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7.7 A SAMPLING APPLICATION: STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL (OPTIONAL)
7.7 EXERCISES
BASIC TECHNIQUES
7.48 The sample means were calculated for 30 sam-
ples of size n ! 10 for a process that was judged to be
in control. The means of the 30 !x-values and the stan-
dard deviation of the combined 300 measurements
were x!! ! 20.74 and s ! .87, respectively.
a. Use the data to determine the upper and lower con-
trol limits for an !x chart.
b. What is the purpose of an x! chart?
c. Construct an x! chart for the process and explain
how it can be used.
7.49 The sample means were calculated for 40 sam-
ples of size n ! 5 for a process that was judged to be
in control. The means of the 40 values and the stan-
dard deviation of the combined 200 measurements
were x! ! 155.9 and s ! 4.3, respectively. EX0755
a. Use the data to determine the upper and lower con-
trol limits for an !x chart.
b. Construct an x! chart for the process and explain
how it can be used.
7.50 Explain the difference between an x! chart and a
p chart.
7.51 Samples of n ! 100 items were selected hourly
over a 100-hour period, and the sample proportion of
defectives was calculated each hour. The mean of the
100 sample proportions was .035.
a. Use the data to find the upper and lower control
limits for a p chart.
b. Construct a p chart for the process and explain how
it can be used.
7.52 Samples of n ! 200 items were selected hourly
over a 100-hour period, and the sample proportion of
defectives was calculated each hour. The mean of the
100 sample proportions was .041.
a. Use the data to find the upper and lower control
limits for a p chart.
b. Construct a p chart for the process and explain how
it can be used. EX0757
APPLICATIONS
7.53 Black Jack A gambling casino records and
plots the mean daily gain or loss from five blackjack
tables on an x! chart. The overall mean of the sample
❍ 271
means and the standard deviation of the combined data
over 40 weeks were !!x ! $10,752 and s ! $1605,
respectively.
a. Construct an !x chart for the mean daily gain per
blackjack table.
b. How can this x! chart be of value to the manager of
the casino?
7.54 Brass Rivets A producer of brass rivets ran-
domly samples 400 rivets each hour and calculates the
proportion of defectives in the sample. The mean sam-
ple proportion calculated from 200 samples was equal
to .021. Construct a control chart for the proportion of
defectives in samples of 400 rivets. Explain how the
control chart can be of value to a manager.
7.55 Lumber Specs The manager of a build-
ing-supplies company randomly samples
incoming lumber to see whether it meets quality speci-
fications. From each shipment, 100 pieces of
2 " 4 lumber are inspected and judged according to
whether they are first (acceptable) or second (defec-
tive) grade. The proportions of second-grade 2 " 4s
recorded for 30 shipments were as follows:
.14 .21 .19 .18 .23 .20 .25 .19 .22 .17
.21 .15 .23 .12 .19 .22 .15 .26 .22 .21
.14 .20 .18 .22 .21 .13 .20 .23 .19 .26
Construct a control chart for the proportion of second-
grade 2 " 4s in samples of 100 pieces of lumber.
Explain how the control chart can be of use to the
manager of the building-supplies company.
7.56 Coal-Burning Power Plant A coal-burning
power plant tests and measures three specimens of
coal each day to monitor the percentage of ash in the
coal. The overall mean of 30 daily sample means and
the combined standard deviation of all the data were
!!x ! 7.24 and s ! .07, respectively. Construct an !x
chart for the process and explain how it can be of
value to the manager of the power plant.
7.57 Nuclear Power Plant The data in the
table are measures of the radiation in
air particulates at a nuclear power plant. Four measure-
ments were recorded at weekly intervals over a 26-week
period. Use the data to construct an x! chart and plot
the 26 values of !x. Explain how the chart can be
used.
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272 ❍ CHAPTER 7 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

Week Radiation 7.58 Baseball Bats A hardwoods manufacturing

1 .031 .032 .030 .031 plant has a production line designed to produce base-
2 .025 .026 .025 .025 ball bats weighing 32 ounces. During a period of time
3 .029 .029 .031 .030 when the production process was known to be in statis-
4 .035 .037 .034 .035 tical control, the average bat weight was found to be
5 .022 .024 .022 .023
6 .030 .029 .030 .030 31.7 ounces. The observed data were gathered from
7 .019 .019 .018 .019 50 samples, each consisting of 5 measurements. The
8 .027 .028 .028 .028 standard deviation of all samples was found to be
9 .034 .032 .033 .033 s ! .2064 ounces. Construct an !x-chart to monitor the
10 .017 .016 .018 .018 32-ounce bat production process.
11 .022 .020 .020 .021
12 .016 .018 .017 .017 7.59 More Baseball Bats Refer to Exercise 7.58
13 .015 .017 .018 .017
and suppose that during a day when the state of the
14 .029 .028 .029 .029
15 .031 .029 .030 .031 32-ounce bat production process was unknown, the fol-
16 .014 .016 .016 .017 lowing measurements were obtained at hourly intervals.
17 .019 .019 .021 .020 Hour x! Hour !x
18 .024 .024 .024 .025
19 .029 .027 .028 .028 1 31.6 4 33.1
20 .032 .030 .031 .030 2 32.5 5 31.6
21 .041 .042 .038 .039 3 33.4 6 31.8
22 .034 .036 .036 .035
Each measurement represents a statistic computed
23 .021 .022 .024 .022
24 .029 .029 .030 .029 from a sample of five bat weights selected from the
25 .016 .017 .017 .016 production process during a certain hour. Use the con-
26 .020 .021 .020 .022 trol chart constructed in Exercise 7.58 to monitor the
process.

CHAPTER REVIEW

Key Concepts and Formulas II. Statistics and Sampling Distributions

I. Sampling Plans and Experimental 1. Sampling distributions describe the possible

Designs values of a statistic and how often they occur in
repeated sampling.
1. Simple random sampling
2. Sampling distributions can be derived mathe-
a. Each possible sample of size n is equally
matically, approximated empirically, or found
likely to occur.
using statistical theorems.
b. Use a computer or a table of random
3. The Central Limit Theorem states that sums
numbers.
and averages of measurements from a nonnor-
c. Problems are nonresponse, undercoverage, mal population with finite mean m and stan-
and wording bias. dard deviation s have approximately normal
2. Other sampling plans involving randomization distributions for large samples of size n.
a. Stratified random sampling III. Sampling Distribution of the Sample
b. Cluster sampling Mean
c. Systematic 1-in-k sampling 1. When samples of size n are randomly drawn
3. Nonrandom sampling from a normal population with mean m and
variance s 2, the sample mean x! has a normal
a. Convenience sampling
distribution with mean m and standard devia-
b. Judgment sampling tion s/"n !.
c. Quota sampling