Chemical Composition - Sen and Ray

NUTRITIVE VALUES OF lNrlIAN"
CATTLE FEEDS AND THE

FEEDING OF ANIMALS
B)I
K. C. SEN
Revised by
S. N. RAY AND S. K. RANJHAN
leAR
INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

NEW DELHI
NUTRITIVE VALUES OF INDIAN
CATTLE FEEDS AND THE
FEEDING OF ANIMALS
By
K. C. SEN
Revised by
S. N. RAY A~D S. K. RANJHAN
ICAR
INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

NEW DELHI
FIRST PRINTED,1938
SECOND EDITION, 1946
THIRD EDITION, 1955
FOURTH EDITION, 1958
FIFTH EDITION (REVISED AND ENLARGED), 1964
SIXTH EDITION (REVISED), 1978
Chief Editor P. L. JAISWAL

Editor R. R. LOKESHWAR
Subeditor M. S. MEHDI
Chiif Production Officer KRISHAN KUMAR

Production Assistant D. S. BEDEKAR
Rs 6·80
Printed in India by Shri B. D. Sen at Naba Mudran Private Limited, Calcutta 700 004,
and published by P. J. Joseph, Under-Secretary, for the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, New Delhi I 10 00 I.
PREFACE
FOR the healthy rearing of cattle, a fair knowledge of the feeding values of
the various feeds given to the cattle is necessary. This bulletin is, the sixth
revised and enlarged edition. The first four editiorLs of this bulletin were
written by Dr K. C. Sen and the fifth edition was. revised by him in colla-
boration with Dr S. N. Ray. The present edit~6n· has been revised by
Dr S. K. Ranjhan in association with Dr S. N. g_ay. Some orthe important
modifications introduced in this edition are as :follOws.
The first chapter has been suitably enlarged to include information
on the recent advances in bovine nutrition.
Table 5 dealing with the nutrient requirements for growth has been
enlarged to c'over the requirements of bull calves and heifers.
Appendixes I, 2 and 3 of the earlier edition have ' been combined,
to give at one place the chemical composition, digestibility coeffi-
cients and nutritive values of the common Indian feeding stuffs.
More data have been given on the nutritive vahle of feeds and fodders.
Energy values of feeds and fodders, and also the energy requirements
of different categories oflivestocK have been expressed in metabolizable
energy.
New Appendix 2 has been incorporated to give data on the mineral
(both macro and micro) composition of the feed5 and fodders.
New Appendix 3 gives information on the C3rotene content of the
various feeding stuffs.
The authors are grateful to the scientists of the Animal Nutrition
Research Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, and
of other laboratories for supplying necessary information on these subjects.
K. C. SEN
S. N. RAY
S. K. RANJHAN
CONTENTS
Preface PAGE
I. Nutrition of Animals
2. The Feeding Standards 12
3. Books for Further Study 25
4. Bibliography 26
Appendix I. Chemical Composition, Digestion Coefficients and

Nutritive Values ofIndian Feeding Stuffs. .. 27
Appendix 2. Macro and Micro-elements in the Feeding Stuffs

on Dry-matter Basis. 56
Appendix 3. Carotene Content of the Indian Feeding Stuffs on

Dry-matter Basis. 83
Appendix 4. Chemical Composition of Different Legume and

Non-legume Forages Harvested at Pre-Flowering,
. Flowering and Post-flowering Stages. 86
Appendix 5. Chemical Composition of Straws/Stovers as per

Detergent System of Feed Analysis. 88
Appendix 6. Chemical Composition of Different Grasses as per

Different Systems of Feed Analysis. 89
Appendix 7 Chemieal Composition of the Tree Leaves as per

Detergent Systems of Feed Animals. 91
,
1. NUTRITION OF ANIMALS
FOOD is essential for the maintenance of life. The nutrients in a feeding

stuff enable the animal body to maintain energy, to perform the
vital processes of life and provide the material to replace the essential tissue
breakdown which .occurs in the body continuously. Food also provides
the constituents, and the energy required for body growth.
All feeding stuffs are composed of water, and organic and mineral
matter. Organic matter is composed of proteins, fats, crude fibre. and soluble
carbohydrates. The part played by these constituents of food in the nutrition
of animals may be considered under the various ingredients obtained on
chemical analysis of the food.
Water
Feeding stuffs contain a certain amount of water. Even an apparently
dry fodder such as straw contains. about IjlOth of its weight as water. All
the processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste
from the body require an abundant supply of water either directly or in
the shape of succulent feeding stuffs. Water plays an improtant part in the
regulation of the temperature of the body. The water in a feeding stuff
is also a carrier of valuable amides and vitamins in solution.
Proteins
Crude protein in a feeding stuff,includes the true protein, containing
a number of amino acids, and non-protein nitrogenous compounds such
as the amides. The proteins are mainly used for the production of lean
meat and for replacing the physiological losses of protein from the body.
The raw proteins required to supply the proteins in milk have also to be
provided by the diet of the animaL Any excess of proteins in the food
may be used by the animal for the formation of fat and production of
energy._
Fats (ether extract)

The fats in feeding stuffs are useful only as energy-producing sources.
They cannot serve the function of proteins either for building up the muscle
or to repair the daily nitrogenous waste. Fat is an energy concentrate,
each gram of fat being equal in fuel value to about 2.25 g of carbohydrates
or proteins. The excess energy supplied to the animal over its requirements
is generally stored by the system as fat to be drawn upon in times of need.
Some of the important vitamins and fatty acids essential for the health of
an animal are also supplied through the fats in the diet.
2 NUTRITIVE VALUES OF INDIAN CATTLE FEEDS AND THE FEEDING OF ANIMALS
Crude fibre
The cell-walls and w~ody fibre of all plants are included under the
category of fibre. Naturally this constituent is the least digestible par.t of
the feed. The work and expenditure of energy in chewing and digesting
such mat~ial make its nutritive value still less. But the digested fraction
is used by the ruminants exactly like the soluble carbohydrates.
Soluble carbohydrates (nitrogen-free extract)

Starch and sugars form the main ingredients of this class of substances.
These are used by the animals to produce heat, energy and fat in the body.
They are also the source of fat and sugar in the milk. Excess of carbo-
hydrates is reserved by the body in the form of depot fats.
The proximate analysis of the feeding stuffs which has been given
above was developed at Weende Experiment Station by Henneberg and
Stohmann. The carbohydrates of the forages were partitioned into crude
fibre and nitrogen-free extract. This division was based on the assumption
that crude fibre was less digestible and nitrogen-free extract was more
digestible. There has been a lot of criticism to this partitioning because
neither the crude fibre nor the nitrogen-free extract fraction represents any
precise chemical constituent or group of constituents. They vary in com-
position with different plant species, stage of maturity of plant and the
condition under which they are determined. The nitrogen-free extract
contains lignin also.
Knowledge of these limitations associated with the determination
of crude fibre has stimulated inter~t in other systems of feeding stuff
analysis. A number of schemes have been proposed since then.
The analysis in this bulletin is according to the Weende system, since
most of the textbooks are still giving the composition of feeds according
to this method and also because not sufficient data of the detailed chemical'
analysis of the carbohydrates in Indian feeding stuffs is available. In
Appendix 4, analysis of feeds and fodders according to the Van Soest
method has been given (Pradhan, K. 1975, personal communication).
Those who are interested in the newer methods can consult Van Soest
(1965).
Mineral matter
'The minerals in the food make and repair bones, digestive juices,
blood, etc., and also form the source of large amounts of minerals secreted
in the milk. Minerals are important factors in nutrition of animals both
as a whole and as individual ingredients. Farm animals, especially those in
active stage of growth, in advanced state of pregnancy and producing liberal
quantities of milk are prone to suffer from lack of calcium and phosphorus.
NUTRITION OF ANIMALS 3
The feeding stuffs vary markedly in their calcium and phosphorus contents.
Besides, the availability of calcium and phosphorus from feeding stuffs is
not necessarily indicated by their gross composition in a feed. The absorb-
ability of these minerals in the animal system depends on factors such as
the chemical combination in which they occur, the physical association
with other constituents of feeds, especially with crude fibre, the proportion
of calcium and phosphorus in the ration (any excess of one' or the other
beyond 1 'to 2 parts of calcium to eacl~ part of phosphorus beihg detrimental
to their optimum utilization), the absence of vitamin D in certain cases,
and the presence of deleterious substances like oxalates and fluorine. Apart
from sodium and chldrine (common salt), calcium and phosphor)Js, such
elements as'iron, copper, manganese, iodine and cobalt, although required
in small quantities or even in traces by farm animals, when insufficient or
absent in feeding stuffs cause considerable setback in the maximum animal
prodl!ction. Deficiency of iron or of both iron and copper occurs in fo~ages
of certain localities of the world causing in cattle stunted growth, emacia-
tion and weakness with low haemoglobin content in the blood. The overall
body function or metabolism of living animals is regulated by the secretion
of a hormone by the thyroid gland. This hormone is an iodine-containing
compound (thyroglobulin) and its normal secretion is dependent on
the optimuu1 supply of iodine in the food. When the dietary supply of
iodine becomes insufficient, the thyroid gland enlarges in an attempt to
produce the requisite quantity of thyroglobulin resulting in endemic goiter.
In certain· areas of the world, the soil and, therefore, water and food crops
are known to be deficient in iodine. The incidence of goiter in farm arumals ~
in these regions has been successfully checked by the addition of a small
quantity of iodine in the feed. The presence of traces of cobalt in the ration
has recently been found to be essential for the growth and health of farm
animals. The absence of cobalt in 1he soil and thus in herbage has been
established in certain parts of Australia, New Zealand, America and
Canada, where cattle have been found to be affected. The symptoms are
loss of appetite and weight, general weakness, anaemia and, at the final
stage, death.
Areas of deficiency and excess in :mineral ele:ments in India
Limited work has been done to determine the mineral status of the
soils of various agro-climatic regions of the country. Most of the soils are
deficient in available zinc in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. Maximum area of deficiency has been reported
from Punjab and Rajasthan, Soils in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu are deficient
in copper. Iron deficiency is of considerable magnitude in Tamil Nadu and
Punjab. Soils of Punjab are deficient with regard to available manga-
nese.
Intensive crop production is bound to lower the soil's reserves of

trace elements. In soils where the total amount of the available supplies
is low to begin with, deficiencies will necessarily become greater when
high yields of crop are harvested. The micronutrient status of a few fodder
crops and by-products is given in Appendix 2.
Vitamins
Besides the above, there are certain substances known as vitamms,
which are considered to be essential for the proper nutrition of farmstock.
Of these, the more important ones, from the point of view of cattle nutrition,
are vitamins A and D, because these have to be supplied to the animals
through their feed; but vitamins Band C can be synthesized in the ruminant
body. As the basal rations consisting mainly of straws and concentrate
mixture are deficient in vitamin A potency it is necessary to supplement
such diets with carotene which is the precursor of vitamin A. The carotene
content of some forages is given in Appendix 3. '
The micronutrient status of the fodder crops has· shown that pastures
'in some of the areas of Punjab hills, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and
West Bengal are rich in fluorine. These areas are around the industrial
complexes, where factory smoke rich in fluorides is contaminating not only
the pastures but the water in the ponds used by the animals for drinking
purposes. This high fluorine intake will not only affect -the health of the
animals, but will also induce a high fluorine content in the bones of such
animals so that the bone-meals prepared from them and later incorporated
into compounded mineral mixture will be hazardous to other animals all
over the country. In some of the areas in Punjab the high levels of selenium
in paddy straw and molybdenum in berseem have been reported. These if
not suitably corrected will also affect the health and productivity of the
stock consuming such feeds. If sufficient green pasture is fed to animals, the
need for vitamins A, B, C, D and E is satisfied.
Although the chemical composition of a foodstuff is not a criterion
of its feeding value, it forms the basis for judging its nutritive value.
Appendix I gives the a nalysis of a number of foodstuffs for their various in- .
gredients. The absence of representative data for the vitamin content of
the various feeding stuffs is repsonsible for the deletion of these items from
the tables of analysis.
The value of a foodstuff depends upon the proportion of it which is
digested. The ratio of. the digestible portion to the total amount fed
multiplied by 100 represents the coefficient of digestibility of a nutrient
in tl].e particular feed or in the feed mixture used in a feeding experiment.
Digestibility determinations have been carried out for several of the feeding
stuffs available in India, and the coefficients of digestibility of the various
constituents are recorded in Appendix 1. For the convenience of users, the

coefficients have been r~unded to the nearest integer.
Most of the digestibility coefficient data given in Appendix 1 have been
determined on the adult non... producing stock. These coefficients are liable
to be lower in the producing animals due to large feed consumption which
increases the rate of passage of the digesta in the alimentary canal.
Processing of roughages and concentrates affects the digestibility of
nutrients. Processings like grinding, chaffing, soaking, cooking, chopping
and alkali treatment affect the digestibility coefficients.
Grinding of roughages like straws and kadbi reduces the. digestibility
since it increases the rate of passage of such processed feeds, but on the
other hand it increases the feed intake by the animals. "
The dIgestibility coefficients (Appendix l) vary owing to the)nteraction
of the forages and conj:entrates when fed in combined rations. From the
data of the chemical compositions and digestibility coefficients, the nutritive
values of feeding stuffs in terms of digestible crude protein (DCP),
starch equivalent (SE), total digestible nutrients (TDN), digestible energy
(DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) have been calculated, and shown
in Appendix 1. It would be appropriate at this stage to explain what these
figures connote.
From the data given in Appendix I the digestible nutrients per 100 kg
of feeding stuffs have been calculated and are tabulated ill Appendix 1.
This table gives, in addition, the total digestible nutrients, DE, ME,
nutritive ratios and starch equivalent values of aU the common feeding
stuffs experimented with in India. These together with the digestible crude
protein contents are the figures which enable <to find out whether a diet
sufficiently provides the major ingredients involved in nutrition. It would
be appropriate at this stage to explain what these figures connote.
Digestible crude protein

In the past, there were· different opinions about the non-protein nitro-
genous compounds in a feeding stuff having nutritive value equal to that
of tl;e true protein or only half as much. The researches carried out in recent
years, however, show that the non-protein nitrogenous compounds play,
in ruminant system, almost an identical role as the true protein. Hence
digestible crude protein (DCP) fraction represents, for all practical purposes,
the available protein in a feed mixture.
Although protein can replace carbohydrates in the dietary for energy
supply this is never done in practice because nitrogenous material is always
costlier than carbohydrates.
Non-protein nitrogenous compounds like urea and ammonium salts
can l>e utilized by the ruminants for meeting, their partial protein require-
ments. About 33 per cent of the protein requirement can be safely replaced
through the urea nitrogen. Since non-protein nitrogenous compounds do

not supply any energy, additional amount of energy-rich feeds will have
to be supplemented to make good the loss through reduction in the intake of
protein-rich natural feeds. Easily available energy through maize, molasses,
etc., may be given while supplying part of protein requirements through
urea. - Proper method of mixing and feeding urea to the livestock must be
adopted to avoid toxicity through rapid liberation of ammonia. The
inclusion of 1 per cent urea in concentrate mixtures containing 8 to 10 per
cent molasses for ruminants has ,been recommended by the Indian Standards
Institution (lSI).
Starch equivalent
In the United Kingdom and some other European countries, 'the
available energy in a feeding stuffis calculated in terms of starch equivalent.
This may be defined as the potential energy-producing capacity of a feed
expressed as kilogram of digestible starch per 100 kilogram of the materiaL
The basis of calculation is given as follows:
(a) In energy value 1 kg of digestible carbohydrate in the feed is
equivalent to 1.00 kg of starch, 1 kg of protein is equivalent to
0.94 kg of starch and 1 kg of digestible fat (or ether extract) is
equivalent to 1.91 or 2.12 or 2.41 kg ~f starch, according as the
source of fat is coarse fodder or cereal grains and by-products or
seed and oilcakes respectively.
(b) Each kind of nutrient is multiplied by the above conversion factors
and the figures are added.
(c) In the case of concentrates, the sum total of the added value
obtained in (b) is multiplied by the respective 'Value Number'
given by Kellner (1905) to obtain their starch equivalent or
SE value.
(d) In the consumption of fibrous coarse food, a considerable amount
of energy is spent in chewing, ruminating and other associated
work of digestion. For the roughages, therefore, a correction is
made for the fibre content by deducting the following from the
added figure in (b) to obtain the SE value.
If the feeding stuff contains 4 per cent an~ less crude fibre, 0.29 for
every per cent of actual crude fibre.
If the material contains 5 per cent and less crude fibre, 0.31 for every
per cent of actual crude fibre.
per cent of actual crude fibre. •
If the material contains II per cent and less crude fibre, Q.45 for every
If the material confains 13 per cent and less crude fibre, 0.50 for every
per cent of actual crude fibre. ..
I(the material contains 16 per cent and less crude fibre, 0.58 for every
I per cent of actual crude fibre.
Total digestible nutrients
In the USA, the energy value of a feed is calculated in terms of total
digestible nutrients (TDN). The theoretical basis in the calculation of
TDN is that in the ruminant system, for all practical purposes, the energy
efficiency of a unit of digestible carbohydrate is the same as that of a unit of
digestible protein, whereas the energy efficiency of a unit of digestible fat is
equivalent to 2.25 units of either digestible carbohydrate or digestible
protein. Thus, to obtain the TDN value of a feed, the digestible ether extract
is muItipled by 2.25 which is then added to the sum of digestible crude
protein and digestible total carbohydrates.
lDN, as a measure of food energy, has important limitations in that
it does not take account of some losses such as that in urine, the combustible
gases in the case of herbivora and the heat loss. These losses are relatively
large for roughages than for concentrates; 1 kg of TDN in roughage
has considerably less value for productive purposes than 1 kg of TDN in
concentrates. This point should be kept in mind while preparing feeding
schedules containing a large amount of coarse fodder.
Nutritive ratio
This is the ratio of digestible protein to the digestible non-nitrogenous
nutrients in a feed. The amount of non-nitrogenous nutrients is reckoned
as the sum of digestible total carbohydrates and digestible ether extract
multiplied by 2.25. The value of nutritive ratio gives the idea of the propor-
tion of digestible protein in relation to other nutrients. The ratio is narrow
in the case of protein-rich feeding stuffs and wide wh.ere the feeds are rich
in carbohydrate or in fat or in both.
Gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy and net

energy
The gross energy (GE) of a feed is the energy given out in the form of
heat when it is completely burnt out to its ultimate oxidation products, viz.
carbon dioxide and water. When, the feed is completely burnt, the heat
evolved is due to the sum total effect of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
This is measured in terms of calories (1 kilo calorie (0) is equivalent to the
heat mCJuired to raise the temperature of 1 kg water by 1°0; 1 Megacalorie
(Mcal)" is equivalent to 1,000 Kcal or 0).
All the heat produced by burning the food in a bomb calorimeter is
not utilized in the animal body. A major portion of the energy is lost in the
undigested feed excreted through the faeces. The gross energy intake minus
the energy lost through the faeces is known as the digestible energy (DE).
The faecal loss is not the only heat loss which is taken into account for
determining the availability of energy content of the feed. Portion of the
energy is lost due to the bacterial fermentation of crude fibre as methane
and carbon dioxide, and is excreted by the animal through rectum, belching
and expiration. A portion of energy is lost in urine. When the losses of energy
through urine and fermentation are subtracted from digestible energy, the
energy available to the animals is known as metabolizable energy (ME).
Position of TDN and ME in'ruminant rations

TDN is not the final measure of energy standard, and in this respect
: ME which takes into account more losses is undoubtedly a better standard.
The ME values of the various feeds are given in Appendix 1. These figures
have been calculated from TDN multiplying with a factor that I g of TDN
is equivalent to 3.6 Kcal of ME, as recommended by the National Research
Council, USA. However, it must be stressed here that the values of ME
given in Appendix I are applicable in the case of ruminants .only.
PRINCIPLES OF RATIONING
The ration of an animal may be divided for convenience into two parts,
viz. one for maintenance and the other for production purposes. The
maintenance ration is that diet which just enables the animal at rest to
carry on the essential processes of life such as breathing and circulation of
blood, without either gain or loss of weight. This, 10 a certain extent, is
dependent upon the live weight of the animal although not strictly propor-
tional to it. The maintenance requirement actually varies with basal
metabolism, and the latter, in turn, with body surface. To expres,~ it as
proportional to body surface, instead of taking live weight as such, one has
to consider two-thirds power of live weight, or f/W2 where W stands for
live weight. Since no animal is kept on a farm in a ·state of non-production,
the requirements for maintenance form only a convenient basis for the
calculation of rations for productive purposes. Whatever is supplied to the
animal Qver and above its maintenance requirement is available for produc-
tion such as for growth or fattening, production of calf, production of milk
and output of work.
Growth
This is the most important form of livestock production, because it
is the foundation on which the other forms of production such as beef,
milk or worf' rest. Within the limits set up by hereditary factors, it is the
adequate growth of the young one that determines the possibilities of the
animal as a producer. If the growth of a young animal is retarded, it will
result in a permanent and substantial loss of production by the animal and
its progeny.
The requirements for growth and maintenance of adult animals are
very different. For a calf of the same body weight as a mature bullock-at
rest, the total nutrient requirements are far more than that of the bullock.
Since growth consists largely of an increase in the size' of the muscles, protein
tissues and skeleton, large amounts of proteins, minerals and vitamins
must be provided.
Reproduction
For a mother in calf, adequate provision must be made for the growth
of the foetus as well as to keep 'the dam fit to give a liberal supply of good
milk on calving. This extra provision needs to be made only during the
last third period of pregnancy. If the mother is under-nourished or is on
an unbalancedJation, the calf born is weak and under-sized, and the milk
yield of the cow is low and poor in vitamin content. Lack of an adequate
supply of vitamin A often results in abortion or birth of weak or blind calves.
Fattening
Growth and fattening are t~o complementary aspects of meat
production. The term fattening implies the deposition of large quantities
of tissue fat, but this is not the sole object in economic meat production.
The aim in meat production is to acquire the maximum amount of lean
meat, the quality of which is simultaneously improved by the storage of
fat in the muscles and protein tissues, so that the maximum growth
synchronizes with the optimum fattening when the animals reach maturity.
The requirements of animals for growth are so exacting that unless an
abundant supply of net energy is provided in the feed, in excess of the
requirement for normal growth, no' fattening but only growth will take
place.
The, rate of conversion of food nutrients into body fat is higher in

young ones than in mature animals. Hence, if fattening is retarded in the
earlier stages, it will make the cost of meat production very high in the later
stages. Although fattening as such requires very little protein, it is necessary
to increase protein supply also to effect rapid gains. Further, the total digesti-
bility of a ration is greatly reduced if the proportion of protein in it is very
small. Minerals and vitamins should also be adequately provided, particu-
larly to growing animals, to avoid any unthriftiness in the fattened animals.
Milk production
Milk is the most widely used product of livestock. The composItIOn
of milk differs from that of the carcass or the blood. It is rich in proteih,
calcium and phosphorus, and contains large quantities of lactose, fat and
vitamins. The animal must be provided with a sufficient quantity of all
these ingredients, in addition to its maintenance requirements, to be able
to ·cope up with the continuous drain of nutrients from its body in the form
of milk.
The cow converts the food proteins into milk protein very efficiently.
About 1.25 times the quantity secreted in the milk will satisfy its require-
ments for milk production, exclusive of the maintenance allo~ance.
Although animals have the capacity to convert the carbohydrates in the
feed for the purpose of milk-fat production, it is easier for them to convert
the fat in their feed. Hence it is advisable that the concentrate ration of
cows contains atleast 4 per cent fat. Minerals and vitamins in the feed of
lactating animals are very important.
Work production
Increased muscular effort naturally results in a large amount
of nutrients being oxidized in the system. All the organic constituents of a
food can be utilized as sources of energy. However, when the supply .of
food is adequate, a working animal first draws upon the carbohydrates
and fats of the feed. If the supply is insufficient, the body fat is used for the
purpose, and as a last resort, the muscles and other protein tissues are
attacked. But so long as there is an abundant supply of carbohydrates in
the feed, a mature animal at work needs little more protein than while at
rest. In this respect, work production differs radically from growth or milk
production.
The nutrient requirements of working animals depend upon the amount
oflabour performed. The heavier the work, the greater would be the require-
ment of easily digestible carbohydrates in the ration. About one-fourth
to one-third of the net energy supplied for production purposes is converted
into actual useful work. Calculating on the basis of the total gross energy
intake per day, an animal working for a full day yields 9 per cent of the
intake as actual work. Many factors such as breed, speed of working,

fatigue and practice influence the efficiency of utilization of the feed by
a working animal.
Practical scales of feeding

Extensive studies have been made in other countries on the require-
ments of various classes of livestock by means of feeding experiments.
Limited investigations carried out in this country suggest that the adoption
J
of foreign st~ndards always leaves a fair margin of safety :'(0 far as the
feeding of Indian cattle is concerned. There is, therefore, a scope for reduc-
tion in these standard:>;, for Indian cattle. The figures for' maintenance,
growth and r;nilk production, given later on, are based on the averages of
the maximum and minimum recommended by Morrison. The figures
given for the net energy have been converted into corresponding starch
equivalent values. The standards recommended for growing and working
animals are partial modifications of those suggested in the earlier edition
of the Bulletin. The modifications are as follows :
(a) The tentative supplementary standards for growth which were
given in the earlier edition to accommodate Indian animals of relatively
lower mature weights are omitted, as suitable data are p.ot available from
actual experiments. The st<j.ndard for dairy calves reaching the mature
weight of about 450 kg has been based on Morrison's revised figures. A
growth rate of about 0.5 kg per day during the first year can be expected
with better types of Indian breeds. For animals growing at a less rapid
rate, nutrient requirements may be proportionately reduced, but this should
be done after gaining some experience in feeding such animals with the
available feeding stuffs.
(b) The requirement for work production has been combined with
that for maintenance to make the recommendation easy to apply in actual
practice to Indian bullocks of varying live weights. Besides, instead of
giving three specifications for work as 'light', 'mediulIl' and 'heavy', as
was done in the earlier edi tions, work has been considered only as 'normal'
and 'heavy' in this publication. The former is conceived to consist of 6
hours of carting or 4 hours of ploughing, and the latter of 8 hours of carting
or 6 hours of ploughing. The data for this purpose have been computed
by adding together the maintenance requirements for varying live weights
as recommended by Morrison with the allowances for work. The work
allowance for 'light' and 'medium' work as recommended by Kellner and
given in an earlier issue of this Bulletin has been taken as the basis of re-
quirement for 'normal' and 'heavy' work performed by an animal of 500
kg live weight. Since, work rate capacity is proportional to live weight
raised to the two-thirds power, the work allowance for animals of live weight
below 500 kg have been adjmted proportionately.
2. THE FEEDING STANDARDS
IN the computation of a ratiQn, the first consideration should be the capacity

for consumption or the appetite of the animal. The appetite is measured
by the total amount of. dry matter in the ration which an animal
can consume. Usually, the dry-matter consumption varies with the live
weight of the animal and also with the nature of its production. Cattle
gen~rally eat about 2.0 to 2.5 kg of dry matter per 100 kg of live weight.
The milch stock may eat a little more. The buffaloes are slightly heavier
eaters than cows. The major portion, about two-thirds or more, of the total
dry matter to be consumed should come from the roughage quota of the
ration and the rest from the concentrates. After'the quantity of dry-maher
consumption is known, the next important information required is the
quantity of digestible crude protein (DCP) and energy (SE or TDN or ME)
which the ration must supply.
MAINTENANCE AND PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS OF ADULT ANIMALS

Studies conducted have shown that maintenance requirements of DCP
varies from 1.84 to 2.60 g/WO.75 in the non-producing • animals. The
requirements for ME reported by the Indian workers range from 97.6 to
130.7 Kcal/Wo.75 in adult non-producing animals. Keeping all these
reports in view, the figures of 2.84 g of DCP and 122 Kcal of ME per kg of
metabolic body size incorporated in the earlier edition have been retained
and the calculated values for ME requirement included in Table 1.
TABLE I. NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR IvIAINTENANCE OF ADULT CATTLE

PER HEAD PER DAY
Live DCP SE TDN ME Carotene Calcium Phosphorus

weight (kg) (kg) (kg) (Meal) (mg) (g) (g)
(kg)
'ISO 0·102 095 1·27 4·57 10 4 4
200 0·148 I'N 1·66 5·98 12 5 5
250 0·168 1·56 2·02 7·27 25 6 6
300 0·197 1·77 2·36 8·50 17 7 7
350 0·227 2·02 2·70 9·72 20 8 8
400 0·254 2·26 3·03 10·91 22 9 9
450 0·282 2·51 3·37 12·13 25 10 10
500 0·296 2·92 3·69 13·28 30 II II
550 0·336 3·18 3·71 13·36 36 12 12
The dairy cows which are in milk have to be given over and above the
maintenance requirement, additional allowance of the nutrients for milk
production. The maintenance requirement in the lactating animals is
generally higher (10-15 per cent) than in the dry non-pregnant animals.
THE FEEDING STANDARDS 13
"
The ration of animals in milk should therefore be calculated on the basis of
extra maintenance requirement plus that for the daily milk yield. The extra
nutrients required for milk production also vary with the fat cont~nt and
level of production. The nutrients required per kilogram of milk production
are detailed in Table 2.
TABLE 2. NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR PRODUCTlON PER KILOGRAM OF

lvIILK TO BE ADDED AS MAINTENANCE ALLOWANCE
Fat DCP SE TUN ME CalcIUm Ph,_lsphorw,

per cent (kg) (kg) (kg) (Meal) (g) (g)
in milk
3·0 0040 0·233 0269 0·97 2 2·4

4·0 0·0+5 0·275 0·316 1·14 '2 H
5·0 0·051 0·316 0·363 1·31 2 1-4
6·0 0·057 0357 0·411 1-48 2 H
7·0 0:063 0·398 0458 1-65 2 H
8·0 0·069 0·439 0·506 1·82 2 1·4
9·0 0·075 0·480 0·553 1·99 2 1-4
10·0 0·081 0·521 0602 2:17 2 H
11·0 0·085 0·562 0·650 2'3,t 2 1·4
NB: \Vhen adequate amounts of vitamin A'or carotene are fed as according to. Table 1,
extra amount, will not stimulate milk production. For pasture levels of vitamin A activity
in milk, cows should be fed 300 mg of carotene or 120,000 IV of vitamin A. .
In 'the high-yielding animals (between 20 and 30 kg of milk production

per day), there will be higher intake of ration which reduces the digestibility
of the ration. The decline in digestibility is more with the rati.ons containing
higher proportions of concentrates. Therefore, to compensate for the
depression in digestibility for the high producers a5 well as to provide for
higher metabolic rate, an increase of 3 per cent feed or 10 per cent for DCP
and ME requirements should be allowed for each 10 kg of milk produced
above 20 kg/day as has been recommended by NRC (1971).
During the first and second lactations of early-maturing animals about
20 and 10 per cent, respectively, of the maintenance requirement should be
added to the requirement given in Table 1 for the continued growth of
animals during lactation periods.
. During pregnancy, the animal should receive an extra allowance of
0.24 kg DCP and 1.0 kg SE or 1.4 kg TDN or 5.50 Mealor ME over and
above what she should get for maintenance milk production. If the expected
.milk yield in the subsequent lactation is below 1,000 kg, half the above
quantities will be sufficient. Adequate feeding during the last quarter of
pregnancy helps in the proper development of the foetus and in replacing
the body stores of the energy that may have been utilized in the earlier part
of lactation.
For milk production 128 to 163 g of DCP/100 g of milk protein is

required. ,Similarly, the energy required ranges from 1,063 to 1,152 Kcal
of ME/kg of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM). All these values are exclusive
of the maintenance allowance.
The .standards of nutrient requirements of working animals are given
in Table 3. These take into account the nutritional demands for both main-
tenance and work production.
TABLE 3. NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR WORKING ANIMALS PER HEAD PER DAY
Live Normal work Heavy work

weight
(kg) Digestible Total ME Digestible Total ME
crude digestible crude digestible
protein nutriel~ts protein nutrients
(kg) (kg) (Meal) (kg) (kg) (Meal)
200 0·24 2·0 7·2 0·25 2·7 9·7

300 0·33 3·1 11·2 0·42 4·0 1·1:-4
400 0·45 4·0 14·4 0·57 4·8 17·3
500 0·56 4·9 1706 0·71 6·4 23·0
600 0·66 5·8 20·9 0·84 7·2 25·9
Nutrients required for bulls in service

The requirement of a breeding bull is given in Table 4. If good
roughages are fed, 2 to 3 kg of concentrates should be sufficient to keep such
an animal in the desired condition, depending on its live weight and the
intensity of service.
TABLE 4. NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR BREEDING BULLS PER HEAD PER DAY
Live DCP SE TDN ME Carotene CalcIUm Phosphorus

weight (kg) (kg) (kg) (Meal) (mg) (g) (g)
(kg)
400 0·38 2·7 3·6 13·0 45 9 9

500 0·45 3-4 4·5 16·2 55 11 11
600 0·53 4·2 5·4 19·4- 66 13 13
Nutrient requirements for growth

The nutrient requirements for growth are higher than for mere main-
tenimce. During the early stages relatively more protein is required than
energy. During the first 8 to 10 weeks after birth there is little difference
in the growth rates between the males and females, but thereafter buH
calves grow faster and consume more feed to support growth than the
females. Young dairy bulls should be fed liberally to stimulate early sexual
maturity and thereafter energy intake should be reduced to avoid excessive
fattening and lowered libido.
During pre-ruminant stage of growth, both male and female calves
may be fed on limited quantities of milk. Calf-starters, along with good-
quality forages should be fed as early as possible to help in the early deve-
lopment of the rumen. The composition of the calf-starters and feeding
schedule up to 3 months of age, have been shown in the typical examples of
computing rations.
The requirements for growth production in the previous. editions were
mor:e liberal. The same requirements have been kept for the growing bull
calves. Howsver, for the growing heifers the requirements have been reduced
by 10 per ~ent for all the nutrients. The requirements up to 70 kg body
weight in both m<l;le and female calves have been kept the same.
TABLE 5. NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR GROWING CATTLE PER HEAD PER DAY
Live Daily DCP TDN Carotene Calcium Phosphorus

weight gain (kg) (kg) (mg) (g) (g)
(kg) (g)
Growing bull calves

45 300 0·15 0·8 2·9 4·5 7 6
70 500 0·22 1·3 4·7 7·5 12 10
100 500 0·28 1·9 6·8 11·0 13 10
150 500 b'35 2·6 9·4 16·0 13 12
200 500 0,40 3·0 10·8 21·0 13 12
300 450 4·47 4·0 14·4 32·0 13 12
400 400 0·48 50 18·0 42,0 12 12
Growing heifers
45 300 0·15 0·8 2·9 4,5 7 6
70 500 0·22 1·3 4·7 7·5 12 10
100 450 0·25 1·7 6·2 11·0 12 9
150 450 0·32 2·3 8·4 17·0 12 11
200 450 0·36 2·7 9·7 22·0 12 II
300 400 0·42 3·6 13·0 35.0 12 II
400 350 0.43 4.5 16.2 45.0 11 11
TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF COMPUTING RATIONS
Calculations of some typical rations are given in the following para-

graphs to illustrate the method of using the various tables. In the actual
computation it is not necessary to use all the three energy values, viz. SE,
TDN and ME. Only one of these values should be used together with the
DM and DCP. It would be seen that so far as the requirement of total ration
for the various productive functions is concerned the quantity required per
day is almost the same, no matter whichever energy system is followed for
the computation. The proportion, of the different feeding stuffs given in
the rations are not based on any experimental work in many cases but in
a few cases these schedules have been found satisfactory.
(1) Calculation of ration for a cow weighing 300kg and at an advanced stage of
gestation: The feeds available are rice straw, guinea-grass and rape-cake,
The maintenance requirement for this cow (Table 1) is 0.197 kg DCP
and 1.77" kg SE or 2.36 kg TDN or 8.5 Meal of ME. The animal is expected
to consume total dry matter to the extent of 7 to 7.5 kg. With the help of
data supplied in the last three columns of Appendix I the maintenance
ration of the animal can be formulated as follows:
DM DCP SE TDN ME
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (Meal)
Rice straw (4 kg) 3-6 0·00 0·88 1·70 6·12

Guinea-grass (7 kg) 18 0·06 0·63 0·92 3-31
Rape-cake (0·5 kg) 0·5 0·14 0·38 0·39 1-40
Total 5·9 0·20 1·89 3·01 10·83
The animal, in addition, requires 0.14 kg DCP and 0 . .') kg SE

or 0.7 kg TDN for the purpose of gestation, which can be satisfied by incor-
porating in the ration extra quantities of the following items:
DM DCP SE TDN ME
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (l\Ical)
Guinea-grass (2 kg) 0·5 0·02 O·lfl 0·26 0·94

Rape-cake (0·5 kg) 0·5 0·)4 0·38 0·39 J.40
Total )·0 0·)6 0·56 0·64 2·34
(2) CalculatIOn of ratIOn for a cow weighing 400 kg and yielding 8 kg if milk
with fat content of 4.5 /Jer cent: The available foodstuffs for the purposes are
wheat straw (cut), sorghum silage, gram husk, barley, ground nut-cake and
wheat bran.
The animal's capacity for total dry-matter consumption will be between
·9 and 10 kg, which should be conveniently divided ;nto two parts, one for
formulating the maintenance and the other for milk production.
According to Table 1, the maintenance requirements are met by
0.25 kg DCP and 2.26 kg SE or 3.03 kg TDN or 10.9 Meal of ME. The
following maintenance quota of the ration can be formulated.
DM DCP SE TDN ME
Wheat straw (3 kg) 2·7 0·00 0·66 1·29 4·64

Sorghum silage (10 kg) 3·0 0·07 1·00 1·53 5·51
Groundnut-eake (0·5 kg) 0·5 0·21 0·34 0·36 1·30
Total 5·2 0·28 2·00 3·18 11·45
For milk production the required items of the radon should be

concentrates fed in the form of a suitable mixture. The requirements per
kilogram of milk of 4.5 per cent fat are 0.048 kg DCP and 0.296 kg SE or
0.340 kg TDN or 1.2 'Meal of ME (Table 2). These can be supplied by a
concentrate' mixture of the following composition: .
Item Parts DCP SE TDN ME

(kg) (kg) (kg) (Meal)
Barley 50 4·02 35·8 38·8 139·68
Groundnut-cake 10 4·17 6·7 7·1 25·56
Wheat bran 20 2·12 12·4 13·5 48·60
Gram husk 20 0·00 6·0 11·0 39·60
Total 100 10·31 61·9 70·4 253·44
or 1 kg of the mixture 0·10 0·62 0·70 2·53
The requirement for 2 kg of
milk of 4·5 per cent fat 0·10 0·60 0·68 2-45
One kilogram of the above mixture is thus sufficient to produce 2 kg

of milk of 4.5 per cent fat. Therefore, for the production of 8 kg of milk,
4 kg of the mixture should be fed in addition to the maintenance quota of
the ration.
(3) Calculation rif ration for a bullock weighing 400 kg and doing normal
work: The . available feeding stuffs are wheat straw, guinea-grass, til-cake
and maize grain.
The requirements for this animal according to the feeding standard
(Table 3) are 0.45 kg DCP and 4.0,kg TDN or 14.4 Meal of ME. The animal
can consume 8-10 kg ofdrymatter~ The ration can be computed as follows:
Item Quantity DM DCP TDN ME

given
Wheat straw 6 5·4 0·00 2·6 9·36

Guinea-grass 5 1·5 0·07 0·8 2·88
Crushed maize 0·7 0·6 0·05 0·6 2·16
Til-cake 0·9 0·8 0·34 0·7 2·52
Total • 8·3 0·46 4·7 16·92
(4) Calculation qf a ration for a growing heifer weighing 150 kg.' The available
feeding stuffs are Bolarum (young) hay, green berseem, crushed maize and
rape-cake.
The capacity for dry-matter consumption of heifers of this group is
3.0 to 3.75 kg and their DCP and TDN requirements are 0.35 and 2.6 kg
respectively. The ration can be computed as follows:
Item Quantity DM ncp TDN ME

given
Hay 1·5 1·3 0·03 0·7 2·52 ,

Berseem ~ 0·6 0·08 0·4 1-44
Concentrate 2 1·8 0·25 1·6 5·76
mixture (crushed maize 75
parts and rape-cake 25 parts)
Total 3·7 0·36 2·7 9·72
(5) Calculation of ration for a buffalo-cow weighing 450 kg and yielding

10 kg qf milk with a fat content if 8 per cent: The available feeding stuff~ are
wheat straw, green maize, crushed maize, crushed gram, groundnut-cake
and wheat bran.
The animal's capacity for dry-matter consumption is between 11 and
12 kg. As in example 2, the ration may be divided into two parts, one for
maintenance and the other for milk production. The maintenance require-
ment is 0.28 kg ncp and 2.51 kg SE or 3.37 kg TDN or 12.1 Meal of ME
daily (Table I). This can be supplied through the following feeds :
DM ncp SE TDN ME
Green maize (16 kg) 4·0 0·17 2·1 2·7 9·72

Wh«<at straw (3 kg) 2·7 0·00 0·6 1·3 4·63
Groundnut-cake (0·25 kg) 0·2 0·10 0·2 0·7 2·52
To'tal 6·9 0·27 2·9 4·7 16·92
For the production of 10 kg of milk of 8 per cent fat- content, an

additional requirement of 0.69 kg DCP and 4.39 kg SE or 5.06 kg
TDN or 16.5 Meal ME will be required. This can be met by giving an
extra 5 kg of a mixture containing 50 per cent maize, 30 per cent
gram, 20 per cent groundnut-cake and 10 per cent wheat bran. One kilo-
gram of this mixture contains 0.17 kg DCP and 0.83 kg SE or 0.86 kg
TDN or .3.1 Mcal ME. Hence the total ration will be as follows:
DM DCP SE TDN ME
:Vlaintenanee ration, as given

above 6·9 0:27 2·9 4·7 16·92
Concentrate mixture (5 kg) 4·5 0·85 4·2 4·3 15-48
Total intake 11·4 1·12 7·1 9·0 32·40
Total required 11·5 0·97 6·8 8·9 32·04
In the actual feeding of different classes of stocks it is usual to make

the animal eat all the scheduled concentrate and as much as possible of
the green (odder. The dry roughage is then given slightly in excess of what
is prescribed, and the animal adjusts its appetite or its requirement of
total dry-matter consumption.
The maintenance requirements of mach stock are usually met by dry
and succulent (green or silage) roughage plus a small quantity of a protein
concentrate, such as oilcake. A concentrate mixture is then fed to
individual animal in proportion to their milk production. It is highly
desirable that this production quota of the ration is made up by suitably
mixing several concentrate feeds to confer palatability, laxativeness and
all the complex nutritive qualities necessary for milk secretion.
Some common concentrate mixtures

For the sake of conven~ence, some concentrate mixtures are
given below. One kilogram of each mixture is of equal value and is sufficient
for production of 2.5 kg of milk containing 4.5 per cent of fat. Mixtures,
1, 2 and 4 can be prescribed for milk production in buffaloes, bull kg of
the mixture is sufficient for the production of 2 kg of milk (7.0 to 7.5 per
cent fat) only.
1. Cottonseed-meal 25 Contains per kg of mixture 0·12 kg DP and
Wheat bran 20 0·77 kg SE.
Maize 55
2. Rape-cake 25
Cotton seed 35 Contains per kg of mixture 0·14 kg DP and
Wheat bran 10 0·74 kg SE.
Barley 30
3. Rape-cake 30 Contains per kg of mixture 0·13 kg DP and
Barley 50 0·74 kg SE.
Oat 20
4. Groundnut-cake 15
Gram 40 Contains per kg of mixture 0·18 kg DP and
Maize 40 0·74 kg SE.
Gram husk 5
5. Gingelly-cake 15
Gram 40 Contains per kg of mixture 0·14 kg DP and
Barley 40 0·72 kg SE.
Rice bran 5
6. Groundnut-cake 10
Cotton seed 20
Rice bran 10 Contains per kg of mixture 0·13 kg 'DP and
Maize 30 0·73 kg SE.
Gram 30
[20 NUTRITIVE VALUES OF INDIAN CATTLE FEEDS AND THE FEEDING OF ANIMALS
Legume hay as substitute for concentrate

The above mixtures or a suitable variation of any of them can be used
with ordinary roughages, such as anjan hay, dhub grass and green maize,
but where leguminous hay such as berseem and lucerne i~ available, a
considerable part of the concentrate from the feed can be cutdown, especially
with poor and medium producers. A suitable ration with some leguminous
hay as the main source of protein can be prepared by using the table and
appendices given in this publication. It is, however, not desirable to with-
hold completely cake or grain from a ration, .as this is likely to have an
adverse effect 'in the long run.
Mineral supplement
Growing animals and milch cattle need a large amount of minerals,
but no addition of minerals has been made in the rations for which
calculations have been given above. The usual practice in large farms is to
provide blocks of rock salt which can be licked by animals. Otherwise,
approximately 28 g of common salt is given to adult animals in their feed.
Besides this, both for the growing and milch animals, it is often necessary
to provide some phosphate and lime-rich mineral mixture. Most of the
concentrates are rich in phosphate but poor in lime and, as such, unless
leguminous fodder or good-quality hay _is available the dairy ration is likely
to be badly balanced in regard to lime and phosphate. A cow of average
weight requires daily for maintenance 109 of calcium and lag of phos-
phorus, and for production 01 10 kg of milk another 20 g of calcium and
14 g of phosphorus. These are rough estimates. In Appendix II the,
mineral analysis is given of the common Indian feeding stuffs, from which
it is easy to calculat.e whether a ration contains sufficient amount
of minerals or not. To maintain the health of milch cattle, particularly
those yielding 10 kg or more of milk a day, and to promote healthy growth
and development of young stock of superior breed, it is advisable that the
ration commonly fed to cattle in India is supplemented with properly
adjusted mineral mixture. This mineral supplement may be prepared by
mixing together the proportions by weight of the following ingredients:
Finely powdered sterilized bone-meal 45-00 parts
Ground chalk (calcium carbonate) 10-00 parts
Dicalcium phosphate 12-00 parts
Common salt 30·00 parts
Yellow oxide or iron 0·50 parts
Potassium iodide 2·25 parts
Starch 0·75 parts
Sodium carbonate 0·75 parts
Sodium thiosulphate 1~75 parts
'Po every 100 kg ot the mixture add finely powdered 50 g of cobalt

chloride, 0.25 kg of copper sulphate and 0.3 kg of manganese sulphate.
The mineral supplement recommended above, when added at the rate

of 2 per cent of the concentrate mixture of the ration, offers protection
against possible deficiencies not only of major elements like calcium and
phosphorus, but also of trace elements such as copper, cobalt, manganese
and iodine which playa very important role in the normal nutrition of
cattle.
Vitamin supplement
The straw and hay, as commonly available in India, are practically
devoid of vitamin A potency. 'this is also the case with most, of the concen-
trates. For this reason, avitaminosis-A in a mild form is wi'dely prevalent,
and occasional instances of this trouble such as intrauterine blindness,
ophthalmia in growing animals, abortion and sterility are, found in many
places. The' only practical method of remedying this def~ct in the ration
is to provide for green grazing, failing which a suitable supplement of green
feed, 3 to 4.5 kg' daily, should be gillen to growing cailles and lactating
animals.
Cultivated fodders and
• ~razing
By-products like straW, bhusa,- pulse husks, bran, broken grains and
oilcakes, and limited quantities of cotton seed, gram, maize and barley
constitute important items of feed for Indian cattle. If our cattle have to
maintain even the present output of work and milk without any detriment
to their health and constitution, they would require very much more of the
various items of by-products, seeds and grains than what is available today.
Since, the supply of these depends upon the production of food and cash
crops, and as the prospect of accelerating the latter to the tune of animal
requirements does not appear feasible in near future, a plan is 4rgently
needed for a system of animal feeding which could be, to a large extent,
independent of oilcake, bran and other concentrate feeds. In the typical
examples of computing rations given earlier, the practice now in vogue has
been followed. The feeding schedules have been so formulated that the
requirement for production is met exclusively by COncentrate feeds, and for
maintenance largely by dry roughage with a small supplement of concen-
trate plus green fodder or silage. Based on this system of feeding when an
attempt is made to estimate the overall quantitative requirements of various
feeding stuffs, one finds that almost an unbridgeable gap exists between
the demand and supply.
In countries where animal husbandry has made the greatest progress,
a sound diet for cattle is built around good quality green forage. A properly
selected green fodder is the most natural food for the herbivores, not only
for the balanced distribution of its nutrient constituents but also for its bulk
which is necessary to fill up the capacious stomach of a ruminant. Moreover,
such combination in a single item of feed greatly reduces the cost of feeding,
especially for milk production. In India, owing fo climatic conditions and
other limitations, the possibility of developing organized pasturage will be
difficult to realize, but by some reorientation of cropping programme, jf
about 10 per cent of the total arable area of the country could gradually be
appropriated for organized production of fodder crops, the problem of
feeding the milk-producing animals can easily be solved. The following
example illustrates this point of view:
A milch cow of a~erage body weight of 250 kg and yielding 2 kg of
milk of 5 per cent fat requires the following nutrients as per Tables 1 and 2.
(a) For maintenance 0·17 kg DCP and 2·0 kg TDN or 7·2. Meal ME
(b) For milk production 0·10 kg DCP a11d 0·7 kg TDN or 2·6 Meal ME
Total 0·27 kg DCP and 2·7 kg TDN or 9·8 Meal ME
This can be met from the following ration schedule :
Available
DCP TDN ME
, tlg) (kg) (Meal)
(a) Mixed grass fodder of say guinea-

grass and legumes like berseem, cow-
, pea or lucerne (kg) 13 0·22 1·70 6·1
(b) Straw (kg) 1 0·00 0·44- 1·6
(c) Wheat bran (kg) 1 0·09 0·65 2·3
Total 0·31 2·79 10·0
It is well known that the majority of our cows yield, on an average,

much less than 1.5 to 2 kg of milk a day. If that is so, it is evident that in a
ration schedule, as formulated above, the use of concentrate can easily be
done away with. Even in heavy-yielding dairy cows and buffaloes, producing
on an average 7 kg of milk a day, a basic ration drawn on the same principle
would be able to maintain the animal and at the same time support the
first 2 to 3 kg of milk production. Concentrates need, therefore, be given
only for the additional amount of milk yield. The new system of feeding
suggested should not only reduce the use of concentrate feeds but also .the
cost of milk production.
Although organized pasturage is almost non-existent in this country,
a fairly large amount of grass is grown in the so-called waste lands and in
the forest area. Much of this grass, however, is ~ot available to the
consuming livestock owing to the remoteness of its situation.
An important point about green grass may be kept in mind. Some of
the hays which are nothing but field grass supply hardly allY digestible
protein to the animals (Appendix III). The same materials in the green
state, however, have a fairly high nutritive value including a good amount
of digestible protein, and this is the reason why during the monsoon when
grass grows abundantly, emaciated indigenous cattle pick up condition

quickly on grass alone. Thus, it is possible to maintain non-producing
animals in prime condition for a large part of the year in areas where good-
quality anjan and dhub grass grow. Converting the grass fodder into mixed
silage preserves the food value considerably, and will be of great value to
milch cattle when green feed is scarce.
When good grazing is available, the concentrate portion of tqe ration
of most of the animals can be cut down. In this country, good grazing is
available only during the monsoon months, after which the quality of the
grazing becomes gradually poorer and the farmer must judge for himself if
his animals are getting much food from grazing. As a rough! guide, one can
describe the quality of grazing as good, medium and poor, and depending
on this the ,concentrate requirement should be varied so as to economize
the cost of feeding. Thus, when the grazing is good the amount of concentrate
may be cut down to one-third in the case of medium grazing to half and
in the case of poor grazing to three-fourths of the protein requirement under
stall-feeding conditions. The dry roughage should be given ad lib. after the
day's grazing so as to satisfy the dry matter ana energy rtfquirements. Some
caution is, however, necessary in the case of heavy milking animals, where
a sudden reduction in the quantity of concentrate mixture may reduce the
milk yield.
Feeding schedule for calves up to 3 months of age

Calves are generally fed milk allowance as per body weight. Up to
three weeks of age the calves are fed at the rate of one-tenth of body weight,
from 3 to 6 weeks of age at the rate of one-fifteenth of body weight and
thereafter at the rate of one-twentieth of body weight. The feeding schedule
on page 24 has been given taking the birth weight of calves as ranging be-
tween 28 and 32 kg. Schedule has been given age-wise for the sake of
convenience in feeding and assuming a growth rate of 300-350 g per head
per day up to 3 months of age. The feeding schedule described on page
24 is in vogue at the Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar.
The composition of the alternative calf-starters has been given below
using different feeds according to availability.
1. Cottonseed-cake 20 parts
Fish-meal 20 parts
Crushed maize 50 parts
Wheat bran 10 parts
2. Gingelly-cake .30 parts
Meat-meal 20 parts
Crushed oat/barley 40 parts
Rice bran 10 parts
Ft;eding Schedule for calves up to 3 months of age'

3. Linseed-oil-meal 30 parts
Dried skim-milk powder 20 parts
Crushed barley grain 50 parts
4. Groundnut-cake 30 parts
Fish-meal 10 parts
Maize crushed 50 parts
. Rice bran
The DCP content of the above mixtures ranges from 20.2 to 22.5 per
10 parts
cent and that of TDN from 70 to 74 per cent.
Age of calf Whole milk Skim-milk Calf-starter'" Good-quality

(g) (g) (g) hay (g)
1st 3 days 2,500
(Colostrum)
4th to 7th day 2,500
2nd week 3,000 100 300
3rd week 3,250 300 500
4th week 3,000 400 600
5th week 1,500 1,000 500 700
6th week 2,500 650 750
7th week 2,000 800 850
8th week 1,750 1,000 1,000
9th week 1,250 1,200 1,100
(Up to 6th day)
10th week 1,300 1,200
11th week 1,400 1,300
12th week 1,500 1,500
13th week 2,000 2,000
" Composition of calf-starter:
Crushed barley 50 parts

Groundnut-eake 30 parts
Wheat bran 8 parts
Fish-meal/dried skim-milk/rneat-meal 10 parts
Mineral mixture 2 parts
To 100 kg of the above mixture, the following may be addt"d :
(a) Molasses 5-10% according to availability;
(b) Rovimix, 10 g{q
(c) salt, 0·5 per cent
(d) aurofae, 20 g/q.
3. BOOKS FOR FURTHER S:rUDY
The following publications may be consulted for further information

Feeds and Feeding by F. B. Morrison. The Morrison Publishing Company,
Ithaca, New York. 21st edn. 1954.
Rations for Livestock by T. B. Wood., Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries,
London., Bulletin No. 48., 1936.
The Feeding oj Dai~y Cows by J, Mackintosh., Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries, London. Bulletin No. 42., 1932.
The Principle and Practice of Feeding Farm Animals by E. T. Halnan and
F. H. Garner. Longmans Green and Co., London., 1940.
The Scientific Feeding of Animals by O. Kellner, translated by William
Goodwin. Duckworth and Co., London. 1926.
Animal Nutrition by. L. A. Maynard and]. K. Loosly. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., New York, London. 1956.
Principles of Animal Nutrition and Feeding Practices 11l India by S. K.
Ranjhan. Vikas Publishing Bouse, New Delhi. 1976.
4. BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARC. 1965. The Nutrient Requirement of Livestock. 2. Ruminants. Agricultural

Research Council, London.
CRAMPTON, E. W. and HARRIS, L. E. 1969. Applied Animal Nutrition. 2nd
edn. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Fransico.
KA TIYAR, R. C. 1971. Studies on the utilization of dietary energy for mazntenance
and milk production in Hariana cows. Ph.D. Thesis, Agra University,
Agra, 1971.
KEHAR, N. D., MUKHERJEE, R. and SEN, K. a. 1943. Studies on protein
metabolism. 1. Investigations upon the endogenous nitrogen
metabolism of cattle. Indian J. vet: Sci. 13 : 257. .
KEHAR, N. D., MULLICK, D. N. and THAKURIA, G. 1955. Annuat'Report.
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar.
KELLNER, O. 1926. The Scientific Feeding of Ammals. 2nd edn, pp. 328
Duckworth, London.
KRISHNA, G., RAZDAN, M. N. and RAY, S. N. 1972. Studies on energy and
protein requirements of Bos indicus. Proceedings oJ the .2nd World
Congress of Animal Feeding} held at Afadrid} Spain.
KRISHNA, G., RAZDAN, M. N. and RAY, S. N. 1973. Studies on the effect
of seasonal variation on the utilization of nutrients and quality
and quantity of milk produced in Bos indicus in the tropical and
subtropical region. Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Animal
Production, Australia.
KRISHNA, G., RAZDAN, M. N. and RAY, S. N. 1975. Studies on energy
and protein requirements of Indian dairy allimals. Z. Tierphysiol.
Futtermittelk (press).
MAYNARD, L. A. and LOOSLIE, J. K. 1956. Animal Nutritzon. 4th edn,
pp. 484. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.} New York.
McDoNALD, P., EDWARDS, R. A. and GREENBALGH, J. F. D. 1973. Animal
Nu(rition. 2nd edn. Oliver ~ Boyd, Edinburgh.
MORRISON, F. B. 1956. Feeds and Feeding. 22nd edn, pp. 1165. The Morrison
Publishing Co., Ithaca, New York.
NRC. 1965. Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle. Pub. No. 1239, National
Research Council, Washington, D. C.
RANJHAN, S. K., KRISHNA MOHAN, D. V. G. and RAJENDRA SINGH. 1975.
Energy and protein requirements of Holstein-Friesian and
Holstein-Friesian X Hariana crosses for maintenance and milk
production. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 45 : 717.
VAN SOEST, P. J. 1965. Symposium on factors influencing the voluntary
intake of herbage by ruminants. Voluntary intake in relation
to chemical composition and digestibility. J. Anim. Sci. 24 : 834.
·
APPENDIX 27
_., I I 1 I 1'1
I I 1 1 1 1 I 1~ 1 1 1 I 1 :;:.
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o 1 1 I * I I 1 I gllill
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28 NUTRITIVE VALUES OF INDIAN CATTLE FE:!>DS AND THE FEEDING OF ANIMALS
11111 I I l:g I I I I I~~ I I I I

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,APPENDIX 29
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30 NUTRITIVE VALUES OF INDIAN CATTLE FEEDS AND THE FEEDING OF ANIMAL ~
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APPENDIX 31
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32 NUTRITIVE VALUES OF INDIAN CATTLE FEEDS AND THE FEEDING OF ANIMAJ"S
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APPENDIX 33
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APPENDIX 35
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36 NUTRITIVE VALUES OF INDIAN CATTLE FEEDS AND THE FEEDING, OF ANIMALS
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APPENDIX 37
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APPENDIX 39
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40 I'j'UTRITIVE VALUES OF INDIAN Cl1(TTLE FEEDS AND THE FEEDING OF ANIMALS
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APPENDIX 41
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APPENDIX 43
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APPENDIX 45
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APPENDIX 47
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48 NUTRITIVE VALUES OF INDIAN CATTLE FEEDS AND THE FEEDING OF ANJMALS
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APPENDIX 49
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APPENDIX 53
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APPENDIX 59
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APPENDIX 61
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APPENDIX 81
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ApPENDIX 3
CAROTENE CONTENT OF THE INDIAN FEEDING STUFFS ON DRY-MATTER BASIS

-------
Name of material Age in weeks DM% Carotene content
(ppm)
2 3 4
Grass (Green)
Napier grass 2 233·3
3 208·7
4 167·8
5 153·9
6 150·0
7 11401
13 26·8 106·2
Guinea grass 2 260·9
3 247·9
4 200·0
5 147·1
6 123·8
7 107·8
13 23·8 118·1
Johnson grass 12 41·3 107·9
Rhodes grass 12 29-6 163·5
Sudan grass 2 121·7
3 173·4
4 151·7
5 111·8
6 112·0
7 111-4
14 33·0 97·0
Spear grass 7 37·2 137-3
Anjan grass 14 28·2 178·9
Dub grass 4 21·4 397·5
]arga grass 14 39·5 119·2
Kikuyu grass 14 24·5 165·5
Kolukkkattai 9 27·8 194·2
Makrakiwai 14 34·8 127-2
Bharra grass 37·9 145·9
Kans grass 38·4 157·5
Jute 8·1 344·1
Legumes (Green)
Alsi 32·3 210·6
Berseem 3 312·5
4 323-1
5 300·1
6 256·4
7 284-4
8 254·6
9 11·5 254-6
Lucerne 2 231·1
3 250·0
4 333·5
5 329·7
6 13·3 256·3
7 227-4
Cowpea 12 23·5 231·9
,ApPENDIX 3 (Continued)
2 3 4
Velvet beans 12 19·0 250·0

Sunnhemp 15·7 350·3
Groundnut plant 21-4 23,,1
Urad plant 22·6 174·6
Til plant 18·9 152·1
Gram plant 24·8 296·4
Linseed plant . 25·0 142·2
Moth 30·2 96·6
Arhar plant 31-4 201·7
Mustard leaves 15·1 329·0
Mustard plant 12·5 301·2
Bathua plant 13·8 256·9
Khesari plant 18·2 356·6
Pea plant 15·5 388·5
Masoor plant 24·3 209·5
Rape-seed plant 19·7 380·8
Moong plant 23·9 213·4
Guar plant 25·0 183·8
ClTeals and Millets (Green)

Barley 3 ,,28·6 .
4 363·2
5 311·1
6 279·3
7 257·8
8 12·0 27904
Oat 3 288·9
4 336·0
5 272·4
6 279·3
7 .246·2
8 12·3 228·6
Bajra 14 19·3 350·0
Maize. 12 18·3 285·0
Jowar 15 33·0 276·0
Kohni 46·7 2304
Tree Leaves
Shiiham 25·5 165·2
Pakar 39·0 234·5
Bargad 27·0 6704
Gular 25·8 219·8
Peepal 30·0 320·0
Mango 23·0 130·7
Jamun 27·5 56·8
Neem 33·2 231-4
Tamarind 21·1 114·0
CharTey 25·7 144-6
Hays, Straws and By-products
Hay (mixed ripe grasses) 0·6
Berseem hay 85·3 74·0
Shaftal hay 90·0 175·0
APPENDIX 85
ApPENDIX 3 (Concluded)
2 3 4
Wheat hay (old) ,90·0 7·2

Oat hay (old) i94·0 7·2
Rice straw Nil
Wheat straw 0·2
Cane tops 35·9· 165·0
Gram husk Nil
Wheat bran O~l
Concentrates
Oat Trace
Barley Nil
.Maize, yellow 2·4
Maize, white Trace
Cotton seed Nil
Gram Trace
Gram with husk 3·16
Soyabean 4·5
Guar Trace
Pea 0·2
Groundnut-cake Nil
Rape-cake 0·2
Mustard-cake Trace
Til-cake Trace
Coconut-cake Nil
Linseed-cake 2·0
Silages
Karu silage 41·0 69·3

Bha"a silage 42·1 13·9
Cane top silage 28·0 26·7
86. NUTRITIVE VALUES OF INDIAN CATTLE FEEDS AND THE FEEDING OF ANIMALS
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Chemical Composition - Sen and Ray

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NUTRITIVE VALUES OF lNrlIAN"

CATTLE FEEDS AND THE

INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

Chief Editor P. L. JAISWAL

Chiif Production Officer KRISHAN KUMAR

2. The Feeding Standards 12

3. Books for Further Study 25

Appendix I. Chemical Composition, Digestion Coefficients and

Appendix 2. Macro and Micro-elements in the Feeding Stuffs

Appendix 3. Carotene Content of the Indian Feeding Stuffs on

Appendix 4. Chemical Composition of Different Legume and

Appendix 5. Chemical Composition of Straws/Stovers as per

Appendix 6. Chemical Composition of Different Grasses as per

Appendix 7 Chemieal Composition of the Tree Leaves as per

FOOD is essential for the maintenance of life. The nutrients in a feeding

Fats (ether extract)

Soluble carbohydrates (nitrogen-free extract)

Intensive crop production is bound to lower the soil's reserves of

constituents are recorded in Appendix 1. For the convenience of users, the

Digestible crude protein

through the urea nitrogen. Since non-protein nitrogenous compounds do

Gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy and net

Position of TDN and ME in'ruminant rations

The, rate of conversion of food nutrients into body fat is higher in

intake as actual work. Many factors such as breed, speed of working,

Practical scales of feeding

IN the computation of a ratiQn, the first consideration should be the capacity

MAINTENANCE AND PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS OF ADULT ANIMALS

TABLE I. NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR IvIAINTENANCE OF ADULT CATTLE

Live DCP SE TDN ME Carotene Calcium Phosphorus

TABLE 2. NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR PRODUCTlON PER KILOGRAM OF

Fat DCP SE TUN ME CalcIUm Ph,_lsphorw,

3·0 0040 0·233 0269 0·97 2 2·4

In 'the high-yielding animals (between 20 and 30 kg of milk production

For milk production 128 to 163 g of DCP/100 g of milk protein is

Live Normal work Heavy work

200 0·24 2·0 7·2 0·25 2·7 9·7

Nutrients required for bulls in service

Live DCP SE TDN ME Carotene CalcIUm Phosphorus

400 0·38 2·7 3·6 13·0 45 9 9

Nutrient requirements for growth

Live Daily DCP TDN Carotene Calcium Phosphorus

Growing bull calves

TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF COMPUTING RATIONS

Calculations of some typical rations are given in the following para-

Rice straw (4 kg) 3-6 0·00 0·88 1·70 6·12

The animal, in addition, requires 0.14 kg DCP and 0 . .') kg SE

Guinea-grass (2 kg) 0·5 0·02 O·lfl 0·26 0·94

Wheat straw (3 kg) 2·7 0·00 0·66 1·29 4·64

For milk production the required items of the radon should be

Item Parts DCP SE TDN ME

One kilogram of the above mixture is thus sufficient to produce 2 kg

Item Quantity DM DCP TDN ME

Wheat straw 6 5·4 0·00 2·6 9·36

Item Quantity DM ncp TDN ME

Hay 1·5 1·3 0·03 0·7 2·52 ,

(5) Calculation of ration for a buffalo-cow weighing 450 kg and yielding

Green maize (16 kg) 4·0 0·17 2·1 2·7 9·72

For the production of 10 kg of milk of 8 per cent fat- content, an

:Vlaintenanee ration, as given

In the actual feeding of different classes of stocks it is usual to make

Some common concentrate mixtures

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