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NEELESH KUMAR SINGH
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 Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur,
Mizoram

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 tThe Islands J e0 e
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The Smart Study Toolkit PDF, Annotate, Note

By Sandesh Sankpal

This Document has been modified with Flexcil app (iPad) | https://www.flexcil.com
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 u.- 76° 88"
80° . 84°

36°N
36°N
IN D I A
IRON AND STEEL PLANTS
PAK .IS. TAN
32°
~· ·. 32°

20°

'A- R~ SIA N . BA Y OF
SE A. BE NG AL

- ltf

•
- 12° ·{
• ,. . ~?· • 12°

..• .
\
•
••
a
\
•••
ANDAMAN &NICOBAR ISLANDS
LAKSHADWEEP (INDIA)
QNDIA) 0 200 400 600bn-
0
•
-8° N •
OC EA N
IN D/ AN 84°
76° 92°E
72°E
 36°N
36°N
IND I A
MAJOR PORTS AND SEA ROUTES

32°

20°
20°

• BAY OF
BENG AL

•
t
12°
,)i. 12°
r?---"- \ Port Blalr
••9• •
• • > 1.~ ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS
LAKSHADWEEP (INDIA)

.'
0
8°N
· (INOIA)
0 200 400 •
t'lf I I •• 8°N
IND I
• 72°8 88°

""U Uf\ of
.._ n"+>~ Fig. 8.4: India - Mqjor Ports aitd Sea Routes
ian ..tea . .

t-fO.rb()U\'.
,~t
11..iUm(
 GEOMORPHOLUGY)
the earth SeasonalityDay/ Night >
due to otahian (w> E)
.
shape of Geoid oblate spheroid Seasms due tu revoluhi on(anticdock
wnith the help ot Greddesy dependent apm » tiltation ot tarth
uuge near EquatuY entrifugal force Revoluhion gf EDIh
.olardiamerer- 12-14 km Jif f less Spring9 Fauinox
.Eauato1al diamete- 12756 km +mre Yesno mar

Rotachmal speed is more Equatur

SUN

.(ontinents Summey
winter
Dec
area wTSe Popudatin wise June
Asta Asig Autumnal Equtnoy
Afnca Africa Se ptemer
NAmeaica Europe 90
S.Amenca N Amesica Dote Pesiian 90n Sea.con Dau Night
Antachca S.Amenca
aJune Tropic ot cancer summer long short
Erope Australia n North
Hemisphere
Austalia Antarchica winter in short long
SOuth
Hemisphere
Latitudes and longitudes Total no of Autumn a -Equal
longitudessept
are 86o
Equator equinox
-aka_parallels aka mesidlans
greatcircle equator o' neridian @eenu Tropic dtcapricon inter in short long
Tnternahiomal22 "Dec
pac Narth
.180° longitude
180 logrtude Date ine. Hemisphr
- Smaler towards Pole saayalafe Summer ih ong short
addlace a da Hemicphese
-they are emi-circuular
not circuwar bea value
changes) Mavch Equatar Vernal/spning-equal
(not parallel) equinox
distanco b/uo tuoD distae /w tun logtudes mach to a9 sapt sun is in Nerth Hernicphe
latntuder is 111km decreases from equator
TOWards peles. 2 3 Sept to 21s march sun is in South Hemisphe
@Eouator itt is 111:3 km +Summex solstice in North 2 June
Seasons applichion Time &Date Uintes solshica in North> 224 Dec Solshice
Paur me 2 Sun reache
+Summer soishica in South22hd DRC I highet
Point
SUun wect East +DOintes sotshce i'n south216June
Plaa
Summx in.
SeuH bemisphese
Equinox Yema)/sing» sept 2IS march
urintea in Not 1 4 minutes Auhumnau atoateh 23nsept.
No urinter ceason Equahar
IST82-5° Eastmeridia
5.5hr ahead dt Gh
ummes in Nartn emisphir
&winter in stwh
-Standara nendian 3Tan O 4 uly
Passes thot Nain) (Pexigea Apoge
UP (mir2apur) (Prayag
MP (singrauli) SuMmes ih
hemisphere
'

eh
Summerc
peg
d- souh are stmges.
S0uth
Chatticgarh
odishg Milankovit dh ycle wobling at Earth ar Farth
Andha Pradesh R-33 -2
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 Lithosphere Eavthaualke epicee.
km (asa
Crust S1AL/S1MA ThidenessConhnena Ocaanic
intona
17. CTust CnAS F f o c u s / H y p o a r e h a s p h e r e

SIMA
(mare meklic
a n t e S 1 M A (Cuwpexrahvedy
eis fennus FeoUs -Aesphenasphere
B47.
2900 km
waves IIIIMMM OU U hei2ta
Earth as a Earth's
COre NIFE Crust
whole Veshical
Swaves
1373H em Iron (ssy)Oygen (467)|
Love wruver
manie core>Crust y9en (3oSilicon (287) Rotyleign waves >V+h
vol umeunse SLA
Silcon (t57)|Aumimum (e7
*Temperodue change Maanesiam (137). Jvon Csx) Ceismic wves-
(nreastng depYh Nickel 24)|MagnesiumCa MOst desmuciy
1'c fr ever 32m ( Body waves Surta& waves

Temperature uhich Con melt stonec (lavo) is Faundl Love Ray leigh
below 100- 200 km PwavesJ SWaves waves
Solid1thohere100k -bngitudinal -Transyexse les destrchix
rust
34 CIigtt waves)
more
han love
manHe
manHe Jtoo En Scrust + (sounyes) destruchive
(bez Y+h_
Maqma SOme part -8/s km/ce 46kmsec
(1iqud) ot uPDnHo
mante generadion Fom
-2g00 km Ebicorhe
-Passas
throug h
Cnly
Solid
litthosphere sdid High temperature +
Soltd Surtace waves are
liquid Swave AT to repat o
Asthenaspheresemi moten, Hioh pressure exested qaseous seismograph.
by lHhasphere mecid ms
Crust
Buk spead Solid liqw'd Gaseous
dences speed increace
E M Lthesphese-solid - rearer to
upper mante/ .densex to reare Specd decrtasess
Aesthenosphere semi colid
anHe semi melte
ouwer manhH 200bmesosbhere-Sdid-more
200 Oute rigrd ha Saismogaph- Mlr awtuaves can not pomsthough
oud cove ond ate not
Core liquid Vsihenosprer
-5100 Em deteded blw 103 and 12
Cne Banysphere
63H Em
solidhug Hill the end d
Richtex scale - measarer Magnitude

Pressux mante ilicates are expre ssed in t e , energy released

Obsolute oumbers OUingeatthqake
est derse
iquuid
camnnoxides)meting
Siicates+ ina t| 10

mo Yenife
BU in the core Mercalli Scale measures Trtensitu (MI)
Ni+ fe (iron) Starhing taund range ot itensth i.o, visible damaqe
Ctrner cone) Shresses low mehng pk Scale ls fhowí 1-12 Causad by an ewent
Sola Crre than silia
CC-SIAL
Puwnve chodow 26me Suave shadovu 2me
crustoc-SIMA 0-100 km Solid
Lithos phere ome port
Uppe mantle 10)-14s 03 to3
Jfe oves
407. q
Conmhmm Surhace
lb outer care is liquid
Hesthenosphere+fart atUpperMantle100-Fookm due to rehachin caused
y chonge in medium Swave an not pacs

2SIMA P uave saw highest speed

Mecosphere fort ot lower mcntle o0-2j00 kmSolid n inner core Highest solid

Ourer core-
NIPE 2900-Slookm liqid Based on historical seismic activity, the Bureau of Indian Standards has categorized regions
in India into four seismic zones: zones II, III, IV and V. Of these, the most seismically active
Barysphere Inner core- NIFE area is Zone V and the least active is Zone II.
S100-63lEm>solid

Pper cnst
ouwey enust
Conrad
Moho rovic
(aT?MR?
con R
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 continent Dnft theorg-upaced by Afred weqener Vol canism Volcanoes
in 1912.
corr Drift n the bast's af
Towordoid on the easis of
fesman metesologat mode of euphoy pesiodiuity f the esuphan.
a2S millNon
years ago 2ig saw ft
Dormant Exhinc
eidences he gaveSimilarity ot age o ficsure centra euphion Achive
the rocks &tuper in case of tmmugn vent -enuphed Pact- v Past vV
Simta in past
fossil eyidencests divexqene -Convergena euphng resent-x fresent-x
foleFlain9 Reasons he gav srlaciad avidences ( r gAT)
forte
Drawbacks topical land -Plateay -Yolcanic mt. - Paccibility furure-v future-x
o esuptF
Tdal foce Spreading fossibility
(Tillite depositer) SeaFloor
In futuk
otOT anar Eokiltman
nat eed iments
Sanisfachy eroded oy Criauers
then.what is4 - lecs explasive more explosive egjas del
reasn? Placer depositer ceadov
eldGhana3 Brazi Arjarina euiousItaly
Raced Sour shallowdepth -Pesp depth tna-taly ekilimanaan
conechiomal current neo-430s-Arther Holme earthquakes earthquakes Taal phiP" Tan2ania

ditcussed posibility of convechon cuvents in the Barren-India Narcondam nd

these curents are generated due to radioachve
mantel
cobpoxiGquadov
elements COuSing themal diferencer in the mante fuziJapan
EgusAntarchcn
S2A oor spreading heory-1960 -by Hay Hass Highly viscous
-endences he qave Fresence a Mid occanic Ridge Acidic Lava -Silica lHow
Types of @ccmvergen ce explo Ste
foor spreads Age o rocks increases tava
away from the MOR @ divergen
Hu Bosic lava silica les Viscous
(oceanic cnust is younger Flow t 1
Magma fom Mante) than csttinentad cnust) Oceantc Rocks (Besalti)
Marthe has $IMA Fissun enphon
e has silica other metals
Palaeo -magnehsm been t76
.oceanic cSust alro
COmsist a SLMA
reversals Heavy Dark coleuree
Deccan tap spreaded due to high. fud1y
-

comhinent other metoal - Igss stlica

mangane
eeaie than At dak caloured Saiclau
Le uhy
ocuonic is haavie than caust Yolcanic landforms t
Cust
Latrusive tusive
uhyno
id mtroopolith f concave) OI lava is adidic
PLate-teuonic
=
Theorg b n 9plesie strato-volcano
o-OTsland Atc(wlanic sedimen acidic laya caue
Campcsite cene
nvergent fold mountains (volcanic) placoli(if Shallow
convex basn statas d
ava-ash Hava-ai
Boundary Mountains(no volcanum) mre hight dueto didic lav
C-Cfold
dschivemagi CEarhauakes (a, why most af theaeive
Iresence 4 caanic plake ensures Volcanism sill ( horznla) Volcanoes belong toiis
landam cota
encures fold MouOdaine hick rhinner dY

rrexena dt (onhinental plake sheefr If lava s basic

Less plesY shield cone
Earthguake ]fold mtsTvenches eHowai Ls
Interachon oltano Duke (ivertical)
C-0 /ashe
Phacolith(fanticline-ynclin) F lava is lecs a dus
Jie Mar Mgmaun
usually t low heig
) Batholiih ( To frmed by
l t - c rift valley 81ock mountains sbaped Yolcan icdu sh, ashe
fagmented meleni
vergent Pate 0 - o sea floorspreading, MOR Cone shapt uiniey cene
B0undary COhsuch Ye marain Cratex due
acLumlahon

caldexa
MOR
Tansformnan no
mountains sesmic achvites
but OPlateu Farasiecone
fault
Cr Sevative morgin ajndrear Sea ftor h m_sceU
 9ymnet cal A AicadRuumbe
aldsymnencad ver tmut
Mot spot voltantem is unique because it does cmplex foid ms aver alca napA
ot the boundaates d Easths tectontc plates, not occur
ohes volcan(sm acus . Instead t dcurs af
whese al shuuhire
abnotmally not cenbres known as mantle plu mes. Nor mal fault Divergence Reverse fault
-

Mantle plumes are excaphomally hot areas fixed deap Transfarm fault Transfarm Brun dary itanchian
belouw the earths cust pecsldy auter core. Ccansevative margin)
Ravexse foult~canyergend2
reyser Hotspring Ffumardlerlee katmai sltano Alasko
Ohlugage

Geysex
ex old faith fulBlock mountdios-created when large areas or blocks a
Geyser in earth are broken and displacacl verhically-during diveraene
Steam Porous MOTsk Creak Re valley, Afrca
ROcks Yellastane Nf R
late (DSA) Rhine valey
Tra beh Vosges maun kainrope
S
watert steam geusex
Doter adyHotsprng| Volca nic mauntains
yogm ahaddas\gaces- fumarolrfrereqtuisite erral esuhim
Acidic Lava
2old
Rocks in Details idual mauntains (ie, otd fotd mauntain)
excesstuve emsimduu to htgh timespan
qenudathn
Types
nmman
metamarphic Plalaay
gnecas (). sedimertory iei chang in form
PLATEAUS
ex.Tibet
Fossilsx(t) dueto exposure Intexmamtane Plateau-
to High emperau Bolivian Plhealu
minerals VemaSadimemacro
a rstm ressure mountain.
i , forot ot n Andes m
Layers X Sakianantaec Piedmant plateau- elateaus hich is sttuated
Chemica coMpostihan Rock (hnca grante Gneiss at the frvt of a maumain and is locked Mthe dther side
enemica
esim weathening oy a plain/asea/ o cean eb.
acidic)Basic cShaleschist Redmant Pladeay
fava ava Sadmentahon Pataggnia Plateau
Smre litniFicahian Sand Quartaite|
STone the foot ot Andes
silicates ilicaler Fossils clayH>
Shale
slate
maftc
minerakxnounl) +Lithosphe2xe -Endogenic ferces mpletee v
Phytite vlcand
feaure Feature layers Catashrapic-uddentarthquoka
(Feldspar, (Feruus
tsilrcats) tmagneciun) umestune Coal Anthraa thSpherc DiGsropic Sow t famohan
chang (orogenie)
light colotr Dourk Dolonite imeshneHmarble Erogenic Torces Cantinent
bo e asal Chalk weathering Physica fmatiom
Coa P-Pressure chemca (Epeitroaenic)
Sandstum
H Heat Bologico
Audte Bosic
Clay ErstdnTc2,Rives wates,sea, wind,.Cround
gneous Ioneous wavts water
LROcks Recks shale (oil) neta morphism Physical
Crranite Besa Potach Denudahon - t is a cernbin ahion at weaheaning (disinead
with Perosron(Remwal)
medlum #) chemica chemical Transportahion
amgunt change chcnge
SIlnates5 Deposihon
ie, Dunamnic Thermal
not foo dork Metamorphism Mmou Weathering- physical disintegrahon
not too gh* n the proas
e Diorite otmeamrphiem (stmple Phusical usiaatnening-Temperature increose and
Rock grains ar mechantcad decrease causes expansian & campresian uhk
Andesike mineraB dishurbanoR then lead to lbosness in the ock parhieles
arrongs In
Pla at fovmahiom ayes lines -

no chemical
chdnge
calles4 Contac ReQlona
usive 11EAusIve forzATaN/ meramaTphSm Meaorphrsm
nism
dangnchemico ueathenng- oxidahm y occurs
gneoS 9neo 3NEAT16N (dhange due, h Creaions o 6 shen oxygen and water rmcsT iron rich
minerals
Rodes Kock Cowtcea lava Ptetectonics D othe mineralsS
Aeldee lava Basle14va magma) mvengene a d eDKens he shmucure
and otshale. Dirergtn Dumng xidation mineralsin roces changecolouL
f udity ighy Fluid dunng melamarphsm
ir caled p a n d i g
Prassure
ch'onole
Hydrahd oxidahn accelerates ock cecay, rendening it mac
tame rut t
Sufa unesable to othex fms at weatheing
Sandstome Reddish aonge colour- dua to oxidahn
dficut
cme.a
Secocasting No oyshalizahim
mechanical uweathening- frost wedein9
weaben
w a t e r tn vocks if freezer *pansion
Cstala Desa Intusive Shallawer typobyssal Rouks brears
Granite orPlunictRTAdbintrchan
h lceaical
mwzhukra deahering Lichen, Aiaas,Decaying Plont
 l LM\DfoRfY!s 1

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 Wind Farst rgian in
Limestome Topogephy Europe
as an agent hese 1fme
karst lanOtor Stme lanoforms
FoAnd in high
Erocimal Landform Deposihiomal landforons Er.cion a
sink hele (adiiohic veglan)
Prerequsite Specd
mast cuilable placa for lanchforms Wellow hole Dupositi'nal
Fmed by uhnd achtns Desest
Cattachmento
tu ormou sink hola) stalachite
OMuchroom Rocks sand dune
Pedestal Rocks Doine Uvala increase stalagmit
Ripple marks
DDemoiselles /Hoodus Polje (even big)
ac vallys
(pillar like suchure)
(orosin o Barchans Parabolic dunes Cavexn undesoground - cave
SOFtck)
wiind &wind (undesgrrund ernsfon
by 9rounduater)
Yardangs (Ridger
Roces
ot)
valley-(niver disappears
Blind due to cdvesn )
oPPOsite
Barchans
How?
wAnd- enclon dsof+ due to yegetafione
Rocer Preseh
Zeugens(Toble shape asa boones fo
futher móvement[
biggu machrm
YTtk
sinkholes
Transverce dunes ) Waror
CPepandicugldr
ind) Ostalachite T Stalachte
ncelbers /mmadnock Cavesn umestone

(lsolated hill, knob, tdge,

Small mt. that abnups Gom stalagmrte stalagomk
gerty slopping ar vitually wnd
lev surunding ain)
iacies ag an agene
waitudinal durer tacis encimal Daposihna
landforms
Mesa RButte Hord roce
Mca
wind L landforms

sft Rock Ushaped valle Eser(n (ita levee

case ot e s )
Hanging valley
Loess plains made Corrie -(chairshaped) kame ( brokon pav
CHard mck is proteeing
S t dk) Ag by Wind
Cque tEskers
Cis also i table 19) Pocsible
Final deposthrs
4Bajada mocdesatey
Rive Deltla
Dreikanters o pocimekt)Sloping Sea Bathes
encion on btks
maber them pointed. deposihiond platns locata Arete HoYn Uchaped ward

fo pediments A playa valley wind Loess

A Recdhmen StoneStalech'te
ime
rque Hanging Shraleqmie
Coonie vatay
Bolsan- it isa geographte teom for a 19-qlaeiarMoraine
desest vadlley ar depressin Sorn
sodinas Tarn Lalces ( laes in depostted
Rivesoyboud+(Paua- tempesory late made (one) Cirques
sediments y gladet
s agoon h olson rgon.
wrind playa Pediment multiple Daumlins (iavertedShaped)
Boak
Baloda Pater 8ostem Iote
42 Nunaies
Bdsn is on exposed oten socky
on sdcky
element atnidge, mauintain or pea
Playa
aka, Glacio Islands
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UPSC PRELIMS WITH NEELESH hofe podus oftir long hme
(NEELESH KUMAR SINGH AIR 442 UPSC CSE 2021)
 (GLLMATOLOGY) He'gh
ras by Volume
Hcte ion s
Radi waver
Na Sphexe Thes mo
2 17 Na,02,Ha,Ar Permanent
Tases
-9080 km
co lolest layer
O 99 Meso mereor ocsokm
AY watervaponr, C0,,OgVariable o e phere .0
0:036, gaser
CO staaenplan".coc18 km
Tem
Neon 0 002 majo SOUrce- De-gasSing NLR-6s/emem
torugb wop
Helium 0 00OS Volcanism
& amosphesic circulahon
stru chure of atmasphere (Read with diagram frm add Air Pressu re Ferrels medel )
winds, Hadly
notes) Hodley = unicellular
Quhq diff in toposphese height in equatarial an pressure bolt diagram cell model
Ferel Tricellutar
polar regime? reasons InsolaniM. 8-18 km Refer
ravity. why deserts are generally
ferms /w 20slahtude ?
ie, Thicknecc dtmpacphese îs me Javg a cauces no rainfall
at bc2 air subcides there which
equa
ds compared to polar rqianMs. hensedoy condrhion.
.we exposenca heat from the atmasphese(a (cne reason for clesestr)
which is heated 6y long waves emited 3o 30

by ed not by shortwaver ceming frum Sun. Q. Air subsicdes in desests but regim hac high temp
by gaceous molecules why this paradox 2 insolahiam > heahng t
. why Heatis got tapped ? due to their molecular afr subsidesclear sky high Caith curfaa
ondin9 heohing
he regim
, why Hfeat decreases wth Increasing height n hropo?
6density ot gas molecuer decreace increasing difexences in lowfressur
hetght g.what are the cimilarities
Atitude mimics tahtudes means? equcutor and @6o' Jatitudeg
in tempetatute.
farmed iferencos
Tncreas in both inchcates
decrease similanities - Procesc o ommahicn st P
reldhicn - inctdble
g Height and temperature se Condihions
6.s'C /km gB tC/16sm Nomal lapse Rate) - Rainfals C2quatay 6o tahtude
Env LaBé Rafe) LP Thermally , dynomically
induced induces&
9.TampercetureTropopause? less@equatorial glon(-6 fvontal methani
Comparafidy mere folarvegion- centifugal fara.
Tsobars
þespandicular to
direchion @euatba lhedin
Tsobotc are
the wind
?- 18-S0 m rae is L+o iokar)
spr2ad ot shacphese ( 4 Preure gradien
g. Ha is it diffesent from oposphebe -Co'C
, at
02mne
Pre sence aftempeature uwh (ncrease in height But athial direchon aot wed deflecs due to conolis fora
inaeasing Hemi'sphere > deftechon m Right side T
less turbudana uv radlahion Ho deflechon
Equatoy
.Haw do O3 forrm 2 s Hemisphere>daflechion Jm Left sidle
UV A w o o0L 03
Tnpo
C Hena margin t h
stops asdy Henca O3 foms in stabsphes Q. uhy do the
d e s a tom n stem
30'N dnd 30°S
T increace in Otinens i t h i n
înereace
uhy dees h e bemperatu?eb e f prcsena d Oz a s EasteslierTll the eauterlies
Co, dry condion d u e
haght in shapsphere E absuroe Vadiahns. C30-30) reach uestem margins
hey'1l lose maSHUN

Eactexlies sutfac +he gaill be jessevaporat dy

cidihian

QSprcad f meocphese ?
-
km
So-80temp So ler omoishie
6-(-90'¢) fonward
Nan
cold wateer
Quhat (s thespecial abot It 2
heat
tap mlaha
cotdest layey umy? lese gacerIess/no
mekeor starb buaning due to fnch'an. sufau de
is the difes e n e t/w Weste lies ot Norh & Souh
Qwhat Hemha C)
meteoroid Aehe meheonte -Wesfeslies at SoutH hgmisphexe
Astevi when meteordid
have comparahyelu nighe cpeed
Part mekex tgmenT| i landmasr in 30-60 Setr SbukM.
walerhena Astod heods ín amM hat reaches a u e fo absenu of
Planek 9und. So,the names Reaming 40" increae in cpead
Funus So's
Sprecd cIsnosphexe? &0 640 Em
(in sou
hemsphere) Styeaming go's
emp'IseT helght usefuu fov radto communlceuhn ShresEing
Layers? bca it elecmically chaged (ion)|
DloyerElye lae F: leyert ia
 Dold rum - Cam coMdition Humidity.Preci pitatian and the
Hor 2antal mavement Conept dt air masces
ot dir is absent Equahy 30
TC2-Equatorial Lew pressure bett
Humidity-amount ot uater vapaur (in gaceousfarm)
Horse latitude-- in the ail
-

Doldrum rselohtud e similaniy maisture apresence dt urates in liquid fom

H
LP Belt- - stabitity
-- instability Bolt
P
aremt heat » heat required tO chang the state of Hhe matte
Calm Hidden hear and not to tse tem)
- cloudysky elear sky Conditiom
HumidHty capacity- it ca apacity ot the ait to hold watey
cloces the isobarc hhex the sperd ot the ind (ia,the max water the air can hold) Yapour
the capacity d oir to hdd uwaker
Temp T = mave
Temp= lecser the copacity dtair to hold unse
wind direchan air am higher alkihudec excessive moisu
Gao stpopicuinds Isobars Hion tenmp heeien s waex nolaY
uill absorb Mare cnvechon "Capacity uill ge i l turn ino,
water vapour reducRd Jue CHfatll.
winds deureace in temp
Absolure Humidityl - The achual amount f uates vapaur

Pianetan Seas onal to cal uninds n the air

Aermanent (hdian Geography) Relatve humidity- The %otmolshure present tn the air
ds compared to ts ful capaity aagiven temperae.
Eastealy Tolav elahve Absolute humidityx 100
westesly humidity Humidiy (apacity
Highex the highs the chanas
relahve humidity ORaifau
Local yiinds ermanent winds (ie lower the humidit
Osea breeze and breeae Capacty)
Relahve umidity t
Temp
Temperonwinds g . if air is saturated> Reatre hbumidity is maximum
(1007.
Mountain gValleg ifair is uncaturatedRelahve hunidity ic minimum
breee breee

due points min femp uhen he air gets

wnnas
Saurate.
Inyesion
niahd LP
6c2 tapping.0
radiahon Tt eing O specd
warm locad winda Gol4 local winds Hign convechona)
(udsen
Ohinook us/canada Michra -Fran spain Thus,t salt ot s
Te2ing pbin
-Show eater AP Lvanky
foenn-Suit2erand Rhone Rivex
North ot Aps Oregale-tpeeceAloVaulleu umidi
ora Wiraseh apocity akselue
limahic oasie Pexu capouty LOming daun of uates dplelt ar
(uinler)
Cno snowerenin
wintex) oinos rain:AAnoh. sea ice caystals (the prcer) ir called
Fall in stalh Oamparo Tainfall iccpltahion
FopasCAge
Zonda- east ot Andes Bli22ard Tundra realon
OPAuran ( Poles) Permafroct inHhe uinter seasons,
gnowfailstarm et
sibena tn1 Canado) point uill be fomed leading fo
TCRy t DutySofalal. due cleuo formahm
near the surfaa
alled as og
Sirocto- ty ShAmal-an lowes eyels
Aps karabuvan -china
SAHARAeditaanean Yoma- Japan Hugoscopic nude (ads as a support)
Bleed Rain Bnick ficlder -Auahalia Pattutamr
Dust particles,
khamcio E9yPt salt Paricler, eh doud leaf curfe uill ac as a supp
levchespain O Black Rolle. Gveak lakos dew (due point in +

Gthibli ibya regicn omns ot condersahian f r o t » in highe tanfude regigns,

Chili Tuniha santa Ana- califovnla Ha2mist frg
( d u eponnt i)

Smog E
OSimmom -sama dushy uind in
Arab regiom a p eDoctor
souAfca Cmdiionms
is 9[wlaano + E
Bexg n d
fodConcencaton 3-Skm,1-3 m,1k
OHar matan -(Dr uind) gatt-Dy wnd Omox RH (Relative Humidity) (too) isibil
slave
Norwastex.
,Huiday akasvo New 20aand low Humidity capauty
ahafed alr
OLog-Ner
TMda CiuineaKe, remedg on chin diceaseAs deus Foint
Hyarnscopic Nuclei
hdiabatic Ro cesses Regulahing temperature dt a suste.mfovms of ORalnfa
t e with the Help of PRESSURE Preupla Snowfau
HRai lstrom
t e n p adiabahic Rainfall+ke
Drizzle melted nau)
Aigh pressure
diabaic
Low ressure
sleet (postial ly
High temper alure Hign temperahure Yirage (evaporahian of Roinàrop
euakor in betuen)
speR Clced spen i Desest
no
syctem 's(ctem Heat
Proded 6y
HOar
Hhe landmacs Tupes ot Raiofalls
Hances adiabahic
pRcesS diabahc the air packet.
PlocosstD fhe
pacter.
Dry adiabatc Rate - ia temp ot rising air parcel dos (1.conyechcmal 2. Oographic 3.frontal
RainFau Rainfal ainfall
10C/1000 meberc nimbosttuc
- nimboshaus
Cumulonimbus
4hen what Is 6:s'c 7 ava value of lapse rate ot cloud cloud
air in shole cloud
amasphere T
wet adiabahic Ralje S'C/100o mekers a rVcoldma
mar

- Cumulonimbus
cloud
adiabahe rake (sc/1o oo m)
wet if coldairmar
..tndensahon level (bo point) Puched warm,
c l e a rcky(endingct a rmass upuldr
that foosuddenly
122) dry adiabaherate( 1o'c/40o0 m) frontolysicloudy sty
frontogenesis, ydones 3 anhicyclonesEaroa
and Jorstreams. a s t plans
why2 release ot latent heat, LLAMaeau
airmacs remains oves a homogenouc area
atert hear release latent hea ushen a

for a longer durahon it acquirec the characterishios

watas>water ate watey dua to ahm HT Surface aeit zarT
vapour Vapou belng heated, r a t orea.
temp dP MIl came -Theair wuith distinchve charactenshics in teams of
in dy iel adiabafe is called an ar mass.
ade. temperaure and bumidity
titte hoai2ontal vaahan in temp humidity
Jf eeoling rate 7 Normal tapse tate uind belt
esec on asoialted
a ane or othes
(4,dny adidbaric rate) dir is dry,stability cndinn.a
-air masses exbends from surface to lowex shutosphere
and are acdes thduSd Nds ot lometes
4 If coo ling ate < NoTmal lapse raBe
CGie, air ic ising a air itsatuated, inctabitlita. COmditione for frmahan t Air mass
extensive, gentle
wet adiabakic rate) 1. Hamogenous surfaashould be
cirroshahs, cim umallu tf low prex surc xist,
2.ahsence of loud presure (a u tt uplitted Hie t ,
d H f l to
CLUUDSeCirro. High clouds) cims gront in comtact z surtoe
Cirrus
*D.... mioddle cloudsshahs, , areas with
pressure
high prescure but 1fe
gradi nt' are idedal Sourca regIn
Atocumulas

Equatial Tropica) air mases are g2nesally uarm.

shaus
sap... lower cloudssharcumus, mE marine equatonel) maine airmacses mais
imboshrah1s
mT (marine tropícal)
... .shahus fTnenal ammacses dny
High c e e çantaeAtah
with layerPalhchatis-mlddle anturthic air macces are cotd
stratit cldud otar erd,
archc ahd
shahcumulus low
shatus...... l o o s clouds mPcP, LA, P eb cumulonimbus
Raimial./Ropid
CCumwus wool shaped o
S
Nimbo gHe snawfauupAm
Sope
slape
AMibNimbo shahis tainfall,lightenlng
Curnulo nimbus
weve seen some AcHve cotd airMassuarm
aimass
achye
old airmd
wam
Condinions fortne formaion dftogmay RH + +
arma
hdla 3on-fol
Low humidity (apaaty faifall in wtnn
OLono winter Ntght Safuraed aty +

cufou unlI
dewpon etu twarm m Cold font
- Caumuonimbus cloud
gate ga moy ime surfaca air Nimbo shahue cloud
rodiae haa gb ceofer> Pumidrty ., - Heay rainfall for shat durahor
Opdcry nl) - Slow rainfall fur
n whter nign Reoua
ng pesiod -limited area
longmighhs) COveDs larges a e o
clear sky -
cleas, cky uill help escaping heat adiahios
emited by the eaith Sufad.
f cdudy sky> radiahions uill get tapped> Temp l Luhy India encsuntes westesm disturtances
in winten season nly?
1Tempevatur Invecion Jn wintes, Souhwatd posihon
sun

CalM cmdihon neps pushing uweifeslis 3lig Rg

an p s rds nich hetps wetem
wine
histarbanc t ave tuh werti er
a a Y d t Jndin)
int
 Cyclones Temperate ayelome Tiopica cyclsne
Cyclone anh-Cyelone area covexed is higher area covexes i
Small e

North anhiclockuise clockuise lesc destoucive more destruchive

Hemisphee
fvontal achiy- >comvechicnal adivity
anh' clockuise
Sout clockuis absenco ot Eye. preence ot eye
Remicpheax
wert t East East to west
eydnes
Tropica nHuene of Est to uest Impac în couthexm nda.
Eastesties impact î
nothesm ndia
Temperake nffuenca ot West fo Eact
Cjelones westesli can be fomed can anly
on eteans
be generateo
On both land &0ce0an

isobas ycdones are accociated (i4

aPfect we margins aPRe East margins d
t twinds closed SO0ars. Coines
tcmhinen Alest magins docAans
Cast marçgins ot occans
Potar front Tbeont stakionary snk mulbnimbus+ UumuloClouds
nimbus only
nimbo stai
clauds
bow pressurc
reated 6y
wan a
mass aacs
Sair Cimpson hunricane wind scale-
Equoutov cold airmass -

Categmisahon of cyclones according to damaging

CUMulonim. athve
cold
-waRM Avm Nimbo
dUhye warm shahus mi nimad moderate Extensive Extreme catachnphc (Apatn
eeken Qamae
t Raaxthan
attracts pressue hom Boh #he sides, the warm dy 119-153 154-144 17-208 209-251 2Sakph
poareicthe ane usho gots uplifted kph kph Kph kph
th uindy @cortt
airmass.

Occuded 7 stoge ) SF9Jet streams/Geoshrophicwindwg (1440|

frontolysisEu(Tet uayh
streams/GeostrophC n
spandiaaar o Presrurt adem
winds becames aale to Isokarche height ot
Rainfall in wintes in Nath India »
fontal Rainfall ppes troposphexe due to minimal fichan uhich elpr
Coriotis porta to ac geverely .
23ocean temp. neaded
Trpical cydone generas mly m ocean Formahion? west to East
condihons/Feahures 7 cOiolis forta neoded adiobahialy2

Latet hea u cmpavohivel

2'c teMp vexiccl uind disturbance H t in cuer
Shaula not be these.
dilficult td 9eneroate Equah N.Pole Potar et streme su shemne
inomansso accocdaked e ladfe sumimeis (ach-no) ot streams changes their posthion uith narttuard dnd
uplPment>depoint+ d heahingfurthe Soultmuard morement ot sun.
dew point
Comdense upliPment - in unintes, sub-trpical uutey jete shifs souhumrds

Suctan g thich eerually brinas wetesn dittuvbances

Hen COMhnued
warm alr
to Indlo.
9enerahes arelondmacceT COMYeBgen in pward
oly cn
devid ot
waes vapouYS direchon
Jerctreame a c circumpolar,narrouw ,concanhated bandr
TRan
Pre requisite dt du to ot meandexing upper hropaspheie high velsty,
gap tee geostophl&
continued convexgehe
furhe gteams
Highex tenm than suYoundlngs 10) ilenciicahon Jek shrearm can intensify pacyhe presrure
Eye@he cohte dear Sky a n i o n om earth surfuce.
heavest Hence, deshuchy
(ainfall(@ eue wall 3etsheam
intensiaahin
qwhg mare ylones in Bg han in Atabian Sea? HP JHPI Lndrn
smaller si2e d Bo (îh cmparisom vaith arèbian can)
helps t acdiave 2#G Ouan temp. Omega blocks- air macses can get tappad in
maandU o3eshrcams.
Low ohinihy fastes waming pavcaas f rrm alrmass Heat wavt

VS Humcane JOIN ME IN TELEGRAM –

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CSE 2021)
 WORLD CLIMATIC PATTERNs
Cool tem peroto
Koeppen's Scheme of Classification t dimate a Trepicol warmbemperate
fde hfied dase relahimship b/w distributian of .
Vegetanian & dimate. when uind paccec thrmugh the conhinent
Lkoeppen
.fourot
recognisedbased
them
S
major climatic groupc it creates hree different pocttems dimala
afe an
temperahire wind t k ve4elahon.
ane þrecipitation.
Lkoeppen classiicchon is based on Distr Tropical area 3dilifexent
ccion warm temperate - 3d ffurent Hoo
Hekistothem eglo nd
-micotherm regfa0n e Detot COf temperate 3 diferent
mesotherm regícn
termindlogy wac Eriatorial rion unique be doldrum hroughauy
mega thesm regian availah le beBore Polar nique
mesotherm rcgiom KORpheh total 11 different dimahc
micnther m regiom Patema
- HekistotHesm regiaon
A- meacthesm koppep Polor climake (Tundra)
ol
region
B- Xernthermrsemiand Tpia aurehan type
C mesotherm TaAperdhe 09hch type orebaran type
Gslana lem peral Coniferous/Taioa
D croherm | 45° Steppe ChinaluN
E Hekistotherm wormMeditoaanea/Toarale (rascland)| ype na
H Hignlandc emperate 4ye Tropial
30 Savannah.accldnd

dny seas on TropicalHot Desert mancoon

precipitatim hroughout +he year (no ragio
CTropical gracland)
M= monsoon climate (short dry season) 10 Equatoria Rain forect
toriad
w dry uinter (uintes Wo phecipitahan e o
S -dy summer(sumes w/o precibitahian) Aaifoll in summer dhonces bea
GF apoaNon are high.
warm
>Summer
b coo Bur due lahtudinal athfall

also be different@
both pdae very law ainfall
inter
T No True SuMmer (Tundra) relatedT
E Raifa
F E
Rexennial ice C12 monin
) ice) recipitahin
(frost Hhroughdut he 'case- san in north. in Sumne
shiRng at Eastexties norhua
WArid year
Aridrelated a B
S sami
h tropi'cal
es latitude
sahara desar
china/GrulF /natal
lahtud
k TemperaBe-Cobi desard mid 5 reasoan E an shove fr clhind
Sncecsestelies oft shore ut Thee nds
uindss
Grup Leter eharacreristhte Lareasm- Typpons mo rainf Soraifu
Type Code Huncanes et.
SUmme
No dry season in Late.summers
A Tropica
Tropícad uwet AF acae-shIthhg et sun Soukh
Humid Trapical mons oon Am .monsoonal,short dry seaso Brihshtype. ? ward in winterr
under the influeMa
climae.Tropicalue 2bry Aw .wlnter dry seasn o4 Wectexlies (m shore)(
u i

wnnter
n d o e

Su law lahtude semiarid r dny ughaut es the Henco

Dry Iropal Sfeppe BSh
yeaYS0frcipitalhom.
aintall Ratnfal)(
Rainfa0
dimate Tropica
Sus, Desert Bwh low lah'tude Auid or dry
laurenhian ype ? ITc
mid lahhuduskape BSk mid lahtude semi ard ar dny
But inK
are ummer
mid lahtude Deut pwk md latude Ard or dry Tuphoons Sarted
Sw Nodry senson , uwarm summe emeging ,So Kainfa
CUat, Humid pical Cfa
tamberak Cs Dy hot sum mer
mid lahtud) Madi tenmanean 2coo)
Cimare. Matine Wes tcoast Cfb
-

Nodny seasn Awarm

summer poean curant>uarm
ld dimasses
Humid conhinenta D No dngceaso,severe airter frontal Ralnfall+
DwWintes dry Yesycevese fthingeconom
Subarche

E- old Tunda ET No ue summer

dimares .Polar e JOIN ME IN TELEGRAM –
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Highland uith snow cova UPSC PRELIMS WITH NEELESH
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 No Tr
owest vm vegeahon like masces licheng eh
Bamo3 OCEANOGRAPHY
aloos Comtioertad shelfs are the result st
he erosional
mammals like wolves, Foxes ,musk-ex Arcic hare, lemmings
Penguins (mly In Anarchc ceaigans Precipitarion -cnow /slect dnd depositional aciyiy by uaves
by
riverss dre NARROW
Naow ghel&when here
Deciduguc teu (uink Tataa
to surivve snowfau) |lantupfna
Apine
ak tudin
ishing eonomy Produchiye 20me
are mountains precenca2.
, Coolfng9 Coein9 00 km dffiek to erodeJ
Truck farming_
ommo.Conikeus trees
urent
mountainManDu
(p l y aqn Taiga Fuveut >plain Mde YY
t urbanarear SoPhuvodd Annapolis vally
Lumbenngoceupahdairy fning
per Auy Indush
foring
daiiy But
eXcephon -India's wsbem caast
1editerane
Califovnia, chile less tres in compaisomxed vegetah'an
tal shekf wertexo
sotheren AtMa .Best To Savannah / Suad (tmifeuuc
+eVexoeen beL-nn conen
are h e resut G
Coast
mixed vogelahan gro2inggoundSofturod
mibes-kirghi2 Harduo SWbducian n d t erosiom.
Leng ro&ts utnter ka 2dkhsS
Ytcoulture ainFall submarlne canyonpm
win producha grap Continental slope Congo
meicd

sunnysummex orbd fnal depositian dt sedimertts

pordhad larming-amt COMhinerta Rice
dep roas and arel Alternate wet and forest- Abyssal plain 4076t the ocean tioor
walspacec out drseason Hdusy9 Deciduous
in no rainfall
gather mnt'sture mant
Tall grass (due t eaves spiradion lasy
wayy, leatheny Tall grac£ (euatorial.shifting Temperahure-
hainy, nedlës hopeO regiom cutirahion Yextical
leaver. On shore-summor-Yain bc2. cuthng deciduOu
frees Hon2antad DiLtibutiom
sho- inter -dny denre DIsibunon
s easy
Raifau throughaut the year CmgoIgmies mbe blatitudina surfae
Hardwood, brodd teaf forest malaysia rang alimbe dishibuhdn.
mahgany,
mangrovés
ebory, dyewoods Influencing facao S00
1km m f-ermocine .
Shallow roots (dueto availability) laitudes
o water uind sk
|dense caroPundergowth is
not
'Spiphytes dence Tnsolaham 2km
-90 tptal
3
Lortinentulity Yolumedt water is
local weathes found below -me
. major hat desevs in nodthesn hemisphere are located t/o shape dtOceah Hhemocdine.
20-90 degree north and on westem side of the SK

cOnents .why?
loh'hudina
extenslon> uarm
-Hot desets lte along the Horse latitude or aub trvpical - Boundany regim,from whese
langitudina here is d aptd decrease ottemp,
high pressure belts where he precpitahin
condition (east favourable f
aris descending,a
at any kind extenstan»ceðkr is called as themodrne.

to take plae enclased sea Easteslie area

Topicalareas
-

The ain becaing a e trade winds How off-shore and the hermoclin-e
westeslies thaF are cn-share blow ousidé he decast (imit|
Topica >Eastey margin of cati &
- Whatee% UTinds reach he serts blau from areas wesfesn magin d 6caan
Cooles to warmer segions and their relattve humidlity is
Pss ia O rebing doumuelli
loweredmaking cndensahm almast tmposcible
deep depth hemo
Uine
-On the westean ceasts, the presence ot cotd cuments
vesrsetomsts
air. The alr is latesand fog tyby
wamed chilling
contackthewith
an-coming
he tropcal uydene
hot land and Itte rainfdlls. CSSMCP westem margin o Conhnent &
Eastesn magin dt aeans
The desiccahng effeeF ethe cold peuvian Curent chlortne-
Sodiunm-
12t
l0-47 L upuelkin
along he chilecn ebastline is e prtnounced that the
mean annual ralnfal fGr Atakama decext s
than 1.9 cm.
not moreSulphare
Cmognesum-+ 1:2
2-6
deestrs
hemodine
shalow depth hemodine
Calciunm ôql
Veqetah om tass um+o3
trom ymeditaneandimate Name Disolved saltr in
Mediteanean- > macchie,maquis, Sea water
gdrique Calih Socllum chlonide -7277
Califar nia |lake Van307,
CN Amenica) chaporra Magnesjum chlorîde 109
Dead sea 29,.
magnecium sulphate47 S a l tl a e 2 0 ) .

malle olsium sulphatè 3.67,2's7

Peath
talio) Pbta seium suphate
Soutm Afica fynbos cape ftora *factorc affeching salinity
Evaponahon (high temp)> high salinity
chile Mattovro PretipiTah M (adding ot fresh water) fou salinrty
But euatar i+ ii >.@eauar despite high temp
Saloity is mot hin but lo
JOIN ME IN TELEGRAM – Saline lates ull never te-tund @ equahmial regl
UPSC PRELIMS WITH NEELESH itf Rivers (metting ot
alade
-wind s- Hot/ary
(NEELESH KUMAR SINGH AIR 442 UPSC CSE 2021) Y- otean u r e t s
air evaporahion
 stream Specd t t t
Oceancurrents- Current > medium specd
|+Marine resauCes
organisatiam ectabliched
drift speed +4 Internathmal sea bed Aulhority- an
and ontrol all mineral
requlate
factors responsible by UNCLos to organise, sea bed areas beyond
i.temperature (movement of water from related achyitîës in loteanatimal
the limits of nahonal jurisdichn
High tem to low temp)
ii. rainfall (increase at Abycsoal plains-
inwates level ctarts its Resources(aka
Row towards uater defic'ent level) manganese nodules)
PMN
i. wind (manganase > Iron)
iv.Scalinihy (lecs sotinity to high salinity) for explovahion af PMN the IntesnahomalSea bed

be, htah caline wates sinks. autionty grants the exploahim nghts far PMN

V.atmospheslc þressure ONCLOS took place tn la73

-agreement Come
oceanwater dow ito force in 1982
(HP 3o pressec the
and promotes eqUator watoxs to
fHow hese) Jt defines rignts and responsibilinec of nahion
WHh r2s pect to their use of wo81ds oceans and
and
vi. Coactunes medifies ocean curents establishing, guidelines for the environment
resouros.
natural
ManagemeTt of marine
- It deals aspechs like del tmitation
facors Contnl of env polluhion
facts COmmercial achvities In seqs
related fackors fachors modifuing9 fartXIot he
T Oceans
related relahed
facors Conyention provides for technology troncfes
T ahmasphere |nth Eths
rotah'am a reaime relahing t settemert dispuher blo
temp Rainfal Codolis forca Coasta minerals nsed 6ed
teitara s r e C
retexenn to ocoan
altgn ments state's matters
Salinity wind
MOR
Gulslde any
waters r EER
Density Amasphese
re&sure underuwater Em in
Landfovms Jndia- allowed for 1,50, 000sa,
far PMNr
Cantral Indian bastn pursuing
Benefits dtocean_Currents - NLOT (nat"Insh.dtOcean tech nol ogy)
rich
making fegs rgians resource
s an agency tey deep e a ming.
@ Laurentia
watm+ cold currents
9apan Natima airspacu -Iiter1ahurial dírspac
fiching grounds s Amenca
rna
relief tn extreme condithms
blanket oteurope] Teaitoial cantiguous High
LguFstream Sea

making ot airmasses N Equaonal 200 nm

helps in nangahiom Counter equahis
Equahon'al Conhinenta shelf-

-Cautforoia current
OYASHIYO is COLD Current
- oydshio
Kurushio
currene
old antinentar nm 1-8 km]distane.
KURUSHIO is WARMcurrent
Current
Poxu/ Humboldt cumet west 1fathom 1-8 kmJ-depth.
Benguala curent cAfnca éast) Teantovial seg- sovereign teitoy of the stahe
Aghuhas curent (aFnca east)
-state is free to set gules and rgudahons dnd
eeuwh cuwent CAushalia west) use any recources
warm] bto no land mac
caphton best stop equatoral curent CadiguuG 2on- state an enforce lauc in some
sOmalic (ftca east) dire chan acc to seacon-
cpecrhe areas tite Cuctoms Tax Immiqahiom, Polluhi oh
(uWcam+East) changer ltt
-

-3t does not

provide air and
Spaa nght.
.EE2-The nahon has cont dtal euonmic resUurte
Sane extaphons oR difficut to remember cureT ipcluding fchg ,mioing and ail explorahim.
Ocan deposits
Terrigenous d~posit Palagic deposit
(deposits denved fom land; (tound aes decp sea plains)
fnd mainly on shelve, &
slopes)
6rganic+Inqunic
LTnorganic
eraslm ot tekoain) decay st dlcarism
Plants, animals.
+hat liquid mud i
re cay
(alled ac doze
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