VIOLENCE, ABUSE &

DISABILITY
According to the UK The experience of
Government and the DEFINITIONS disability arises from
Equality Act of 2010, the interplay of an
you are considered individual's health
disabled if you ‘have a
condition, such as
physical or mental
impairment that has a
cerebral palsy, Down
‘substantial’ and ‘long- syndrome, or
term’ negative effect on depression, with
your ability to do normal various personal and
daily activities.’ In this environmental factors,
context, we can such as negative
understand ‘long-term’ attitudes, lack of
to mean a year or more accessible
and ‘substantial’ to mean transportation and
having a considerable
public buildings, and
impact on daily tasks
limited social support.
(UK Government, 2010).
 These health disparities arise from
DEFINITIONS unjust circumstances that affect
people with disabilities
disproportionately. These include
Approximately 1.3 billion discrimination, stigma, poverty,
people, which equates to exclusion from education and
around one-sixth of the employment opportunities, and
world's population, face obstacles encountered within the
significant disability. healthcare system.
Individuals with disabilities
have shorter life
expectancies, worse health In comparison to able-bodied
outcomes, and greater individuals, people with
limitations in performing disabilities are twice as likely to
everyday activities compared develop comorbid conditions
to those without disabilities, like diabetes, depression and
mainly due to health asthma, are almost 15 times
disparities. more restricted by lack of
transportation access and have
a much shorter life expectancy
than those without disabilities
Co-occurring conditions in Autistic Children- Undivided (Fried, et al., 2004).
The medical model of
disability views
disability as an
individual problem
that is primarily
caused by an
impairment or
medical condition. It
focuses on diagnosing
and treating the
impairment or
condition, rather than
addressing the social
and environmental
factors that may
contribute to the
disability.
The Medical Model of Disability- NeuroDiverCity
MEDIC AL MODEL OF According to the
DISABILITY medical model, people
with disabilities are
seen as inherently
different from non-
disabled people and are
often pathologized,
medicalized, and
stigmatized. This model
assumes that the goal is
to cure or fix the
individual's impairment
or condition, rather
than accommodating
their needs or
providing support for
their full participation in
society (Arehart, 2008).
The medical model of disability has
been criticized for its narrow focus
on individual impairment and its
failure to account for social and
environmental factors that can
contribute to disability. The
medical model focuses on the
individual's impairment and sees it
as the sole cause of disability. It
does not consider the social and
environmental factors that
contribute to disability, such as
inaccessible infrastructure,
discrimination, and social
attitudes. It also views disability
as a medical condition that needs
to be cured or fixed, which can
lead to the stigmatization of
disabled people. It implies that
disability is a problem that needs
to be fixed rather than a natural
aspect of human diversity
(Bunbury, 2019).
The medical model often
MEDIC AL MODEL OF
results in an overreliance
DISABILITY on medical interventions,
which can lead to
unnecessary medicalization
and harm. Medical
interventions may be used
to control and manage
disabled people's behaviour
rather than empowering
them to live their lives to
the fullest. It often
overlooks the subjective
experiences of disabled
people, including the
challenges they face, their
coping strategies, and their
personal goals. This can
result in a lack of
understanding and empathy
Medical Model – Crippencartoons.com towards disabled people.
An alternative definition of
disability is one offered by
the social model of
disability. This framework
views disability as a social
and political issue rather
than an individual problem
caused by a medical
condition or impairment. It
emphasizes the role of
social and environmental
barriers in creating
disability and promotes the
idea that society should
adapt to accommodate
people with disabilities
rather than expecting them
to conform to able-bodied
norms (Barnes, 2019).
SOCIAL MODEL OF Examples of barriers that
DISABILITY can disable people can
include:
• Physical barriers, such as lack of
ramps in buildings or flashing
lights that can cause seizures.
• Social or attitudinal barriers,
such as believing a disabled
person ’can’t do something’,
further disabling them.
According to the social
model of disability, Disability
isn’t something that exists
inside your body or your
mind. It’s something that is
created by an inaccessible
society.
The social model recognizes
that disability is a complex
and diverse experience and
that different individuals
may face different barriers
based on their impairments,
identities, and social
context. It also
acknowledges the
importance of
intersectionality in
understanding the
experiences of people with
disabilities who may face
additional forms of
oppression based on race,
gender, sexuality, and other
factors.
SOCIAL MODEL OF The social model of
DISABILITY disability advocates for
social change to remove
barriers and promote
inclusion and accessibility
for people with
disabilities. This includes
measures such as
accessible design, anti-
discrimination legislation,
inclusive education and
employment policies, and
promoting a culture of
disability pride and
acceptance (Anastasiou &
Kauffman, 2013).
Ableism refers to discrimination or
prejudice against individuals with
disabilities. It is a form of
oppression in which persons with
disabilities are considered as
inferior, excluded from societal
participation, and denied equal
access to opportunities and
resources.
Nondisabled people may express
explicitly positive beliefs and
feelings about disability while
harbouring automatic, unconscious,
and decidedly negative attitudes.
Physical barriers, inaccessible
environments, derogatory
language, and negative
stereotypes are all examples of
ableism. It might be deliberate or
inadvertent, but it can have major
repercussions for people with
disabilities, such as social isolation,
poverty, and poor health
outcomes (Dunn, 2021).
Aspects that define and
ABLEISM contribute to ableism include:
• Anxiety in unstructured social
interactions in which nondisabled
individuals act awkwardly around
disabled persons
• Social and cultural conditioning, as
well as conventions (for example,
"people who are familiar, similar to
me, are good").
• Gender and personality factors—
women and persons with higher
education levels are more
accepting of disabilities than males
or those with lower education
levels.
• Familiar responses to minorities,
resulting in disabled persons being
marginalised alongside other
groups because of their race,
religion, ethnicity, sexual
orientation.
Examples of ableism- The Inclusive Education Programme
Ableism is frequently ABLEISM Ableism is present
caused by widespread
through all levels of
misconceptions and a lack
of understanding regarding society, as shown by
individuals with disabilities. former US President
As a result, many ableist Donald Trump mocking
behaviours have become journalist Serge Kovaleski
widely accepted. The who has arthrogryposis, a
language we use is a perfect condition that impacts
illustration of this. Words motor function in joints.
like "blind," "deaf," and This further supports the
"dumb," which are social model of disability
commonly used as insults and continues to
or jokes, reinforce ableism perpetuate incorrect
by othering persons with views and opinions that
mental or physical further marginalise and
disabilities. Most institutions discriminate against
and groups are designed to people with disabilities
accommodate non-disabled
(Reber, et al., 2022).
persons solely, excluding
disabled people.

Donald Trump mocks reporter with disability- The Guardian

 CONTINUUM OF SEXUAL Disabled people are at higher
The continuum of sexual risk of experiencing sexual
violence is a framework that
VIOLENCE violence and abuse than non-
illustrates the range of disabled people. The reasons
sexual violence that can for this are complex and
occur, from verbal include factors such as social
harassment to rape and isolation, communication
sexual assault. It is a way of barriers, and the belief that
understanding that sexual disabled people are less likely
violence is not a one-time to report abuse. The
event, but rather a spectrum continuum of sexual violence
of behaviours that can is particularly relevant to
escalate in severity over disabled people because it
time. The continuum of highlights that sexual violence
sexual violence can be can take many forms,
helpful in recognizing and including subtle forms of
addressing sexual violence in harassment, coercion, and
all its forms. manipulation, as well as
physical assault.
Continuum of Violence- California Polytechnic University
Conducive context can
refer to how societal
structures interact and
make violence more likely
to occur in particular
settings. When applying
conducive context to
violence against those with
disabilities, it is clear that
social norms and societal
structures play a large part
in how people with
disabilities are treated.
This is especially true if you
subscribe to the social
model of disability, as both
theories understand social
contexts as both causation
for disability and reasoning
as to why those with
disabilities may experience
violence at a higher rate.
CONDUCIVE CONTEXT Understanding conducive
context also helps us
better understand the
application of
intersectionality to
violence and disability, as
we develop a better
understanding of how
social identifiers interact
with one another and can
then apply this knowledge
to help understand how
different intersecting
social structures influence
the likelihood of
perpetration and why
people with disabilities
experience violence
Epidemic rates of violence- End Abuse PWD differently (Sasseville, et
al., 2020).
Disabled people are more
likely to be sexually SEXUAL VIOLENCE
assaulted for a variety of
reasons. One of the most
important aspects is the
power disparity between
the abuser and the victim.
them to recognise and report
Disabled people may be
particularly vulnerable to
abuse since they rely on
carers or others for daily
life duties and help. This
dependency can lead to a
power imbalance, making it
more difficult for the
victim to speak up or flee
the abuse.
Disabled people may have
communication problems or
lack the same degree of
awareness about healthy
relationships and boundaries
as non-disabled people,
making it more difficult for
sexual abuse. This is
particularly prevalent in
relationships where the
disabled person has issues
with cognitive function or
other intellectual disabilities.
(Martin, et al., 2006)
Because of social views and
misconceptions regarding
SEXUAL VIOLENCE
disability, disabled people may
be targeted for sexual assault.
To address the increased risk of
Some abusers, for example, may
sexual assault among disabled people,
feel that disabled people are
it is critical to provide information
less likely to disclose abuse or
and services that empower disabled
that they will not be believed if
people to recognise and report
they do report it. Some abusers
abuse. It is also critical to provide
may assume that disabled
accessible and inclusive support
people are sexually available or
services that meet the special
are more readily persuaded as a
challenges that disabled people may
result of their impairment.
have in seeking help and reporting
abuse. Addressing cultural ideas and
Disabled people may encounter misconceptions about disability can
extra obstacles to obtaining also assist to eliminate stigma and
prejudice, which may contribute to
help and reporting sexual
assault, such as a lack of the risk of sexual assault among
disabled people.
accessible resources, limited
transportation options, and
societal stigma or prejudice
because of their disability.
Power imbalances are a key
factor in why disabled people
are more vulnerable to
violence and abuse. Disabled
people may be perceived as
less powerful and more
dependent on others, which
can create an environment
where abuse can occur.
A person with a disability may
rely on a caregiver for
assistance with activities of
daily living, such as bathing,
dressing, and eating. This can
create a power dynamic
where the caregiver has more
control over the disabled
person's life and well-being,
which can increase the risk of
abuse (Calderbank, 2010).
Disabled people may face other
forms of power imbalance, such
VULNERABILITIES as economic dependence, lack of
access to education or job
opportunities, or limited social
networks. These power
imbalances can make it more
difficult for disabled people to
assert their rights, advocate for
themselves, or access support
services.
It's important to recognize the
power imbalances that can exist
in relationships between disabled
people and caregivers, service
providers, or others in positions
of authority. This includes
providing training on abuse
prevention and recognizing signs
of abuse, creating channels for
reporting abuse and seeking
support, and promoting social
inclusion and empowerment for
disabled people. By addressing
power imbalances, we can help
create a safer and more equitable
world for disabled people.
Social isolation is another factor
that can contribute to the
VULNERABILITIES
vulnerability of disabled people to
violence and abuse. Disability can
create barriers to social inclusion,
which can lead to isolation and a
lack of social support.
A person with a physical disability,
for example, may encounter
physical barriers to accessing
public spaces and social events,
limiting their opportunities to
meet new people and form social
connections. Similarly, someone
suffering from a mental illness
may face stigma and
discrimination, which can lead to
social exclusion and a lack of
understanding and support from
others.
Disabled people may find it more
difficult to report abuse or access
support services if they are socially
isolated. It can also instil a sense of
vulnerability and helplessness,
which increases the likelihood of
abuse (Emerson, et al., 2021).
Addressing social isolation requires
promoting social inclusion and
providing accessible spaces and
opportunities for disabled people to
connect with others. Creating
accessible social events and public
spaces, promoting disability pride
and advocacy, and providing support
services that prioritise social
inclusion and community building
are all examples of how this can be
accomplished. We can help create a
more inclusive and supportive
environment for disabled people by
addressing social isolation.
Dependency is another
element that might make
disabled persons
vulnerable to violence and
abuse. Disabled persons
may rely on others for
personal care and support,
making them more reliant
on carers who may abuse
their position.
A person with a physical
disability may rely on a carer
for assistance with activities
of daily living such as bathing,
dressing, and eating. Similarly,
a person suffering from a
mental illness may seek
therapy and assistance from
a mental health professional
(Simcock, 2016).
Dependency can create a power
dynamic in which the carer or
VULNERABILITIES service provider has greater
control over the disabled person's
life and well-being, increasing the
risk of abuse. This is exacerbated
by the fact that disabled persons
may encounter difficulties in
accessing alternative support
services, such as a lack of
accessible accommodation or a
lack of financial means.
It is critical to address
dependency by enhancing
disabled people's autonomy and
self-determination. This involves
making education and
employment possibilities more
accessible, supporting disability
rights and advocacy, and
developing support systems that
prioritise the empowerment of
disabled people. We can assist
establish a more equitable and
just society for disabled
individuals by tackling
dependency.
Access to support and legal
services is another element that
can contribute to disabled people's
vulnerability to violence and abuse.
Physical, financial, or communication
challenges may prevent disabled
persons from accessing support
services, making it more difficult for
them to seek help or report abuse.
A person with a physical disability
may face physical barriers to
accessing a support service that is
not wheelchair accessible, while a
person with a mental health
condition may face stigma and
discrimination when seeking
support services. Similarly, disabled
people may face financial barriers to
accessing support services, such as
the cost of transportation or
medical treatment.
Disabled people may face obstacles
VULNERABILITIES to legal protections, such as
reporting abuse, delivering
testimony, or accessing the court
system. This is exacerbated by the
fact that disabled people may
experience communication barriers,
such as a lack of accessible
information or communication
support (Scully, 2014).
It is vital to reduce the
vulnerabilities of disabled people in
this context, including making
physical venues and information
more accessible, offering financial
assistance to disabled people, and
promoting disability rights and
advocacy. By removing these
obstacles, we may contribute to a
more equal and just society for
disabled persons.
 DISA BILIT Y & PA RT NE R A BUSE
Disability can have a variety
of effects on the experience Disabled people may
of domestic and relationship encounter additional challenges
violence. Because of the in escaping and seeking help
power disparities that from abusive situations. Due to
present in many intimate communication or accessibility
relationships, disabled people issues, people may have trouble
are more likely than non- accessing transportation,
disabled people to physically accessing support
experience domestic services or shelters, or
violence and partner abuse. communicating with assistance
A disability may worsen providers. These limitations
power imbalances because might make it more difficult for
disabled people are more disabled people to leave violent
dependent on their partners settings or get the help they
for care, assistance, or access need to avoid violence and
to resources, making it more abuse (Hassouneh-Phillips &
difficult for them to leave McNeff, 2005).
abusive situations.
 DISABILITY & PARTNER
ABUSE It is critical to address the impact
of disability on domestic and
partner violence by offering
personalised support services that
Disabled people may also recognise and respond to disabled
encounter abuse in unusual individuals' particular needs and
ways, such as being denied experiences. This involves offering
medication or assistance accessible and inclusive support
devices, or having their services that address the barriers
disability used to manipulate to support and services that
or control them. This disabled people may face, as well as
increases their vulnerability addressing the special forms of
to violence and abuse and abuse that disabled people may
makes leaving abusive settings
more difficult (Walter-Brice, suffer. It also necessitates
et al., 2012). addressing the underlying causes of
violence and abuse, as well as
fostering social justice and
empowerment for all people,
regardless of disability status.

Power & Control with a focus on disabilities- Blackburn

Centre
 Intersectionality highlights the fact
INTERSECTIONALITY & that different forms of oppression can
DISABILITY interact and create unique
experiences of violence and abuse.
Intersectionality is important
For example, a disabled person who is
when understanding violence also a woman may face gender-based
against disabled people because it violence and abuse that is
recognizes that individuals have compounded by their disability, such
multiple identities and as experiencing sexual assault from a
experiences of oppression that caregiver. Similarly, a disabled person
intersect and impact their who is also a person of colour may
experiences of violence and abuse. face racism and discrimination that
intersects with ableism, leading to
For example, a disabled person
increased vulnerability to violence and
who is also a woman, a person of abuse.
colour, or an LGBTQ+ person
may face multiple forms of By understanding intersectionality, we
discrimination and marginalization can better address the multiple forms
that increase their vulnerability to of oppression and marginalization that
violence and abuse (Erevelles & disabled people may face, and develop
Minear, 2010). interventions and support services
that recognize and respond to the
complex and unique experiences of
violence and abuse that may result
from these intersecting identities.
Addressing violence against
disabled people through an
intersectional lens means
recognizing and responding to
the unique and complex
experiences of violence and
abuse that may result from the
intersection of different forms
of oppression and
marginalization. This requires a
multifaceted and inclusive
approach that takes into
account the various identities
and experiences of individuals.
Interventions and support
services should be designed to
address the specific needs and
experiences of disabled people
who also experience
discrimination based on their
gender, race, sexuality, or other
identities. This may include
providing tailored support
services that recognize and
respond to the unique
experiences of violence and
abuse that result from the
intersection of different forms
of oppression.
An intersectional approach also
INTERSECTIONALITY & requires working in partnership
DISABILITY with disabled people themselves,
and ensuring that their voices and
experiences are central to the
development of interventions and
support services. This includes
creating accessible and inclusive
spaces for disabled people to
share their experiences and
provide feedback, and actively
seeking out and incorporating the
perspectives of disabled people
who experience multiple forms of
oppression.
By addressing violence against
disabled people through an
intersectional lens, we can
develop more inclusive and
responsive interventions and
support services that address the
root causes of violence and abuse
and promote justice and
empowerment for all individuals,
regardless of their identities or
experiences of oppression.
 Because disabled women are
DISABILITY & GENDER perceived to be more vulnerable or
unable to resist, they may be
subjected to sexual violence or abuse
at a higher incidence than non-
When it comes to comprehending disabled women. They may also
violence against disabled people, experience obstacles to reporting
disability and gender connect in abuse, such as a lack of accessible
complex ways. Because of the information or communication
interaction of gender-based assistance. Furthermore, disabled
women may be subjected to novel
violence and ableism, disabled
forms of abuse, such as forced
women, for example, are at an
sterilisation or other forms of
elevated risk of experiencing reproductive coercion (Mays, 2007).
violence and abuse. Gender and
disability may increase their
Disabled women may encounter
vulnerability and result in distinct
discrimination and marginalisation
experiences of violence and abuse. within the disability community,
creating extra barriers to receiving
assistance and services. For example,
individuals may experience challenges
Addressing the invisibility of women and girls in receiving gender-specific
with disabilities- Council of Europe reproductive health care services or
Commissioner for Human Rights accessible housing.
 Understanding and reacting to the
DISABILITY & GENDER particular experiences of violence
and abuse that come from the
intersection of these identities is
Gender-based violence and required when addressing the
abuse can collide with ableism, intersection of disability and
resulting in distinct gender. This includes offering
experiences of violence and customised support services that
recognise and respond to the
abuse for disabled males and
unique needs of disabled women,
non-binary persons. Disabled as well as tackling discrimination
males, for example, may be and marginalisation within the
viewed as less masculine or disability community. Addressing
strong, which can lead to gender-based violence and abuse
abuse directed at their through a disability-inclusive lens is
masculinity or perceived lack also required, as is ensuring that
thereof (Meer & Combrinck, interventions and support services
2015). are accessible and responsive to
the needs and experiences of all
individuals, regardless of gender or
disability status.
 DISABILITY & RACE
Disabled people of
colour, for example, may
face prejudice in
Race has a profound
obtaining healthcare,
impact on how disabled
education, work, and
individuals experience
housing, which can
violence and abuse.
increase their
Disabled people of
vulnerability to violence
colour may face
and abuse. Furthermore,
additional forms of
individuals may suffer
prejudice and
cultural and linguistic
marginalisation, increasing
hurdles in obtaining
their vulnerability to
support services, making
violence and abuse
it more difficult for them
(Puszka, et al., 2022).
to seek help when they
are victims of violence
and abuse.
 DISABILITY & RACE To address the impact of race
on how disabled people
experience violence and
abuse, structural racism and
People of colour who are ableism must be addressed, as
disabled may encounter well as social justice and
intersectional kinds of empowerment for all
violence and abuse that are persons, regardless of race or
specific to their disability status. It also
circumstances. For example, necessitates offering specific
individuals may face police support services that
aggression or harassment as a recognise and respond to the
result of both their race and unique needs and
disability, or they may face experiences of
hate crimes that target both disabled persons of colour, as
their disability and race at the well as addressing
same time. intersectional forms of
violence and abuse that they
may face.
 Financial exploitation is one way
C ARERS & ABUSE that paid caretakers may exploit
disabled persons. This can include
taking money or valuables from the
person they are caring for,
fraudulently using their credit cards
or bank accounts, or coercing them
Financial exploitation, neglect, into signing over control of their
physical abuse, emotional finances. This form of exploitation
abuse, and sexual abuse are can be disastrous, leaving the
some prominent examples of disabled person without the money
they require to meet their basic
exploitation of disabled
needs or get medical treatment.
individuals by professional
carers. The exploitation of
disabled people by professional Another method that paid carers
carers is a serious problem may exploit disabled persons is
since it can result in through neglect. Neglect can
include neglecting to offer sufficient
considerable physical and
food, water, or medical treatment,
emotional harm.
as well as failing to assist with basic
hygiene or daily living duties. This
can result in major health issues or
even death (Bergeron, 2008).
 C ARERS & ABUSE
Physical, emotional, and
sexual abuse are all Exploitation by professional
caretakers can be difficult to
prevalent forms of
identify because the disabled
exploitation perpetrated
person may be unable to
by professional caretakers.
explain their experiences or is
Physical abuse might too afraid to report the abuse.
include striking, slapping, To solve this issue, it is critical
or putting the disabled to provide accessible and
person under physical responsive support services to
constraints. Shouting, the special requirements of
verbal insults, and isolating disabled individuals, as well as
the person from friends to guarantee that carers are
and family are all examples adequately trained and vetted
of emotional abuse, to prevent abuse.
whereas non-consensual Furthermore, it is critical to
sexual contact or rape are establish legal safeguards and
examples of sexual abuse. avenues of action for disabled
people who are exploited by
professional caretakers.
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