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Chapter5 2024 1
Chapter5 2024 1
CHAPTER 5
MASS AND ENERGY
ANALYSIS OF CONTROL
VOLUMES
Conservation of mass: Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it cannot be created or destroyed
during a process.
dAc
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dVc
r, Vc
“The net rate of mass transfer to or from a control volume is equal to the net rate of change (increase or decrease)
in the total mass within the control volume”
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mCV = constant
Total amount of mass entering a control volume equal the total amount of mass leaving it.
Single stream
Examples
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h = u + Pv
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Mass balance
Energy balance
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Exercise
As shown in figure air enters a hair dryer at 25 C, 100 kPa with a volumetric
flow rate of 1 m3/min. On the outer dryer surface is an electrical resistor
covered with insulation. With a voltage of 120 V, the resistor draws a current
of 4 amps. Assuming the ideal gas model for air and ignoring kinetic and
potential energy effects, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the air and (b)
the temperature of the air at the exit.
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Turbines
Turbine drives the electric generator In steam, gas, or hydroelectric power plants.
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Energy balance:
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Nozzles and diffusers are shaped so that they cause large changes in fluid velocities
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Throttling valves
The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a large drop in temperature
(coefficient of Joule-Thompson)
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isentálpico
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Mixing chambers
In engineering applications, the section where the mixing process takes place is commonly referred to as a mixing
chamber.
Energy balance for the adiabatic mixing chamber in the figure is:
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Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are devices where two moving fluid streams exchange heat without
mixing.
Tubos y coraza
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The heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger may be zero or nonzero
depending on how the control volume is selected.
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Energy balance for the pipe flow shown in the figure is:
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Ejercicios
Una turbina de vapor se utiliza para impulsar un compresor de nitrógeno como se muestra en la figura. Los
estados del vapor y el nitrógeno se indican en el diagrama, y los flujos de masa son 500 kg/h y 75 kg/h en la
turbina y el compresor, respectivamente. El calor cedido en la turbina es pequeño y puede despreciarse. La
turbina entrega 12 kW al compresor y el resto a un generador eléctrico.
a. Determine la potencia disponible en la turbina para mover el generador eléctrico.
b. ¿Cuál es la temperatura del nitrógeno a la salida del compresor?
c. ¿Determine el calor que se debe retirar al nitrógeno en el enfriador?
d. Dibuje el diagrama T-v para los estados y los procesos experimentados por el nitrógeno y el vapor de agua.
e. Se le pide la asesoría técnica como ingeniero, para evaluar si es posible usar el calor removido al nitrógeno
para calentar el vapor a la entrada de la turbina, y así obtener mayor potencia. ¿Qué recomienda? (Sustente
su recomendación)
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Ejercicio
Un ciclo de potencia de vapor trabaja en las condiciones siguientes: (1) 100 bar y 520 C a
la entrada de la turbina, (2) 0.3 bar y 90% de calidad a la salida de la turbina, (3) líquido
saturado a 0.3 bar en la salida del condensador y (4) 100 bar a la salida de la bomba. El
flujo másico del agua es 40 kg/s. Despreciando los cambios de energía cinética y
potencial, determinar:
a. El trabajo generado en la turbina
b. El calor cedido en el condensador
c. El trabajo de la bomba
d. El calor suministrado a la caldera
e. Represente el ciclo en un diagrama P-v
f. La eficiencia térmica de este ciclo de potencia
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Many processes involve changes within the control volume with time (unsteady-flow, or
transient-flow, processes)
Mass balance
By using the general form of mass balance:
Energy balance
By using the general form of energy balance:
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Ejercicios
A tank having a volume of 0.85 m3 initially contains water as a two-phase liquid–vapor
mixture at 260 °C and a quality of 0.7. Saturated water vapor at 260 °C is slowly withdrawn
through a pressure-regulating valve at the top of the tank as energy is transferred by heat to
maintain constant pressure in the tank. This continues until the tank is filled with saturated
vapor at 260 °C. Determine the amount of heat transfer, in kJ. Neglect all kinetic and
potential energy effects.
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