PMSG

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
LOSSES
 PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR (PMSG) IN WIND POWER
PLANT
• Main components of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator :
1.Blade and turbine rotor assembly.
2.Permanent magnet synchronous generator.
3.Power converting unit rectifier and inverter.
4.phase step-up transformer from which 3-phase A.C. power is fed to
grid.
5.Blade turbine assembly (1) Is rotated by wind power. The rotation of
steam turbine rotor gives mechanical power to generator (2) for
converting into electrical power.
 PMSG
• A Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) is a type of electrical generator
that uses permanent magnets instead of traditional field windings in the rotor.
• This design enables PMSG to produce electricity at a constant frequency, regardless of the
rotor’s speed.
• It makes PMSG a crucial component in various modern applications, such as wind
turbines, electric vehicles, and more.
• PMSG is called synchronous generators since the voltage produced frequency in the stator
or armature calculated in the hertz is directly proportional to the rotation cycles of the
rotor.
• The formula to find the synchronous speed is 120 (f/P).
• In this equation, the f is the frequency of the voltage induced at the stator.
• P is the no of a pole in the generator.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PMSG
• The operation of a PMSG is based on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction. When the rotor, embedded with permanent magnets, rotates, it
creates a moving magnetic field. This motion induces an electromotive
force (EMF) in the stator windings, generating electricity. Notably, the
produced EMF and, consequently, the output frequency directly depend on
the rotor’s rotational speed.
• Permanent Magnets: The magnets provide a steady magnetic field,
removing the need for an external power source to excite the generator.
• Stator: It consists of three-phase windings where the output voltage is
induced.
• Rotor: Unlike conventional synchronous generators, the rotor in a PMSG
has no windings, slip rings, or brushes, reducing maintenance requirements
and enhancing reliability.
RADIAL FLUX AND AXIAL FLUX ROTOR
MACHINES
 Advantages of Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator
1.Construction is simple.
2. It is robust.
3. Cheaper In cost.
4. No excitation system is required (as permanent magnets).
5. High frequency.
6. Low loss.
7. No gear box is needed.
8. Power converters regulate voltage and active and reactive power flow.
9. Power factor is controlled.
 Disadvantages of Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator :
1. Difficulty of non-availability of large size permanent magnets, so
useful for small/ medium size wind power plants only.
2. Possibility of de-magnetisation permanent magnet.
3. Complicated structural dynamics.
4. Need cooling system to maintain temperatures within limits.
 GRID FORMING
• Grid Forming inverters have different modes of operation, such as
droop control, virtual synchronous machine, or hierarchical control,
depending on the grid conditions and the desired performance.
• Grid forming inverters can also provide various ancillary services to
the grid, such as inertia, system strength, voltage regulation, and
frequency response.
• Grid forming inverters can also help restore the grid after a blackout,
by creating a stable voltage and frequency reference for other sources
to synchronize with.
 GRID FOLLOWING
• Grid following is a term that refers to the control strategy of an
inverter-based energy source, such as solar, wind, or battery, that
synchronizes its output with the grid voltage and frequency.
• Grid following inverters track the grid angle and magnitude to inject
or absorb active and reactive power.
 BRIEF COMPARISON OF GRID FORMING AND
GRID FOLLOWING INVERTERS:
• Grid forming inverters can create and regulate the grid voltage and frequency, while grid following inverters
synchronize their output with the grid voltage and frequency.
• Grid forming inverters can operate independently or in coordination with other sources, while grid following
inverters depend on the grid to provide a stable voltage and frequency reference.
• Grid forming inverters can provide voltage and frequency support to the grid, especially during disturbances
or outages, while grid following inverters cannot.
• Grid forming inverters can provide various ancillary services to the grid, such as inertia, system strength,
voltage regulation, and frequency response, while grid following inverters cannot.
• Grid forming inverters are more complex and expensive to implement than grid following inverters.
• Grid forming inverters can achieve slower power control and response than grid following inverters.
• Grid forming inverters face some technical challenges and regulatory barriers, such as synchronization,
protection, coordination, and standards, while grid following inverters avoid some of these issues.