Modulation

Modulation is the process of converting data into electrical signals optimized for transmission.

Analog modulation is typically used for AM, FM radio, and short-wave broadcasting.

Digital modulation involves transmission of binary signals (0 and 1). This method is divided into single carrier modulation, by
which the carrier occupies the entire bandwidth (i.e. amplitude, frequency, and phase), and a multicarrier scheme that
modulates and transmits different data on multiple carriers.

pulse modulation technique used to change the pulse width and spread spectrum method that spreads the signal energy over a
wide band.
CDMA code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
1. It makes efficient use of a fixed frequency spectrum.
2. No restrictions on the number of users.

•code division multiple access (CDMA)

 Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
OFDMA (orthogonal frequency-division multiple access

Different SC in Freq axis; transmitted in Time domain simultaneously One SC Transmitted simultaneously over different Time domain
OFDMA has high value PAPR (high power consumption) SC-FDMA has lower value PAPR (low power consumption)- Power limited scenario
5G Channel and RB

Source: NI, 5G New Radio: Introduction to the Physical Layer, 2018

Non-Standalone 5G-NR vs Standalone 5G NR

Non-Standalone (NSA) 5G NR: primarily focuses on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), where the 5G supported mobiles
will use mm-Wave frequencies for increased data capacity but will use existing 4G infrastructure for voice communications.

Standalone 5G NR will have a new end-to-end architecture that will use mm-Waves and sub-GHz frequencies. This mode
will not use existing 4G/LTE infrastructure.

Standalone 5G NR will use enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), Ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC)
and Massive machine type communications (mMTC) to provide multi-gigabit data rates with improved efficiency and lower
costs.
5G Deployment Options
The base station of Option 3 series is connected to 4G core network. It is suitable for the initial phase of 5G deployment, when
the coverage is not continuous, and there is not much 5G service. It exists purely as a supplement to 4G wireless broadband.

Control plane: the channel to send the signaling

required to manage and schedule resources.

User plane: the channel to send the user data. The user
plane and the control plane are completely separate.

Dual connection: Mobile phone can communicate

with both 4G and 5G networks and download data at
the same time. Typically, there will be a master
connection and a slave connection.

Control plane anchor: the base station responsible for

the control plane in the dual connection is called
control plane anchor.

Data split anchor: the user's data needs to be split for

transmission in the two paths of dual connection, but
where should it be split? This location is called data
split anchor.
Explore 5G DNB Google Map
Digital Nasional Berhad 5G Towers – Google My Maps

https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=1H7uApiVMbYlB7jnBGZz
lS9_vkuF1Z_w&hl=en_GB&ll=4.073173408102165%2C109.16001500000002
&z=6

Google Earth
https://earth.google.com/web/@3.04384754,101.65916583,17.72625211a,
230934.2247232d,34.99999943y,-
0h,0t,0r/data=MigKJgokCiAxSDd1QXBpVk1iWWxCN2puQkdaemxTOV92a3VG
MVpfdyACOgMKATA?authuser=0
5G Various Applications and Services on Smart Pole
 Remote radio Unit (RRU)

The Remote Radio Unit (RRU) has two parts, a transmit part and a receive part. The transmit part usually consists of
a DAC, Mixer, Power Amplifier and Filters. A digital signal is received via a CPRI interface, converted to analog,
upconverted to an RF Frequency, amplified, filtered and then sent out via an antenna.

The Receive part consists of a filter, Low Noise Amplifier, Mixer and an ADC. It receives a signal from the antenna,
filters it, amplifies it, down-converts it to an IF Frequency and then converts it to a digital signal, before sending it
out via the CPRI to a fiber for further processing.
Base Band Unit (BBU)

BBU contains
1) Digital Signal Processor (DSP) used to convert signals from analog to digital or vice versa.
2) Additional processes baseband units complete include alarm monitoring
3) system clock operation for synchronization.
Mobile backhaul network
Backhaul is the transport of voice, video, and data traffic, originating from mobile base station to
Core Network
Fiber-optic cable is extended to connect directly to the cell towers.

Backhaul for 5G
For 5G wireless networks, fiber backhaul is
replacing much of the microwave
connections (used in 2G,3G, 4G networks) in
order to facilitate improvements to latency,
speed, density and capacity.

Cell towers are typically connected by a ring of fiber-optic cable where several towers are looped
together to hubs. This network architecture ensures redundancy, meaning that if one fiber-optic
network is disrupted, then there is another network to seamlessly take its place, ensuring that
customers will not be impacted
Fronthaul for 5G
Using C-RAN (cloud-Radio Access Network) architecture, wireless carriers are deploying small cells to supplement
their cell towers for coverage and capacity.

Fronthaul refers to the transmission of traffic from the centralized baseband unit (BBU) to a small cell, also known as a
remote radio head (RRH). Fronthaul allows wireless carriers to use these detached baseband and radio units, avoiding the
need to deploy and manage full-featured base stations or cells.
 Delay Spread
• When a signal propagates from a transmitter to a receiver, signal suffers one or
more reflections.
• This forces signal to follow different paths.
• Each path has different path length, so the time of arrival for each path is different.
• This effect which spreads out the signal is called “Delay Spread”.
Fading

What is fading?
The time variation of received signal power due to changes in transmission medium or paths is known as fading

➤Large Scale Fading: It includes path loss and shadowing effects. Large scale fading occurs when an obstacle comes
in between transmitter and receiver.

➤Small Scale Fading: Is concerned with rapid fluctuations of received signal strength over very short distance and
short time period