Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA

JURUSAN BIOLOGI
Kampus Ketintang, Jalan Ketintang, Surabaya 60231
Telepon: +6231- 8296427, Faksimil: +6231- 8296427
Laman: http://biologi.fmipa.unesa.ac.id, email: biologi@unesa.ac.id

UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER GASAL TAHUN AKADEMIK 2023/2024

Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris untuk Biologi
Dosen Pengampu : : Tim
Prodi/Angkatan/Kelas : Pendidikan Biologi, Biologi/2023
Hari/Tanggal : sesuai jadwal
Waktu : 100 menit

TYPE: A
PART A: Read the questions carefully. Choose the right answer.

Read below passage carefully to answer question number 1-5

You probably have seen pictures of starfish, but in a few minutes you will see some
live ones and learn a little about their structure and life cycle. First of all, starfish are not
really fish, they belong to the family of echinoderms which are spiny skinned sea animal
that is, and their skin is covered with thorny bumps. Most starfish have five arms like
extensions on their bodies. And so they look like a five pointed star. But some other kinds
have as many as 40 or more arms. Starfish, like other members of the echinoderm family,
have what’s called radial symmetry. All that means is that the body parts of these animals
are arranged around the center, kind of like spokes of a wheel around hub. One of the
special features of the starfish is that it can drop off arms as a defensive reaction, to get
away from an attacker, for example. They can then grow new arms to replace the old ones.
Starfish reproduce by releasing eggs into the sea. These eggs develop into larvae, and can
swim freely. These early forms, which are what larvae are, differ from adult starfish,
because the larvae have bilateral symmetry. That means that the two halves of the larvae
look exactly the same, which makes them look a lot different from the later form of the
starfish. Eventually the larvae sink to the ocean bottom and change into the adult radial
form.

1. What is the talk mainly about?

(a) Reproduction in echinoderms
(b) How fish avoid their enemies
(c) The form and life cycle of starfish
(d) The feeding habits and digestive systems of starfish
(e) The origin of starfish

2. What does the speaker say about the skin of echinoderms?

 (a) It consist of a protective film
(b) It is covered with scales
(c) It can be shed easily
(d) It is covered with sharp bumps
(e) It is covered with fin

3. Why does the speaker give the example of a hub of a wheel surrounded by spokes?
(a) To explain how a starfish reproduces
(b) To illustrate the shape of starfish
(c) To demonstrate the defense mechanisms of starfish
(d) To show how larvae change into adults starfish
(e) To explain how a starfish adapted

4. What happens if a starfish loses an arm?

(a) It generates a new one
(b) It cannot swim
(c) It is easily caught
(d) It dies soon afterward
(e) It cannot eat

5. What is the major difference between newly developed and adult starfish?
(a) Their diet
(b) The shape of their bodies
(c) Where they feed
(d) Their method of defense
(e) Where they life

Read below passage carefully to answer question number 6-8

Reproduction is a biological process in which an organism reproduces biologically

similar offspring. Reproduction allows and ensures species continuity generation after
generation. It is the most important aspect of life on Earth. To grasp this reality, one must
consider the genesis of life and the evolution of organisms. The ability of some rudimentary
chemical system to replicate itself must have been one of the first traits of life that
developed in prehistoric times. Because asexual reproduction does not entail gamete
fusion, the offspring that are generated are genetically identical to the parent. Asexual
reproduction produces less different species in nature. Unicellular creatures use this type of
reproduction extensively. Male and female gametes are generated in sexual reproduction
to produce offspring. These gametes are produced by individuals of the opposite sex.
Reproduction is the process by which a live being produces offspring. It is a biological
process in which an organism reproduces biologically similar offspring. Reproduction allows
and ensures species continuity generation after generation. It is the most important aspect
of life on Earth.

6. What is the main topic of this talk?

(a) Life on Earth

2
 (b) System digestion
(c) Evolution of organisms
(d) Chemical system
(e) Reproduction

7. How many reproduction types does the author mention?

(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
(e) Five

8. According to the passage, what was one characteristic of asexual reproduction?

(a) Genetically dissimilar to its parent
(b) Entail gamete fusion
(c) Gametes are produced by individuals of the opposite sex
(d) Genetically identical to the parent
(e) Natural reproduction is widespread

Read below passage carefully to answer question number 9-10

Common types of calendars can be based on the Sun or on the Moon. The solar
calendar is based on the solar year. Since the solar year is 365.2422 days long, solar
calendars consist of regular years of 365 days and have an extra day every fourth year, or
leap year, to make up for the additional fractional amount. In a solar calendar, the waxing
and waning of the Moon can take place at various stages of each month.
The lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year.
Since the lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long, most lunar calendars have
alternating months of twenty-nine and thirty days. A twelve-month lunar year thus has
354 days, 1 1 days shorter than a solar year.

9. What is the main idea of the passage?

(a) All calendars are the same.
(b) The solar calendar is based on the Sun.
(c) Different calendars have dissimilar bases.
(d) The lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long.

10. How is the information in the passage organized?

(a) Characteristics of the solar calendar are outlined.
(b) Two types of calendars are described.
(c) The strengths and weakness of the lunar calendar are described.
(d) The length of each existing calendar is contrasted.

Read below passage carefully to answer questions number 11-12

A hoax, unlike an honest error, is a deliberately-concocted plan to present an
untruth as the truth. It can take the form of a fraud, a fake, a swindle, or a forgery, and can
be accomplished in almost any field: successful hoaxes have been foisted on the public in
fields as varied as politics, religion, science, art, and literature.

3
 A famous scientific hoax occurred in 1912 when Charles Dawson claimed to have
uncovered a human skull and jawbone on the Piltdown Common in southern England.
These human remains were said to be more than 500,000 years old and were unlike any
other remains from that period; as such, they represented an important discovery in the
study of human evolution. These remains, popularly known as the Piltdown Man and
scientifically named Eoanthropus dawsoni after their discoverer, confounded scientists for
several decades.
It took more than forty years for the hoax to be uncovered. In 1953, a chemical
analysis was used to date the bones, and it was found that the bones were modern bones
that had been skillfully aged. A further twist to the hoax was that the skull belonged to a
human and the jaws to an orangutan.

11. The topic of this passage could best be described as

(a) the Piltdown Man
(b) Charles Dawson's discovery
(c) Eoanthropus dawsoni
(d) a definition and example of a hoax

12. The author's main point is that

(a) various types of hoaxes have been perpetrated
(b) Charles Dawson discovered a human skull andjawbone
(c) Charles Dawson was not an honest man
(d) the human skull andjawbone were extremely old

Choose the best choice to answer questions number 13-17

13. Our atmosphere is __________ made up of approximately 99 per cent oxygen and
nitrogen. The remaining 1 per cent consists of very small quantities of the other gases;
argon, neon, helium, krypton, xenon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and ozone.
(a) virtually
(b) correctly
(c) successfully
(d) alternatively
(e) Totaly

14. The taking of drug and the drinking of alcohol are the two most common __________ of
the human body. These could lose the total loss of reflexes, as well as respiratory or
circulatory failure.
(a) habits
(b) forces
(c) abuses
(d) functions
(e) structures

15. Reproduction depends upon the capacity of living system to make copies of
themselves–the process that we called replication. The bold word means ________
(a) make more than one copy

4
 (b) replace one copy with another
(c) substitute by another
(d) combine
(e) added

16. Optical telescopes are accurate instruments, where as radio telescopes are imprecise
instruments. The bold word means ________
(a) not very effective
(b) damaged and therefore useless
(c) broken
(d) significant
(e) important

17. Cells absorb various substances; they burn fuel and release energy for their many
activities; they build up complex substances; they manufacture and secrete hormones
and enzymes; they control vital body processes; they get rid of waste products; and
they reproduce by undergoing division. To summarize, all the activities carried out by
an organism as a whole are accomplished by the protoplasm in an individual cell. The
bold word means ________
(a) Done
(b) Chosen
(c) Start
(d) Begin
(e) Begun

Read below passage carefully to answer questions number 18-19

The myocellular transmembrane Na+ gradient is important for proper cellular function. During
septic shock, disruption of Na+ homeostasis often occurs and leads to decreased membrane
potential and increased intracellular Na+. It has been found that failure of cellular energy
metabolism is a common symptom in septic patients who do not respond to therapeutics. Because
normal intracellular levels of Na+ are maintained by the Na+-K+ ATPase, it is important to
understand how metabolic energy production is linked to cation transport.
Researchers are interested in whether the energy used for ion transport is derived from glycolysis or
oxidative phosphorylation. This information would provide a better understanding of myocellular
damage that occurs during critical illness. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of
glycolytic inhibition on cellular Na+ and K+ concentrations and lactate production in rat skeletal
myocytes.
The researchers also examined the effect disruption of oxidative phosphorylation had on Na+ and
K+ content. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation was caused by carbonyl-cyanide m-
chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), an ionophore that allows protons to move freely through
membranes. No correlation between Na+ and K+ content and oxidative phosphorylation was found.

18. The information in the passage suggests that glycolysis:

(a) is important for maintaining normal Na+ and K+ levels in skeletal muscle.
(b) facilitates membrane permeability in skeletal muscle.
(c) impedes the function of the Na+ and K+ ATPase in skeletal muscle.
(d) is regulated by the Na+ and K+ ATPase in skeletal muscle.

5
 (e) is important to produces ATP as energy in anaerob condition

19. What is the suitable title for this passage?

(a) Effect disruption oxidative phosphorylation
(b) Energy for ion transport
(c) Effect disruption of Na+
(d) Myocellular damage
(e) Biological and Biochemical Foundation of Living systems

PART B: Read the instruction carefully, then answer the questions

Read the following passage and answer the question number 1- 5

Light is important to organisms for timing of daily and seasonal rhythms in both
plants and animals. Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and
so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue,
because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the
temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length
increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on
physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental
evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds'
breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially
(Wolfson, 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant
flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a
certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from
species to species. Plant which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of
photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.
Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the
year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season
begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to
provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many
temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting
cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured.
The adaptive significance of photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that
flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximising seedling growth during
the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by
insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the
temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter
as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between
the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example,
desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of
the day length.
The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths.
Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then
suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea
abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next
generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a
vegetative cycle of about 31years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet
known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of

6
bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than
all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being
eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).

Complete the sentences.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer!
1. Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where _________ are unpredictable.
2. Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as _____________ .
3. Birds in temperate climates associate longer days with nesting and the availability of
_____________ .
4. Plants that flower when days are long often depend on _____________ to help them
reproduce.
5. Desert annuals respond to _________ as a signal for reproduction.

Read the following passage and answer the question number 6

Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), an organic compound the body can use for energy. Cellular
respiration is used to generate usable ATP energy in order to support many other reactions
in the body. ATP is particularly important for energetically unfavorable reactions that
would otherwise not occur without an energy input.
There are three main steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis; the citric acid (TCA) or
the Krebs cycle; and the electron transport chain, where oxidative phosphorylation occurs.
The TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen, while glycolysis can occur in
anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis is the initial breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, a three-carbon structure,
in the cytoplasm. The pyruvate then moves into the mitochondrial matrix where a
transition step called pyruvate oxidation takes place. In this process, pyruvate
dehydrogenase converts the three-carbon pyruvate to the two-carbon acetyl-CoA. The
TCA cycle begins when acetyl-CoA combines with a four-carbon oxaloacetate in order to
form the six-carbon citrate. Because each molecule of glucose produces 2 pyruvate
molecules, it takes two turns through the Krebs cycle to completely break down the original
glucose.
Finally, the electron transport chain is a series of redox reactions powered by high
energy electrons that pumps protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient.
Together, an electrochemical gradient is created. At the end of the electron transport
chain, the final electron acceptor, O2, combines with protons to produce water (H2O).
Meanwhile, ATP synthase uses the movement of protons back into the mitochondrial
matrix for ATP synthesis.

6. Using the information in the reading passage, make a diagram or scheme of cellular
respiration stages!

7
Please read below table carefully, then complete below statements (num 7-10)

During one decade the number of cattle and buffaloes tend to (7) _________________,
meanwhile the number of sheep and goats tend to (8)____________________
The largest livestock population is (9) ____________, while the smallest is (10)
______________

Read the following passage and answer the question number 11

Bacteriocins are defined as ribosomally synthesized peptides with antimicrobial activity.
Majority of bacteriocins are small, heat stable, amphiphilic proteins that act against target
cells mainly by interaction with the cell envelope. Bacteriocins in general have a narrow
inhibitory spectrum limited to closely related bacteria, although some of them exhibit a
broad inhibitory spectrum against different bacterial species. The classification scheme of
bacteriocins can be divided into three groups. Class I is represented by post-translationally
modified peptides. Class II is represented with small (up to 10 kDa), ribosomally synthesized
non-modified peptides, which are characterized by pH and heat stability. Class III is
represented by large proteins with antibacterial effects based mostly on their enzymatic
activities.

11. Identify the topic of the paragraph:

8
Read the following passage and answer the question number 11
Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast, is an important plant pathogenic
fungus that infects a wide range of cereal grain crops such as rice, wheat, millet, sorghum,
rye and corn. The conidia of M. oryzae can be spread by wind-blown rain and air currents
and infect the plant by forming a structure called an appressorium when conditions are
suitable.
12. From those paragraph, ‘that’ (in bold) means …

13. Look at the figure below!

Based on the figure, please interpret that diagram into short sentences!

9
Figure 1. Optimization of the growth (OD = Optical Density) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
using many substrate as carbon sources.

14. Based on Figure 1, what is the best substrate that can be used by P. aeruginosa as a
carbon source based on the value of Optical Density?

Fill the blanks with the correct word! (number 15-26)

Biology plays a crucial role in understanding the natural world and the
complexities of life on Earth. One of the fundamental concepts in
biology is (15)_______________, which explains how species change Options:
over time through a process of (16)_______________. This process natural selection
occurs as individuals within a population undergo mutations
(17)_______________ that result in variations in their traits. These species
variations can be inherited through (18)_______________ genetic
mechanisms, leading to differences among individuals. In the struggle habitats
biodiversity
for survival within an (19)_______________, these differences can
extinction
provide advantages, leading to (20)_______________ of certain traits evolution
over generations. This process, known as (21)_______________, is a adaptation
driving force behind the incredible (22)_______________ of life forms ecosystem
on our planet. However, it can also lead to the (23)_______________ of
less well-adapted (24)_______________. Protecting
25_______________ and conserving 26_______________ are essential
for maintaining the balance and health of our planet.

10