Exploring The Impact Of The Built Environment

On Visual Aesthetics In Dessie: The Case Of Segno

Gebeya Area
By
Salehadin Ali

a Proposal Submitted To The Department Of

Architecture
College Of Business Technology And
Vocational Education

Kotebe University Of Education

Addis Abeba, Ethiopia

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 Exploring The Impact Of The Built Environment
On Visual Aesthetics In Dessie: The Case Of Segno
Gebeya Area
Proposed By: Salehadin Ali
Id No:Fuds/Ur15420/12

Adviser;Mr. Temesgen Abegaz

a Proposal Submitted To The Department Of

Architecture
College Of Business Technology And
Vocational Education

Kotebe University Of Education

Addis Abeba, Ethiopia

Approval Sheet

_____________________________ ____________________ ____________

Name of Student Signature Date

___________________________ ____________________ ____________

Advisor/Supervisor/ Signature Date

____________________________ ____________________ ____________

Department Chair Signature Date
Table of Contents
Catalog
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................2
1.INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................2
1.1 Background:..........................................................................................................3
1.2 Statements of The Problem...................................................................................3
1.3 Objective...............................................................................................................4
1.3.1 General Objective:..........................................................................................4
1.3.2 Specific Objective..........................................................................................4
1.4 Research Questions...............................................................................................5
1.5 scope......................................................................................................................5
1.5.1 Thematic Scope:.............................................................................................5
1.5.2 Spatial Scope:.................................................................................................6
1.6 Significance...........................................................................................................7
1.7 Motivation.............................................................................................................7
CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................9
2. Literature Review.......................................................................................................9
2.1 Introduction:..........................................................................................................9
2.2 Historical Context and definition:.......................................................................10
2.3 Architectural Elements and Urban Design Principles:.......................................16
2.4 Current State:......................................................................................................29
2.3.1 Building design.............................................................................................29
2.4 Recommendations for Improvement:..................................................................29
2.5 Views..................................................................................................................30
2.6 Light....................................................................................................................31
2.7 Colour psychology in architecture......................................................................32
2.7.1 Colour psychology........................................................................................33
2.7.2 Colour theory in architecture........................................................................33
2.7.3 Optical illusions through colour...................................................................34
2.7.4 Optical illusion in color................................................................................35
2.7.5 Chromatic circle............................................................................................36
2.8 Construction Materials and Sensory Experience:...............................................40
2.9 Sustainable Urban Development Strategies:.......................................................40
2.10 Conclusion and Implications for Design Practice:............................................42

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CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................44
3. Methodology............................................................................................................44
3.1 Description of study area and location................................................................45
3.2 Source of Data.....................................................................................................45
3.3 Sampling Technique...........................................................................................46
3.4.1 Qualitative data collection techniques..........................................................47
3.4.2 Quantitative data collection techniques........................................................49
3.5 Target population................................................................................................50
3.6 Sample size.........................................................................................................51
3.7 Data Analysis Techniques...................................................................................52

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.INTRODUCTION

Urbanization is reshaping global landscapes, and Dessie, Ethiopia, is experiencing

rapid urban growth. In this evolution, the Segno Gebeya area serves as a microcosm,
showcasing the interplay between built environments and visual aesthetics. This
research explores how the built environment influences perceptions of beauty, culture,
and community identity in Dessie's Segno Gebeya area. It considers the historical,
cultural, and socio-economic influences shaping Dessie's urban fabric and the
challenges posed by rapid urbanization. Through a multidisciplinary approach,
including urban planning, architecture, sociology, and cultural studies, the research
aims to unravel the complex relationship between the built environment and visual
aesthetics. Ultimately, it seeks to offer actionable strategies to enhance visual quality,
preserve cultural heritage, and foster sustainable urban development in Dessie's Segno
Gebeya area.
Beyond the mere aesthetic realm, the built environment holds profound implications
for community well-being, social cohesion, and sustainable development. In Dessie's
Segno Gebeya area, where diverse communities coexist amidst the architectural
tapestry, the built environment serves as a canvas upon which community identity is
etched. Each street corner, building facade, and public space tells a story, reflecting
the aspirations and values of its inhabitants. Yet, this narrative is not static; it evolves
in tandem with the changing landscape of urban development.
As we embark on this journey of exploration, we are reminded of the profound
significance of the built environment in shaping the collective experience of urban
life. In Dessie's Segno Gebeya area, where history converges with the present, and
tradition intersects with modernity, we find fertile ground for inquiry, discovery, and
transformation. Through our collective efforts, may we illuminate the path towards a
more beautiful, inclusive, and sustainable urban future.

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1.1 Background:

The exploration of the impact of the built environment on visual aesthetics in Dessie's
Segno Gebeya area is crucial against the backdrop of rapid urbanization trends, which
often lead to haphazard development and a loss of cultural heritage. Dessie likely
boasts a rich cultural heritage embedded in its architectural styles and urban fabric,
shaping its visual character. Moreover, the diverse community dynamics within the
Segno Gebeya area, influenced by unique socio-cultural values and traditions,
contribute significantly to perceptions of visual aesthetics and community identity.
Addressing urban design challenges such as inadequate infrastructure and informal
settlements is imperative for enhancing visual aesthetics and fostering sustainable
urban development aligned with global goals. Leveraging Dessie's tourism potential,
rooted in its cultural heritage and visually appealing built environment, can drive
economic growth. Despite the importance of visual aesthetics, there exists a research
gap, which this study seeks to fill by providing valuable insights for urban planners,
policymakers, and designers to formulate strategies for enhancing visual quality and
preserving cultural heritage in Dessie's Segno Gebeya area. (Boardman J, Currie A,
Killaspy H, Mezey G., 2010.)

1.2 Statements of The Problem

Lack of Visual Cohesion: The built environment in Dessie, particularly in the Segno
Gebaya area, lacks visual cohesion, impacting the overall aesthetic quality and sense
of place. There is a need to explore how design interventions can address this issue to
enhance visual aesthetics and foster a stronger community identity.Historical Context
and Visual Transformation: The Segno Gebaya area of Dessie has undergone
significant architectural and urban development over time, resulting in changes to its
visual aesthetics. Understanding the historical factors influencing these changes and
their impact on the built environment is crucial for guiding future design
interventions.Perception and Engagement: While the Segno Gebaya area features
various architectural elements, such as building facades, street furniture, and public
art installations, their perceptual impact on residents and visitors remains unclear.
Investigating how these elements contribute to shaping the overall aesthetic
experience can inform strategies for enhancing visual quality and community

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engagement.These statements outline the central problems that your research aims to
address regarding the impact of the built environment on visual aesthetics in Dessie's
Segno Gebaya area.

1.3 Objective

1.3.1 General Objective:

To examine and elucidate the influence of the built environment on visual aesthetics
in Dessie, with a specific focus on the Segno Gebeya area. This research aims to
comprehensively explore the relationship between architectural elements, urban
design principles, and their perceptual impact on visual aesthetics within the built
environment. By analyzing various factors such as building forms, materials, spatial
configuration, and their interaction with cultural and social contexts, the study seeks
to uncover insights into how design interventions can enhance visual quality and
promote a sense of place in the Segno Gebeya area. The findings of this research
endeavor to inform sustainable urban development strategies and contribute to the
creation of visually engaging and culturally resonant built environments in Dessie

1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To investigate the impact of the built environment on visual aesthetics in Dessie,

specifically within the Segno Gebeya area, and to identify and propose design
interventions aimed at enhancing visual quality and fostering a stronger sense of
place within this community, while concurrently promoting sustainable urban
development strategies.
 To explore the historical factors that have influenced the architectural styles and
urban form in the Segno Gebeya area of Dessie, analyzing their contribution to
visual aesthetics and identifying the primary drivers behind these changes over
time.
 To assess the perceptual impact of architectural elements such as building
facades, street furniture, and public art installations on the visual character of the
Segno Gebeya area, and to elucidate their role in shaping the overall aesthetic
experience for residents and visitors.

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 To create a good and healthy visualization through integration of light effect,
color Psychology and construction material within architectural design.

1.4 Research Questions

1. How does the built environment impact visual aesthetics in Dessie, particularly in
the Segno Gebeya area, and what design interventions can be implemented to
enhance visual quality and foster a stronger sense of place within this community,
while simultaneously advancing sustainable urban development strategies?
2. What historical factors have shaped the architectural styles and urban form in the
Segno Gebeya area of Dessie, influencing its visual aesthetics, and what are the
primary drivers behind these changes over time?
3. What is the perceptual impact of architectural elements like building facades,
street furniture, and public art installations on the visual character of the Segno
Gebeya area, and how do these elements contribute to shaping the overall
aesthetic experience for residents and visitors?
4. How integration of light, color Psychology and construction material creating
healthy visualization through architectural design?

1.5 scope

1.5.1 Thematic Scope:

The thematic scope of your architectural research involves investigating various

aspects related to the impact of the built environment on visual aesthetics in Dessie's
Segno Gebeya area. This includes:Architectural Elements: Analysis of architectural
elements such as building forms, materials, and spatial configuration within the Segno
Gebeya area to understand their influence on visual aesthetics.Urban Design
Principles: Examination of urban design principles and their application in the Segno
Gebeya area to assess their contribution to visual quality and sense of place.Historical
Context: Exploration of the historical development and evolution of architectural
styles and urban form in the Segno Gebeya area, identifying key factors shaping its
visual aesthetics over time.Community Perception: Investigation of how local cultural
values, traditions, and socio-economic factors influence perceptions of visual
aesthetics and place attachment within the Segno Gebeya area.Design Interventions:

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Proposal of design interventions aimed at enhancing visual quality, fostering
community identity, and promoting sustainable urban development strategies in the
Segno Gebeya area.
This research seeks to provide insights into enhancing the visual appeal and cultural
resonance of the built environment in Dessie's Segno Gebeya area.

1.5.2 Spatial Scope:

The spatial scope of the architectural research encompasses the Segno Gebeya area
within Dessie. This includes a detailed examination of the physical surroundings,
urban layout, and architectural features present within this specific locality. The
research will focus on analyzing streetscapes, public spaces, building typologies, and
land use patterns within the Segno Gebeya area to understand their collective impact
on visual aesthetics. By concentrating on this defined geographical area, the research
aims to provide insights into how the built environment shapes visual aesthetics in
Dessie's Segno Gebeya area.The spatial scope of the architectural research involves
examining the physical environment and urban landscape specifically within the
Segno Gebeya area of Dessie. This includes:
Geographical Boundaries: Defining the precise boundaries of the Segno Gebeya area
within Dessie.Streetscapes and Public Spaces: Analysis of the streets, squares, parks,
and other public spaces within the Segno Gebeya area to understand their contribution
to the visual aesthetics.Building Typologies: Documentation and assessment of the
various types of buildings present in the Segno Gebeya area, including residential,
commercial, and institutional structures.Architectural Features: Examination of
architectural elements such as facades, roofs, windows, and ornamentation to evaluate
their impact on visual aesthetics.Land Use Patterns: Investigation of land use patterns
and zoning regulations within the Segno Gebeya area to understand how different
functions interact and contribute to the overall visual character.By focusing on the
spatial characteristics of the Segno Gebeya area, the research aims to uncover insights
into how the built environment influences visual aesthetics in this specific locality of
Dessie.

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1.6 Significance

Exploring the impact of the built environment on visual aesthetics in Dessie's Segno
Gebeya area holds significant importance for several reasons:
Community Well-being: Understanding how the built environment influences visual
aesthetics can lead to the creation of more visually appealing and stimulating spaces,
thereby enhancing the overall well-being and quality of life for residents.Cultural
Preservation: Dessie's Segno Gebeya area likely holds historical and cultural
significance. Investigating its visual aesthetics can help in preserving and celebrating
the cultural heritage embedded in its built environment.Tourism and Economic
Development: A visually attractive built environment can attract tourists and visitors,
thereby contributing to the local economy through increased tourism and related
business activities.Urban Planning and Design: Insights gained from this research can
inform urban planning and design strategies aimed at creating sustainable,
aesthetically pleasing, and culturally resonant built environments in Dessie and
similar urban areas.Environmental Sustainability: By understanding how design
interventions impact visual aesthetics, the research can promote sustainable practices
that minimize negative environmental impacts while enhancing the aesthetic appeal of
the built environment.Social Cohesion and Identity: Visual aesthetics play a crucial
role in shaping community identity and fostering a sense of belonging. Improving
visual quality in the Segno Gebeya area can strengthen community cohesion and
pride.
Overall, exploring the impact of the built environment on visual aesthetics in Dessie's
Segno Gebeya area has broad implications for community well-being, cultural
preservation, economic development, urban planning, environmental sustainability,
and social cohesion. (Boardman J, Currie A, Killaspy H, Mezey G.,2010.)

1.7 Motivation

The motivation for exploring the impact of the built environment on visual aesthetics
in Dessie's Segno Gebeya area stems from various factors:
Cultural Heritage: Dessie is likely rich in cultural heritage, and understanding how its
built environment contributes to visual aesthetics can help preserve and celebrate this
heritage.Urban Development: With rapid urbanization, there's a need to ensure that

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urban areas like Dessie's Segno Gebeya maintain their aesthetic appeal while
accommodating growth and development.Community Well-being: A visually pleasing
environment can positively impact the well-being of residents, fostering a sense of
pride and belonging in their neighborhood.Tourism Potential: Enhancing visual
aesthetics can attract tourists and visitors to Dessie, boosting local economies and
promoting cultural exchange.Sustainable Design: By exploring design interventions
that enhance visual aesthetics, the research can contribute to sustainable urban
development practices that minimize environmental impact.Urban Identity: The visual
character of a neighborhood like Segno Gebeya contributes to its unique identity.
Understanding and enhancing this visual identity can strengthen community cohesion
and identity.Overall, the research is motivated by a desire to understand how the built
environment influences visual aesthetics in Dessie's Segno Gebeya area and to
propose interventions that promote cultural preservation, community well-being, and
sustainable development.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. Literature Review

2.1 Introduction:

The built environment serves as a canvas upon which the unique identity of a place is
painted. Through its architectural forms, spatial arrangements, and aesthetic elements,
it communicates the essence of a community, shaping the way residents and visitors
perceive and interact with their surroundings. At the heart of this interaction lies
visual aesthetics – the study of beauty, harmony, and visual appeal within the built
environment.Visual aesthetics in the built environment encompasses more than mere
visual appeal; it encompasses the sensory experience and emotional resonance that
architecture and urban design evoke. From the grandeur of historic landmarks to the
intimacy of neighborhood streetscapes, every aspect of the built environment
contributes to the visual tapestry that defines a place.
Understanding visual aesthetics in the built environment is essential for creating
places that resonate with people on a deep and meaningful level. By prioritizing
design principles that enhance visual quality and foster a strong sense of place, urban
planners and architects can contribute to the creation of livable, sustainable, and
culturally rich communities.Moreover, visual aesthetics can have a profound impact
on the social, economic, and environmental vitality of a place. Well-designed urban
spaces attract investment, support local businesses, and promote public health and
well-being. They also serve as catalysts for community pride and identity,
strengthening social cohesion and resilience in the face of change.In summary, visual
aesthetics in the built environment is not merely a matter of superficial appearance; it
is a powerful tool for shaping the character, identity, and livability of cities and
neighborhoods. By embracing the principles of placemaking, sense of place, and
visual quality, we can create urban environments that inspire, delight, and endure for
generations to come.

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2.2 Historical Context and definition:

Dessie, a city in northern Ethiopia, has undergone significant transformations in its

built environment over the years. To understand these changes, it's crucial to delve
into the historical context of the city's architecture, urban planning, and community
development.
Dessie's architectural landscape has been influenced by various factors, including its
geographical location, cultural heritage, and historical events. Traditionally, the city's
architecture featured vernacular styles characterized by mud-brick houses with
thatched roofs, reflecting the local building materials and construction techniques.
However, with the introduction of modern building materials and architectural styles
during the colonial period and subsequent urbanization, Dessie's architectural
landscape began to evolve.
Urban planning in Dessie has also undergone significant changes over time. The city's
layout and infrastructure have been shaped by factors such as population growth,
economic development, and government policies. In the early stages of urbanization,
Dessie may have experienced organic growth, with neighborhoods expanding
haphazardly and infrastructure struggling to keep pace. However, as urbanization
intensified and urban planning became more formalized, efforts may have been made
to improve infrastructure, zoning regulations, and public amenities.(Cambridge:
Hakluyt Society, 1958)
Community development in Dessie has been influenced by social, economic, and
political factors. Traditional community structures and social networks may have
played a crucial role in shaping neighborhood dynamics and fostering a sense of
belonging among residents. However, as the city modernized and underwent socio-
economic changes, new forms of community organization and participation may have
emerged, influenced by urbanization, globalization, and government (New Haven:
Yale University, 2009)

Historical Context of the Segno Gebeya Area:

Understanding the historical context of the Segno Gebeya area in Dessie is crucial for
comprehending the evolution of its urban form and architectural styles. This area, like
many others, has been shaped by a complex interplay of historical, cultural, and

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socioeconomic factors over time. By reviewing historical studies and architectural
surveys, we can gain insight into how these influences have contributed to the built
environment and visual aesthetics of the Segno Gebeya area.

Colonial Legacy and Urban Development:Historical studies may reveal the impact of
colonialism on the urban development of Dessie, including the establishment of
administrative centers, infrastructure, and land-use patterns. British, Italian, or other
colonial influences might have left their mark on architectural styles and urban
planning principles in the Segno Gebeya area.Cultural Influences and Architectural
Traditions:Exploration of local architectural traditions and cultural influences can
shed light on the design vernacular of the Segno Gebeya area. Traditional building
techniques, materials, and spatial layouts influenced by Ethiopian culture may have
shaped the built environment in distinct ways.
Socioeconomic Changes and Urban Growth:Socioeconomic transformations, such as
industrialization, migration, and changes in land tenure systems, can significantly
impact urban growth and the built environment. Historical surveys may reveal
patterns of demographic change, land use shifts, and architectural adaptations in
response to economic shifts.Modernization and Architectural Trends: (accessed 2
February 2008)

2.1.3 Theoretical Framework

Theoretical Frameworks: This section will explore theoretical frameworks and models
that elucidate the relationship between the built environment and visual aesthetics. It
will include discussions on theories of architectural aesthetics, urban design
principles, and perceptual psychology.
In this section, the literature review will delve into various theoretical frameworks and
models that provide insights into the relationship between the built environment and
visual aesthetics. Key topics to be discussed include:

Architectural Aesthetics: This aspect will encompass theories and concepts related
to architectural aesthetics, which explore the principles of beauty, harmony, and
proportion in architectural design. Classical theories, such as those proposed by
Vitruvius and Alberti, as well as modern theories from architectural theorists like

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Christopher Alexander and Kevin Lynch, will be examined to understand how
architectural elements contribute to visual appeal.
Urban Design Principles: The literature will explore urban design principles and
theories that guide the planning and design of urban spaces. This includes concepts
such as walkability, mixed land use, placemaking, and the importance of public
spaces in fostering social interaction and a sense of community. The works of urban
theorists like Jane Jacobs, Jan Gehl, and William H. Whyte will be reviewed to
understand how urban design influences visual aesthetics.
Perceptual Psychology: This aspect will focus on theories from perceptual
psychology that explain how individuals perceive and experience the built
environment. This includes discussions on Gestalt principles of perception,
environmental psychology theories related to place attachment and environmental
preferences, and the role of sensory experiences in shaping perceptions of beauty and
aesthetics in the built environment.
Through an exploration of theoretical frameworks and models, the literature review
will establish a robust foundation for comprehending the intricate relationship
between the built environment and visual aesthetics. By delving into architectural
aesthetics, urban design principles, and perceptual psychology, the review will
illuminate the intersecting factors that influence the visual experience of urban
environments, particularly in Dessie's Segno Gebeya area.

The review will first examine architectural aesthetics, investigating theories that
elucidate the principles of beauty, harmony, and proportion in architectural design. By
understanding how architectural elements such as form, texture, and scale contribute
to aesthetic appeal, the review will provide insights into the visual qualities that define
urban spaces.

Architectural Elements and Visual Aesthetics:

This section will delve into studies examining the influence of specific architectural
elements, such as building forms, materials, and spatial configuration, on visual
aesthetics. It will analyze how these elements contribute to the overall visual quality
of urban environments and shape perceptions of beauty and attractiveness.

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In this section, the literature review will explore studies that investigate the influence
of specific architectural elements on visual aesthetics in urban environments, with a
focus on building forms, materials, and spatial configuration. Key topics to be
discussed include:

Building Forms: Research examining the impact of different building forms, such as
shape, scale, and proportion, on visual aesthetics will be explored. This includes
studies on the visual appeal of architectural styles (e.g., modernist, neoclassical,
vernacular) and their effects on the overall character of urban landscapes.
Materials: The review will delve into studies analyzing the role of building materials
in shaping visual aesthetics. This includes discussions on the visual and tactile
qualities of materials (e.g., brick, glass, concrete) and their contributions to the
perceived quality and attractiveness of architectural designs.
Spatial Configuration: Research on the spatial layout and organization of urban
environments will be examined, focusing on how spatial configurations influence
visual aesthetics. This includes studies on street layouts, building setbacks, and the
arrangement of public spaces, and their impact on the visual coherence and legibility
of urban landscapes.
Visual Quality: The literature will also explore studies that assess the overall visual
quality of urban environments, considering factors such as visual complexity,
coherence, and variety. This includes research on the perceived beauty and
attractiveness of different urban settings and the factors that contribute to their visual
appeal.
By synthesizing findings from these studies, the literature review will provide insights
into how specific architectural elements contribute to the overall visual quality of
urban environments and shape perceptions of beauty and attractiveness. It will
elucidate the complex relationship between building forms, materials, spatial
configuration, and visual aesthetics, informing the understanding of how these
elements can be manipulated to enhance the visual appeal of urban landscapes like
Dessie's Segno Gebeya area.
Prospect-Refuge Theory:
Proposed by architect and theorist Juhani Pallasmaa, the prospect-refuge theory
suggests that humans have an innate preference for environments that offer a balance

14
of prospect (openness, expansive views) and refuge (shelter, enclosure).From a
mental health perspective, environments that provide opportunities for both prospect
and refuge are believed to promote feelings of safety, security, and well-being. For
instance, spaces with large windows overlooking nature (prospect) and cozy nooks or
alcoves (refuge) can create a sense of comfort and tranquility.
Environmental Psychology:
Environmental psychology examines the interplay between people and their
surroundings, focusing on how environmental factors influence behavior, emotions,
and mental processes.Within this framework, research explores how architectural
features, such as lighting, spatial layout, and natural elements, impact individuals'
psychological experiences and well-being.The theory suggests that environments that
align with human preferences and needs, including aesthetic preferences, can enhance
psychological comfort and promote positive mental health outcomes.

Biophilic Design:
Biophilic design is based on the idea that humans have an innate connection with
nature and that integrating natural elements into the built environment can positively
impact well-being.This theory suggests that incorporating elements such as natural
light, vegetation, water features, and organic forms into architectural design can evoke
biophilic responses, including reduced stress, improved mood, and enhanced
cognitive function.Biophilic design principles emphasize creating environments that
mimic natural settings or incorporate elements of nature, which can promote
relaxation, restoration, and overall mental health.
By exploring these theoretical perspectives, researchers can better understand how
visual aesthetics, architectural quality, and design features influence mental health
outcomes. These theories provide valuable frameworks for analyzing and interpreting
the relationship between the built environment and psychological well-being, guiding
both research and design practices aimed at promoting mental health through
architecture.(Erich, Fromm (1973))

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2.3 Architectural Elements and Urban Design Principles:

Architectural elements and urban design principles play a pivotal role in shaping the
visual aesthetics of the built environment. Through careful consideration of building
forms, facades, materials, spatial configurations, and urban layout, designers can
create environments that are visually appealing, functional, and culturally resonant.
Here, we'll explore the literature discussing the significance of these elements and
principles in contributing to visual aesthetics and enhancing the overall urban
experience.

Building Forms and Massing:

Literature on building forms and massing examines how the shape, size, and
arrangement of structures impact the visual character of a place. Different
architectural styles, such as classical, modernist, or vernacular, express varying forms
that evoke different emotions and responses from observers. Understanding the
relationship between building forms and visual aesthetics is crucial for achieving
design coherence and harmony within the built environment.

Facades and Architectural Detailing:

Studies focusing on facades and architectural detailing delve into the importance of
surface treatments, ornamentation, and fenestration patterns in defining the visual
identity of buildings. Facades serve as the interface between the built environment
and the observer, influencing perceptions of scale, texture, and materiality. Attention
to facade design enhances visual interest and legibility, contributing to the overall
aesthetic quality of streetscapes and urban vistas.

16
The openness of the facade should respond to the width of the road i.e. the narrower
the road is, the more open the facade aperture should be. This will allow the interior
of the building in the narrow street get sufficient diffuse sunlight and natural
ventilation through the facade aperture if it is over-shadowed or blocked by the other
building on the other side of the road. A momotary screen is a kinematic translation of
a Momotani fold that is adaptable to sun paths and sun angles. The below facade
prototype is a movable structure that forms an external shading device for existing
social housing in Singapore. The design is based on Momotani folding pattern that by
Materials and Construction Techniques:
Research on materials and construction techniques explores the role of materiality in
architectural expression and sensory experience. Different materials, such as brick,
stone, concrete, or glass, evoke distinct tactile and visual qualities that contribute to
the character of a place. Understanding the cultural, environmental, and structural
properties of materials enables designers to select appropriate materials that resonate
with local contexts and enhance visual aesthetics.

Spatial Configurations and Urban Layout:

Urban design literature examines the organization and arrangement of spaces within
the built environment, including streets, squares, parks, and plazas. Spatial
configurations influence pedestrian movement, social interaction, and visual
connectivity, shaping the overall urban experience. Principles such as human scale,
enclosure, hierarchy, and legibility guide the layout of urban spaces, enhancing visual
coherence and navigation for inhabitants and visitors alike.

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Urban Design Principles:

Urban design principles provide a framework for creating livable, sustainable, and
visually engaging built environments. Concepts such as mixed-use development,
transit-oriented design, pedestrian-friendly streetscapes, and green infrastructure
promote vibrant, resilient urban landscapes. By integrating these principles into the
planning and design process, cities can enhance visual aesthetics while fostering
social inclusion, economic vitality, and environmental sustainability.
By examining literature on architectural elements and urban design principles,
designers can gain valuable insights into the factors that contribute to visual aesthetics
and enhance the overall quality of the built environment. Incorporating these
principles into design practice enables the creation of urban spaces that are not only
visually compelling but also functional, inclusive, and culturally rich.
Public Spaces:
Public spaces, including parks, plazas, and squares, serve as vital social and
recreational hubs in Dessie City. These spaces offer opportunities for community
gathering, relaxation, and leisure activities.Well-designed public spaces with
amenities such as seating, greenery, and recreational facilities can promote social
interaction, physical activity, and a sense of connection with the urban environment.

18
Accessible and inclusive public spaces that accommodate diverse age groups and
cultural preferences foster social cohesion and a sense of belonging, which are
essential for mental well-being.
Green Areas:
Green areas, such as parks, gardens, and tree-lined streets, provide valuable natural
elements within the urban landscape. In Dessie City, these green spaces offer
opportunities for recreation, relaxation, and contact with nature.The presence of
greenery has been associated with various mental health benefits, including stress
reduction, improved mood, and enhanced cognitive function. Access to green areas
can promote psychological restoration and well-being among residents.Urban
greening initiatives that increase the abundance and diversity of vegetation in Dessie
City can contribute to a healthier and more visually appealing environment, positively
impacting residents' mental health
Greenery & Biodiversity

Under the LRA requirements, buildings are to provide at least 40% of softscape areas.
20% of this softscape is to include plant species to create the habitat for insects &
birds to flourish in the city. Furthermore, an introduction of green pockets within
400m radius of each other – can be either landscaped areas within a large plot of land
(1 ha) or provided at the corners of 4 adjacent plots. This will help to further soften
building edges & reduce UHI effect. Planting verges & centre medians are to include
plants to extend & connect these habitats & allow for biodiversity to thrive.
Input: Out of 100% LRA, 40% softscape, 20% of softscape areas for plant species that
will attract insects & birds

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Rule: Within 400m radius, landscaped areas are to be provided within plots of land
which are 1ha or larger or formed at the corners of 4 adjoining(Göttingen: Steidl
Göttingen, n.d.)
Green Replacement

The green replacement is to further strengthen efforts in greening the city and to
encourage more pervasive greenery within Singapore- high-rise urban
environment.The development will replace the greenery lost from the site due to
development with greenery in other areas within the development. The development
will have the greenery replacement areas on ground, rooftops, facades and sky
gardens.
A: Area of a parcel, P: Percentage of green replacement over area of the site
Rule: Greenery areas will be randomly assigned to ground floor, rooftop, facade and
sky gardens so that the total greenery area of the development is equal to AxP
Output Area of greenery on rooftop (R), facade (F) and sky garden (S)(Waldheim,
Charles. Landscape as Urbanism: A General Theory,2016)

Street Layouts:
The layout of streets and pedestrian pathways influences the walk ability and
navigability of Dessie City. Well-designed street layouts with clear signage,
pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, and safe crossings enhance mobility and
accessibility for residents.
Streetscape features such as wide sidewalks, pedestrian plazas, and mixed-use
developments encourage active transportation and social interaction, fostering a

20
vibrant urban environment.A well-connected street network that prioritizes pedestrian
and cyclist safety can promote physical activity, social engagement, and a sense of
community, which are integral to residents' mental well-being.
Breathing Streets

Super blocks create ‘breathing streets’ as it re-claims the space used by cars for
citizens. A super block consists of 9 existing blocks of the grid measuring
approximately 400-metre. By revising the hierarchy of the roads to redirect cars,
buses and commercial vehicles to roads along the perimeter of the super blocks (only
private residential cars pass through the super block), this frees up almost 60% of the
street and reduces traffic by 21%.
Input: local road network grid, number of ingress & egress into the area
Rule: study area of 400 – 500 metres, minimum of 1 ingress & egress on each side (4
sides), keep speed to 10km/h
Output: ensure 20% decrease in traffic and compute area of roads reclaimed for
people’s use.(HTTP://WWW.anytime.com/2016/10/02/nyregion/what)

Urban Accessibility

21
What if the city is correlated to an average walking travel time between a dwelling
office unit to the major transport, node i.e MRT Station? Reliance on the public
transport mode could be increase as we plan to manage walking time (including
vertical circulation & waiting time) to the MRT station/Bus interchange. This means
that the nearer habitable spaces are to the MRT station, the higher and denser these
habitable space will be.
Input: Average walking speed / Average lift speed / waiting time at the traffic signal
& lift lobby / MRT station Entrance / Access points
Rule: Every dwelling / office unit in the city should be well-served by MRT service
within maxi- mum10 minute walking distance
Output; Resultant height (density) of the buildings.(London ; New York: Spon, 2005.)

Optimising Building Setback For Walk ability

Relationship between setback and walkability is explored walk ability may or may

22
not be improved if there is no building setback. The building programme or use plays
a vital role In the walk ability. Apart from the appropriate pedestrian footpath and
shade, different building types require different setback to improvewalk ability.
Commercial at 1storey do not require setback; Residential development require
setback(Journal of Physical Activity & Health 3 (2006).)

Pedestrian-friendly Waterfront Developments

Indicative section showing the relationship of waterfront and height of low-rise

podium and buildings at the back
The interface between the urban fabric and its waterfront is one of the crucial
elements in forming the pedestrian-friendly experience of the waterfront. This is
especially sensitive for water bodies which have developments living on both sides of
the bank, such as along the Singapore River and canal within Have lock study site. To
form a human scale-sectional relationship between the waterway and urban fabric
along it, the height of buildings and the height of podiums along the waterfront should
be directly proportionate to the waterway width.
Input W = Width of Waterfront; D = W+20 whereby 20m = 10m + 10m promenade
along both sides of river or canal
Rule H = xD ,whereby “x” = per-determinded ratio
Output H = Height of Podium
(Jennifer Sigler, and Kees Christiaanse, 25–36. Amsterdam: SUN, 2009.)

23
Balancing Privacy & Density

How close is dose?

The relation between building height and distance between buildings influences the
privacy in residential buildings when the building elevations overlaps. This can be
achieved by incrementally increasing the distance between buildings as the building
height increases.
Prototype Script
Input H = Height of Building W = Width of Building Elevation Overlap
Rule A wider distance (X) between buildings to be provided when:
• the buildings get higher, or • the larger W value Output X = Distance between
Buildings.Koolhaas, Rem. “City of the Captive Globe.” In
Delirious (New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan, 294–96. New York,
1978)
Urban Edge – Enclosure

Building edges when planned carefully will influence how pedestrians and drivers
enjoy the city. Streets that are conducive for street activities are “intimate” in scale
with a street width to building height ratio of 1:1 to 1:1.5, with a building height of

24
about 20 meters (4 to 5 storeys). Wider streets provide a clear structure to the city and
a sense of orientation for drivers but tend to overwhelm pedestrians. This can be
overcome, for example by introducing a central landscape spine with the appropriate
landscape design to reduce the scale of the wide street and help frame the space for
pedestrians. Streets that are intimate in scale are more conducive for street activities
as pedestrians feel the sense of enclosure from the buildings that flank the streets.
Wider streets provide a clear structure to the city and a sense of orientation for
drivers. As these streets tend to be wider and buildings are taller, pedestrians typically
also feel overwhelmed within that space(: Island Press, 2013)

Active Plazas

Although research suggests that public plazas perform important social and
community gathering places, it is not uncommon to find poorly utilized spaces that
are ill-defined or unwanted deemed as plazas or squares (Alexander, 1977). As such,
this element seeks to define the key ingredients that support the development of active
plazas.
Rule: Minimally, 1 person to 27m² of plaza space. Length and breadth of plaza to be
no more than 135m. At least 70% of building edge line the perimeter of the plaza.
Width to building height at 6:1.

Perceptual Impact and User Experience:

Understanding how people perceive and interact with their built environment is
essential for creating spaces that are not only visually appealing but also conducive to
well-being and social cohesion. Empirical studies and case analyses provide valuable
insights into the perceptual impact of architectural elements and urban design
interventions on residents and visitors, shedding light on the ways in which the built
environment shapes human experiences and behaviors. Here, we explore research that

25
delves into environmental psychology, sensory experience, and user-centered design
approaches to better understand the dynamics of human-environment interaction.

Environmental Psychology Studies:

Environmental psychology examines the psychological processes underlying human
responses to the built environment. Empirical studies in this field investigate how
factors such as architectural aesthetics, spatial layout, and environmental quality
influence mood, cognition, and behavior. For example, research may explore the
impact of natural versus artificial light on mood and productivity in office
environments or the role of urban green spaces in promoting stress reduction and
social interaction.
Sensory Experience in Architecture:
Studies on sensory experience in architecture focus on how individuals perceive and
engage with architectural spaces through their senses. This interdisciplinary approach
considers factors such as sight, sound, touch, smell, and even taste in shaping the
overall architectural experience. Research may examine the use of materials, textures,
and spatial configurations to evoke specific sensory responses and enhance the
emotional and aesthetic qualities of built environments.
User-Centered Design Approaches:
User-centered design approaches prioritize the needs, preferences, and experiences of
users in the design process. Through methods such as participatory design workshops,
user surveys, and post-occupancy evaluations, designers gather feedback from
residents and visitors to understand their perceptions and behaviors within the built
environment. This research informs design decisions aimed at improving usability,
comfort, and satisfaction for diverse user groups.
Case Analyses of Urban Design Interventions:
Case analyses of urban design interventions provide real-world examples of how
architectural and urban design decisions impact the lives of people within
communities. Researchers may evaluate the success of public space revitalization
projects, pedestrian-friendly streetscape improvements, or mixed-use development
initiatives in fostering social interaction, sense of place, and quality of life. These case
studies offer valuable lessons for future design interventions and policy-making
efforts.

26
By investigating empirical studies and case analyses that explore the perceptual
impact of architectural elements and urban design interventions, designers gain
valuable insights into the complex dynamics of human-environment interaction.
Incorporating findings from environmental psychology, sensory experience research,
and user-centered design approaches enables designers to create built environments
that not only delight the senses but also support human well-being, social connection,
and environmental sustainability.

Cultural and Social Contexts:

The built environment is not merely a physical backdrop but a reflection of the
cultural and social dynamics of a community. Understanding the influence of cultural
and social factors on architectural design preferences, aesthetic values, and
community attachment is crucial for creating spaces that resonate with local identity
and foster a sense of belonging. Literature exploring these themes sheds light on how
cultural heritage and local traditions manifest in the built environment of Dessie,
contributing to its visual identity and sense of place.(Bell, C. C. (2011). )
Cultural Influences on Architectural Design:
Cultural factors, including beliefs, customs, rituals, and traditions, profoundly shape
architectural design preferences and aesthetic values. Studies in this area investigate
how cultural heritage influences architectural styles, building materials,
ornamentation, and spatial arrangements in different societies. In Dessie, for example,
Ethiopian cultural traditions and historical legacies may inform architectural
expressions, incorporating elements such as traditional motifs, geometric patterns, and
indigenous construction techniques.(Carlo, G., Koller, S., Raffaelli, M., & de
Guzman, M. R. (2007))
Social Factors in Urban Development:
Social dynamics such as demographics, socioeconomic status, community norms, and
power structures play a significant role in shaping the built environment. Research
examines how social inequalities, urban segregation, and community participation
impact urban development patterns and architectural outcomes. Understanding these
dynamics is essential for promoting inclusive and equitable design practices that
address the needs and aspirations of diverse social groups in Dessie.(Dass-Brailsford,
P. (2005))

27
Community Attachment and Sense of Place:
Community attachment refers to the emotional and psychological bonds that
individuals form with their local environment. Studies on sense of place explore how
cultural identity, collective memory, and shared experiences contribute to residents'
attachment to specific places. In Dessie, cultural heritage sites, religious landmarks,
and historic neighborhoods may serve as focal points of community attachment,
anchoring residents' sense of identity and belonging within the urban fabric.(Collins,
P. H. (1999)).
Cultural Heritage Preservation and Revitalization:
Efforts to preserve and revitalize cultural heritage assets play a vital role in
maintaining the visual identity and authenticity of a place. Literature on heritage
conservation examines strategies for safeguarding historic buildings, archaeological
sites, and cultural landscapes while promoting sustainable development and
community engagement. In Dessie, initiatives to preserve traditional architecture,
promote cultural festivals, and interpret local history contribute to the preservation of
cultural heritage and the enhancement of urban aesthetics.
By considering the influence of cultural and social contexts on architectural design
preferences, aesthetic values, and community attachment, designers can create built
environments that honor local identity, foster social cohesion, and celebrate cultural
diversity. Incorporating principles of cultural heritage preservation, community
engagement, and inclusive design practices ensures that the built environment of
Dessie reflects the aspirations and values of its residents while contributing to the
creation of vibrant, culturally rich urban spaces.(Holzman, L. (2009))

2.4 Current State:

It assesses the current visual aesthetics and quality of the built environment in the
Segno Gebeya area, examining factors such as building design, streetscape, green
spaces, and public amenities.
In evaluating the current state of the Segno Gebeya area, the review likely assesses
various aspects of the built environment to understand its visual aesthetics and
quality. Here's how it might examine different factors:

28
2.3.1 Building design

Building Design: The review may analyze the architectural styles, materials, and
overall design of buildings in the Segno Gebeya area. This could involve assessing
factors such as building height, façade treatments, use of colors, and compatibility
with surrounding structures.
The trend away from large institutional buildings is almost complete, with treatment
of the vast majority of mental health illnesses being offered in domestic scaled
residential facilities (sometimes on hospital sites), community outreach and outpatient
facilities, with an increasing emphasis on personal freedom within the limits of the
acuity of the illness.

2.4 Recommendations for Improvement:

Based on the findings of the literature review, several recommendations may be

suggested for improving the visual aesthetics and quality of the built environment in
the Segno Gebeya area to promote better mental health outcomes:
Urban Renewal and Revitalization: Implement urban renewal and revitalization
projects aimed at enhancing the aesthetic appeal of the Segno Gebeya area. This could
involve refurbishing existing buildings, improving streetscapes, and creating attractive
public spaces.
Green Space Enhancement: Increase the presence and accessibility of green spaces
within the neighborhood, such as parks, gardens, and urban greenery. Introducing
more vegetation can help improve air quality, reduce stress levels, and promote
mental well-being among residents.
Community Engagement: Involve residents and local communities in the planning
and design process to ensure that proposed improvements align with their needs and
preferences. Community engagement can foster a sense of ownership and pride in the
neighborhood, leading to greater social cohesion and well-being.
Pedestrian-Friendly Design: Prioritize pedestrian-friendly design principles, such as
widening sidewalks, installing pedestrian crossings, and enhancing walkability.
Creating safe and inviting pedestrian environments encourages physical activity,
social interaction, and a sense of connection to the community.

29
Art and Culture Integration: Incorporate art and cultural elements into the urban
landscape to enhance its aesthetic appeal and cultural identity. This could involve
public art installations, cultural events, and heritage preservation initiatives that
celebrate the unique history and character of the Segno Gebeya area.
Sustainable Development: Promote sustainable development practices that prioritize
environmental conservation, resource efficiency, and resilience to climate change.
Sustainable design features, such as energy-efficient buildings, green infrastructure,
and water conservation measures, can contribute to a healthier and more resilient built
environment.
By implementing these recommendations, policymakers, planners, and stakeholders
can work towards creating a more visually appealing, inclusive, and sustainable built
environment in the Segno Gebeya area, ultimately promoting better mental health
outcomes for its residents. (Decker, 1994)

2.5 Views

Design to give patients, staff and visitors views out of buildings. The evidence about
such things is not just woolly expressions of niceness. They know that patients who
have views out actually recover more quickly. They think they understand many of
the mechanisms that bring this about. Daylight is actually good for us. It results in
chemical changes in our bodies that enable our self healing systems to operate more
effectively.

Some of the research here is remarkably detailed, even suggesting that there are
differences between having morning as opposed to afternoon sunlight. Again, this
principle can be applied sensibly across a wide spectrum of healthcare settings.
Common-sense tells us that patients waiting at a clinic where they may be concerned
about some test results might benefit most from a calming view. On the other hand,
patients in more long-term care may benefit more from views that are interesting and
stimulating, (Jain Malkin, April, 15, 1992)

Interior appearance makes places that people will spend time in feel homely, light and
airy, with a variety of colors and textures. Design them to look clean, tidy and cared
for. Use art to provide distraction. This may be paintings on the walls, but it can also

30
be sculpture and even the nature of the spaces themselves. However, it can also be
performance, (malkin's, april,15,1992).

2.6 Light

Light Effects in Architectural Design:

Studies on light effects explore how natural and artificial lighting strategies influence
the perception of space, mood, and visual comfort. Research investigates techniques
such as day lighting, shadow play, and accent lighting to enhance architectural forms,
highlight focal points, and create dynamic spatial experiences. Case studies
demonstrate how thoughtful lighting design can transform interiors and exteriors,
shaping the atmosphere and ambience of urban environments.
The second distinct theme that emerged as a significant design feature affecting
mental health outcomes was that of light and lighting. Although we give light and
lighting a separate focus in this review article, it is also the one theme that is common
to all others. A major sub theme is that of natural light, which is linked to the
following issues: eating disorders, depression, circadian rhythm, Alzheimer’s disease,
sensory stimulation, therapeutic design, and therapeutic patient rooms.

The impact of light on outcomes in healthcare settings (without a specific focus on

mental health facilities) and divided the endings into several categories. The first
category was the way in which lighting enables accurate performance of visual tasks,
logically, by reducing error. And second is how light affects mood and perception
was. In that case, it was noted that positive impacts included daylight and proximity to
windows; alternately, the negative impact of “glare and thermal discomfort on mood
and task performance” were evident.

Light, includes natural light and artificial lighting. The primary findings here were the
importance of light for controlling the circadian system thus reducing depression,
agitation, sleep, eating patterns and also easing pain in some instances. Patients in
brightly lit rooms stay on average 2.6 days less in hospital than those in dimly lit
rooms.
Significant differences were found between natural and artificial lighting including for
both staff and patients, for example, a lack of natural lighting can cause seasonal

31
affective disorder (SAD), changes to hormonal body rhythms, glare and licker, work
disruptions, increased staff stress, and decreased staff satisfaction, (Jain Malkin,
April, 15, 1992)

2.7 Colour psychology in architecture

Research on color psychology examines the psychological and physiological effects

of color on human perception and behavior. Studies investigate how color palettes,
saturation levels, and contrast ratios impact mood, cognition, and emotional response
within architectural settings. By leveraging principles of color psychology, designers
can evoke specific associations, create spatial hierarchy, and foster a sense of identity
and place. Case studies illustrate how color schemes are tailored to cultural contexts,
user preferences, and functional requirements in diverse urban environments.
Color often has different meanings to different cultures and is an immensely evocative
medium, possessing powers to provoke immediate and marked reactions in the
viewer. Its use in the architectural field dramatically affects everyone’s perception of
architectural space and form. Each person reacts differently based on their culture,
gender, and own personal experiences, and it has always been one of the most
unpredictable areas within the built environment. According to Color in Architecture
“Almost any generalization that can be made about color can be overturned in
practice.” Color feeds us emotionally; it is not just aesthetic. Every color creates
mood. We all need all colors at different stages of our life, (Jain Malkin, April, 15,
1992)

2.7.1 Colour psychology

Figure2 effect of color on patients

32
Based on the key attributes of a healing environment outlined in, (Jain Malkin’s book
“Hospital Interior Architecture, Wiley April,15,1992”, there are different color
Psychology that have been identified for designing a successful mental health
building.

2.7.2 Colour theory in architecture

Colour is an element that is part of our world, not only in the natural
environment but also in created architecture. It is, therefore, essential to
understanding how colour influences architecture and interiors because the
brain will process this colourful environment and judge what it perceives
objectively and subjectively. Colour radiations even affect the blind. They can
identify them, as each colour reflects a different temperature.

All this information makes the study of colour necessary in all activities related
to Man and improving his living conditions. And the rational application of
colour can provide substantial well-being to those who enjoy it.
Colours cause perceptions and exert a triple action on people that we must
understand:
1. Colour is seen – Impress, draws attention.
2. Colour is felted – It provokes a reaction or emotion, as each colour can
express itself.
3. Colour is constructive – Builds because each colour has its meaning and,
therefore, the ability to build a language that communicates an idea.

33
If used efficiently, colour theory is one of the most potent tools in architecture
and interior design. Colours are a form of non-verbal communication that says
a lot in a fraction of a second. They can instantly create different moods,
express feelings, invoke an emotional reaction or inspire people to act in a
certain way. Colour influences exterior or interior architecture and how we
perceive it, feel it and live it.

2.7.3 Optical illusions through colour

All people are subject to optical illusions produced by colour, which influences
our perception of architecture, interiors and the experience of spaces.
Colour has temperature, weight, balance and space, laws that define its use.
Every colour has a moving action. Visual distances become relative. So the
visual field becomes elastic. For example, a black surface or a red surface
illusory appears to be approaching. White or blue space seems to be moving
away.

Colour is a powerful force from a sensory point of view that moves backwards
and forwards and influences the information we perceive in architecture and
interior design. Using colour, an object's volume can be changed, as can its
weight. Two objects of equal volume, weight and shape painted with different
colours look effectively distinct. Do we then begin to understand how colour
influences architecture and interior design?

34
Also, games of shadows and light can create optical illusions. Due to the
orientation of the illumination, the spheres below seem to have different
dimensions. The smallest one on the left appears to be protruding from us. In
contrast, the one on the right seems to be recessed. However, both have the
exact dimensions.

2.7.4 Optical illusion in color

According to their combination can be balanced a set of colours. The

sensations raised by the colour and its combination provide this balance.
A typical example: Have you ever wondered why architects use green and blue
colours in hospitals, not white? Wouldn't the colour white make more sense?
And the obsession that Fast-Food restaurants have with the colours red and
yellow? We will see further examples of colour's influence when creating
indoor or outdoor spaces.

2.7.5 Chromatic circle

We know that the human eye can distinguish more than ten million different
colours. There is, thus, an infinity of possibilities when it comes to colour
combinations.
To this end, colour scholars needed to rationally and logically organize the
colours they observed and create a system that facilitates their balanced use.
This need led them to create a fundamental chromatic circle.
This part of the sun's white light breaks down into colours: red, orange, yellow,
green, blue and violet. These colours are divided into primary or fundamental

35
colours (yellow, red and blue) and secondary (orange, green and violet) that
appear as a mixture of the primary colours.

In a chromatic circle, the colours next to each other are similar: those with
similar shades. Their proximity makes them simpler to work with and
guarantees good results in various architectural, interior, and decoration
projects.
Thus, the chromatic circle is a crucial instrument for understanding how
colours relate to each other and how we can combine them in various
conjugations.

Want to know more about it and how to combine colours and create the right
colour palette for your interior project or stunning decor? Look here.

So to choose the colours you want to use in your environment, you must
consider several factors. It would help if you thought about the colour effect of
each element of a building's construction, from the earthy colours of primary
building materials such as wood, stone, brick and marble, to the wide range of
colours available for paint, doors, windows and cladding.

2.8 Construction Materials and Sensory Experience:

Exploration of construction materials considers their tactile, visual, and olfactory

qualities and their role in shaping sensory experience within architectural spaces.

36
Research investigates the use of materials such as wood, stone, glass, and metal to
evoke different sensory responses and cultural associations. Studies also examine
sustainable materials and innovative construction techniques that minimize
environmental impact while enhancing aesthetic quality. Case studies showcase how
material selection and detailing contribute to the tactile richness and spatial character
of urban environments, fostering connections between inhabitants and their
surroundings.(Johansson, E., & Pramling Samuelsson, I. (2009))

2.9 Sustainable Urban Development Strategies:

Literature on sustainable urban development offers valuable insights into practices

and strategies aimed at enhancing visual aesthetics while promoting environmental
stewardship and community well-being. By aligning design interventions in the Segno
Gebeya area with principles of sustainable development, including energy efficiency,
biodiversity conservation, and social equity, designers can create resilient, livable, and
culturally rich urban environments. Here, we explore research that addresses these
themes:

Energy-Efficient Design Practices:

Studies on energy-efficient design practices emphasize the importance of reducing
energy consumption and carbon emissions in the built environment. Research
investigates passive design strategies, such as orientation, shading, insulation, and
natural ventilation, to minimize the need for mechanical heating and cooling systems.
Additionally, advances in building technologies, such as solar panels, green roofs, and
energy-efficient lighting, offer opportunities to generate renewable energy and
enhance the visual quality of urban landscapes. By integrating energy-efficient design
principles into the built environment, designers can create visually appealing spaces
that contribute to climate resilience and mitigate the impacts of climate
change(Cooper Marcus C and Barnes MA(Eds), 1999) .

Biodiversity Conservation and Green Infrastructure:

37
Literature on biodiversity conservation and green infrastructure highlights the role of
urban green spaces in enhancing ecological resilience and supporting biodiversity.
Research explores strategies for integrating parks, green corridors, urban forests, and
green roofs into the urban fabric to provide habitat for wildlife, mitigate urban heat
island effects, and improve air and water quality. By prioritizing green infrastructure
in the Segno Gebeya area, designers can enhance visual aesthetics, create
opportunities for recreation and social interaction, and promote environmental
sustainability.
Social Equity and Inclusive Design:
Sustainable urban development literature emphasizes the importance of social equity
and inclusive design in creating cities that are accessible and equitable for all
residents. Research investigates strategies for addressing social disparities, including
affordable housing, accessible transportation, and community engagement in the
design process. By prioritizing social equity in urban development initiatives,
designers can create environments that promote social cohesion, cultural diversity,
and community well-being, enhancing the visual quality and livability of the Segno
Gebeya area for residents of all backgrounds.(Cooper Marcus C and Barnes
MA(Eds), 1999).

Participatory Planning and Community Engagement:

Studies on participatory planning and community engagement highlight the
importance of involving residents and stakeholders in the decision-making process for
urban development projects. Research explores methods such as community
workshops, stakeholder meetings, and public forums to gather input, feedback, and
local knowledge. By fostering collaboration and co-creation between designers,
planners, and community members, designers can ensure that design interventions in
the Segno Gebeya area are responsive to the needs, aspirations, and cultural values of
the local community, enhancing visual aesthetics while promoting social inclusion
and ownership of the built environment.(Decker, 1994).

38
2.10 Conclusion and Implications for Design Practice:

The literature review provides valuable insights into the various factors influencing
visual aesthetics and sustainable urban development in the Segno Gebeya area of
Dessie. By synthesizing key findings, we can draw implications for design practice,
policy-making, and future research, ultimately guiding the development of design
interventions that enhance visual quality and foster a stronger sense of place while
contributing to sustainable urban development goals.

Design Practice Implications:

Designers should prioritize a holistic approach that integrates architectural elements,
urban design principles, and sustainable strategies to create visually engaging and
culturally resonant built environments.Incorporating principles of placemaking, sense
of place, and visual quality is essential for fostering community attachment and
enhancing the identity of the Segno Gebeya area.Attention to architectural elements
such as building forms, facades, materials, and spatial configurations can contribute to
the visual coherence and aesthetic quality of urban environments, creating spaces that
inspire, delight, and endure.
Integration of light effects, color psychology, and construction materials offers
opportunities to enhance sensory experiences, evoke specific emotions, and promote
well-being within the built environment.
Policy-making Implications:
Policymakers should prioritize sustainable urban development strategies that balance
environmental stewardship, social equity, and economic vitality in the Segno Gebeya
area.Implementation of energy-efficient design practices, biodiversity conservation
measures, and green infrastructure initiatives can mitigate the environmental impact
of urban development while enhancing visual aesthetics and ecological
resilience.Policies promoting social equity, affordable housing, and inclusive design
are essential for creating cities that are accessible, equitable, and culturally rich for all
residents.

39
 CHAPTER THREE

3. Methodology
3.1 Introduction
This chapter is an essential part of a research study since it gives readers a thorough
grasp of a number of important topics:
The research design for this study adopts a qualitative approach, aiming to
comprehensively understand the subjective experiences and perceptions of residents
and visitors regarding visual aesthetics and the sense of place in the Segno Gebeya
area of Dessie. Additionally, a mixed-methods approach may be employed if
necessary to complement qualitative findings with quantitative data on urban
development indicators. Data collection will encompass various qualitative methods,
including in-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observation,
supplemented by archival research and document analysis to explore historical factors
shaping architectural styles and urban form in the area. Thematic analysis will be
utilized to identify patterns and themes in the qualitative data, while content analysis
will be employed for archival data to understand historical drivers behind
architectural changes over time. Findings will be interpreted within the context of
urban development, architectural history, and community preferences, guiding the
formulation of recommendations for specific design interventions aimed at enhancing
visual aesthetics and fostering a stronger sense of place in the community. These
interventions may involve the integration of light, color psychology, and construction
materials in architectural design, with a strong emphasis on community engagement
and participation throughout the design process to ensure alignment with local needs
and preferences. Surveys, interviews, observations, document analysis, and any other
pertinent techniques will be used in this. It also includes a description of the particular
tools or technologies—such as software, sensors, or questionnaires—that are
employed to gather data.This chapter describes the procedures used to conduct the
study, collect data, make conclusions, and analyze the findings, bringing transparency
and rigor to the research process as a whole. It increases the validity and
trustworthiness of the research findings by providing readers with an in-depth
understanding of the methodological framework employed.

40
3.2 Source of Data

3.2.1 primary sources

primary sources of data are original, first-hand accounts or observations that are
collected by the researcher. Here are examples of primary sources that one might
gather or generate in such a study:

Direct Observations: Documenting the physical characteristics of buildings,

the use of space, and the interplay of design elements directly in the Segno
Gebeya area.

Photographs and Videos: Creating a visual record of the area, capturing the
state of buildings, streetscapes, public spaces, and details that contribute to the
visual aesthetics.

Interviews: Conducting in-depth interviews with local residents, business

owners, architects, urban planners, and government officials to gather
subjective views on the visual aesthetic qualities of the area.

Surveys and Questionnaires: Designing and administering surveys to gather

quantitative and qualitative data on people's perceptions and opinions of the
aesthetics in Segno Gebeya.

Focus Groups: Organizing discussions with groups of local stakeholders to

explore collective views and societal norms related to aesthetic considerations.

Architectural and Urban Plans: Collecting first-hand architectural and urban

development plans from local agencies, which might include proposals for
new constructions or renovations.

Workshops and Public Meetings: Hosting or attending participatory events

where community members share their views on the built environment and
aesthetics.

41
 Ethnographic Studies: Performing ethnographic fieldwork to understand the
lived experiences and everyday interactions of individuals with their built
environment in Segno Gebeya.

3.2.2 Secondary Sources

Secondary sources provide analyzed and interpreted information from others'

research, studies, or documentation. For exploring the impact of the built
environment on visual aesthetics in Dessie's Segno Gebeya area, secondary sources
could include:

Academic Journal Articles: Papers published in architectural, urban

planning, and environmental psychology journals that explore related topics,
such as the effect of the built environment on visual aesthetics and human
experiences.

Books on Architecture and Urban Design: These may provide broader

context on the principles of architectural aesthetics, historical development of
urban areas, or theoretical frameworks that can apply to Dessie.

Theses and Dissertations: Graduate-level research that has been conducted

on similar topics, potentially offering case studies, literature reviews, and
methodological approaches that could inform your study.

Planning Documents and Government Reports: Official materials such as

master plans, development guidelines, and preservation standards that pertain
to the built environment of Dessie and similar locales.

Cultural Heritage Documentation: Records from organizations dedicated to

the preservation and documentation of cultural heritage, which can provide
insights into historical and aesthetic values of the area.

Statistics and Censuses: Demographic and economic data from government

sources or international organizations that provide context on the population
and urban development of Dessie.

42
 Published Interviews and Articles: Media content featuring discussions with
architects, urban planners, or community leaders talking about Dessie's urban
development and architectural aesthetics.

Conference Papers and Presentations: Documents from academic and

professional conferences where experts may have presented on topics related
to urban aesthetics or specific case studies.

Documentaries and Visual Media: Films, documentaries, and online media

that depict or discuss the urban landscape and architecture of Dessie could
offer visual insights and commentary on the area's aesthetics.

For the investigation, both primary and secondary data sources were used. Primary
data, such as reality on the ground (observation), is gathered from kebele, local
administration, woreda authorities, and sample selected individuals using structured
and semi-structured questionnaires.
of the unrestricted kind. To gather secondary data, a wide range of publications,
including books, articles, community websites, urban development plans, strategy
documents, official documents, project documents, and other significant published
and unpublished documents pertinent to the topic under investigation, were consulted.

3.3 Sampling Technique

In exploring the impact of the built environment on visual aesthetics in Dessie,

particularly focusing on the Segno Gebeya area, selecting an appropriate sampling
technique is crucial for obtaining representative data that accurately reflects the
characteristics of the study area. Here's a proposed sampling technique:
Sampling Technique Rationale Procedure Implementation
Considerations
Stratified Random Ensures 1. Stratification: - Comprehensive
Sampling representation of Divide area into coverage of Segno
diverse built distinct strata based Gebeya area.
environments within on characteristics
Segno Gebeya area (e.g., land use,
architectural styles).

43
 2. Random - Avoidance of bias
Sampling: Within and inclusivity of
each stratum, relevant features.
randomly select
sample units (e.g.,
buildings, streets).
3. Determine
Sample Size: Based
on stratum size and
desired precision
level.
Systematic Structured approach 1. Grid Creation: - Adjustment of
Sampling for to ensure coverage Establish grid over sampling interval
Observation Points of key visual Segno Gebeya area. and grid layout for
elements varying densities.
2. Sampling
Interval: Determine
based on area
density.
3. Selection Process:
Start from randomly
determined point
and select at regular
intervals.
Convenience Facilitates practical 1. Identification: - Efforts to engage
Sampling for engagement with Identify accessible diverse range of
Stakeholder stakeholders stakeholders stakeholders.
Engagement through existing
networks.
2. Engagement
Approach: Utilize
convenient
opportunities such
as meetings or
online platforms.

44
3.4 Data Collection Techniques
The study had employed both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques
offer a comprehensive approach to exploring the impact of the built environment on
visual aesthetics in Dessie's Segno Gebeya area. They allow researchers to gather both
subjective insights and empirical data, enabling a holistic understanding of visual
dynamics in the study area.

3.4.1 Qualitative data collection techniques

Qualitative research on Exploring The Impact Of The Built Environment On Visual

Aesthetics In Dessie: The Case Of Segno Gebeya Area involves designing a study to
understand subjective perceptions of visual aesthetics in the Segno Gebeya area. Data
collection methods such as interviews, focus groups, and participant observation
would be employed to gather rich, nuanced insights into residents' experiences and
perspectives. Thematic analysis would help uncover patterns and themes in the data,
illuminating how cultural, social, economic, and historical factors influence aesthetic
perceptions. Findings would shed light on what aspects of the built environment
residents find appealing or unattractive and the underlying reasons. The implications
of the research could inform urban planning, architecture, and community
development efforts in Dessie, potentially leading to recommendations for enhancing
visual aesthetics based on community insights and preferences. Ultimately, qualitative
research offers a holistic understanding of how the built environment shapes visual
aesthetics and contributes to residents' experiences in the Segno Gebeya area of
Dessie.
The data that was related to concepts, opinions, and values, walking behaviors of
people, filed notes from observation of certain activities

Table 3.1: Qualitative data collection techniques

Data Description
Collection
Technique
In-depth To learn about the perspectives, experiences, and opinions of
Interviews stakeholders on visual aesthetics, do one-on-one interviews with locals,
business owners, architects, urban planners, and other interested parties.

45
 Inquire further about their inclinations, worries, and recommendations
for enhancing the built environment's aesthetic appeal.
Focus Group To promote engaging debates regarding visual aesthetics, arrange focus
Discussions groups with a variety of community members. Invite participants to
discuss their viewpoints, participate in brainstorming sessions, and come
up with a collective list of important problems and chances to improve
the area's visual appeal.

Participant Take part in participant observation by spending time in the Segno

Observation Gebeya region in order to see and feel the built environment firsthand.
Keep track of your observations, conversations, and responses to
different visual components such streetscapes, architectural designs, and
public areas. This approach offers insightful personal information about
how people view and engage with the built environment.

Visual Employ visual ethnography methods to record and analyze the visual
Ethnography tales of the Segno Gebeya region, such as photo elicitation or visual
storytelling. Give participants cameras or cellphones, and instruct them
to record visually appealing or disagreeable elements of the built
environment. Examine the final photographs to find hidden meanings,
themes, and feelings related to aesthetics.

Mapping Engage community members in participatory mapping activities to

Exercises spatially reflect their opinions about what constitutes beautiful visuals in
the Segno Gebeya region. Annotate locations of visual significance,
recommended routes, and regions in need of improvement using maps
or GIS technologies. This cooperative strategy encourages community
involvement and gives locals the ability to participate in the processes of
urban planning and design.

Sensory Walks Plan guided tours or sensory walks throughout the Segno Gebeya
neighborhood to investigate visual aesthetics from several angles. Urge
participants to focus on the sounds, textures, scents, visual signals, and

46
 other sensory elements that enhance the environment's overall aesthetic
appeal. Encourage dialogue in order to document a range of sensory
preferences and perceptions.

Document Examine and evaluate records from the Segno Gebeya region, including
Analysis historical accounts, architectural sketches, urban plans, and community
periodicals. Determine the major architectural styles, cultural or
historical narratives that affect the physical environment, and effects on
visual aesthetics from the past and present. This approach offers depth
and context for comprehending visual aesthetics over time.

Photography Employ photographic documentation to capture quantitative data on

visual elements, such as building heights, facade treatments, and
streetscape features.

3.4.2 Quantitative data collection techniques

To investigate the asked and observed numerical data, the quantitative technique was
employed. Quantitative data was collected through;

Table 3.2: Quantitative data collection techniques

Data Collection Technique
Visual Surveys
Environmental Assessments
Description
Conduct structured surveys to
quantitatively assess visual aesthetics,
using rating scales or Likert-type
questions to measure perceptions of
aesthetic quality.
Use environmental assessment tools to
quantify aspects of the built environment

47

Sky View Factor (SVF) Analysis
Building Mass Index (BMI) Calculation
Statistical Analysis
Comparative Analysis
that impact visual aesthetics, such as
noise levels, air quality, and green space
coverage.
Conduct GIS-based analysis to calculate
the sky view factor (SVF), quantifying
the proportion of visible sky from various
vantage points in the study area.
Calculate the Building Mass Index (BMI)
to quantify the bulk and density of
buildings in different parts of the Segno
Gebeya area.
Employ statistical techniques such as
correlation analysis to identify
relationships between built environment
characteristics and perceived visual
aesthetics.
Compare quantitative data on visual
elements across different parts of the
Segno Gebeya area to identify variations
in aesthetic quality and urban design
characteristics.

3.5 Target population

The following people are the focus of the investigation of how Dessie's Segno Gebeya
neighborhood's built environment affects visual aesthetics:
Residents: People who live in the Segno Gebeya region and represent a range of
socioeconomic origins, demographic groups, and residential preferences.
Owners and operators of shops, restaurants, cafes, and other facilities in the Segno
Gebeya area are referred to as business owners.
Urban planners: Experts in the fields of urban planning, architecture, and design; this
group includes members of local government as well as architects, urban designers,
and city planners.

48
Community leaders are those who are involved in the Segno Gebeya area as
representatives of neighborhood associations, religious organizations, and other
community groups.
Architects and Designers: Experts in creating and molding the built environment, such
as landscape architects, urban planners, and architects.Local Authorities:
Representatives and decision-makers from the Segno Gebeya area's local government
bodies in charge of infrastructure, zoning laws, and urban development.
Stakeholder parties: Various parties, including cultural heritage organizations,
environmental advocacy groups, and tourism associations, have an interest in the
visual aesthetics of the Segno Gebeya area.
Visitors and Tourists: People who travel through or visit the Segno Gebeya region for
pleasure, business, or other reasons, adding to the area's aesthetic appeal and
economic vibrancy.
Researchers can obtain insights from various stakeholders and points of view by
interacting with this broad target group. This will help to create a more thorough
understanding of how the built environment affects visual aesthetics in Dessie's Segno
Gebeya neighborhood.

3.6 Sample size

To calculate the sample size for exploring the impact of the built environment on
visual aesthetics in Dessie's Segno Gebeya area, we can use the formula for sample
size calculation in surveys:

2
Z × P ×(1 − P)
n=
E2
Where:
n = required sample size
Z = Z-score corresponding to the desired confidence level (e.g., 1.96 for a 95%
confidence level)
p = estimated proportion of the population with the characteristic of interest (if
unknown, typically set at 0.5 for maximum variability)
E = margin of error (desired level of precision, typically expressed as a proportion)
For example, let's assume:

49
We want a 95% confidence level, so Z=1.96.
We don't have prior information about the proportion of the population with the
characteristic of interest (visual aesthetics perception), so we'll use p=0.5.
We desire a margin of error (precision) of 5%, so E=0.05.
Plugging these values into the formula:
2
Z × P ×(1 − P)
n= 2
E
2
(1.96) × 0.5 ×(1 − 0.5)
n=
(0.05)2
3.8416 × 0.25
n=
0.0025

0.9604
n=
0.0025

n=384.16
Rounding up to the nearest whole number, the required sample size
n is approximately 385.
Therefore, a sample size of around 385 participants would be needed to explore the
impact of the built environment on visual aesthetics in Dessie's Segno Gebeya area
with a 95% confidence level and a margin of error of 5%. Adjustments may be made
to this calculation based on specific considerations and constraints of the study.

3.7 Data Analysis Techniques

In order to comprehend and measure the influence of the built environment on visual
aesthetics in Dessie's Segno Gebeya neighborhood, a variety of data analysis
methodologies are used. The following methods are ones that could be used:
Surveys and Questionnaires: Asking locals and tourists about their subjective
perceptions of the area's visual appeal through surveys and questionnaires. Aspects
such as overall appeal, cleanliness, green spaces, and building architecture may be the
subject of questions.Visual evaluation: Applying visual evaluation methods to

50
examine the built environment's visual qualities in an impartial manner. This may
entail employing methods such as the Visual Quality Assessment System (VQAS), in
which scientists assign scores to various constructed environment components
according to predefined standards.GIS Mapping: Mapping the built environment and
analyzing spatial patterns that may impact visual aesthetics are accomplished by using
Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GIS can be used to find elements that
contribute to the overall visual attractiveness, such as building density, land use, and
closeness to natural features.Photographic analysis is the process of taking images of
the region from different angles and evaluating them to determine the area's visual
assets and shortcomings. This can aid in comprehending the ways in which various
built environment components combine to produce a visual impact.Statistical
Analysis: Correlations between various variables and perceived visual aesthetics are
found by applying statistical approaches to survey data analysis. Regression analysis
and other techniques may be used to ascertain the correlation between elements such
as building height, architectural style, and aesthetic appeal.Qualitative analysis
involves gathering qualitative information about how the local community perceives
visual aesthetics through focus groups or interviews with architects, urban planners,
and other stakeholders. Through qualitative analysis, people's experiences and
preferences can be better understood and context is provided.Literature Review:
Examining the body of knowledge in the fields of aesthetics, urban planning, and
environmental psychology to learn about theoretical frameworks and the results of
earlier studies on visual aesthetics in urban settings.Comparative Analysis: To find
best practices and possible areas for improvement, compare the Segno Gebeya area's
visual aesthetics with those of other cities or comparable locations in Dessie.

3.8 Description of study area and location

The research will be done in: Dessie city, Amhara, Ethiopia

Dessie is a city in north-central Ethiopia. Latitude: 11° 07' 60.00" N. Longitude: 39°
37' 59.99" E.;Map border Dessiē, Amhara, ET;Area: 1.20 km2;Topography: Included,
2351.00 m above sea level;Spatial Reference System: Meters; UTM zone: 37, easting:
567810.50, northing: 1226926.97

51
 Ethiopia South wollo Dessie city Segno gebeya
Figure ; location map of study area
Dessie is one of the oldest cities in the country and the capital city of South Wollo
Zone in the Amhara National Regional State. It is located on the Addis Ababa -
Mekelle highway, at about 400 km distance from Addis Ababa, in the northern part of
the country.

Road to Mekelle

Road to Addis -
Ababa

Conduct a detailed analysis of the Segno Gebeya area in Dessie, focusing on its
architectural features, urban form, and environmental characteristics.Document the
visual aesthetics of the built environment, including building facades, public spaces,
green areas, and street layouts.Assess the quality attributes of the area, such as spatial
layout, lighting, ventilation, acoustic comfort, and access to nature..

According to information from the city council, the current population of the city
is estimated at 174,705 people. The city, however, is deficient in infrastructure
development and social service facilities. The infrastructures like gravel road, solid
waste management facilities are much below the demand and requirements of the

52
population of such medium sized urban area. Sustainability is one of the eight
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set by the International community and
hence, governments are expected to work towards those targeted goals.

Dessie city Administration has identified 18 priority municipal projects to be

addressed in 2015/2016 and has developed capital investment plans accordingly.
Gravel road construction is planed as one of those priority development areas that
have been targeted for the plan period. The objective of this plan is described as to
meet public satisfaction through efficient service delivery and infrastructure
development.

CHAPTER FOUR

4. Result and Discussion

4.1 Enhancing Visual Aesthetics and Livability Through

Sustainable Urban Design

4.1.1Coherence and Harmony in Architecture

Impact: An area's aesthetic attractiveness may be diminished and visual cohesiveness

53
disrupted by a variety of architectural styles or uneven building designs.
This impact statement illustrates how the presence of atypical architectural styles or
uneven building designs in a certain area, such as Dessie's Segno Gebeya district, can
have a detrimental influence on the area's overall visual coherence and aesthetic
appeal. The consequences are outlined as follows:
diverse Architectural Styles: It can cause visual confusion and congestion when
buildings in a community have diverse architectural styles. Each architectural style
has unique characteristics, proportions, and building materials that can lead to an
unbalanced and disjointed streetscape.Inconsistent Building Designs: In a similar
vein, variances in building setbacks, heights, façade treatments, and colors can throw
off the rhythm and visual flow of the built environment. These differences could
detract from the area's overall appeal by giving the sense that it is chaotic and
unorganized.Broken Visual Cohesion: There should be coherence and continuity in a
place's visual appearance. Within a limited geographic area, the coexistence of diverse
architectural styles and unequal building designs poses a challenge to the
development of a cohesive and harmonious visual identity.
On the other hand, the visual surroundings may appear haphazard and
unorganized.Diminished Aesthetic attractiveness: Ultimately, the area's eclectic
building designs and range of architectural styles may lessen its aesthetic
attractiveness. If the different components don't work together to create an
aesthetically pleasing environment that conveys a sense of location and identity, the
result could be a chilly or uninspiring urban landscape.

Interventions: Implement urban design guidelines or zoning regulations to encourage

architectural harmony and coherence. Design review boards can ensure that new
developments complement the existing built environment in terms of scale, materials,
and character.
Zoning laws and Urban Design Guidelines: Clearly defining zoning laws and
Urban Design Guidelines can offer a foundation for preserving architectural
coherence and harmony in the Segno Gebeya region. These standards can include
desirable architectural styles, building heights, setbacks, façade treatments, and
materials to promote visual coherence and compatibility.
Boards for the Evaluation of Designs: Committees for design reviews can be
formed by architects, urban planners, community leaders, and other interested parties

54
to ensure that newly constructed work improves the built environment and conforms
with accepted design standards. Design review procedures may evaluate proposed
developments according to elements such as scale, massing, architectural style,
materials, and general character in order to preserve the area's visual integrity.
Community Engagement: In order to gather feedback and promote a feeling of
ownership over the area's development and design, it is imperative to engage with
local companies, residents, and community organizations. To ensure that interventions
reflect the values and goals of the community, comments from the community can be
used to shape the formulation of zoning regulations, design review criteria, and
principles for urban design.
Rewards and Support Initiatives: Encouraging voluntary compliance can be
achieved by offering incentives and assistance programs to developers and property
owners that follow design requirements and contribute to architectural harmony. Tax
rebates, density bonuses, accelerated approvals, or grants for design assistance are a
few examples of incentives that can be used to encourage investments in superior
architectural design and improve the area's aesthetic appeal.

4.1.2 Enhancement of Public Realm:

Impact: Idle public areas, like parks, plazas, and streetscapes, can reduce community
involvement and lower the area's aesthetic appeal. Visual Diversion: Dilapidated
public spaces sometimes display signs of wear and tear, such as cracked pavements,
rubbish, overgrown vegetation, or outdated infrastructure. Such careless visual cues
impair the overall visual quality of the surrounding environment and convey the
incorrect message.Trashy public spaces can contribute to an atmosphere of urban
blight by providing the neighborhood a bad, unwelcoming impression to visitors and
locals alike. Diminished Sense of Place: A city or community's personality and
identity are greatly influenced by its public spaces.Ignoring these places robs them of
some of their potential as centers, meeting spots, or memorials.As a result, the area
was unable to develop a strong sense of place or collective identity. In the absence of

55
well-maintained and visually appealing public areas, locals could feel cut off from
their surroundings and less likely to interact with their community.
Limited Community Participation: Neglected public spaces might hinder social
interaction and community involvement. When parks, plazas, or streetscapes are
unwelcoming or unsafe due to neglect, people are less likely to use them for social
gatherings, cultural events, or recreational activities. This lack of active use adds to
the area's sense of abandonment and isolation and reduces opportunities for residents
to engage in social interactions and communal life.
Negative Effect on Well-Being: Neglected public spaces may have a detrimental
effect on people's mental and physical wellbeing. According to research, having
access to well-maintained green spaces and lovely urban surroundings can improve
mental health, reduce stress, and foster a sense of community. Conversely, dirty
public spaces can intensify feelings of discomfort, isolation, and dissatisfaction with
the environment.
Rehabilitating neglected public spaces with interventions:
Placemaking Projects: Use placemaking strategies to breathe new life into public
spaces and encourage a sense of shared responsibility. This can mean collaborating
with neighborhood businesses, organizations, and residents to rehabilitate and
repurpose underutilized areas. Placemaking initiatives include pop-up exhibitions,
temporary interventions, and community events that can be used to test ideas and get
input.
EImprove streetscapes' usability and aesthetic appeal via targeted improvements
including larger walkways, improved lighting, and better signage. Investing in
pedestrian-oriented design elements like bike racks, benches, and navigation systems
can create a more hospitable and user-friendly environment for the community.
Green infrastructure investments: Incorporate elements of green infrastructure, such
rain gardens, bioswales, and tree plantings, into public spaces to enhance
environmental sustainability and aesthetics. Green spaces are not only aesthetically
beautiful but also provide numerous other benefits, like improved stormwater
management, biodiversity preservation, and better air quality.
Pedestrian-Friendly Designs: Prioritize the safety and comfort of pedestrians by
implementing traffic-calming measures such as pedestrian islands, crosswalks, and
traffic-calmed zones. Human-scale road layout and pedestrian accessibility as a top

56
priority can promote active transportation and improve pedestrian experience
overall.make the area more hospitable and convenient for the locals to enjoy.

4.1.3 Historic Preservation and Adaptive Reuse:

Impact: The area's cultural legacy and aesthetic appeal are diminished when historic
buildings are neglected or demolished.
Loss of Cultural Heritage: Historic structures are frequently used as concrete
reminders of the architectural and cultural history of a town. They serve as a link to
the origins and identity of the neighborhood by emulating the history, customs, and
workmanship of earlier generations. Important pieces of cultural heritage are lost
when these buildings are neglected or destroyed, and the community's collective
memory of the region's past is weakened. The community's cultural fabric may
become less diverse and rich as a result of this loss, depriving present and future
generations of the chance to understand and value their past.
Erosion of Visual Character: An area's streetscapes, skyline, and general aesthetic
appeal are all shaped by historic structures, which add to the area's unique visual
character. Their distinctive architectural designs, materials, and details provide the
built environment depth, character, and charm while evoking a feeling of location
steeped in tradition and history. The area's constructed landscape becomes more
uniform and generic as historic structures are neglected or eliminated, compromising
the area's visual identity. The authenticity and charm of the place may be lost as a
result of this degradation of visual character, which lessens the area's appeal and
feeling of identity.
Impact on Community Identity: A community's collective identity and sense of
pride are greatly shaped by its historic buildings. Residents are encouraged to feel a
sense of attachment and belonging as they act as markers and emblems of the local
identity. The distinctive characteristics and visual signals that define the identity of a
place are decreased or eliminated when historic structures are neglected or
dismantled. Residents may feel disconnected and lost as a result, and the social
cohesiveness and feeling of place in the community may also deteriorate. The area's
sense of identity and character may be further undermined if it loses its historic
structures and becomes just another generic urban environment.

57
Interventions for Heritage Conservation:
Heritage Conservation procedures:Establish stringent laws and policies to prevent
significant historical structures from being demolished or improperly altered. These
rules should outline criteria for identifying and categorizing historic buildings, outline
procedures for preserving and repairing them, and provide guidelines for thoughtful
restoration and adaptive reuse.
Initiatives for Rewards: Offer financial rewards to landowners in order to encourage
the preservation, repair, and adaptive reuse of historic buildings. Tax incentives, such
as property tax credits or abatements, can assist in covering the costs associated with
preserving and repairing historic structures. Moreover, landowners may find that
conservation efforts are more financially viable with the assistance of low-interest
loans or grant programs.
Projects Incorporating Adaptive Reuse: Promote the use of adaptive reuse as an
environmentally friendly way to revitalize historic structures without sacrificing their
architectural integrity. Adaptive reuse is the process of repurposing old structures for
contemporary uses, such as loft apartments, offices, concert halls, or boutique hotels.
By adapting old structures to meet modern needs, adaptive reuse initiatives contribute
to the revitalization of metropolitan regions while maintaining their historical identity
and visual diversity.
Engagement with the Community: Get active with your local community, historical
societies, and preservationists to help promote the benefits of adaptive reuse and
heritage protection. Get input on proposed conservation projects from pertinent
stakeholders and involve the public in the planning process. Growing public support
is essential to the sustainability and efficacy in the long run of historic protection
initiatives.
Provide property owners with resources, expertise, and technical assistance for
projects like historical preservation and adaptive reuse. Give guidance on the best
approaches to discover funding sources, abide by rules, and maintain historic
buildings. If landowners have the necessary information and support, conservation
efforts will be implemented and maintained more successfully over time.

4.1.4 Mixed-Use Development and Urban Density:

58
Impact: Monotonous land uses or low-density development patterns can lead to visual
monotony and inefficient land use.
Visual Dreariness: Tedious land uses or low-thickness improvement frequently bring
about monotonous design styles, restricted variety in building levels, and
homogeneous fabricated conditions. This absence of variety can prompt visual
dullness, where the scene seems uniform and needs visual interest. Without
compositional variety or particular highlights, the region might neglect to catch
consideration or make a feeling of spot. All things considered, it might seem dull,
unsuitable, and ailing in character, decreasing its general engaging quality and visual
allure.
Wasteful Land Use: Low-thickness improvement designs normally consume more
land per capita contrasted with higher-thickness options. This wasteful utilization of
land can bring about spread, where improvement fans out over enormous regions,
consuming significant open space, rural land, and regular territories. Spread adds to
longer travel distances, expanded framework costs, and higher natural effects, like
contamination and living space discontinuity. Besides, low-thickness advancement
frequently requires more noteworthy interests in framework, utilities, and
administrations, prompting higher public expenses and less productive asset
allotment.
Restricted Metropolitan Imperativeness: Repetitive land uses or low-thickness
improvement can add to an absence of metropolitan essentialness and dynamic quality
inside the area. Without a blend of land uses, conveniences, and exercises, the climate
might feel sterile, auto-situated, and without walker cordial spaces. The shortfall of
lively road life, clamoring business regions, and dynamic public spaces can hose
social association, monetary movement, and social essentialness. Thus, the region
might battle to draw in occupants, organizations, and guests, blocking its general
decency and monetary seriousness.
Ecological Effects: Repetitive land uses or low-thickness improvement examples can
worsen natural difficulties, like living space misfortune, air and water contamination,
and ozone harming substance discharges. Rambling advancement consumes normal
regions and agrarian land, dividing environments and reducing biodiversity. Car
subordinate ways of life related with low-thickness improvement add to expanded
gridlock, air contamination, and fossil fuel byproducts, further compounding
environmental change and natural debasement.

59
Interventions to Promote Vibrant, Sustainable Neighborhoods:
Encourage the adoption of mixed-use zoning laws in order to promote the coexistence
of residential, business, and recreational activities in one area or district. This is
known as mixed-use development. Mixed-use development fosters vibrant, walkable
neighborhoods that support neighborhood businesses, improve social interaction, and
provide visual interest by enabling a range of land uses to coexist in close proximity.
Because residents of mixed-use zones may more easily access daily amenities and
services within walking or riding distance, it can also help minimize reliance on cars.
Greater Densities of Cities: Increase urban density by implementing laws and
financial incentives that support compact urban planning, infill construction, and the
repurposing of unused land. Increased densities encourage more effective land use,
reduce sprawl, and make it easier to build infrastructure and public transportation.
Encourage the adoption of mixed-use zoning laws in order to promote the coexistence
of residential, business, and recreational activities in one area or district. This is
known as mixed-use development. Mixed-use development fosters vibrant, walkable
neighborhoods that support neighborhood businesses, improve social interaction, and
provide visual interest by enabling a range of land uses to coexist in close proximity.
Because residents of mixed-use zones may more easily access daily amenities and
services within walking or riding distance, it can also help minimize reliance on cars.

60
Greater Densities of Cities: Increase urban density by implementing laws and
financial incentives that support compact urban planning, infill construction, and the
repurposing of unused land. Increased densities encourage more effective land use,
reduce sprawl, and make it easier to build infrastructure and public transportation.
focusing development in metropolitan areas or
Travel Situated Improvements (TODs): Plan smaller, travel arranged advancements
that focus on admittance to public transportation, strolling, and cycling. TODs are
described by blended use, higher-thickness advancement bunched around travel hubs
or passages, for example, train stations or transport stops. By finding private,
business, and sporting conveniences inside strolling distance of public travel, TODs
advance maintainable versatility choices, decrease dependence on confidential
vehicles, and boost land use effectiveness. Furthermore, TODs can catalyze monetary
turn of events, make dynamic metropolitan center points, and work on in general
personal satisfaction for occupants.
Shrewd Development Standards: Embrace savvy development standards, for example,
smaller turn of events, blended land utilizations, walkability, and safeguarding of
open space, to direct metropolitan preparation and improvement choices. Brilliant
development systems advance manageable, fair, and versatile networks by adjusting
social, financial, and ecological goals. By focusing on reduced, blended use
advancement designs, shrewd development encourages energetic, bearable areas that
improve personal satisfaction for occupants while limiting ecological effects.

4.1.5 Green Infrastructure and Sustainable Design:

Impact: Lack of green spaces, tree canopy, and sustainable design features contribute
to visual pollution, heat island effects, and environmental degradation.
Visual Pollution: The lack of green spaces and vegetation contributes to visual
pollution, characterized by a landscape dominated by concrete, asphalt, and built
structures. Without natural elements to soften the urban environment, the area may
appear stark, sterile, and uninviting. Visual pollution diminishes the aesthetic appeal
of the surroundings, detracting from the overall quality of the built environment and
residents' well-being.
Heat Island Effects: Urban areas with limited green spaces and tree canopy experience
heat island effects, where temperatures are significantly higher compared to

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surrounding rural areas. The abundance of heat-absorbing surfaces, such as pavement
and buildings, coupled with the lack of vegetation, exacerbates heat retention and
thermal discomfort. Heat island effects not only increase energy consumption for
cooling but also pose health risks, such as heat-related illnesses and heat stress,
particularly during heatwaves.
Environmental Degradation: The absence of green spaces and sustainable design
features contributes to environmental degradation, including soil erosion, air and
water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Green spaces play a crucial role in mitigating
environmental impacts by absorbing pollutants, filtering stormwater runoff, and
providing habitats for wildlife. Without adequate vegetation and sustainable design
features, the area may experience degraded air and water quality, diminished
ecological resilience, and reduced overall environmental health.
Negative Health Impacts: The lack of green spaces and tree canopy negatively
impacts public health by limiting opportunities for outdoor recreation, physical
activity, and mental relaxation. Green spaces provide essential recreational amenities,
such as parks, playgrounds, and walking trails, that support physical and mental well-
being. In their absence, residents may experience higher levels of stress, sedentary
lifestyles, and social isolation, contributing to poor overall health outcomes and
reduced quality of life.
Addressing the impact of insufficient green spaces, tree canopy, and sustainable
design features requires proactive efforts to integrate nature-based solutions and
sustainable design principles into urban planning and development:
Increasing Green Spaces: Allocate land for the creation and preservation of green
spaces, including parks, community gardens, and urban forests, to enhance
biodiversity, promote ecological resilience, and improve the visual quality of the
environment.
Expanding Tree Canopy: Implement tree planting initiatives and urban forestry
programs to increase tree canopy cover, provide shade, mitigate heat island effects,
and enhance air quality in urban areas.
Integrating Sustainable Design: Incorporate sustainable design features, such as green
roofs, permeable pavements, and rain gardens, into urban infrastructure to reduce
stormwater runoff, improve water quality, and mitigate environmental impacts.

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Promoting Access to Nature: Ensure equitable access to green spaces and nature-
based amenities for all residents, particularly in underserved communities, to support
physical and mental well-being and foster social cohesion.

Interventions for Integrating Green Infrastructure and Sustainable Design:

Coordination of Green Foundation Components: Consolidate green framework
components, for example, metropolitan parks, local area nurseries, and road trees, into
the metropolitan texture to upgrade visual feel and work on natural quality.
Metropolitan stops and green spaces give open doors to diversion, unwinding, and
social connection while supporting biodiversity and biological system
administrations. Local area gardens engage inhabitants to develop their own food,
advance local area commitment, and add to nearby food security. Road trees enhance
the streetscape as well as give conceal, decrease heat island impacts, and further
develop air quality.
Reception of Economical Plan Standards: Embrace manageable plan standards in new
advancements to limit natural effects and improve generally speaking supportability.
This incorporates consolidating energy-effective structure plans, detached sun based
methodologies, and environmentally friendly power frameworks to lessen energy
utilization and ozone depleting substance emanations. Carrying out stormwater the
executives frameworks, for example, green rooftops, downpour gardens, and porous
asphalts, assists with catching and treat stormwater spillover, alleviate flooding, and
further develop water quality. Seeking after green structure certificates, like LEED
(Initiative in Energy and Natural Plan) or BREEAM (Building Exploration

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Foundation Ecological Evaluation Strategy), shows a guarantee to maintainable
improvement rehearses and guarantees elite execution, earth capable structures.
Execution of Green Rooftops, Downpour Nurseries, and Penetrable Asphalts: Present
green rooftops, downpour gardens, and porous asphalts as successful procedures to
moderate metropolitan intensity island impacts and improve biodiversity. Green
rooftops give protection, decrease energy costs, and make living space for natural life,
while likewise catching and putting away water to mitigate strain on stormwater
frameworks. Downpour gardens and penetrable asphalts help to oversee stormwater
spillover by permitting water to invade into the ground, renewing groundwater
supplies and lessening the gamble of flooding. These green foundation arrangements
work on natural strength as well as add to the visual allure and biological usefulness
of the fabricated climate.

4.1.6 Community Engagement and Participatory Design:

Impact: Limited community input in the planning and design process can result in
disconnected, uninspired environments that fail to reflect local needs and aspirations.
Disengaged Conditions: When people group input is missing or dismissed in the
preparation and configuration process, there is a gamble of establishing conditions
that vibe separated from the necessities, inclinations, and desires of nearby occupants.
Without significant commitment with the local area, choices about metropolitan
improvement might focus on outer interests or limited plans, prompting separates
between the constructed climate and the lived encounters of occupants. Subsequently,
the subsequent metropolitan spaces might feel distancing, indifferent, and lethargic to
the requirements of the people who occupy them.
Deadened Conditions: Restricted people group info can likewise bring about
deadened metropolitan conditions that need imagination, advancement, and social
lavishness. Networks have important experiences, points of view, and neighborhood
information that can illuminate the plan interaction and motivate intelligent fixes to
metropolitan difficulties. At the point when local area voices are prohibited, there is a
gamble of ignoring remarkable open doors for placemaking, social articulation, and
local area personality. Subsequently, the assembled climate might need essentialness,
character, and legitimacy, neglecting to catch the soul and variety of the nearby local
area.

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Inability to Reflect Neighborhood Needs and Goals: People group input is
fundamental for guaranteeing that metropolitan improvement projects line up with the
needs, values, and yearnings of nearby inhabitants. Without dynamic commitment
from the local area, organizers and planners might neglect central questions, disregard
significant social or social contemplations, or neglect to address explicit requirements
inside the local area. Subsequently, the subsequent metropolitan conditions may not
sufficiently serve the assorted necessities of occupants, prompting disappointment,
withdrawal, and social disparities.

Interventions for Fostering Community Engagement:

Participatory Plan Cycles: Carry out participatory plan processes that include
occupants in forming the eventual fate of their area. Arrange studios, plan charrettes,
and local gatherings to accumulate information, thoughts, and input from nearby
partners. By effectively including occupants in the plan cycle, organizers and
originators can guarantee that metropolitan mediations are receptive to the
requirements, inclinations, and goals of the local area.
Joint effort with Local area Associations: Team up with local area associations,
nearby organizations, and backing gatherings to work with significant commitment
and co-formation of plan arrangements. Cooperating with grassroots associations and
local area pioneers can help reach underestimated or underrepresented gatherings and
guarantee that assorted voices are heard in the dynamic cycle. Local area
organizations likewise give important bits of knowledge, assets, and organizations for
executing visual upgrade and placemaking drives.
Limit Building: Give open doors to limit building and expertise advancement to
engage occupants to take part in the plan and execution of metropolitan tasks
effectively. Offer preparation studios, plan education projects, and specialized help to
outfit local area individuals with the information, apparatuses, and certainty to
connect really in the arranging system. Building people group limit improves
neighborhood proprietorship and supportability of metropolitan mediations while
encouraging a culture of urban commitment and joint effort.
Computerized Commitment Instruments: Influence computerized commitment
devices and stages to expand interest and contact a more extensive crowd of
inhabitants. Use online studies, intelligent planning apparatuses, and virtual studios to
assemble criticism, request thoughts, and work with discourse with local area

65
individuals who might confront boundaries to in-person support. Advanced
commitment procedures can improve openness, inclusivity, and straightforwardness
in the arranging system, guaranteeing that different points of view are viewed as in
direction.
Straightforward Correspondence: Keep up with straightforward correspondence
channels all through the preparation and configuration interaction to keep occupants
educated, drew in, and involved at each stage. Give clear data about project
objectives, courses of events, and choice focuses, and guarantee that criticism got
from the local area is recognized and tended to. Straightforward correspondence
constructs trust, encourages responsibility, and reinforces connections between
partners, establishing the groundwork for effective joint effort and execution.

4.2 Historical Influences on Architectural Styles and Urban

Form

4.2.1 Colonial Influence:

The provincial impact from the Italian control of Ethiopia during the late nineteenth
and mid twentieth hundreds of years left an enduring engraving on Dessie, especially
in its design scene. Italian pioneers presented neoclassical and Workmanship Deco
design styles to the city, portrayed by their balanced exteriors, lavish enumerating,
and self important extents.
These design styles, intelligent of the preferences and inclinations of the Italian
provincial period, added to the visual variety of Dessie's fabricated climate. The
remainders of Italian pioneer engineering can in any case be seen in certain structures,
especially in the Segno Gebeya region. These designs act as substantial tokens of
Ethiopia's intricate frontier history and add to the area's engineering heritage.
The presence of Italian provincial design in Dessie adds layers of verifiable and social
importance to the cityscape. It fills in as a demonstration of the exchange of various
societies and impacts that have molded Ethiopia's metropolitan texture over the long
run. Besides, these building remainders give open doors to reflection, protection, and
versatile reuse, adding to a more profound comprehension of Dessie's over a
significant time span personality.

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While the Italian provincial impact is obvious in Dessie's compositional legacy, it is
likewise critical to recognize the more extensive authentic setting wherein these
designs exist. The tradition of imperialism in Ethiopia has complex socio-political
ramifications that keep on resounding today. In this manner, the protection and
translation of Italian pilgrim design ought to be drawn nearer with responsiveness and
attention to its verifiable importance.

Traditional Ethiopian Architecture:

Dessie's urban shape has been greatly impacted by traditional Ethiopian architecture,
especially in the Segno Gebeya region. Native Ethiopian architectural styles and
building methods, distinguished by their mud-brick construction, thatched roofs, and
elaborate woodwork carvings, have had a lasting impression on the urban landscape.
Traditional Ethiopian architecture reflects the region's historical building methods and
environmental concerns through the use of thatched roofs and mud-brick construction.
These materials blended in perfectly with the surrounding natural terrain while
offering insulation against heat and cold. They were also easily accessible and
appropriate for the local climate. Intricate wooden carvings, which frequently adorn
entrances, windows, and structural parts, also highlight the region's workmanship and
cultural legacy while enhancing architectural designs with ornamental beauty and
symbolic meaning.
These historic architectural features enhance the built environment's visual appeal and
authenticity in Dessie's Segno Gebeya neighborhood. They provide as a constant
reminder of the inventiveness of native building customs and Ethiopia's rich cultural
past. The urban fabric and identity of Dessie are significantly shaped by traditional
Ethiopian architecture, even in the face of the influence of modern and colonial
architectural forms.
The Segno Gebeya area's incorporation of traditional Ethiopian architectural forms
demonstrates a stronger ties to the area's cultural legacy and sense of place. Ethiopia's
built environment is resilient and beautiful, and both locals and visitors may enjoy it
by conserving and honoring these architectural traditions.structural components that
provide ornamental beauty and symbolism while showcasing the region's
craftsmanship and cultural legacy to architectural designs.

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4.2.2 Socio-Economic Changes:

Segno Gebeya and other urban areas of Dessie have been significantly shaped by
socioeconomic shifts over time. Urbanization and expansion have been fueled by
migration, population growth, and economic development, which has resulted in
significant changes to the built environment of the city.
Dessie's population growth has led to a rise in the city's need for infrastructure,
commercial space, and housing. The increased demand has accelerated the growth of
metropolitan areas, such as the Segno Gebeya neighborhood. Because of this, the
area's urban fabric has changed, and new businesses and residential buildings have
appeared to meet the demands of an expanding population.
The Segno Gebeya neighborhood's architectural styles have also been impacted by
Dessie's socioeconomic shifts. Modern architectural styles and construction methods
have become more prevalent as the city has grown and evolved. While colonial and
traditional Ethiopian architectural influences can still be seen, more recent
construction frequently combines modern and traditional design aspects to
accommodate shifting societal preferences.
In addition, the Segno Gebeya area's public amenities and infrastructure, including
roads, utilities, and recreational facilities, are being built as a result of economic
development. These improvements have enhanced the neighborhood's usefulness and
aesthetic appeal in addition to making it a more livable place.

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4.2.3 Modernization and Globalization:

Dessie has seen tremendous modernization and globalization in recent decades, which
is consistent with patterns seen in many Ethiopian urban areas. The city's architectural
landscape has been significantly impacted by this transition, particularly in the Segno
Gebeya neighborhood, where the blending of contemporary building methods and
architectural styles has grown in popularity.
Modern structures and infrastructure initiatives have been built in Dessie as a result of
the rise in popularity of Western architectural styles and building materials. This
change is a result of both the adoption of modern design ideas and technologies as
well as the impact of globalization.
The integration of contemporary architectural styles has significantly altered the built
environment's visual aesthetics in the Segno Gebeya region. Many recent innovations
are characterized by their sleek lines, minimalist forms, and creative use of
construction materials, which are influences from global architectural practices and
current design trends.
In addition, the Segno Gebeya region's adoption of contemporary architectural
designs is a reflection of greater socioeconomic shifts as well as goals for urban
growth and wealth. Contemporary structures and infrastructure initiatives represent
advancement, creativity, and interconnectedness, indicating Dessie's assimilation into
the worldwide economy and its goals for expansion and advancement.
However, there are drawbacks and complications to take into account in addition to
the advantages of modernity and globalization. Urbanization and modernization are
accelerating, which could worsen inequality, upend traditional livelihoods, and make
it more difficult to preserve cultural heritage and the environment.
Maintaining Dessie's distinct cultural legacy and identity while embracing modernity
must be balanced in order to successfully navigate these dynamics. Through the
integration of contemporary architectural designs with traditional building methods
and cultural values, the Segno Gebeya region may develop into a lively and dynamic
urban community that honors its history and future.

4.2.4 Cultural Identity and Heritage Preservation:

69
Dessie's architectural styles and urban form, especially in the Segno Gebeya district,
have been greatly influenced by efforts to maintain cultural identity and legacy. A
number of community-led programs, heritage conservation projects, and architectural
preservation initiatives have been developed to protect historical sites and traditional
building techniques, guaranteeing that the city's cultural legacy is preserved in the
face of globalization and modernization.
The Segno Gebeya area's scenic richness and cultural significance are enhanced by
these preservation efforts. The area maintains its distinct character and feeling of
place by keeping historical landmarks including houses from the colonial era and
indigenous constructions, as well as traditional architectural styles like thatched roofs
and mud-brick construction. These architectural features create a feeling of physical
remembrance of Dessie's rich cultural past and legacy.
Additionally, local stakeholders are encouraged to actively engage and participate in
community-led initiatives and historical protection projects, which gives them the
authority to influence the future of their area. These initiatives foster a sense of
stewardship and ownership over the built environment by supporting the protection of
cultural assets and involve the community in decision-making processes.
The Segno Gebeya area's attempts to protect its cultural identity and legacy include
not just the preservation of historical sites but also the promotion of local crafts, arts,
and cultural practices. The neighborhood's cultural fabric is further enhanced by
programs that assist regional craftsmen, artists, and cultural practitioners in
maintaining traditional craftsmanship and fostering cultural expression.

4.3 Enhancing Visual Character: Architectural Elements in

Segno Gebeya

4.3.1 Building Facades:

The design, materials, colors, and textures of building facades can define the visual
identity of an area. Well-designed facades can enhance the streetscape, create a sense
of harmony or contrast, and reflect the cultural heritage or contemporary aspirations
of the community. Architectural details such as windows, balconies, and

70
ornamentation can add depth and interest to the built environment, contributing to a
rich and visually engaging urban fabric.
Without a doubt, building facades are a major factor in determining an area's identity
and visual character. Here's a closer look at how different building facade components
affect the overall visual experience:
Design: The architectural styles, proportions, and compositions are all part of the
facade design of buildings. The visual language of the cityscape is shaped by the
facades, which can be sleek and modern, ornate and classical, or somewhere in
between. Whether the space feels cohesive or eclectic can be determined by the
design's consistency or diversity.
Materials: The visual appeal and tactile quality of building facades can be greatly
influenced by the selection of materials used. Materials with distinct aesthetic
attributes and cultural connotations include brick, stone, wood, glass, concrete, and
metal. Furthermore, the tactile quality and visual appeal of facades are enhanced by
the texture and finish of materials, which present chances for expression and contrast.

Colors: Color has a significant impact on the atmosphere, personality, and identity of
a building's exterior. Different feelings and perceptions can be evoked by the use of
color, regardless of whether it is muted or brilliant, monochromatic or diversified.
Color selections can be influenced by historical settings, cultural preferences, and
environmental factors, which adds to the built environment's overall visual diversity
and richness.
Architectural Details: Building facades gain depth, rhythm, and visual interest from
details like windows, balconies, cornices, moldings, and decorative components.
These architectural elements add to the built environment's workmanship and
ornamentation in addition to their functional uses. These minute touches enhance the
visual story of the cityscape by expressing historical allusions, cultural motifs, and
modern design advancements.
Building facades can improve the built environment's visual quality and give both
residents and visitors a sense of place, identity, and belonging by thoughtfully
selecting and combining design, materials, colors, and architectural features. Thus,
well-designed facades improve an area's livability, cultural richness, and aesthetic
appeal while also adding to the overall aesthetic experience of the surrounding area.

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4.3.2 street furniture

The term "street furniture" describes the many fixtures and amenities that are
positioned in public areas and along streets in order to improve the atmosphere and
serve practical functions. This covers objects like trash cans, benches, light fixtures,
and signage. Although street furniture is primarily used for functional purposes, it also
has a big impact on the aesthetic appeal and atmosphere of public areas. This is a
summary of its significance:
Practical Purposes: In public areas, street furniture serves important purposes. Trash
cans promote cleanliness and waste management, benches offer places for people to
relax and mingle, and signage offers guidance and information. Lighting fixtures also
guarantee safety and visibility. These components improve public spaces' usability
and functionality, improving the entire experience for both locals and guests.
Impact on the Eye: In addition to serving utilitarian purposes, street furniture is
essential in determining the overall aesthetic of public areas. Placement and
thoughtful design of street furniture may turn ordinary urban settings into visually
pleasant and welcoming areas. Street furniture contributes to the overall mood of the
streetscape and creates visual interest, whether through classic motifs or sleek modern
designs.
Improved Comfort and Accessibility: Pedestrian comfort and accessibility are
improved by well-designed street furniture. Cozy benches entice guests to stay and
take in their surroundings, while well-placed lighting fixtures guarantee safe
navigation—especially at night. Accessible trash cans and signs support inclusivity
and usability in public spaces by meeting the demands of a wide range of users.

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Aesthetic Coherence and Identity: A location's aesthetic coherence and identity are
enhanced by street furniture. Urban designers can establish a unified visual language
across the region by preserving consistency in design language and materials. Street
furniture contributes to the distinct identity and character of the streetscape, whether it
is a reflection of modern design trends, historical building styles, or cultural symbols.

4.3.3 Public Art Installations:

The identity and atmosphere of the Segno Gebeya neighborhood are greatly
influenced by the public art installations located there. These works become essential
parts of the community's story and identity, acting as more than just decorative
accents. Every piece adds to the fabric of Segno Gebeya's cultural landscape, whether
it be a sculpture that captures the spirit of the region's history or a mural that tells tales
of resiliency and advancement.

Through the deliberate placement of art in communal areas, the community cultivates
a feeling of possession and inclusion among its inhabitants. People congregate around
these works to establish connections with one another and their environment in
addition to admiring their beauty. These artistic interventions provoke dialogue,

73
whether it's a vivid painting along a pedestrian sidewalk or a thought-provoking
sculpture in a busy square,Arouse feelings and spark the imagination.

Furthermore, public art installations have the ability to convey universal themes of
inclusiveness, variety, and unity beyond linguistic divides. They act as unifying
symbols of shared goals and values that cut over divisions and unite people around a
common visual language.

It is crucial to maintain and grow Segno Gebeya's collection of public art installations
as it develops and grows. These artistic endeavors not only contribute to the region's
aesthetic diversity but also act as stimulants for social harmony, economic growth,
and cultural advancement. Segno Gebeya can continue to harness the transformational
potential of art to determine its destiny and inspire future generations through
partnership between artists, community leaders, and people.

Topography

The project area of Segno Gebeya is characterized by significant variations in

topography. As we prepared elevation map from 30m DEM, altitude variations, range
from 1924 meter, in low lying river valley bottoms to about 3037 meter above sea
level in the nearby Tossa mountain ridges. And the proposed site is in range of 2369
to 2592meter above sea level, slopes ranging from 0.024 to 19 degree.

Figure 1. Elevation and slope Map of Dessie city

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 5.1.3. Climate

There is Dessie meteorological station in project area. At this station highest rain fall
and average maximum and minimum temperature data were recorded. The maximum
rains fall data are received in months of July or August, when the full effect of inter-
tropical convergence zone (ITCT) is observed. The details of highest rainfall, average
maximum and minimum temperature data for Dessie station are shown in the table
3.1, 3.2&3.3 respectively.
Rainfall
Like other parts of the country, Dessie is also experiencing four seasons. These are:
 Keremt (mainly rainy season)
 Bega (dry season)
 Belg (small rains)
 Meker (a spell between the main rainy season and small rains)

The hydrologic analysis result that rainfall is the major factor controlling the water
cycle of the area of orographic type, which is formed from condensation of the vapors
driven by winds against highly elevated parts of the area.
The rainfall is weakly bi-modal with a small rainy season during the months of April
and May while along rainy season is experienced during summer comprising the
months of July, August and September.
The rainfall recorded at Dessie metrological station for the past 18 years (1994-2011)
indicated that the mean annual rainfall is about 866.25mm. The proportion of the
precipitation in the months of July and August is about 55% of the annual total. The
mean monthly rainfall that characterize the area for 18 years range from 10.00 mm in
December to 228.6 in August.
Table 1: Dessie Station Highest Rainfall

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. A. May. Jun. Jul. A. Sep. O N. D

1998 0 0 18.7 51 19.8 14.4 40.9 53.4 37.3 22.6 31 0
1999 0 27.3 24.5 58.8 26.8 40.3 45.2 94 14.5 48 0 23.4
2000 12.8 15 24.3 25.1 24.9 11.9 39.6 63.5 16.2 2.2 38.8 3.5
2001 16.2 0 40.8 18.7 8.8 21 37.5 52.8 12.4 36.5 55.5 0
2002 23.5 35.6 14 21.1 31.6 0 78.1 78.1 21 32.2 0 0
2003 30 0 24.1 0 7.6 8.6 68.3 44.5 50.5 23 0 9.1

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2004 0 0 3.7 19.6 15.7 21.9 36.7 53.7 49.6 49.5 23.7 17.8
2005 1.3 0 44 20 32.5 23.4 39.1 46.7 55.2 12.7 0 5
2006 7.5 11.2 23.8 34.1 12.1 Xx 76.2 71 33.2 10.5 Xx Xx
2007 21.5 19.1 20.3 65.9 9.3 17.4 30 55.4 36.4 2.3 8.7 43.2
2008 0 3.4 3.5 21.3 5.1 18.2 46 40 15 37.8 48.4 3.6
2009 10.4 18.9 30.7 55.9 35.5 16.3 55.9 61.5 12.6 13.4 6 0
2010 2.3 1 26.7 41 38.6 20.7 83.6 74.8 52.5 38.8 0 7.9
2011 15.8 38.8 21.8 22.6 21.7 12.4 36.7 34.7 27.1 14.2 8 0
2012 7.3 0.6 0 6.2 26.1 14.1 31.2 46.5 30 33.1 24.2 Xx
2013 9 8.4 7.8 49 8.4 14.1 66.7 50.7 15 28 12.7 Xx
2014 0 26 26 33.6 27.2 20.7 71.4 46.5 8.2 27.7 5.8 4.5
2015 5.6 1 17.4 38.8 37.5 12.5 43 42 8.2

Temperature
Two years (2010-2011) data is obtained from Dessie station for monthly mean
temperature. The two years average value shows that the mean annual temperature of
the city is 24.025 0C. The hottest month with the maximum temperature of 27 0c is
May and June while the coldest month is November and December with the
minimum mean temperature of 5 0c and 5.50c. Thus, the two years average value
show variation which range from 5.50c and 5 0c (for November and December) to 27
0
c and 25 0c (for May and June)
Table 2: Dessie Station Average Maximum Temperature

J F M A M Ju J A S O N D
Max 21.6 23.3 22.4 24.1 25 27 25.3 25.1 25 24 22.9 21.5
Mim
i 7 7.3 8.9 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.2 10.3 8.8 6.2 5 5.5

Land use/cover

Land use describes how a patch of land is used (e.g. for agriculture, settlement, forest,
whereas the land cover describes the materials (such as vegetations, soils, rocks, water
bodies or buildings that are present on the surface.
The land cover in Dessie town administration is categorized into 8 major classes. The
major classes are the built up area, cultivated land, exposed surface, forestland,

76
grassland, marsh land, Shrub and bush land, and water body. From the 8 major lands,
cultivated land (54.85%) takes the lion’s share followed by Shrub and bush land (19.50).
As it can be seen from figure.8 (the proposed road alignment superimposed with the
land use/cover, the proposed road alignment passes through built up(urban) area. The
proposed road does not cross any protect natural forest, grassland and cultivated land.
The area distribution in the sub-basin by major land cover is presented in the table
below (see the details from the table below).

Table 3 Land Use/cover of the Dessie Town Administration

No LULC Type Area (ha) Area (%)

1 Built-up Area 1594.76 9.27
2 cultivated land 9429.08 54.85
3 exposed surface 65.62 0.38
4 Forestland 625.14 3.65
5 Grassland 2067.97 12.03
6 marsh land 31.11 0.18
7 Shrub and bush land 3352.98 19.50
8 water body 20.88 0.12
Total 17187.54 100%

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Figure 2.Dessie Town Administration Major Land use/cover map, 2012

The existing Road Network, Utilities and Transport Study

The table below shows the length of asphalt, gravel and compacted earth surfaced
roads in Dessie city studied by the Dessie city infrastructure department.

Asset Category years

Road Sub-Category 2011/2012 2012/2013
Asphalt Roads 43.8km 45.8km
Gravel Roads 100km 105.3km
Earth Roads 59km 47.7km
Cobble Stone road 25.52km 31.52km
Pedestrian Side walkways 21600Km 21610Km
Bridges 9(No.) 13(No.)
Culverts 7(No.) 15(No.)
Drainage Cover 63(No.) 70(No.)
Drainage Sub-Category
Masonry Drain with slabs 7.82 km 10.82 km
Open masonry channel 25.37km 37.37km
Earth drain 126 km 129 km
Stone lined or paved with out mortar
12.54 km 15.54 km
joints
Concrete-lined Drain 0 0.511 km
Pipe Drains (excluding culverts) 38(No.) 116(No.)
Table 4 :-show the asset registered for Dessie city in 2012/2013

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 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION

Research Findings Considerations and Analysis

4. Environmental Impacts Identifications, Prediction and

Analysis

This part of the report addresses potential impacts associated with the proposed gravel
road construction project and analysis of the related impacts.
The major positive impacts of the proposed project are mainly those of solving the
lack of access roads, poor transportation services and establishment of proper
drainage system, while adverse impacts are mainly related to the involuntary
resettlement of about 221 householders.
The project environmental impacts have been those identified as specific to the site
such as land clearance, removal of soil and vegetation, land escape alteration
particularly at quarry site, silt deposition and pollution.

5.1. The positive Impacts

The establishment of this project will have a number of positive impacts to local
people and the region. Some of the major positive impacts include, obtain access road
and transportation services so that the community can easily and comfortably reach to
market and socially services, technology transfer, generating revenues and creation of
employment opportunities during the construction phase of the project. These
potential positive impacts, their origin and characteristics and proposed measures to
enhance those benefits are presented below.

5.1.1 Employment Opportunity

The direct and indirect employment opportunity to be created for citizens is economic
benefits of the project. Basically the project will create employment opportunities for
women, young and other needy citizen. It requires low skill level which can be well
managed through appropriate training.

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The feasibility study of the project indicates that the road construction will create
direct job opportunity for more than 300 citizens of labour and technical experts
during the construction phase within which most of them will be local residents.

5.1.2. Social Benefits

The employment opportunity to be created by the project will have social benefit
beside the expected economic benefit. The employment income from the project will
have a substantial role for social livelihood improvement in the project area. This
local income generation related social benefit will have long term as well as
cumulative benefits: As a result of creation of jobs, the project will have a
meaningful impact on poverty reduction as the project area is inhabited by largely
unemployed citizens, the employment priorities would focus on households subsisting
below the poverty line.

5.1.3. Urban Development

The implementation of the project is expected to contribute to the development of

process that would provide social services to the local community. The construction
of road automatically calls for better transport services. The availability of access road
and better transport services will also attracts various social services such as school,
health, water supply, market and banking, contributing to expansion and development
of the city.

5.2. Potential Negative Impacts

5.2.1. Slope Destabilization Impact

The rehabilitation area of the road networks is so sloppy that may trigger slope
instability as a result of considerable cutting and grabbing by heavy machineries
particularly if excavation is done during rainy season.

5.2.2. Impacts on soil erosion

The project will involve huge excavation and removal of the excavated soil
temporarily, quarry sites by this aggravates soil erosion, due to its effects of being

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impervious stratum, diverting and concentrating runoff water. Soil erosion can be
more serious along the route corridors where considerable cut and fill works are
involved, soil structures are naturally weak, steep slope, gullies and rills are formed,
no vegetation cover and susceptible to erosion, the drainage structure, shall consider
the volume of flood and keep the natural way, in addition downstream sites should be
considered

5.2.3. Impact on Water Resources

The project will modify the natural flow of surface water and drainage patterns along
the road alignments by concentrating flows. Earth works for road construction and
foundation of drainage structures, and excavation at quarries and borrow pits can
result in an increased soil erosion, temporarily cut-off the normal natural flow and
ultimately siltation in the streams and decline in water quality. In most places, it is
common to see substantially high amounts of silts collected at side ditches that will
eventually discharged into water courses. Furthermore, accidental spillage of fuels,
oils, greases and other pollutants during construction phase can have adverse effects
on water qualities of the streams that would eventually receive those effluents charged
with pollutants. Abstraction of water from rivers for road construction and perhaps for
application of water to suppress dust and for road construction may affect the daily
demand of the downstream users (demand for animal, ecological and irrigation).

5.2.4. Impacts on Air Quality, Noise and Vibration

During construction phase there will be a localized air and noise pollution particularly
in the vicinity of roads, borrow pits and quarry sites as a result of earthworks,
quarrying activities and vehicle movements on dusty roads as well as emission of
partially oxidized fuels. Noise and vibration from operation of equipments and by
passing vehicles may bring about all nuisances to local residents.
Excessive noise levels can also occur from the vehicular movement during
operational phase, there will be a significant increase in vehicular movement,
generally, and it is recommended that noise levels in residential areas should not
exceed 55dBA.

5.2.5. Impacts on Quarry and Borrow Pits

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The source of construction material for the proposed road project is from the nearby
Plato, the process of extraction of selected material will also result in loss of bush and
grass. The project will have moderate impact where operation of quarry sites and
borrow pits are practiced. However such activity should in all cases minimize tree
cutting.

5.2.6. Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment

Attempts have been made to widen the road that would bring minimal loss of
properties and displace residents. After trying all possibilities, the properties and fixed
assets that would be affected by the proposed road are included the residential and
commercial houses, market place (Segno Gebeya), fences and plantation trees.
Loss of Housing Units
The housing units that would be affected by the proposed road are either residential
houses or commercial houses (shops, flour mills etc) made of wood and plastered with
mud in most cases. The total number of houses affected by the project is 221 (along
Segno-Gebeya Road alignment) details about compensation cost, see RAP document.
Loss of Fences
Different types of fences such as wood, wood and iron wire, masonry and hallow
block, masonry and corrugated iron sheet, and masonry only will be affected and
compensation fee is prepared as per the guideline.
Loss of Plantation Trees
There is no protected natural forest or vegetation in the road alignment and
surrounding area because the proposed road passes through the town. Though no
significant impact on this vegetation anticipated during the road project construction
since the road project is follows the existing road and settlement, compensation fee is
paid for those who owns.

5.2.7. Impact on Public Utilities

The construction and operation of the proposed development project is predicted to

have potential impact on public infrastructures found in the area of its influence.. The
public infrastructures that may be affected by the construction activities of the
proposed development project are going to be the utility lines such as telephone,
power and water supply lines. The shops and residential houses present in the existing

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market are connected to utility services. Thus there is a possibility that water supply
distribution lines buried underground as well as power and telephone distribution
lines could be damaged during project construction activities. However proper
measures can be taken beforehand to minimize these impacts.
According to the inventory 222 telephone poles, about 289 Electric poles and 6
transformers will be affected by the proposed road project.

5.2.8..Impact on Traffic Accidents and Safety Risks

When the new design commences operation, it is anticipated that it will bring a new
traffic volume that was not there before. Apparently, it will become a centre of
movement for the city minibuses, taxis and Bajaj’s which will make one or frequent
trips on a daily basis. Thus the flow of traffic in the area is another issue which needs
further considerations.
The impact of the proposed development project on the traffic flow is generally to
increase the traffic volume in the area. Clearly, there will be more vehicle movement
and traffic activity along the city-SegnoGebya.

5.3 Impact mitigation measures

5.3.1. Mitigation Measure Impact on Slope Destabilization

The rehabilitation area of the road networks is so sloppy that may trigger slope
instability as a result of considerable cutting and grabbing by heavy machineries
particularly if excavation is done during rainy season
Possible mitigation measures for slope destabilization:
 Careful sitting and selection of the road alignments and quarry sites
 Both vertical and horizontal alignments of the road should follow the natural
relief as closely as possible
 Careful and proper execution of construction works
 Construct retaining walls, rock fills etc reshaping and other appropriate
measures to protect slope destabilization.
 Immediate construction of appropriate drainage structure

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 5.3.2. Mitigation Measures impact on soil erosion

The soil in the project area, though not generally productive due to area is occupied
by residences, there are areas of erosion along the road side that have resulted in part
due to vegetation clearance and in part due to lack of proper drainage. Erosion can be
felt in the form of a gully where vegetation has been removed and where drainage
structures were not provided. These problems may have detrimental effect on the life
of the road
 Erosion is also envisaged on embankments. Compact the soil on embankments
in a well compacted manner and planting with grasses can minimize the
erosion problems on embankments.

 Minimizing vegetation cutting during construction as well as provision of

standard side and cross drains will minimize the problem.

 Cut of topsoil (excavated soils) should be used for replanting improvements of

the embankments and to refill borrow pits.
 Adopt regulation (in consultation with the local communities and their leaders)
that prohibit livestock grazing on road shoulders, embankments, and right-of-
way, as necessary,
 Public education on soil conservation, and road influences on erosion and
sedimentation;
 Use of local labour in preventative and first-response maintenance to erosion
problems developing on the road.

5.3.3. Mitigation measures Impact on Water Resources

Movement of vehicle and machinery can compact the shallow aquifers leading to the
modification of the water table and fragmentation. Deep cutting will also cause
modification. The possible preventive and mitigation measures to protect water
resources deterioration and conflicting demands include:
 Design and execute adequate and proper drainage structures to reduce
erosion or sedimentation in drainage ways affected by road construction.

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  Avoid the risk of pollution to soil, surface and ground water sources
through the reduction of accidental spillage of fuels, oils, greases and other
pollutants
 Whenever there is conflicting demands on water resources between the
local people and the need for road construction, always give priorities to
the local people
 Implement proper disposal of solid and liquid wastes generated by road
construction activities.

5.3.4. Mitigation measure impact Air Quality, Noise and

Vibration

During the road construction period, haulage of construction material increase dust,
noise and vibration. Since the road passes through settlements, raised dust and noise
can cause considerable nuisance, and can result in increased incidence of respiratory
related diseases.
Mitigation measure to minimize impacts on noise and vibration:
 Reduce noise at the source by monitor and maintenance on noisy machines to
minimize its effects on people living around the project;
 Noise and vibration arise from crushing process should be minimized through
adequately designing of the foundation for the facility;
 use mechanical hammering which reduces the noise level;
 Reduce dust by watering the road to suppress dust
 Plant 2m tree buffer strips between road and surrounding habitation

5.3.5. Mitigation Measures for Soil Erosion at Quarry Sites

During construction phase, stone and sand are digged out from the quarry sites. Such
activities may affect the site due to creation of various pits or even big ponds,
affecting the natural land escape of the area. In addition to this, noise nuisance and
dust problems will also be induced due to increased traffic that carries the materials
from the quarry sites.
The project will have moderate impact where operation of quarry sites and borrow
pits are practiced. The possible mitigation is,

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  Borrow areas or quarry sites should be excavated and fill areas filled in such a
way as to facilitate rehabilitation and reinstatement.
 After completion of the works, all sites should be rehabilitated and restored.
 Large borrow areas should be replanted or transformed into ponds (in
consultation with the competent local authorities).
 Where possible, trees along borrow areas or quarry sites edges should be
protected.
 Random movement of heavy machinery at excavation sites should be
prevented.
 Cut of topsoil should be used for replanting improvements of the
embankments and to refill borrow pits.

5.3.6. Mitigating measures Impacts on Socio-Economic

Environment

The project impact on property which is higher significant due to the presence of
settlements. The recommended mitigation measures for impact under consideration
include:
 Before clearance of services and property the site for relocation should be
designated and alternative service for water, electricity and the like should be
provided. Such sites should be away from areas for water harvesting and from
ground water sites.
 The Affected groups should be aware before any property or service is
damaged and they should be consulted for options.
 Payment of full and fair cash compensation, which leaves those, affected by
relocation at least no worse off than they were previously.

 Minimize the area of ground clearance i.e. land clearing for road construction
should be restricted to what is absolutely necessary for the road construction;
 Replanting right species of trees on the road side that could provide benefit
such as shade, soil conservation and prevention of gullies, scenery, and
protection from dust, noise and wind etc.

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5.3.7. Mitigation measure Impact on Public Utilities

The only public utilities that may be affected by the construction activities of the
proposed development project are going to be the utility lines such as power and
water supply lines. The ULGDP project office will ensure that necessary
arrangements are done with the Dessie branch office of EEPCo and the Dessie water
supply and sanitation authority to safely relocate their network lines found in the part
of the project site which is not yet cleared for construction of the Gravel road. The
planned relocation of the utility lines will prevent unintended interruption of water
supply and power cut-off in the area caused by project construction activities. The
ULGDP project office will also ensure that the contractor is advised to avoid any
unnecessary damage to existing public infrastructures in the area during the entire
construction phase

5.3.8. Mitigation Measures Impact on Traffic Accidents and

Safety Risks

Traffic during construction can lead to accident in construction areas, detours, access
roads, material sites and in near-by towns and villages if proper mitigation and
monitoring is not in place. Areas such as sites where there are schools, market places,
religious and belief sites as well as residential areas need special attention. In order to
mitigate the impact the following is recommended:
 It is necessary to make every reasonable effort to minimize road safety hazards
and inconvenience to other road users, resulting from the passage of his, or his
subcontractors' haulage vehicles, and should impose and enforce compliance
with speed limits that may be established for construction traffic at lower
speeds than usual
 Proper signs should be in place and training for drivers should be provided to
ensure traffic safety
 Maintain supply of supplies for traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign
material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety
during operation phase.
 Carefully and clearly mark pedestrian-safe access routes.

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 The local people ought to get more information how to behave with
motorized vehicles and keep safe their livestock.
 Properly place hazard marks and signs to limit vehicle speeds especially
for sections passing through difficult terrain and denser settlement areas.

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Questionnaire

In order to explore the impact of the built environment on the visual beauty of dessie
city, I would like to propose the following research questions focusing on the Monday
market area.

Personal Information
Name....................Sex…………….…. Age……………………….
Job………………………………………Date………………………

Detail Information
1. Do you reside in the Segno Gebeya area of Dessie?
Yes No
2. On a scale of 1 to 5, how would you rate the overall visual aesthetics of the Segno
Gebeya area?
1 - Very Poor 3 - Average
2 - Poor 4 - Good
5- Excellent
3. Which aspect do you think contributes the most to the visual aesthetics of the
Segno Gebeya area?
Architecture Urban Planning
Landscaping Lighting
Cleanliness
4. How important do you think preserving cultural heritage is in enhancing the visual
aesthetics of the Segno Gebeya area?
Not Important Slightly Important
Moderately Important Very Important
Extremely Important
5. Do you believe socio-economic factors play a significant role in maintaining
visually appealing spaces in the Segno Gebeya area?
Yes No
If you say yes, how?

If you say no, why?

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6. Have you observed any efforts or initiatives aimed at improving the visual
aesthetics of the Segno Gebeya area?
Yes No
7. What changes would you suggest to enhance the visual aesthetics of the Segno
Gebeya area?

8. How do you think the visual aesthetics of the Segno Gebeya area compare to other
areas within Dessie

9. What benefits do you think visually pleasing built environments bring to the
residents and community of Segno Gebeya?

Interview Guide

Here are some interview questions tailored to exploring the impact of the built
environment on visual aesthetics in Dessie, specifically focusing on the Segno Gebeya
area:

Personal Information
Interviewee Name:……………………………..Sex: Female Male
Position/job:………………………….……..…Age: 10-20, 20-
30, 30-40
40-50
above 50
Interviewer Name: ………………………….……Date…………………

Detail information
1. Can you describe your experience with the Segno Gebeya area in Dessie? What
stands out to you visually?

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2. How do you perceive the overall aesthetic quality of the built environment in the
Segno Gebeya area compared to other parts of Dessie?

3.. In your opinion, what factors contribute most significantly to the visual appeal of
the Segno Gebeya area?

4. Are there specific architectural styles or design elements that define the visual
identity of the Segno Gebeya area?

5. How do you think the built environment in the Segno Gebeya area influences the
way people interact with and perceive the space?

6. Have you noticed any recent changes or developments in the built environment of
the Segno Gebeya area? How have these changes impacted its visual aesthetics?

7. Can you identify any challenges or issues related to visual aesthetics in the Segno
Gebeya area, such as urban decay or lack of maintenance?

8. Are there any cultural or historical influences that have shaped the visual aesthetics
of the Segno Gebeya area?

9. How do residents and visitors typically respond to the visual aesthetics of the
Segno Gebeya area?

10. In your opinion, what improvements could be made to enhance the visual appeal
of the built environment in the Segno Gebeya area?

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