Science Technology

- Is an evolving body of knowledge that is

- Application of Science and creation of
based on theoretical expositions and
systems, processes, and objects designed to
experimental and empirical activities that
“help” humans in their daily lives.
generates universal truth.

Society
Scientific and technological principles
- Sum total of our interactions as humans
have been and continue to be applied to
- A group of individuals involved in persistent
solve problems that people experience
social interaction sharing the same geographical
in their day-to-day aspects of living.
or social territory, typically subject to the same
political authority and dominant cultural
expectations (Science Daily).
 Problems in the Modern Society

• Technology
• Human values
• Social organization
• Environmental concerns
• Economic resources
can be solved by the application of
• Political decisions scientific knowledge, technical
expertise, social understanding
and humane compassion.

Science
• Is studied holistically, often in an
interdisciplinary method
• It needs to become more multidisciplinary
(cooperation and integration between the
social and natural sciences)
• Draw on the contributions of the humanities
DIKTAPE
D – differentiators between countries
I – interventions
K – key drivers to development
T – transform business practices
A – alter the way people live
P – power to better lives
E – engine of growth
 A 4
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Historical Antecedents
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in the World
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Ancient Times Ancient Times

(from Ancient times to 600 BC) (from Ancient times to 600 BC)
• Science during this time involved • The Egyptian medicine
practical arts (healing practices was considered
and metal tradition). advanced as compared
Imhotep with other ancient
• Egyptians already had reasonably nations because of one
sophisticated medical practices. of the early inventions
of Egyptian civilization
• The heart of Egyptian medicine is – the papyrus.
trial and error
 Islamic Golden Age
Advent of Science
(8th to 14th Century)

(600 BC to 500 AD)

• Science and Technology in the
• Ancient Greeks were the early thinkers, they were the Islamic world adopted and
preserved knowledge and
first true scientists. technologies from contemporary
• They collected facts and observations and then use and earlier civilizations.
these observations to explain the natural world.
• Scientific thought in Classical Antiquity produced • This was a period of cultural, economic, and scientific
substantial advancements in scientific knowledge. flourishing in the history of Islam (during the reign of
• Scholars employed principles developed by Greeks Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid)
• This began with the inauguration of the “House of
(application of Math and deliberate empirical research) Wisdom” in Baghdad.

Islamic Golden Age (8th to 14th Century)

Islamic Golden Age (8th to 14th Century)
• Islamic Science was characterized by having practical
purposes as well as the goal of understanding. • Mathematics also flourished in this period (Al
Khwarizmi, Avicenna, and Jamshid al Kashi)

• There was also great progress in medicine. (Al

Biruni and Avicenna)

• Islamic Physicists also arose. (Al Haytham, Al Biruni)

Traditional Revisionist Ancient China
• Lacked innovation • Scientific Revolution • Gave the world the Four Great Inventions
• Handing on ancient • compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing
knowledge • The Four Great inventions serve merely to highlight the
technological interaction between East and West.

Renaissance
(1300 AD – 1600 AD)

Cai Lun • The Golden Age of Science – when great advances

occurred in different fields
Chinese Alchemists • Rediscovery of Ancient Scientific Texts and printing
democratized learning and allowed faster propagation
of new ideas.
• Marie Boas Hall coined the term “Scientific
Renaissance” (early phase of the Scientific Revolution)
Bi Sheng
 Renaissance
(1300 AD – 1600 AD)

• Peter Dear argued a two-phased model of early

modern science: The period is usually seen as
• Scientific Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries “Scientific Backwardness”
focused on the restoration of natural knowledge of
the ancients
• Scientific Revolution of the 17th century when
scientists shifted from recovery to innovation

Enlightenment Period
Renaissance
(1715 AD – 1789 AD)

(1300 AD – 1600 AD) • The “Age of Reason” characterized by Radical

reorientation in Science which emphasized reason over
• The most important technological advancement was superstition and science over blind faith.
the development of printing – Johannes Gutenberg • Many books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries,
laws, wars, and revolutions were made in this period

• The development of printing amounted to a

communications revolution which transformed the Galileo Galilei Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
conditions of life Johaness Kepler
Enlightenment Period (1715 AD – 1789 AD)
Industrial Period (1760 – 1840)

• Isaac Newton’s “Principia Mathematica” and John Locke’s
“Essay Concerning Human Understanding” – two works
that provided the scientific, mathematical, and
philosophical toolkit for the Enlightenment’s major
advances
• This era dedicated to human progress.
• The rise of modern Science and Industrial Revolution were
closely connected
• Great Britain – the home of industrial revolution (the rise of
textile and metallurgical industry)
• Science offered in this period the hope that careful
observation and experimentation might improve industrial
production significantly

1. Use of new basic materials

2. Use of new energy sources
“Applying Science to the problems of industry served 3. Invention of new machines
to stimulate public support for Science.” 4. New organization of work (factory system)
5. Developments in transportation and communication
6. Increasing application of science to industry
 20th Century
• Generated entirely novel insights in all areas of research

“ Discovery ”
where an intimate connection between Science and
Technology was established
• Science now is dealing with the complexity of the real world
• Epistemological and methodological questions as well as
interdisciplinary aspects become ever more important in
scientific research

“ Discovery ”
• There were two parts of the 20th century. “ The year 1953 was an important landmark for Biology
• The start of 20th century was strongly marked by
Einstein’s formulation of the theory of relativity.
with the description by Crick and Watson of the
• The second half, several branches of science structure of DNA, the carrier of genetic information
continued to make progress (Rosch, 2014).”
• Modern Physics grew into a primary discipline
contributing to today’s basic natural sciences
 Fourth Industrial Revolution

“The application of scientific knowledge can induce • Blurring boundaries between physical, digital, and
biological worlds
changes of environmental and thus living conditions.”

Fourth Industrial Revolution

• Fusion of AI (artificial intelligence), IoT (internet of

things), 3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum
Science and Technology . . .
computing, and other technologies. Flourished from the Ancient Times until Present

• “Perfect storm of technologies”