management

Shekhar
,c 2001-st at
us and di
str
ibut
ion ofthr
oupgeni
c pr
essur
ein Nanda.Dev
Biospher
ereserveI
ndi
av ,
10p113-1130

Si
ngh,
2003–Degr
adat
ionandconser
vat
ionofsoi
lresour
cei
nEt
hiopi
ahi
ghl
ands

Tei
j
i,R(
2008)
,AgroForest
rySyst
em forSust
ainabl
eLi
veli
hoodsandI
mpr
ovedLand
Managementi
ntheEastWambaraMountai
n,Tanzani
a

Wessi
nk,J.T(1977)
,Agr
oForestr
y:I
nter
acti
onofAgri
cul
tureandFor
estr
yBenef
it
sof
ManandHisEnv
ironment
,RoyalTr
opi
cal
Inst
itut
e,Amst
erdam

25
Wu,
YandZhu,
Z(2007),
Temperat
eAgroForest
yinChi
na,
inA.M Gor
donandS.
M,New
Maneds,
Temperat
eAgroForest
rySyst
emsPP,149-
179

Young,A (
1997)
,AgroForest
ryf
orSoi ,2nd edi
lManagement ti
onCAB I
nter
nat
ional
Wal
li
ngFor
d,UKPP,319

TadeseW.2008-Sust
ainabl
emanagementandpr
omot
ionoff
orestcof
feei
nBal
e,
Ethi
opi
a

Temu,2008-Wor
ldconser
vat
ionuni
onf
orestconser
vat
ionpr
ogr
am 15BN2-
8317-
0072-
8

Thaman,
1999-
agr
ofor
est
ryi
nthespeci
fi
cisl
andsy
stem f
orsust
ainabl
edev
elopment

7.APPI
NDEX
ODABULTUM UNI
VERSI
TY

COLLAGEOFNATURALRESOURCEANDENVI
RONMENTALSCI
NCE

DEPARTMENTOFFORESTRY

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Dearr espondent ,Iam agr aduatestudentint hedepar tmentofForestryatOdaBul tum

Universit
y.Cur r
ent l
y,Iam under taki
ngar esearchent itl
ed‘Assessmentofl ocalagr o
forest
rypr acti
cef ornaturalfor
estconser vat
ioni nNejebasKebel e’.Youareoneoft he
respondent sselectedtopar t
ici
pateont hisstudy.Pleaseassistmei ngivi
ngcorrectand
compl eteinformat i
ontopr esentar epresent
at i
vefindingont hecur r
entstat
usofl ocal
agroforestry practice for naturalf orest conservation i
n Nej ebas Kebele.Your
parti
cipati
oni sent i
rel
yvoluntar
yandt hequest ionnair
ei scompletel
yanonymous.

Fi
nal
ly,
Iconf i
rmy outhatthei nfor
mat i
onthaty oushar
emewi ll
bekeptconf i
denti
aland
onl
yusedf ortheacademi cpur pose.Noindividual
’
sresponseswil
lbeidenti
fi
edassuch
andtheidenti
tyofper sonsr espondingwillnotbepublishedorrel
easedt oanyone.Al
l
i
nfor
mationwi llbeusedf oracademi cpur posesonly
.Thanky ouinadv anceforyour
ki
ndcooper at
ionanddedi catingyourti
me.

Par
t1.Backgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ion

1.Regi
on Zone Wor
eda Kebel
e

Par
t2.Househol
dchar
act
eri
sti
cs

26
2.Name……………………………………….

3.Age-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--

4.Mar
it
alst
ates.Si
ngl
e di
vor
ced wi
dowed

5.Lev
elofeducat
ion;
il
li
ter
ate r
eadandwr
it
e pr
imar
y school
other

Par
t3Mai
nquest
ion

1.Whatt
ypesofl
ocal
agr
ofor
est
rypr
act
icesexi
sti
nthatar
ea?

A)Si
l
vipast
ural
B) Agr
osi
l
viv
ult
ural
NC) Agr
osi
l
vopast
uralD)Al
l
8.

2.I
sagr
ofor
est
ryhaspot
ent
ial
benef
itf
orcommuni
ty? Ay
es BNo

3.Iftheanswerofabovequestionisyesexplai
nt hereason?--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--

4.Ar
ethel
ocal
communi
tyhasper
cept
ionaboutagr
ofor
est
ryconser
vat
ion?

A,
yes B,
no

5.Whati
syouropi
nion/
per
cept
ion/
towar
dagr
ofor
est
ry?

Aposi
ti
ve B Negat
ive Cbot
h D None

6.Canment
iont
hemostf
act
orst
ofor
estdest
ruct
ion?

Af
uel
wood Bf
ood Ci
ncomeDuseov
ergr
azi
ng

7.I
sthel
ocal
agr
ofor
est
ryhav
ingpl
ayr
olei
nthear
ea? Ay
es B no

8.Fr om questi
onnumber1whi chtypeofagr oforest
rypracti
ceismostpr efer
ablebyt he
distr
ictcommuni ty
?--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
--
---
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-

9.I
fyousayquest
ionnumber7i
syest
heni
nwhi
chway
?

A,
insoi
lconser
vat
ions B,
product
ive C,
prot
ect
ive

10.Ar
ether
efact
orst
hatdet
ermi
necl
assi
fi
cat
ionofagr
ofor
est
ryi
ntheChanomi
l
ekebel
e?

11.I
ftheanswerofabov
equest
ioni
syescany
oument
iont
hem?

A,
geogr
aphi
cal B,economi
cal C,
soci
alf
act
ors

12.Areagroforestr
yhaspot enti
alr
oleforsoci
oeconomi cval
ueinChanomi lekebel
e?--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
-

27
13.Howagr
ofor
est
ryi
sreduci
ngf
orestdest
ruct
ion?

A,
plant
ingt
reef
orf
uel
wood B,
plant
ingt
imberpur
poset
ree

14.i
sthelocalcommunit
yshar
einf
ormat
ionaboutagr
ofor
est
ryt
hroughsoci
ali
nter
act
ion
amongkebel
evil
lages?

15.whatist heroleoflocalagrof orestr

yi ntermsofsoi lconservati
onandl i
veli
hoodlocal
far
mer s?-
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