Tutorial # 5

Continuous Random Variables and Probability

Distributions
Exercise #1:

a.

𝑎=$2.80a=$2.80, 𝑏=$3.14b=$3.14

Average price: 𝜇=2.80+3.142=$2.97μ=22.80+3.14=$2.97 ​

Standard deviation: 𝜎=3.14−2.8012≈$0.121σ=123.14−2.80≈$0.121

​ ​

b.

𝑃(3.00≤𝑋≤3.10)=3.10−3.003.14−2.80=0.100.34≈0.294P(3.00≤X≤3.10)=3.14−2.803.10−3.00 ​

=0.340.10≈0.294
​

Exercise #2:

a. Probability of flight time between 120 and 130 minutes:

Since the flight time is uniformly distributed between 120 and 140 minutes, the probability is:

𝑃(120≤𝑋≤130)=130−120140−120=1020=0.5P(120≤X≤130)=140−120130−120=2010=0.5 ​ ​

b. Probability of flight time between 128 and 136 minutes:

𝑃(128≤𝑋≤136)=136−128140−120=820=0.4P(128≤X≤136)=140−120136−128=208=0.4 ​ ​

c.

𝐸(𝑋)=120+1402=130E(X)=2120+140=130 minutes
​

d.

𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋)=(140−120)212=40012≈33.33Var(X)=12(140−120)2=12400≈33.33
​ ​

Exercise #3:

a.

𝑓(𝑥)=115𝑒−𝑥15f(x)=151e−15x
​ ​

b. Probability that arrival time is at most 6 seconds:

𝑃(𝑋≤6)=∫06115𝑒−𝑥15𝑑𝑥P(X≤6)=∫06151e−15xdx (integrating pdf from 0 to 6)

​ ​ ​
c. Probability that arrival time is between 6 and 18 seconds:

𝑃(6≤𝑋≤18)=∫618115𝑒−𝑥15𝑑𝑥P(6≤X≤18)=∫618151e−15xdx (integrating pdf from 6 to 18)

​ ​ ​

Exercise #4:

a. Probability that repair time exceeds two hours:

Given 𝜆=2λ=2, which means rate of occurrence per hour is 2. So, probability of repair time
exceeding 2 hours is 𝑒−2×2=𝑒−4e−2×2=e−4.

b. Probability that a repair takes at least ten hours, given that its duration has exceeded nine
hours:

This is the conditional probability 𝑃(𝑋≥10∣𝑋>9)P(X≥10∣X>9), which is equal to

𝑃(𝑋≥10∩𝑋>9)𝑃(𝑋>9)P(X>9)P(X≥10∩X>9)

Exercise #5:

a. Probability that at least 10 minutes will elapse between arrivals:

𝜆=2.44λ=2.44 (average arrival rate)

𝑃(𝑋≥10)=1−𝑃(𝑋<10)P(X≥10)=1−P(X<10)

Using the Poisson distribution formula:

𝑃(𝑋<10)=∑𝑘=09𝑒−𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘!P(X<10)=∑k=09k!e−λλk
​ ​

Calculating this sum gives 𝑃(𝑋<10)≈0.1816P(X<10)≈0.1816

𝑃(𝑋≥10)≈1−0.1816=0.8184P(X≥10)≈1−0.1816=0.8184

b. Probability that at least 5 minutes will elapse between arrivals:

𝑃(𝑋≥5)=1−𝑃(𝑋<5)P(X≥5)=1−P(X<5)

calculating 𝑃(𝑋<5)P(X<5) gives 𝑃(𝑋<5)≈0.0167P(X<5)≈0.0167

𝑃(𝑋≥5)≈1−0.0167=0.9833P(X≥5)≈1−0.0167=0.9833

c. Probability that at least 1 minute will elapse between arrivals:

𝑃(𝑋≥1)=1−𝑃(𝑋=0)P(X≥1)=1−P(X=0)
Using the Poisson distribution formula with 𝑘=0k=0, we get
𝑃(𝑋=0)≈𝑒−2.44≈0.0889P(X=0)≈e−2.44≈0.0889

𝑃(𝑋≥1)≈1−0.0889=0.9111P(X≥1)≈1−0.0889=0.9111

d. Expected amount of time between arrivals:

𝐸(𝑋)=1𝜆=12.44≈0.4098E(X)=λ1=2.441≈0.4098 minutes
​ ​

Exercise #6:

Using the standard normal distribution table:

1. 𝑃(𝑍<1)≈0.8413P(Z<1)≈0.8413
2. 𝑃(0<𝑍<1.25)=𝑃(𝑍<1.25)−𝑃(𝑍<0)≈0.8944−0.5=0.3944P(0<Z<1.25)=P(Z<1.25)−P(Z<0)≈0.8944−
0.5=0.3944
3. 𝑃(−1<𝑍<1)=𝑃(𝑍<1)−𝑃(𝑍<−1)=0.8413−(1−𝑃(𝑍<1))=0.8413−(1−0.8413)=0.6826P(−1<Z<1)=P(Z<1)−P
(Z<−1)=0.8413−(1−P(Z<1))=0.8413−(1−0.8413)=0.6826
4. 𝑃(𝑍>1.58)=1−𝑃(𝑍<1.58)≈1−0.9432=0.0568P(Z>1.58)=1−P(Z<1.58)≈1−0.9432=0.0568
5. 𝑃(𝑍>−2.35)=1−𝑃(𝑍<−2.35)≈1−0.0094=0.9906P(Z>−2.35)=1−P(Z<−2.35)≈1−0.0094=0.9906

Exercise #7:

a. For the number of people with height less than 165cm:

𝑍=165−17010=−0.5Z=10165−170=−0.5 ​

Looking up -0.5 in the standard normal distribution table gives

𝑃(𝑍<−0.5)≈0.3085P(Z<−0.5)≈0.3085.

So, approximately 30.85%30.85% of people have a height less than 165cm.

b. For the number of people with height greater than 200cm:

𝑍=200−17010=3Z=10200−170=3 ​

Looking up 3 in the standard normal distribution table gives 𝑃(𝑍>3)≈0.0013P(Z>3)≈0.0013.

So, approximately 0.13%of people have a height greater than 200cm.

c. For the number of people with height between 160cm and 180cm:
𝑍160=160−17010=−1Z160=10160−170=−1
​ ​

𝑍180=180−17010=1Z180=10180−170=1
​ ​

𝑃(160<𝑋<180)=𝑃(−1<𝑍<1)P(160<X<180)=P(−1<Z<1)

From the standard normal distribution table, 𝑃(−1<𝑍<1)≈0.6826P(−1<Z<1)≈0.6826.

So, approximately 68.26% of people have a height between 160cm and 180cm.

Exercise #8:

a. For students with a mark more than 10:

𝑍=10−7.43=0.8667Z=310−7.4=0.8667​

𝑃(𝑍>0.8667)=1−𝑃(𝑍<0.8667)≈1−0.8061=0.1939P(Z>0.8667)=1−P(Z<0.8667)=1−0.8061=0.1939

So, approximately 19.39%of students scored more than 10.

b. For 𝑥x given that 𝑝(𝑋<𝑥)=0.0985p(X<x)=0.0985:

Looking up 0.0985 in the standard normal distribution table gives the corresponding 𝑍-score
as approximately 𝑍=−1.28.

𝑋=𝜇+𝑍×𝜎=7.4+(−1.28)×3=7.4−3.84=3.56X=μ+Z×σ=7.4+(−1.28)×3=7.4−3.84=3.56.

So, 9.85% of students scored below approximately 3.56.

Exercise #9:

a. What is the probability that more than 39 PC purchasers bought a Dell computer?

Using the cumulative distribution function of the binomial distribution with parameters
𝑛=130n=130 and 𝑝=0.27p=0.27:

𝑃(𝑋>39)=1−𝑃(𝑋≤39)P(X>39)=1−P(X≤39)

𝜇=𝑛𝑝=130×0.27=35.1μ=np=130×0.27=35.1

𝜎=𝑛𝑝(1−𝑝)=130×0.27×(1−0.27)≈5.57σ=np(1−p)=130×0.27×(1−0.27)≈5.57
​ ​

Now, we standardize and use the normal approximation:

𝑍=39−35.15.57≈0.698Z=5.5739−35.1≈0.698
​

Looking up 𝑍=0.698Z=0.698 in the standard normal distribution table, we find

𝑃(𝑍>0.698)≈1−0.7571=0.2429P(Z>0.698)≈1−0.7571=0.2429.

So, the probability that more than 39 PC purchasers bought a Dell computer is approximately
0.2429

b. What is the probability that between 28 and 38 PC purchasers (inclusive) bought a Dell
computer?

We calculate 𝑃(28≤𝑋≤38)P(28≤X≤38) using the binomial distribution formula:

𝑃(28≤𝑋≤38)=∑𝑥=2838(130𝑥)(0.27)𝑥(0.73)130−𝑥P(28≤X≤38)=∑x=2838(x130)(0.27)x(0.73)130−x
​ ​

c. What is the probability that fewer than 23 PC purchasers bought a Dell computer?

𝑃(𝑋<23)=𝑃(𝑋≤22)P(X<23)=P(X≤22)

d. What is the probability that exactly 33 PC purchasers bought a Dell computer?

Using the binomial distribution probability mass function:

𝑃(𝑋=33)=(13033)(0.27)33(0.73)97P(X=33)=(33130)(0.27)33(0.73)97
​