Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 8, No.

2, 493-500 (2014) 493

Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
An International Journal

http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/amis/080206

On Global Attractors for a Class of Parabolic Problems

Rodiak Figueroa-López∗ and German Lozada-Cruz
1 Departamento de Matemática, IBILCE, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil

Received: 10 Mar. 2013, Revised: 11 Jul. 2013, Accepted: 13 Jul. 2013

Published online: 1 Mar. 2014

Abstract: This paper is devoted to study the existence of global attractor in H01 (Ω ) and uniform bounds of it in L∞ (Ω ) for a class of
parabolic problems with homogeneous boundary conditions wich involves a uniform strongly elliptic operator of second order in the
domain Ω ⊂ Rn . The main tools used to prove the existence of global attractor are the techniques used in Hale [8] and Cholewa [5],
and for the uniform bound of the attractor we use the Alikakos-Moser iteration procedure [1].

Keywords: Parabolic equation, sectorial operator, global attractor, uniform boundness

1 Introduction We assume that L is uniformly strongly elliptic

operator, that is, there is a constant ϑ > 0, such that
Today, the concept of global attractor is a very useful tool
for studying the asymptotic behavior of differential n n

equations, that is, an attractor is a nonempty subset A of ∑ ai j (x)ξi ξ j > ϑ ∑ ξk2 , (2)
i, j=1 k=1
the phase space which is compact, invariant under the
flow and attracts every bounded set under the semigroup
for all x ∈ Ω and ξ = (ξ1 , . . . , ξn ) ∈ Rn .
associated to the PDE (for more details see [8], [10] and
the reference therein). For example, suppose that the The main goal of this work is to prove the existence
and uniform boundedness of global attractor for the initial-
parabolic problem
 boundary value problem (1) where the operator L presents
lower order terms. The presence of such that terms in the
 ut = Lu + f (u), t > 0, x ∈ Ω

operator L, in particular b j ux j makes it difficult to obatins
u(t, x) = 0, t > 0, x ∈ ∂ Ω (1)

 u(0, ·) = u0 (·) ∈ H 1 (Ω ), directly the Lyapunov function as in the works of Hale [8].
0 Let X = L2 (Ω ) be a Hilbert space and define the linear
operator A : D(A) ⊂ X → X by
models a certain phenomenon. Here Ω ⊂ Rn is a bounded
domain with smooth boundary ∂ Ω , L is second order
D(A) = H 2 (Ω ) ∩ H01 (Ω ),
elliptic operator given by
Au = −Lu, ∀ u ∈ D(A).
n
∂ ∂u
n ∂u
Lu = ∑ ∂ xi ai j (x) + ∑ b j (x)
∂ x j j=1 ∂xj
+ (c(x)+λ )u,
There are many studies on PDE’s for (1) with the
i, j=1
operator A being self-adjoint (see [5], [8], [9]). In our case
with coefficients ai j , b j , c : Ω → R smooth, ai j = a ji , i, j = the operator A is not self-adjoint.
1, · · · , n, λ ∈ R and f : R → R is a nonlinear function of We will show that the operator A is sectorial and
class C2 (R) satisfying the condition assuming that λ is chosen such that Re σ (A) > 0, we can
define the fractional powers Aα and the corresponding
| f ′ (s)| 6 C(1 + |s|γ −1 ), ∀s ∈ R, (C) fractional power spaces X α := D(Aα ), α > 0, endowed
with the graph norm (see [5, Section 1.3.3]). X α is a
where 1 6 γ < n+2
n−2 if n > 3, and γ > 1 if n = 2, and Hilbert space with the inner product
R
hϕ , ψ iα = (Aα ϕ )(Aα ψ ). Then, X 1 = D(A),
f (u) Ω
lim sup 6 0. (D)
|u|→∞ u X 0 = L2 (Ω ) and X 1/2 = H01 (Ω ).
∗ Corresponding author e-mail: rodiak@ibilce.unesp.br
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494 R. Figueroa-López, G. Lozada-Cruz: On Global Attractors for a Class of...

With this notation, the problem (1) can be written in Also, for u ∈ D(A0 ), we obtain
the abstract form Z Z
n
∂u ∂u
(
u̇ + Au = F(u)
h(A0 +λ0 I)u, uiX = ∑ ai j (x)
∂ x j ∂ xi
dx + λ0 u2 dx
(3) i, j=1 Ω Ω
u(0) = u0 ∈ X 1/2 , n Z
∂u 2
Z
>ϑ ∑ ∂ xk
dx + λ0 |u|2 dx > λ0 kuk2X .
k=1 Ω Ω
where F : X 1/2 → X is the Nemytskii operator given by
F(u(t))x = f (u(x,t)). From Henry’s theory [9], the Here we have used (2). Now, by density it follows that
equation (3) defines a semigroup T (t, ·) on X 1/2 , for t > 0. A0 + λ0 I is bounded below and by Proposition 1.3.3 in [5,
Next, we describe the contents of the paper. In section p. 39] A0 + λ0 I is sectorial in X.
2 we will show that the operator A is sectorial and that F Finally using the results of elliptic regularity (taking
and F ′ is is locally Lipschitz continuous. In section 3 we m = 1, k = 0, p = 2 and B j = I, j = 1 in [12, p. 14]), we
prove the existence of local and global solution of (1) and have
finally in section 4 we prove the existence of the global kukH 2 (Ω ) 6 ρ kA0 ukL2 (Ω ) ,
attractor and the uniform boundedness for it.
where ρ > 0 and ker(A0 ) = {0}. This last result is extend
to X by density of D(A0 ). 

2 The sectoriality of operator A Lemma 2.The operator A is sectorial in X.

Proof. Let B : D(B) ⊂ X → X be a linear operator given by

Firstly, we will be prove the following.
n
∂u
Lemma 1.Let A0 : D(A0 ) = D(A) ⊂ X → X be a linear −Bu = ∑ b j (x) ∂ x j + (c(x) + λ )u,
operator given by j=1

n
∂ ∂u
where D(B) = {u ∈ L2 (Ω ) : Bu ∈ L2 (Ω ), u = 0 in ∂ Ω } =
A0 u = − ∑ ∂ xi
ai j (x)
∂ xj
. H01 (Ω ).
i, j=1 By Gagliardo-Nirenberg’s inequality (Theorem 10.1 in
[7, p. 27]) with m = r = p = 2, j = 1 and θ = 1/2, we have
Then, A0 is sectorial in X.
Furthermore, there is a constant ρ > 0 such that 1 1
kukH 1 (Ω ) 6 CkukH2 2 (Ω ) kukL22 (Ω ) , (5)
0
kukH 2 (Ω ) 6 ρ kA0 ukX , ∀u ∈ X. (4)
where C is a constant.
By other side, from the Young’s inequality and (5), we
Proof. Let λ0 > 0. We will show that A0 + λ0 I é setorial, obtain
then by the Remark 1.3.1 in [5, p.32] it follows that A0 is
sectorial. Indeed, we have D(A0 ) = D(A0 + λ0 I) and for ε C2
kukH 1 (Ω ) 6 kukH 2 (Ω ) + kukL2 (Ω ) , ∀ε > 0. (6)
u, v ∈ D(A0 ), 0 2 2ε
Z Z Substituting (4) in (6) we get
n
∂v ∂u
h(A0 + λ0 I)u, viX = ∑ Ω
a j i (x)
∂ xi ∂ x j
dx + λ0
Ω
uvdx
ρε C2
i, j=1 kukH 1 (Ω ) 6 kA0 ukL2 (Ω ) + kukL2 (Ω ) . (7)
n Z
∂ ∂v

Z 0 2 2ε
=− ∑ Ω
u
∂ x j
a j i (x)
∂ xi
dx + λ0
Ω
uvdx
Thus,
i, j=1
= hu, (A0 + λ0 I)viX , τρε τ C2
kBukX 6 kA0 ukL2 (Ω ) + kukL2 (Ω ) , (8)
2 2ε
thus, A0 + λ0 I is symmetric operator.
Using the Sobolev embeddings (see [5, p. 23]) and the where in the last inequality we have used (7) and
density of C0∞ (Ω ) in L p (Ω ), 1 6 p < ∞, we conclude that τ = max max |b j (x)|, max |c(x) + λ | .
x∈Ω x∈Ω
A0 + λ0 I is densely defined in X. Therefore, D(A0 ) is Observe that A = A0 + B where A0 is sectorial in X,
densely defined in X. D(A0 ) ⊂ D(B). Therefore, by Theorem 2.6.3 in [12, p. 69]
Now, let f ∈ X be such that (A0 + λ0 I)u = f . and (8) follows that A is a sectorial in X. 
Following the Example 3 in [4, p. 294] taking Now, we prove that F is locally Lipschitz continous.
a0 = λ0 > 0, we conclude that there is u ∈ D(A0 )
satisfying (A0 + λ0 I)u = f . Thus, R(A0 + λ0 I) = X. Using Lemma 3.If f : R → R is a function of class C1 (R), the
Theorem 13.11 item (d) in [11, p.334] we conclude that assumption (C) is satisfied and n > 1 then F : X 1/2 → X is
A0 + λ0 I is selfadjoint. locally Lipschitz continous.

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Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 8, No. 2, 493-500 (2014) / www.naturalspublishing.com/Journals.asp 495

Proof. The case n = 1 was proved in [8, p.75]. Now, let where Cδ ,γ = C7 (1 + 2δ )γ −1 . Therefore F is locally
n > 2. Using the mean value theorem and assumption (C), Lipschitz continuous. 
we have
Lemma 4.Let f : R → R be a function of class C2 (R)
| f (s) − f (r)| = | f (θ s + (1 − θ )r)||s − r|, 0 6 θ 6 1
′ satisfying (C). Then, F : X 1/2 → X is a function of class
C1 with F ′ (u) ∈ L (X 1/2 , X) given by
6 C(1 + |θ s + (1 − θ )r|γ −1 )|s − r| ′ ′
[F (u)h](x) = f (u(x))h(x), for all u, h ∈ X 1/2 .
6 C1 (1 + |s|γ −1 + |r|γ −1 )|s − r|, (9) Moreover, there is a constante C > 0 such that
where C1 = C1 (γ ), 1 6 γ < n+2
n−2 if n > 3 and γ > 1 if n = 2.
kF ′ (u) − F ′ (v)kL (X 1/2 ,X) 6 Cku − vkX 1/2
Now, we will to show that for p > 1 satisfying
γ −2
2n × 1 + kukX 1/2 + kvkX 1/2 , (10)
pγ = n−2
2n
, the function F : L n−2 (Ω ) → L p (Ω ) is locally
Lipschitz continuous. Indeed, using (9) we get for all u, v ∈ X 1/2 .
Z
kF(u) − F(v)kLp p (Ω ) = | f (u(x)) − f (v(x))| p dx Proof. First we obtain the Gateaux differential of the
Z Ω Nemytskii’s operator. Thus, for u, h ∈ X 1/2 we have

p
6 C1 1 + |u(x)|γ −1 + |v(x)|γ −1 |u(x) − v(x)| p dx f (u(x) + th(x)) − f (u(x))
Ω δ F(u, h)(x) = lim
Z 1 t→0 t
γ Z 1 ′
6 C2 |u(x) − v(x)| pγ dx f (u(x) + sth(x))th(x)
Ω = lim ds
Z t→0 0 t

r  1r Z 1
× 1 + |u(x)| p(γ −1) + |v(x)| p(γ −1) dx
Ω = f ′ (u(x))h(x)ds = f ′ (u(x))h(x),
0
Z 2n
 p(n−2)
2n
6 C3 |u(x) − v(x)| n−2 dx where we have used the Dominated Convergence Theorem
Ω of Lebesgue and the fact that f ∈ C2 (R) with s = s(x) ∈
Z 1
[0, 1].
(1 + |u(x)| p(γ −1)r + |v(x)| p(γ −1)r )dx
r
× ,
Ω From assumption (C), we obtain
where in the second inequality we have used the Hölder | f ′′ (s)| 6 Cγ (1 + |s|γ −2 ), (CC)
inequality for γ and r, with 1r = 1 − p(n−2) because
2n where s ∈ R with 2 6 γ 6 n−2
n+2
if n > 3 and γ > 2 if n = 2.
u, v ∈ L n−2 (Ω ) = L pγ (Ω ). Since γ and r are conjugate we
2n
Similarly, as was done for (9) using (CC), we have
have p(γ − 1)r = pγ , thus (u − v) p ∈ Lγ (Ω ), and since
u p(γ −1) , v p(γ −1) ∈ Lr (Ω ) we have also | f ′ (s) − f ′ (r)| 6 C1,γ (1 + |s|γ −2 + |r|γ −2 )|s − r|, (11)
1 + u p(γ −1) + v p(γ −1) ∈ Lr (Ω ). Then, where 2 6 γ < n−2
n+2
if n > 3 and γ > 2 if n = 2.
kF(u) − F(v)kLp p (Ω ) 6 C4 ku − vkLp pγ (Ω ) Now, we can show that F is of class C1 in the sense of
 1 Fréchet. We begin by defining
pγ pγ r
× 1 + kukL pγ (Ω ) + kvkL pγ (Ω ) Φ (x) := F(u + h)(x) − F(u)(x) − f ′ (u(x))h(x),
  p(γ −1) 2n
6 C5 ku − vk p 2n 1+kuk 2n +kvk 2n . for u, h ∈ L n−2 and x ∈ Ω . Thus, for p > 1 such that pγ =
L n−2 (Ω ) L n−2 (Ω ) L n−2 (Ω ) 2n
n−2 and (11) we obtain
Therefore, Z Z 1  p
p
kΦ kL p (Ω ) = f ′ (u(x) + sh(x)) − f ′ (u(x)) dsh(x) dx
kF(u) − F(v)kL p (Ω ) 6 C6 ku − vk Ω 0
2n Z Z 1
L n−2 (Ω )
(1 + |u(x) + sh(x)|γ −2 + |u(x)|γ −2 )|sh(x)|
p
 γ −1 6 C1,γ
Ω 0
× 1 + kuk 2n + kvk 2n . p
L n−2 (Ω ) L n−2 (Ω ) × |h(x)|ds dx
Z
In particular, for p =
 2, using the immersions H01 (Ω ) ֒→ p
6 C2,γ |h(x)|2p 1 + |u(x)|γ −2 + |h(x)|γ −2

p
dx
Lσ (Ω ), σ ∈ 1, n−22n
for n > 3 and H01 (Ω ) ֒→ Lσ (Ω ), σ ∈ Ω
Z

[1, ∞) for n = 2, we have p
6 C3,γ |h(x)|2p 1 + |u(x)| p(γ −2) + |h(x)| p(γ −2) dx
Ω

γ −1 Z

γ −2
kF(u)−F(v)kX 6 C7 ku−vkX 1/2 1+kukX 1/2 +kvkX 1/2 . 1 + |u(x)| pγ + |h(x)| pγ dx γ
p 2p
6 C4,γ khkL pγ (Ω )
Ω
Finally, given δ > 0 such that u, v ∈ X 1/2 with p 2p pγ
6 C5,γ khkL pγ (Ω ) 1 + kukL pγ (Ω ) + khkL pγ (Ω )
pγ
γ −2
γ
kukX 1/2 , kvkX 1/2 6 δ we have
p 2p
p(γ −2)
6 C6,γ khkL pγ (Ω ) 1 + kukL pγ (Ω ) + khkL pγ (Ω ) ,
kF(u) − F(v)kX 6 Cδ ,γ ku − vkX 1/2 ,

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496 R. Figueroa-López, G. Lozada-Cruz: On Global Attractors for a Class of...

γ γ
where we have used Hölder’s inequality for 2 and γ −2 . Lemma 5.Consider the problem (1) under all the
Then, hypothesis to get the existence of smooth solutions and

γ −2 satisfying
kΦ kL p (Ω ) 6 C6,γ khk2L pγ (Ω ) 1+kukL pγ (Ω ) +khkL pγ (Ω ) . u f (u) 6 ζ u2 + τ , (12)
Now, by the Sobolev embeddings we obtain
where ζ and τ are positive constants. Then,
kΦ kL p (Ω )
γ −2
6 C7,γ khkH 1 (Ω ) 1 + kukH 1 (Ω ) + khkH 1 (Ω ) . 3 3n 
khkH 1 (Ω ) 0 0 0 sup ku(t, u0 )kL∞ (Ω ) 6 δ 2 2 4 +1 max ku0 kL2 (Ω ) , 1 , (13)
0
t>0
kΦ k p
Therefore, khk L (Ω ) → 0 when khkH 1 (Ω ) → 0.
H 1 (Ω )0
0 where δ > 0 is defined in (28) below.
In particular, for p = 2 the function F is of in class C1
the sense of Fréchet with [F ′ (u)h](x) = f ′ (u(x))h(x), for
Proof. We use Alikakos-Moser iteration (see [1] e [5])
all u, h ∈ H01 (Ω ).
which allows us to obtain estimates on L∞ (Ω ) for the
Now we will show the estimate (10). In fact, for
solutions of parabolic equations of second order. Indeed,
u, v, h ∈ L pγ (Ω ) denoting k
multiplying (1) by u2 −1 , k = 1, 2, . . . and integrating over
∆ F(u, v) := F ′ (u) − F ′ (v) Ω we get
and using (11) we obtain Z Z n
∂ ∂ u
2k −1
∑
k −1
Z ut u2 dx = ai j (x) u dx
Ω i, j=1 ∂ x j ∂ xi
p
∆ F(u, v)h L p (Ω ) = ′ ′
| f (u(x)) − f (v(x))| |h(x)| dx p p Ω
Ω | {z }
Z
p
1 + |u(x)|γ −2 + |v(x)|γ −2
p =:I
6 C1,γ |u(x) − v(x)| p |h(x)| p dx Z Z
Ω ∂ u 2k −1
n
Z
∑
k
p(γ −2) p(γ −2)

+ bi (x) u dx + (c(x) + λ )u2 dx
∂ xi
p
6 C8,γ 1 + |u(x)| + |v(x)| |u(x) − v(x)| p Ω i=1 Ω
Ω | {z }
Z

1
p(γ −2) θ
× |h(x)| p dx 1 + |u(x)| p(γ −2) + |v(x)| dx θ
Z
=:II
Ω k −1
p p
6 C9,γ ku − vkL pγ (Ω ) khkL pγ (Ω )
p + f (u)u2 dx. (14)
Ω
 1
pθ (γ −2) pθ (γ −2) θ
× 1 + kukL pθ (γ −2) (Ω ) + kvkL pθ (γ −2) (Ω ) For I, we have
p p p
6 C10,γ ku − vkL pγ (Ω ) khkL pγ (Ω ) Z k
n
∂ u ∂ (u2 −1 )

× 1 + kukL pθ (γ −2) (Ω ) + kvkL pθ (γ −2) (Ω )
 p(γ −2) I=−
Ω i, j=1
∑ ai j (x)
∂ xi ∂ x j
dx
p p p Z
6 C10,γ ku − vk 2n khk 2n
(2k − 1) n k−1
∂ (u2 ) ∂ (u2 )
k−1


L n−2 (Ω ) L n−2 (Ω )
 p(γ −2)
=−
22k−2 Ω i, j=1
∑ ai j (x)
∂ xi ∂xj
dx. (15)
× 1 + kuk 2n + kvk 2n ,
L n−2 (Ω ) L n−2 (Ω )

where θ = θ (γ ) and we have used the Hölder’s inequality Similarly, for II, we have
γ
for γ , γ and θ with θ = γ −2 , then p(γ − 2)θ = pγ and Z n
∂ u 2k−1
u p(γ −2) , v p(γ −2) ∈ Lθ (Ω ). ∑ bi (x)u2
k−1 −1
II = u dx
Therefore, Ω i=1 ∂ xi
Z k−1
kF ′ (u)h−F ′ (u)hkL p (Ω ) 6 C10,γ ku − vk 1 n
∂ (u2 )
∑ bi (x)u2
k−1
2n khk 2n = dx. (16)
L n−2 (Ω ) L n−2 (Ω ) 2k−1 ∂ xi
Ω

γ −2 i=1
× 1+kuk 2n +kvk 2n .
L n−2 (Ω ) L n−2 (Ω )
Replacing (15) and (16) in (14) we get
Finally by the Sobolev embedding we obtain
Z Z
∂ (u2 ) ∂ (u2 )
n k−1 k−1
1 d (1 − 2k )
kF ′ (u)h − F ′ (u)hkL p (Ω ) 6 C11,γ ku − vkH 1 (Ω ) ∑
k
u2 dx = ai j (x) dx
0

γ −2 2k dt Ω 2k−2 Ω i, j=1 ∂ xi ∂xj
× 1 + kukH 1 (Ω ) + kvkH 1 (Ω ) khkH 1 (Ω ) . Z Z
∂ (u2 ) 2k−1
0 0 0 n k−1

∑ bi (x)
k
−2
+ 2k u f (u)u2 dx + 2 u dx
From this last inequality taking p = 2 immediately follows Ω Ω i=1 ∂ xi
(10).  Z
2k
+2 k
(c(x) + λ )u dx.
Now let’s get uniform bounds for the solutions of (3). Ω

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2k −1
Now, using (2) and (12) we get Since 2 6 2k−2
6 4 for all k = 1, 2, . . . , we can write (20)
as
Z Z  ∂ (u2k−1 ) 2
n
d (2k − 1)
∑
k
u2 dx 6 − ϑ dx d
Z Z n  ∂ (u2k−1 ) 2 
dt Ω 2k−2 Ω i=1 ∂ xi k
u2 dx 6 −ϑ ∑ dx + 2k (ζ + τ
Z Z k−1
dt Ω Ω i=1 ∂ xi
∂ (u2 ) 2k−1
n
∑ ∂ xi u dx
2k −2 Z
+2 k
(ζ u + τ )u 2
dx + 2B∗∞ n(B∗∞ )2  k
Ω Ω i=1 +C∞∗ (x) + λ ) + u2 + 2k τ |Ω |. (21)
Z ϑ Ω
2k
+ 2k (C∞∗ (x) + λ ) u dx, (17)
Ω Taking j = 0, p = 2, m = 1, r = 2, q = 1, θ = n
n+2 in
Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality we obtain
where B∗∞ := max sup |bi (x)| and C∞∗ := sup |c(x)|. Using
16i6n x∈Ω x∈Ω e θ 1 kvk1−
kvkL2 (Ω ) 6 Ckvk θ
, ∀v ∈ H 1 (Ω ), (22)
Hölder’s inequality in (17), we obtain H (Ω ) L 1 (Ω )

Z Z  ∂ (u2k−1 ) 2
n where Ce = C(e Ω , n). Again, using the Young’s inequality
d (2k − 1)
∑ ∂ xi dx
k
u2 dx 6 − ϑ in (22) with m = θ1 > 1 and ε ∈ (0, 1) we obtain
dt Ω 2k−2 Ω i=1
Z Z
k k −2
+ 2k ζ u2 dx + 2k τ u2 dx 1 m 2θ m m − 1 −m e 2m 2m(1−θ )
Ω Ω kvk2L2 (Ω ) 6 ε kvkH 1 (Ω ) + ε m−1 C m−1 kvkL1m−1
(Ω )
Z  n m m
k−1
∂ (u2 ) 2
1 Z
2
1
+ 2B∗∞ ∑ dx 2
u2
k−1
dx 2 6 ε kvkH 1 (Ω ) +Cε kvkL1 (Ω ) ,
2 2
(23)
Ω i=1 ∂ xi Ω
Z n
+ 2k (C∞∗ (x) + λ )
k
u2 dx. (18) where Cε := ξ ε − 2 −1 and ξ := n+2 2 en+2
C . From the
Ω definition of norm in H (Ω ) we can see that (23) can be
1

k k written as
Since u2 −2 6 u2 + 1, ∀k = 1, 2, . . . and (d1 + · · · + dn )r 6
nr−1 (d1r + · · · + dnr ), di > 0 and r > 1 in (18) we obtain 1−ε Cε
kvk2L2 (Ω ) − kvk2L1 (Ω ) 6 kvx k2H 1 (Ω ) . (24)
ε ε
Z Z n  ∂ (u2 ) 2
k−1
d (2k − 1)
∑
k
u2 dx 6 − ϑ dx Now, using (24) in (21) with v = u2
k−1
dt Ω 2k−2 Ω i=1 ∂ xi we get
Z Z n  ∂ (u2 ) 2
1
k−1 Z Z Z
+ 2k τ
k
(u2 + 1)dx + 2B∗∞ n∑ d k ϑ (1 − ε )
ϑ Cε k k
2
∂ xi
dx 2 u2 dx 6 − u2 dx +
u2 dx
Z
Ω Ω i=1
Z
dtΩ Ω ε ε Ω
k
1 k  k n(B ∗ )2  Z
× u2 dx 2
+ 2k (ζ +C∞
∗
(x) + λ ) u2 dx + 2 (ζ + τ +C∞∗ (x) + λ ) + ∞ k
u2 + 2k τ |Ω |
Ω Ω
Z
ϑ Ω
 ∂ (u2 ) 2
n k−1
(2k − 1)  ϑ (1 − ε )
6 − k−2 ϑ
2
∑
Ω i=1 ∂ xi
dx + 2k (ζ + τ +C∞
∗
(x)
= − + 2k (ζ + τ +C∞∗ (x) + λ ) +
n(B∗∞ )2 
ε ϑ
Z Z
Z Z n  ∂ (u2 ) 2
1 Z 2k
1
k−1
ϑ Cε

∑
k k 2
u2 dx + 2k τ |Ω |.
k
+λ) u2 dx+2B∗∞ dx 2 n u dx 2 × u2 dx +
Ω Ω i=1 ∂ xi Ω Ω ε Ω

+ 2 τ |Ω |.
k
(19) Then, fixing ε = εk , k = 1, 2, . . . such that
ϑ
Now, using the Cauchy’s inequality in (19) with ε̄ = B∗∞ ϑ (1 − ε ) n(B∗∞ )2
we get − + 2k (ζ + τ +C∞∗ (x) + λ ) + 6 −2k
ε ϑ
Z Z  ∂ (u2 ) 2
n k−1
d (2k − 1) and εk = ρ 2−k where ρ is a positive constant, we have
∑
k
u2 dx 6 − ϑ dx
dt Ω 2k−2 Ω i=1 ∂ xi
Z d R 2k R 2k R 2k
2
k 2n +2
Ω u dx 6 −2 Ω u dx + µ (2 ) Ω u dx + 2 τ |Ω |,
k k k
+ 2k (ζ + τ +C∞
∗
(x) + λ ) u2 dx dt
Ω
Z Z (25)
ε̄  ∂ (u2 ) 2
n k−1

n
+ 2B∗∞ ∑
1 k
dx + n u2 dx + 2k τ |Ω | where µ := ϑ ξ ρ − 2 −2 . Applying Lemma 1.2.5 in [5, p.
2 Ω i=1 ∂ xi 2ε̄ Ω R k
17] with y(t) = Ω u2 dx in (25) we obtain
Z  ∂ (u2 ) 2
n k−1
(2k − 1)

∑
Z nZ Z o
= − ϑ +ϑ dx + 2k (ζ k k n k
2
2k−2 Ω i=1 ∂ xi u2 dx 6 max (u0 )2 dx, µ (2k ) 2 +1 u2 dx +τ |Ω |
Ω Ω Ω
Z nZ o
n(B∗∞ )2  k
0 2k k n2 +1 2k
+ τ +C∞
∗
(x) + λ ) + u2 + 2k τ |Ω |. (20) 6 max (u ) dx, µ (2 ) mk−1 + τ |Ω | , (26)
ϑ Ω Ω

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498 R. Figueroa-López, G. Lozada-Cruz: On Global Attractors for a Class of...

R k−1
2−k+1
where mk−1 := sup Ω u2 dx . Taking the 2k −th Finally we will show that sup ku(t, u0 )kL2 (Ω ) 6 γ , where
t>0 t>0
root on both sides of (26) and then the supremum on the γ > 0. Indeed, similarly as we did above, we multiply the
left hand we get equation of the problem (1) for u and integrate over Ω we
obtain
 n k
1
mk 6 max ku0 kL2k (Ω ) , µ (2k ) 2 +1 m2k−1 +τ |Ω | 2 . (27)
k
Z Z Z
n
∂u ∂u n
∂u
Ω
ut udx = −
Ω i, j=1
∑ ai j (x)
∂ xi ∂ x j
dx+
Ω
∑ bi (x) ∂ xi udx
R
1 i=1
Since, ku0 kL2k (Ω ) 6 sup |u0 (x)| dx 2k 6 Z Z
Ω
x∈Ω + (c(x) + λ )u dx + 2
f (u)udx.
1 Ω Ω
ku0 kL∞ (Ω ) |Ω | 2k
=: K , we can see that the first term of
(27) is uniform bounded by K , for all k ∈ N. Now, From (2) and (12) we get
enlarging µ to the value
Z Z Z
1 d n
∂ u
2 n
∂u

δ := max µ , 1, τ |Ω |, K 2 . (28) 2 dt Ω
u2 dx 6 −ϑ
Ω
∑ ∂ xi
dx + B∗∞
Ω
∑ ∂ xi udx
i=1 i=1
Z Z
Enlarging also m1 (which is defined by sup ku(t, ·)kL2 (Ω ) ) + (C∞∗ + λ ) u2 dx + (ζ u2 + τ )dx,
x∈Ω Ω Ω
to the value x1 := max{m1 , 1}. Then, using (28) in (27) we
have where B∗∞ e C∞∗ are defined as above. Using Poincare’s and
n n k
1o Hölder’s inequality we obtain
mk 6 max K , δ (2k ) 2 +1 m2k−1 +δ 2k , k = 2, 3, . . .
Z Z Z
d n
∂ u
2
12
We can see that the numbers mk , k = 1, 2, . . . are bounded dt Ω
u2 dx 6 −2C̄ϑ
Ω
u2 dx + 2B∗∞
Ω
∑ ∂ xi
dx
i=1
by the corresponding xk satisfying the recurrence relation Z
1 Z
n × n 2
u dx 2
+ 2(C∞∗ + λ ) u2 dx
n 2k

1o Ω Ω
xk = max K , δ (2k ) 2 +1 xk−1 + δ 2k , k = 2, 3, . . . (29) Z
+ 2ζ u2 dx + 2τ |Ω |. (31)
Ω
Since δ > 1 and x1 > 1 we can see that sequence {xk }k∈N
is increasing. Furthermore, for k = 2 the second term of By Cauchy’s inequality with ε0 > 0 in (31), we have
(29) is bounded because
Z
n
1 o d C̄B∗∞ ε0 nB∗
u2 dx 6 2(−C̄ϑ + +C∞∗ + λ + ζ + 0 )
x2 = max K , δ (2)n+2 x14 + δ 4 dt Ω 2 ε0
Z
n
1 o
6 max K , 2δ (2)n+2 x14 4 × u2 dx + 2τ |Ω |, (32)
Ω
n
1 o
6 max K , 2δ (2)n+2 4 max{m1 , 1} . where in the last inequality we have used Poincaré’s
inequality.
By other side, the sequence {xk }k∈N is dominated by the Choosing ε0 such that
sequence {zk }k∈N given by
C̄B∗∞ ε0 nB∗
( −C̄ϑ + +C∞∗ + λ + ζ + ∞ 6 −1.
z1 = x1 > 1 2 ε0
n
1
zk = 2δ (2k ) 2 +1 2k zk−1 , k = 2, 3, . . . Thus, in (32) we have
Taking the limit when k → ∞ we have x∞ := lim xk 6 z∞ := Z Z
d
k→∞ u2 dx 6 −2 u2 dx + 2τ |Ω |. (33)
lim zk . Thus, dt Ω Ω
k→∞

∞ Using Lemma 1.2.4 in [5, p. 17] to (33), we get

1
sup ku(t, ·)kL∞ (Ω ) 6 z1 ∏ 2δ (2k ) 2 +1
n
2k n o
t>0 k=2 sup ku(t, u0 )kL2 (Ω ) 6 max ku0 kL2 (Ω ) , τ |Ω | . (34)

− 1 ∞
1 ∞ k  n +1 t>0
∏ ∏2
n
6 z1 δ (2) 2 +2 2
2δ 2k 2k 2

k=1 k=1 Therefore, using (34) in (30) we obtain

h
i n
n +2
− 1
lim1− 1k lim 2− k+2 2 +1 n o
6 z1 δ (2) 2 2
2δ k→∞ 2 2 k→∞ 2k 3 3n
sup ku(t, u0 )kL∞ (Ω ) 6 δ 2 2 4 +1 max ku0 kL2 (Ω ) , 1 .
1 3n
n o t>0
6 δ 2 2 4 +1 max sup ku(t, ·)kL2 (Ω ) , 1 . (30)
t>0 Thus we get the result. 

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Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 8, No. 2, 493-500 (2014) / www.naturalspublishing.com/Journals.asp 499

Lemma 6.Let f : R → R be a function of class C2 (R) From this, it follows

satisfying (D). Then given ε > 0 there exists mε =: m > 0 Z t
such that
lim sup ku(t, u0 )kX α ≤ lim sup c1C(K∞ ) r−α e−β r ds
v f (v) 6 ε v2 + m, t→∞ t→∞ 0
for all v ∈ R. = c1C(K∞ )Γ (1 − α )β α −1 =: K1 .
Proof. From the assumption (D), follows that is there is
M > 0 such that v f (v) 6 ε v2 , for all |v| > M. Since the
Let {T (t, ·) : t > 0} be a semigroup in X 1/2 given by
set {x ∈ Ω : |v| 6 M} is bounded in Rn where we take
v = v(x) and f be a continuous function. Thus, we have
|v f (v)| 6 mε . Therefore, joining these two facts follow the T (t, u0 ) = u(t, u0 ), ∀t > 0,
result. 
where u is the unique global solution of (3). This
semigroup {T (t, ·) : t > 0} is a C0 −semigroup in X 1/2 .
3 Local and global solution
As a consequence of Theorem 1 results
Lemma 7(Local solution). Under the growth assumption
(C) the problem (3) has local solution in X 1/2 . Corollary 1.Under the hypotheses of Theorem 1, it follows
that semigroup {T (t, u0 ) : t ≥ 0} is point dissipative.
Proof. By Lemma 3 and Lemma 2 we can see that the
hypothesis of Theorem 2.1.1 in [5, p. 62] are satisfied, thus
we have the result. 
Theorem 1(Bounded global solution). Assume the 4 Existence of global attractor
growth conditions (C) and dissipation (D) holds, then the
solution of the problem (3) with Theorem 2.The C0 −semigroup {T (t, ·) : t > 0} associated
u0 ∈ BR = {v ∈ X 1/2 : kvkH 1 (Ω ) ≤ R} is define globally to the problem (3) has global attractor A in X 1/2 .
0
and there exist a constant K1 > 0 such that
lim sup ku(t, u0 )kH 1 (Ω ) ≤ K1 . Proof. We show first that C0 −semigroup {T (t, u0 ) : t ≥ 0}
t→∞ 0
is compact in X 1/2 . In fact, we see that the resolvent of A
Proof. From (13) and Lemma 5, we obtain that is compact, since X 1 = D(A) is embedding compactly in
u ∈ L∞ (Ω ), then kF(u)kX ≤ C(kukL∞ (Ω ) ). Thus, if X = L2 (Ω ) and of the Proposition 4.25 in [6, p. 118], the
result follows. Now, using the Theorem 3.3.1 in [5, p. 80],
u0 ∈ X α , then u is a local solution in X α of the problem
we have the C0 −semigroup {T (t, u0 ) : t ≥ 0} is compact
(3) satisfying the constants variation formula. Since, the
operator A is sectorial positive, we have in X 1/2 . Finally, by Corollary’s 1 and 1.1.6 in [5, p.13] the
result follows. 
ku(t, u0 )kX α ≤ kAα e−At u0 kX
Z t As a consequence of Lemma 5 and Lemma 6, we have
α −A(t−s) 0
+ kA e kL (X) kF(u(s, u ))kX ds
0
Z t
≤ c0 e−β t ku0 kX α + c1 (t−s)−α e−β (t−s) kF(u(s, u0 ))kX ds Theorem 3.Assuming the same hipotheses of Lemma 13,
0 we have
Z t
≤ c0 ku0 kX α + c1C(kukL∞ (Ω ) ) (t − s)−α ds, sup kukL∞ (Ω ) < K0 ,
0 u∈A

where c0 , c1 are positive constants with α ∈ (0, 1) and where K0 = K0 (Ω , n, ζ , τ , ku0 kL∞ (Ω ) ) is a positive
Re σ (A) > β > 0. It follows that u(t, u0 ) in the norm X α constant.
is limited to finite intervals of time with α < 1. Therefore,
for α = 1/2 a solution is global.
As before, using the formula of the constants variation
and since ku(t, u0 )kL∞ (Ω ) ≤ K∞ for all t ≥ 0, we obtain Acknowledgement
ku(t, u0 )kX α ≤ cα t −α e−β t ku0 kX
Z t The first author was partially supported by
−α −β (t−s) FAPESP(Brazil) through the research grant 2009/08088-9
+ c1 (t − s) e C(K∞ )ds
0 and the second author was partially supported by
Z t
FAPESP(Brazil) through the research grant
≤ cα t −α e−β t ku0 kL∞ (Ω ) + c1C(K∞ ) (t − s)−α e−β (t−s) ds. 2009/08435-0.
0

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500 R. Figueroa-López, G. Lozada-Cruz: On Global Attractors for a Class of...

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Natural Sciences Publishing Cor.