Road Diet Guidelines For Road Diet Conversion Stamatiadis

Research Report
KTC-11-19/SPR415-11-1F
KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CENTER
GUIDELINES FOR ROAD DIET CONVERSIONS

OUR MISSION
We provide services to the transportation community
through research, technology transfer and education.
We create and participate in partnerships
to promote safe and effective
transportation systems.
OUR VALUES
Teamwork
Listening and communicating along with
courtesy and respect for others.
Honesty and Ethical Behavior

Delivering the highest quality
products and services.
Continuous Improvement
In all that we do.
5HVHDUFK5HSRUW
.7&63R )

GUIDELINES FOR ROAD DIET CONVERSIONS
Draft Final Report

E\

1LNLIRURV6WDPDWLDGLV
3URIHVVRU

$GDP.LUN
5HVHDUFK(QJLQHHU

&KHQ:DQJ
*UDGXDWH5HVHDUFK$VVLVWDQW

$QGUHD&XOO

$QG
1LWKLQ$JDUZDO

'HSDUWPHQWRI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ
DQG
.HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&HQWHU
&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ
8QLYHUVLW\RI.HQWXFN\
/H[LQJWRQ.HQWXFN\

7KHFRQWHQWVRIWKLVUHSRUWUHIOHFWWKHYLHZVRIWKHDXWKRUVZKRDUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHIDFWVDQG
DFFXUDF\RIWKHGDWDSUHVHQWHGKHUHLQ7KHFRQWHQWVGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHIOHFWWKHRIILFLDOYLHZV
RI SROLFLHV RI WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI .HQWXFN\ WKH .HQWXFN\ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ &DELQHW RU WKH )HGHUDO
+LJKZD\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KLVUHSRUWGRHVQRWFRQVWLWXWHDVWDQGDUGVSHFLILFDWLRQRUUHJXODWLRQ
7KHLQFOXVLRQRIPDQXIDFWXUHQDPHVDQGWUDGHQDPHVLVIRULGHQWLILFDWLRQSXUSRVHVDQGLVQRWWR
EHFRQVLGHUHGDQHQGRUVHPHQW

1RYHPEHU

1. Report Number 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No.
KTC-11-XX / SPR-415-11-1F
4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date

Guidelines for Road Diet Conversions November 2011
6. Performing Organization Code
7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.

N. Stamatiadis, A. Kirk, C. Wang, and A. Cull
KTC-11-XX / SPR-415-11-1F
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No.
Kentucky Transportation Center
College of Engineering
University of Kentucky 11. Contract or Grant No.
Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0281 SPR316
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered:
Final Report; 07/10 – 12/11
Kentucky Transportation Cabinet
Fi l
200 Mero Street 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
Frankfort, KY
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstract
7KH SXUSRVH RI WKLV UHSRUW LV WR GRFXPHQW WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH JXLGHOLQHV IRU WKH URDG GLHW
FRQYHUVLRQV SUHSDUHGIRU WKH .HQWXFN\ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ &DELQHW 7KH JXLGHOLQHV FRQVLGHU RSHUDWLRQDO
DQGVDIHW\DVSHFWVRIWKHFRQYHUVLRQVWRDVVLVWLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GHWHUPLQDWLRQRIZKHWKHUDURDGGLHW
FRQYHUVLRQ LV DSSURSULDWH IRU D JLYHQ URDGZD\ VHJPHQW 7KH JXLGHOLQHV SURYLGH VXJJHVWHG FURVV
VHFWLRQ GHVLJQV WUDQVLWLRQ WR DQG IURP WKH URDG GLHW VHFWLRQ DQG D IORZ FKDUW IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH
DSSURSULDWHDFWLRQV
17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement

Intersection Design, Roundabout, Inside left-turn, median Unlimited
u-turn, superstreet, continuous flow, jughandle, bowtie,
intersection evaluation
L
19. Security
Classification (report) Security Classification (this 21. No. of Pg: 94 22. Price $0
8QFODVVLILHG page) 8QFODVVLILHG
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(;(&87,9(6800$5<LY
,1752'8&7,21
/,7(5$785(5(9,(:
0(7+2'2/2*<
5(68/76
6LJQDOL]HG,QWHUVHFWLRQV
8QVLJQDOL]HG,QWHUVHFWLRQV
2SHUDWLRQV0RGHOV
6LJQDOL]HG,QWHUVHFWLRQ6DIHW\
8QVLJQDOL]HG,QWHUVHFWLRQ6DIHW\
6DIHW\0RGHOV
6XPPDU\
&$6(678',(6
86&DPSEHOO&RXQW\
(XFOLG$YH)D\HWWH&RXQW\
.<)OR\G&RXQW\
860HUFHU&RXQW\
86:RRGIRUG&RXQW\
6XPPDU\
*8,'(/,1(6
5RDG'LHW&RQYHUVLRQV
&21&/86,216$1'6800$5<
5()(5(1&(6
$33(1',;$
$33(1',;%
LIST OF FIGURES

)LJXUH6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH
)LJXUH6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH

)LJXUH 8QVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQ VLGH VWUHHW GHOD\ GLIIHUHQFHV YSK VLGH VWUHHW
YROXPH
)LJXUH 8QVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQ VLGHVWUHHW GHOD\ GLIIHUHQFHV YSK VLGH VWUHHW
YROXPH
)LJXUH*XLGHOLQHIRURSHUDWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHDWVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV
)LJXUH 'LIIHUHQFH LQ PDLQ VWUHHW UHDU HQG FRQIOLFWV EHWZHHQIRXU DQG WKUHHODQH VLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQV E\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPHSHUFHQWOHIWWXUQV
)LJXUH 'LIIHUHQFH LQ PDLQ VWUHHW ODQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWV EHWZHHQ IRXU DQG WKUHHODQH
VLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH
LL

)LJXUH'LIIHUHQFHLQPDLQVWUHHWUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVEHWZHHQIRXUDQGWKUHHODQHXQVLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH
)LJXUH*XLGHOLQHVIRUUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVE\PDLQDQGVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHDQGSHUFHQWOHIWWXUQV

)LJXUH*XLGHOLQHVIRUODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVE\PDMRUPLQRUVWUHHWYROXPHVDQGSHUFHQW OHIW
WXUQV
)LJXUH:HVWHUQWHUPLQXVRI86URDGGLHW
)LJXUH'HFLVLRQDFWLRQIORZFKDUWIRUURDGGLHWHYDOXDWLRQV

LIST OF TABLES

7DEOH/HYHORIVHUYLFHDQGPD[LPXPVXPRIFULWLFDOODQHYROXPHVDWVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV
7DEOH5DQJHRIGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVE\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPH«««««««««««««««
7DEOH5DQJHRIDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHVE\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPH«««««««««««
7DEOH&RHIILFLHQWVIRUSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOV««««««««««««««««««««««
LLL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
)LQDOL
(;(&87,9(6800$5<LY
,1752'8&7,21
/,7(5$785(5(9,(:
0(7+2'2/2*<
5(68/76
2SHUDWLRQV0RGHOV
6DIHW\0RGHOV
6XPPDU\
&$6(678',(6
86&DPSEHOO&RXQW\
.<)OR\G&RXQW\
860HUFHU&RXQW\
86:RRGIRUG&RXQW\
6XPPDU\
*8,'(/,1(6
5RDG'LHW&RQYHUVLRQV
&21&/86,216$1'6800$5<
5()(5(1&(6
$33(1',;$
$33(1',;%
,1752'8&7,21
52$'',(7&219(56,216
3URFHVV
2SHUDWLRQDO3HUIRUPDQFH
6DIHW\3HUIRUPDQFH
2WKHU&RQVLGHUDWLRQV
'HVLJQ&RQVLGHUDWLRQV
7UDQVLWLRQ
&URVV6HFWLRQ
$FFHVV'HQVLW\
3HUIRUPDQFH(YDOXDWLRQ
:KHQ1RWWR&RQYHUW
$QDO\VLV&KHFNOLVW
5()(51&(6
LIST OF FIGURES

LL


YROXPH
YROXPH

)LJXUH*XLGHOLQHVIRUODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVE\PDMRUPLQRUVWUHHWYROXPHVDQGSHUFHQW OHIW
WXUQV

LIST OF TABLES

LLL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
(;(&87,9(6800$5<LY
,1752'8&7,21
/,7(5$785(5(9,(:
0(7+2'2/2*<
5(68/76
2SHUDWLRQV0RGHOV
6DIHW\0RGHOV
6XPPDU\
&$6(678',(6
86&DPSEHOO&RXQW\
.<)OR\G&RXQW\
860HUFHU&RXQW\
86:RRGIRUG&RXQW\
6XPPDU\
*8,'(/,1(6
5RDG'LHW&RQYHUVLRQV
5RDG'LHW&RQVLGHUDWLRQVError! Bookmark not defined.
'HVLJQ&RQVLGHUDWLRQVError! Bookmark not defined.
5RDG'LHW1RW5HFRPPHQGHGError! Bookmark not defined.
&21&/86,216$1'6800$5<
5()(5(1&(6
$33(1',;$
$33(1',;%
LIST OF FIGURES


YROXPH
YROXPH
LL


)LJXUH*XLGHOLQHVIRUODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVE\PDMRUPLQRUVWUHHWYROXPHVDQGSHUFHQWOHIW
WXUQV

LIST OF TABLES

LLL

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

7KHQHHGIRULQQRYDWLYHVROXWLRQVLQDGGUHVVLQJPRELOLW\DQGVDIHW\FRQFHUQVLQDQHQYLURQPHQW
ZLWKEXGJHWDU\FRQVWUDLQWVLVSDUDPRXQW5RDGGLHWVDUHRQHVXFKLQQRYDWLYHVROXWLRQVHHNLQJ
WR GHYHORS PXOWLPRGDO FRUULGRUV ZKLOH UHWDLQLQJ WKH RULJLQDO ULJKW RI ZD\ 5RDG GLHWV XVXDOO\
LQYROYHUHVWULSLQJDIRXUODQHXQGLYLGHGURDGDVDWKUHHODQHURDGZLWKWZRWKURXJKODQHVDQGD
WZRZD\ OHIWWXUQ ODQH 7KH H[WUD URDGZD\ ZLGWK FDQ EH FRQYHUWHG WR ZLGHQ H[LVWLQJ ODQHV
FUHDWH ELF\FOH ODQHV VXSSO\ RQ VWUHHW SDUNLQJ ZLGHQ VLGHZDONV RU SURYLGH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU
ODQGVFDSHG PHGLDQ LVODQGV 7KH PDLQ IRFXV RI SDVW UHVHDUFK RQ URDG GLHWV KDV EHHQ RQ
HYDOXDWLQJ WKHLU VDIHW\ DQG YHU\ OLWWOH H[LVWV LQ SURYLGLQJ GHVLJQ JXLGDQFH RQ ZKHQ VXFK
FRQYHUVLRQVZLOOZRUN7KLVUHSRUWSURYLGHVVXFKJXLGDQFHLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHDSSURSULDWHQHVVRI
URDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQVDQGLGHQWLILHGSDUDPHWHUVWREHFRQVLGHUHGGXULQJVXFKHYDOXDWLRQV

7\SLFDOO\ URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV ZLOO RSHUDWH DW DFFHSWDEOH OHYHOV DV ORQJ DV WKH VLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQV GR QRW SUHVHQW DQ\ RSHUDWLRQDO SUREOHPV 7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH JXLGHOLQHV
DQDO\VLV IRFXVHG RQ HYDOXDWLQJ DQG FRPSDULQJ WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI WKUHH DQG IRXUODQH URDGV DW
VLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV7KHFULWLFDODVSHFWLQWKLVDSSURDFKLVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHVFHQDULRVDQG
SURYLGHEDVLFJXLGDQFHDVWRZKHQWKHURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQLVDSSURSULDWH7KHUHVHDUFKWHDP
XVHG PHWKRGRORJLHV WKDW FRXOG EH XVHG WR GLUHFWO\ OLQN WKH WUDIILF GHPDQG LH GHVLJQ KRXU
YROXPHV DQG WXUQLQJ PRYHPHQW YROXPHV WR WKH FRPSDUDWLYH RSHUDWLRQ RI WKH WZR GHVLJQV $
VHULHV RI VLPXODWLRQV ZHUH XQGHUWDNHQ WR HVWDEOLVK WKH UHTXLUHG JXLGHOLQHV IRU URDG GLHW
FRQYHUVLRQV 7KHVH VLPXODWLRQV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG ZLWK WKH &25ULGRU 6,0XODWLRQ &256,0 DQG
9,66,0VRIWZDUHDVZHOODVWKH6DIHW\6XUURJDWH$VVHVVPHQW0RGHO 66$0

$QLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWRIWKHZRUNFRPSOHWHGKHUHLVWKHH[WHQVLRQRIWKHXVDEOHUDQJHRIYROXPHV
ZKHUHURDGGLHWVFRXOGEHEHQHILFLDO3DVWZRUNUHFRPPHQGHGWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQIRUURDGVZLWKDQ
$'7XSWRYHKLFOHVSHUGD\ YSG 7KHFXUUHQWUHVHDUFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWVXFKFRQYHUVLRQV
FRXOGZRUNIRUURDGVZLWKVLJQLILFDQWO\JUHDWHUYROXPHVXSWRYSG0RUHRYHUWKHILQGLQJV
KHUH LGHQWLI\ WKH HIIHFW RI WKH VLGH VWUHHW YROXPH LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW ERWK YROXPHV QHHG WR EH
FRQVLGHUHGZKHQGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUVXFKDFRQYHUVLRQVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG

7KHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVIURP&256,0VXSSRUWWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWDIRXUODQHRSWLRQZLOOKDYHD
FULWLFDOODQHYROXPHORZHUWKDQWKDWRIDWKUHHODQHDOWHUQDWLYH7KLVFRXOGLQGLFDWHDQRSHUDWLRQDO
DGYDQWDJH RI WKH IRXUODQH RSWLRQ ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR WKDW RI WKH WKUHHODQH )RU VLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQVWKHUHDUHFHUWDLQFRQGLWLRQVZKHUHWKHURDGGLHWFRXOGEHWKHSUHIHUUHGRSWLRQRYHU
DIRXUODQHDOWHUQDWLYH7KHGDWDDOVRLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHLVDQHIIHFWRIWKHVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHLQ
GHWHUPLQLQJWKHVHFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKDWWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIPDLQDQGVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHVQHHGVWR
EHFRQVLGHUHGLQGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUWKHURDGGLHWLVDSSURSULDWH$QRWKHUDVSHFWWKDWFRXOGEH
RI LQWHUHVW UHJDUGLQJWKH RSHUDWLRQDO HIILFLHQF\ RI URDG GLHWVLV WKH UHVXOWLQJTXHXH OHQJWKV $Q
HYDOXDWLRQ ZDV FRPSOHWHG IRU WKLV DVSHFW XVLQJ WKH VDPH GDWD 7KH DQDO\VLV VKRZHG WKDW LQ
JHQHUDOWKHURDGGLHWSURGXFHGVPDOOHURUWKHVDPHDYHUDJHTXHXHOHQJWKVWKDQWKHIRXUODQH
URDGV

$ VLPLODU DQDO\VLV IRU XQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV VKRZHG WKDW DOO GHOD\V DORQJ WKH PDMRU URDG
ZHUH YHU\VPDOODQGWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQKDGVOLJKWO\KLJKHUGHOD\VWKDQWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ
+RZHYHU WKHVH GLIIHUHQFHV ZHUH YHU\ VPDOO DQG PRVW ZHUH OHVV WKDQ VHFYHK ZLWK WKH
PDMRULW\ SHUFHQW RI WKH FDVHV RI WKH GHOD\ GLIIHUHQFHV EHLQJ VHFYHK RU OHVV 7KH
VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHXQVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVZHUHQRWHGIRUWKHGHOD\VDORQJWKHVLGH
VWUHHW )RU DOO VFHQDULRV WHVWHG WKH GHOD\V RQ WKH VLGH VWUHHW IRU D URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQ ZHUH
VPDOOHUWKDQWKRVHREVHUYHGIRUWKHIRXUODQHURDG

LY

$QDQDO\VLVRIWKHVDIHW\DVSHFWVRIURDGGLHWVZDVDOVRFRQGXFWHGXVLQJWKHVLPXODWLRQPRGHOV
,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHDQDO\VLVSUHVHQWHGXVHVDVXUURJDWHPHDVXUHIRUVDIHW\LHSRWHQWLDO
QXPEHU RI FRQIOLFWV DQG QRW FUDVKHV 7KH VLPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW LQ JHQHUDO WKH
QXPEHURIUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVDWWKHVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVZLOOLQFUHDVHZLWKDURDGGLHWZKHQ
OHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVDUHORZDQGZLOOGHFUHDVHZLWKDURDGGLHWZKHQOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVDUH
KLJK 7KLV ZDV DQ H[SHFWHG UHVXOW VLQFH WKH OHIWWXUQ YHKLFOHV FDQ EORFN WKH WKURXJK ODQH
LQFUHDVLQJWKHSUREDELOLW\RIUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWV

7KHDQDO\VLVIRUWKHODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVVKRZHGWKDWDWORZYROXPHVQHLWKHUWKHODQHRU
ODQH DOWHUQDWLYH KDG D KLJK QXPEHU RI FRQIOLFWV DQG WKH URDG GLHW SURGXFHG OHVV ODQH FKDQJH
FRQIOLFWVDWKLJKHUYROXPHV7KLVZDVDQH[SHFWHGUHVXOWVLQFHWKHQXPEHURIODQHVLVUHGXFHG
DQG WKXV WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU VXFK FRQIOLFWV LV DOVR UHGXFHG /HIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJH ZDV QRW
LGHQWLILHGDVDVLJQLILFDQWSUHGLFWRUIRUODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWV

$QJOH FUDVKHV ZHUH QRW PRGHOHG XVLQJ FRQIOLFW DQDO\VLV GXH WR VRIWZDUH OLPLWDWLRQV EXW FDVH
VWXGLHV HYDOXDWHG LQ .HQWXFN\ DQG SUHVHQWHG EHORZ LQGLFDWH D JHQHUDO UHGXFWLRQ LQ DQJOH
FUDVKHVDVWKHUHVXOWRIURDGGLHWV
)RXUURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQVLQ.HQWXFN\ZHUHLGHQWLILHGDQGHYDOXDWHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHLURYHUDOO
HIIHFWV DQG LGHQWLI\ HOHPHQWV WKDW FRXOG DOVR DVVLVW LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH JXLGHOLQHV ,Q
JHQHUDO LW ZDV FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKHIRXU FDVHV HYDOXDWHG DUH VXFFHVVIXO URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV
7KH LQVWDOODWLRQV FRYHUHG URDGZD\ OHQJWKV EHWZHHQ WR PLOHV DQG D YDULHW\ RI
FRQGLWLRQV7KH$'7UDQJHRIWRYHKLFOHVSHUGD\DOVRLQGLFDWHVDZLGHUDQJHRI
YROXPHVZKHUHURDGGLHWVKDYHEHHQLPSOHPHQWHG,QWKUHHRIWKHIRXUFDVHVVDIHW\LPSURYHG
VLJQLILFDQWO\ DQG VLGHVZLSH DQG UHDU HQG FUDVKHV VKRZHG ODUJH UHGXFWLRQV 7KHUH ZHUH QR
VLJQLILFDQWFRQJHVWLRQLVVXHVUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHLQVWDOODWLRQDQGWUDIILFYROXPHVVKRZHGDVOLJKW
GHFUHDVHDIWHUWKHFRQYHUVLRQ2QHRIWKHFDVHVWKDWVKRZHGDQLQFUHDVHLQFUDVKHVDIWHUWKH
LQVWDOODWLRQSRLQWVWRWKHQHHGIRUGHYHORSLQJSURSHUGHVLJQVIRUWKHWUDQVLWLRQLQWRDQGRXWRIWKH
URDGGLHW7KLVLVFULWLFDOWRDYRLGSRWHQWLDOVDIHW\SUREOHPVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKPHUJLQJRIWUDIILFDQG
WKXVFUHDWLQJDQLQDSSURSULDWHHQYLURQPHQW7KHVDPHFDVHDOVRLGHQWLILHVDFFHVVPDQDJHPHQW
DVDQLVVXHIRUUHYLHZWRDYRLGSRWHQWLDOVDIHW\SUREOHPV

$ VHW RI JXLGHOLQHV ZDV GHYHORSHG XVLQJ WKH DQDO\VLV FRPSOHWHG KHUH 2QH RI WKH LPSRUWDQW
ILQGLQJV RI WKLV UHVHDUFK LV WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI WKH XVDEOH UDQJH IRU URDG GLHWV 3ULRU H[SHULHQFH
KDVOLPLWHGWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQWRURDGZD\VZLWKDQ$'7RIYHKLFOHVSHUGD\7KLVUHVHDUFK
LGHQWLILHV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI VLGH VWUHHW YROXPHV DQG VXSSRUWV WKH XWLOL]DWLRQ RI URDG GLHWV RQ
URDGZD\VZLWKYROXPHVXSWRYHKLFOHVSHUGD\$IORZFKDUWLGHQWLI\LQJUHTXLUHGVWHSVWR
EHXQGHUWDNHQWRHYDOXDWHZKHWKHUDURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQLVDSSURSULDWHLVDOVRSURYLGHGDVSDUW
RIWKHJXLGHOLQHV3UREOHPVFRUUHFWDEOHZLWKDURDGGLHWDUHDOVRLGHQWLILHGDQGDOLVWRIUHTXLUHG
HOHPHQWVWREHVWXGLHGIRUDQLQGHSWKHYDOXDWLRQRIURDGGLHWLQVWDOODWLRQLVDOVRSUHVHQWHG
Y

INTRODUCTION

5XUDODQGXUEDQURDGZD\VDUHEHFRPLQJLQFUHDVLQJO\FRQJHVWHGWKURXJKRXWWKH86DQGRWKHU
FRXQWULHV DQG VROXWLRQV DUH VRXJKW WKDW FRXOG IDFLOLWDWH PRELOLW\ DORQJ WKHVH IDFLOLWLHV $ W\SLFDO
DSSURDFKIRUVROYLQJWKLVSUREOHPKDVEHHQWKHDGGLWLRQRIODQHVEXWWKLVDSSURDFKKDVOLPLWHG
VXFFHVV $W WKH VDPH WLPH URDGZD\ ZLGHQLQJ LV D YHU\ H[SHQVLYH DQG HQYLURQPHQWDOO\
GLVUXSWLYHSUDFWLFHWKDWIUHTXHQWO\RIIHUVRQO\VKRUWWHUPUHOLHI7KHQHHGIRULQQRYDWLYHVROXWLRQV
LQ DGGUHVVLQJ PRELOLW\ DQG VDIHW\ FRQFHUQV LQ DQ HQYLURQPHQW ZLWK EXGJHWDU\ FRQVWUDLQWV LV
SDUDPRXQW6XFKLQQRYDWLYHVROXWLRQVVHHNWRGHYHORSPXOWLPRGDOFRUULGRUVZKLOHUHWDLQLQJWKH
RULJLQDO ULJKW RI ZD\ DQG DPRQJ WKHP LV WKH FRQFHSW RI URDG GLHW ZKHUH WKH QXPEHU RI WUDYHO
ODQHV LV UHGXFHG 5RDG GLHWV XVXDOO\ LQYROYH UHVWULSLQJ D IRXUODQH XQGLYLGHG URDG DV D WKUHH
ODQHURDGZLWKWZRWKURXJKODQHVDQGDWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQH7KHH[WUDURDGZD\ZLGWKFDQEH
FRQYHUWHG WR ZLGHQ H[LVWLQJ ODQHV FUHDWH ELF\FOH ODQHV VXSSO\ RQ VWUHHW SDUNLQJ ZLGHQ
VLGHZDONVRUSURYLGHRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUODQGVFDSHGPHGLDQLVODQGV

7KH URDG GLHW DSSURDFK LV D UHODWLYHO\ QHZ FRQFHSW WKDW PD\ LPSURYH PRELOLW\ RQ D URDGZD\
ZLWKRXWUHTXLULQJDGGLWLRQDOULJKWRIZD\2IWHQWKHLQVLGHWKURXJKODQHRQDIRXUODQHXQGLYLGHG
URDGZD\DFWVOLNHDGHIDFWRWXUQODQHGLPLQLVKLQJWKURXJKFDSDFLW\7KHLQWURGXFWLRQRIDWZR
ZD\ OHIWWXUQ ODQH 7:/7/ FDQ RIWHQ PHHW WKH OHIWWXUQ GHPDQG IRU ERWK GLUHFWLRQV RI WUDYHO
7KHUHIRUHURDGGLHWVDUHDGHVLJQWRROWKDWFDQEHXVHGZLWKLQH[LVWLQJULJKWRIZD\DWDYHU\ORZ
FRVWWRLPSURYHPRELOLW\DQGWKH\IUHTXHQWO\KDYHQRRUIHZQHJDWLYHLPSDFWV

5HFHQWO\ FRPSOHWHG VWXGLHV WKURXJKRXW WKH 86 LQGLFDWH WKDW WKLV DOWHUQDWLYH LV VXFFHVVIXO LQ
LPSURYLQJ ERWK VDIHW\ DQG RSHUDWLRQV DORQJ FRUULGRUV 6XFK FRQYHUVLRQV DUH RIWHQ FRQVLGHUHG
ZKHQ WKHUH DUH D VLJQLILFDQW QXPEHU RI FUDVKHVDVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D ODUJH QXPEHU RI OHIWWXUQLQJ
YHKLFOHV ZLWK QR WXUQLQJ ODQHV SUHVHQW 7KHVH FRQYHUVLRQV QRW RQO\ LPSURYH WKH PRELOLW\ IRU
YHKLFOHV EXW IRU QRQPRWRUL]HG XVHUV SHGHVWULDQV DQG ELF\FOLVWV DV ZHOO DQG WKH\ DOVR
HQKDQFHWKHLUVDIHW\

3DVW UHVHDUFK KDV IRFXVHG RQ HYDOXDWLQJ PDLQO\ WKH VDIHW\ RI URDG GLHWV +RZHYHU WKHUH LV
SUDFWLFDOO\ QR OLWHUDWXUH SURYLGLQJ JXLGDQFH RQ WKH GHWDLOV RI WKH GHVLJQV RU LQIRUPDWLRQ DV WR
ZKHQVXFKFRQYHUVLRQVZLOOZRUN7KHQHHGWRLGHQWLI\FULWHULDWREHFRQVLGHUHGIRUHVWDEOLVKLQJ
URDG GLHWV LV FULWLFDO DQG VKRXOG EH DGGUHVVHG 7KLV UHSRUW SURYLGHV VXFK JXLGDQFH LQ
GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH DSSURSULDWHQHVV RI URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV DQG LGHQWLILHG SDUDPHWHUV WR EH
FRQVLGHUHGGXULQJVXFKHYDOXDWLRQV

LITERATURE REVIEW

3DVW UHVHDUFK KDV SULPDULO\ IRFXVHG RQ HYDOXDWLQJ WKH VDIHW\ RI URDG GLHWV +RZHYHU WKHUH LV
SUDFWLFDOO\QROLWHUDWXUHSURYLGLQJJXLGDQFHRQWKHGHWDLOVRIWKHJHRPHWULFGHVLJQVRULQIRUPDWLRQ
DVWRZKHQVXFKFRQYHUVLRQVZLOOZRUNIURPDQRSHUDWLRQDOVWDQGSRLQW$UHYLHZRIDOO6WDWH'27
GHVLJQPDQXDOVDQGJXLGHVGLGQRWUHYHDODQ\JXLGDQFHUHJDUGLQJURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQV

5RDGGLHWVFDQLPSURYHRSHUDWLQJHIILFLHQF\DQGVDIHW\IRUDOOXVHUV7KHRSHUDWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\
LVWKHUHVXOWRIUHPRYLQJOHIWWXUQLQJWUDIILFDQGWKXVDYRLGLQJTXHXHVEHKLQGVXFKYHKLFOHVZKLOH
DWWKHVDPHWLPHODQHFKDQJHVDUHHOLPLQDWHG GXHWRWKHVLQJOHWKURXJKODQH 7KHSRWHQWLDOIRU
ORZHU RSHUDWLQJ VSHHGV W\SLFDOO\ H[LVWV LQ VXFK FRQYHUVLRQV EXW WKLV FRXOG EH YLHZHG DV
EHQHILFLDOIRUWKHVDIHW\RIWKHVHJPHQWUHVXOWLQJLQORZHUVHYHULW\FUDVKHVDQGSURYLGLQJORQJHU
UHDFWLRQWLPH +XDQJHWDO 7KHVDIHW\RIRWKHUXVHUVFRXOGDOVRLPSURYH%LF\FOLVWVFDQ
KDYH D VHSDUDWH ODQH ZKLFK W\SLFDOO\ LPSURYHV VDIHW\ DQG SHGHVWULDQV KDYH VKRUWHU ZLGWKV WR
FURVV

$PRUHUHFHQWVWXG\LQ,RZDHYDOXDWHGFUDVKGDWDIRUVLWHV URDGGLHWVDQGFRPSDULVRQ
VLWHV RYHUD\HDUSHULRG 3DZORYLFKHWDO 7KHVWXG\FRQFOXGHGWKDWDIWHUFRQYHUVLRQ
WKHUHZDVDSHUFHQWUHGXFWLRQLQFUDVKIUHTXHQF\DQGDQSHUFHQWUHGXFWLRQLQFUDVK
UDWH$QRWKHUVWXG\XVLQJ0LQQHVRWDURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQVDOVRVXSSRUWHGVDIHW\JDLQVIRUVXFK
URDGZD\V *DWHVHWDO 7KHLUVWXG\VKRZHGUHGXFWLRQVRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\SHUFHQWLQWKH
WRWDO QXPEHU RI FUDVKHV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH UHVXOWV VKRZHG UHGXFWLRQV IRU LQMXU\ FUDVKHV
SHUFHQW DQGULJKWDQJOHFUDVKHV SHUFHQW 5HGXFWLRQVZHUHDOVRQRWHGIRUUHDUHQGDQGOHIW
WXUQ FUDVKHV EXW WKHVH UHGXFWLRQV ZHUH QRW VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW 7KH VWXG\ DOVR HYDOXDWHG
EHIRUHDQGDIWHUVSHHGVVKRZLQJUHGXFWLRQVERWKLQPHDQDQGWKSHUFHQWLOHVSHHGVDIWHUWKH
URDGZD\FRQYHUVLRQ

$VWXG\HYDOXDWHGUHFHQWURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQVDQGGHYHORSHGFUDVKPRGLILFDWLRQIDFWRUV &0)
IRU VXFK FRQYHUVLRQV )+:$ 7KH VWXG\ LGHQWLILHV EDVLF EHQHILWV RI URDG GLHWV VXFK DV
VSHHGUHGXFWLRQLPSURYHGVDIHW\DQGUHGXFHGYHKLFOHSHGHVWULDQFRQIOLFWV$PDLQJRDORIWKH
VWXG\ZDVWRXSGDWHDQHDUOLHUVWXG\WKDWGRFXPHQWHGDQSHUFHQWUHGXFWLRQLQFUDVKUDWHV
IRU URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV )+:$ 7KH VWXG\ XVHG D %D\HVLDQ DSSURDFK WR FRPSDUH
XQWUHDWHG VLWHV WR WKRVH ZKHUH D URDG GLHW ZDV LPSOHPHQWHG 7KH UHVXOWV FOHDUO\ LQGLFDWH WKDW
WKHUHDUHVDIHW\EHQHILWVIURPWKHVHFRQYHUVLRQVDQGWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHEHQHILWVGHSHQGVRQ
WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH VLWH 7KH VWXG\ IRXQG DQ DYHUDJH RI SHUFHQW UHGXFWLRQ LQ WRWDO
FUDVKHV IRU WKH WUHDWHG VLWHV ZKLFK ZDV DWWULEXWHG WR WKH URDG GLHW 2WKHU UHVXOWV LQFOXGH DQ
DYHUDJH UHGXFWLRQ RI PSK LQ WKH DYHUDJH VSHHG RI PRWRULVWV DQG D GHFUHDVH LQ SHUFHQW RI
GULYHUV GULYLQJ RYHU PSK DERYH WKH VSHHG OLPLW 7KH VWXG\ UHFRPPHQGV D &0) RI IRU
URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV LQGLFDWLQJ D SHUFHQW UHGXFWLRQ LQ RYHUDOO FUDVKHV DIWHU D URDG GLHW
LQVWDOODWLRQ

5RDGGLHWVKDYHEHHQXVHGRQURDGVZLWKDQDYHUDJHGDLO\WUDIILF $'7 RIXSWR %XUGHQ
DQG /DJHUZH\ 2WKHU VWXGLHV KDYH DOVR LQGLFDWHG WKDW FDSDFLW\ LV QRW DIIHFWHG E\ WKH
HOLPLQDWLRQRIWKHODQHDQGRIWHQQRLQFUHDVHLQFRQJHVWLRQLVREVHUYHG :HOFK $QLVVXH
RI VRPH FRQFHUQ LV WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU GLYHUWLQJ WUDIILF WR RWKHU VWUHHWV SDUDOOHO WR WKH FRQYHUWHG
IDFLOLW\DQGWKLVLVDQDVSHFWWKDWVKRXOGEHPRQLWRUHGRYHUWLPHZKHQHYDOXDWLQJVXFKDQRSWLRQ
5RVDOHV

,PSURYHPHQWV LQ OLYDELOLW\ FRQGLWLRQV DQG DVVRFLDWHG EHQHILWV DUH HOHPHQWV WR EH FRQVLGHUHG
GXULQJURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQVDVUHYLHZRISDVWFDVHVWXGLHVKDVLQGLFDWHG 5RVDOHVDQG.QDSS
7KHUHGXFWLRQRIWKHURDGZD\ZLGWKZLOOPDNHLWHDVLHUIRUSHGHVWULDQVWRFURVVWKHURDG

DW ERWK VLJQDOL]HG DQG XQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV LQFUHDVH IHHOLQJ RI D ³VDIHU DQG PRUH
FRPIRUWDEOH´ VWUHHW HQFRXUDJH DQ LQFUHDVH LQ SHGHVWULDQ DQG ELF\FOLVW WUDIILF DQG HQFRXUDJH
HFRQRPLFJURZWKDQGUHGHYHORSPHQWDWDTXLFNHUSDFH 5RVDOHVDQG.QDSS

7KHILUVWDWWHPSWLQGHILQLQJJXLGHOLQHVIRUURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQVZDVFRPSOHWHGLQ .QDSS
DQG *LHVH 7KLV HIIRUW UHOLHG RQ HYDOXDWLQJ EHIRUHDIWHU FRQGLWLRQV RQ H[LVWLQJ URDG GLHW
SURMHFWVFRPSOHWHGDWWKDWWLPHDQGGRFXPHQWHGVHYHUDORIWKHEHQHILWVIURPVXFKFRQYHUVLRQV
7KHFDVHVWXGLHVUHYLHZHGVKRZHGWKDWWKHWKSHUFHQWLOHVSHHGVZHUHLQJHQHUDOUHGXFHGE\
OHVVWKDQILYHPLOHVSHUKRXUDQGWKHUHZDVDVLJQLILFDQWGHFUHDVHIRUVSHHGVDERYHWKHSRVWHG
VSHHGOLPLW7KHUHYLHZDOVRLGHQWLILHGVDIHW\LPSURYHPHQWVZLWKWRWDOFUDVKUHGXFWLRQVEHWZHHQ
WRSHUFHQW7KHURDGZD\FRQYHUVLRQVUHYLHZHGKDG$'7YROXPHVRIWR
YHKLFOHVSHUGD\ YSG 6LPXODWLRQZDVDOVRXVHGWRLGHQWLI\SRWHQWLDOIDFWRUVWKDWFRXOGEHXVHG
LQGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUDURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQZRXOGEHDSSURSULDWH7KHVWXG\UHFRPPHQGHG
WKDWDURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGIHDVLEOHIRUURDGVZLWKDQ$'7EHWZHHQ
DQGYSG7KHDXWKRUVDOVRHPSKDVL]HGWKDWLQGLYLGXDOGHWDLOHGDQDO\VLVLVUHTXLUHGRQFH
VXFK FRQYHUVLRQV DUH FRQVLGHUHG IHDVLEOH LQ RUGHU WR HYDOXDWH WKH FRUULGRU FRQGLWLRQV DQG
GHWDLOV VXFK DV DFFHVVIUHTXHQF\ DQG OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV7KH VWXG\ DOVR LGHQWLILHG D OLVW RI
HOHPHQWVWKDWQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHGGXULQJWKHHYDOXDWLRQSURFHVV

$PRUHUHFHQWDWWHPSWWRLPSURYHRQWKHSULRUJXLGHOLQHVIRUURDGGLHWVZDVFRPSOHWHGLQ
5RVDOHV 7KH PDLQ HIIRUW ZDV WR DVVHVV H[LWLQJ URDG GLHWV DQG LGHQWLI\ WKH OLYDELOLW\
EHQHILWV IURP VXFK URDGZD\ FRQYHUVLRQV FRQVLGHULQJ LPSURYHG PRELOLW\ IRU DOO XVHUV DQG
HQKDQFHG VWUHHW FKDUDFWHU 7KH UHVXOWLQJ HIIRUW GHYHORSHG D VWHS E\ VWHS SURFHVV LQ SODQQLQJ
DQDO\VLV DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI URDG GLHW SURMHFWV DQG SURYLGHG D JXLGH IRU GHFLVLRQPDNHUV
+RZHYHUWKHSURFHVVHVGHYHORSHGUHPDLQHGYHU\JHQHUDOLQQDWXUHDQGGLGQRWSURYLGHVSHFLILF
JXLGDQFHUHJDUGLQJYROXPHVRUOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVLQGLFDWLQJZKHQVXFKDSURMHFWFRXOGUHVXOW
LQLPSURYHGRSHUDWLRQDODQGVDIHW\FRQGLWLRQV

7KH UHYLHZ FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH OLWHUDWXUH LV LQDGHTXDWH ZLWK UHVSHFW WR SURYLGLQJ JXLGDQFH RQ
LPSOHPHQWLQJ URDG GLHWV 7KH QHHG WR LGHQWLI\ FULWHULD WR EH FRQVLGHUHG IRU HVWDEOLVKLQJ URDG
GLHWVLVFULWLFDODQGVKRXOGEHDGGUHVVHG,VVXHVUHJDUGLQJJHRPHWULFIHDWXUHVRIWKHURDGWREH
FRQYHUWHGDQGRSHUDWLRQDOHOHPHQWVWREHDQDO\]HGVKRXOGEHLGHQWLILHG

METHODOLOGY

LQWHUVHFWLRQV GR QRW SUHVHQW DQ\ RSHUDWLRQDO SUREOHPV :HOFK 7KHUHIRUH WKLV DQDO\VLV
IRFXVHGRQHYDOXDWLQJDQGFRPSDULQJWKHRSHUDWLRQRIWKUHHDQGIRXUODQHURDGVDWVLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQV 7KH FULWLFDO DVSHFW LQ WKLV DSSURDFK LV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH VFHQDULRV DQG SURYLGH
EDVLF JXLGDQFH DV WR ZKHQ WKH URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQ LV DSSURSULDWH 7KH UHVHDUFK WHDP XVHG
PHWKRGRORJLHV WKDW FRXOG EH XVHG WR GLUHFWO\ OLQN WKH WUDIILF GHPDQG LH WXUQLQJ PRYHPHQW
YROXPHVWRWKHFRPSDUDWLYHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHWZRGHVLJQV

7KH PRVW SURPLVLQJ DSSURDFK WKDW FRXOG EH XVHG KHUH IRU HYDOXDWLQJ DQG FRPSDULQJ WKH WZR
DOWHUQDWLYHV ZDV GHWHUPLQHG WR EH &ULWLFDO /DQH $QDO\VLV &/$ &ULWLFDO /DQH $QDO\VLV DV
GHYHORSHG E\ 0HVVHU DQG )DPEUR XVHV WKH JHRPHWU\ RI WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ DORQJ ZLWK
LQWHUVHFWLRQ WUDIILF YROXPHV DV WKH EDVLV IRU HVWDEOLVKLQJ D PHDVXUH RI SRWHQWLDO SHUIRUPDQFH
DQGE\H[WHQWRIFDSDFLW\7KHPHWKRGDSSRUWLRQVWUDIILFYROXPHVWRHDFKRIWKHDYDLODEOHODQHV
DQG FRQVLGHUV WKH SKDVLQJ SODQV WKDW FRXOG EH DSSURSULDWH WR DFFRPPRGDWH WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ
PRYHPHQWV $ FULWLFDO YROXPH LH KHDYLHVW ODQH YROXPH RU FRPELQDWLRQ RI ODQH YROXPHV IRU
HDFK SKDVH LV FDOFXODWHG DQG WKH VXP RI WKHVH YROXPHV LV WKH WRWDO FULWLFDO YROXPH IRU WKH
LQWHUVHFWLRQ7KLVVXPFDQWKHQEHGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRWKHOHYHORIVHUYLFHGHILQLWLRQIRUVLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQV 7DEOH 7KLVPHWKRGRORJ\HVWDEOLVKHVWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQEDVHGRQ
WKHYROXPHRIFRQIOLFWLQJIORZVIRUGLIIHUHQWSKDVLQJRSWLRQVDQGJHRPHWU\,QJHQHUDODFULWLFDO
VXP RI YHKLFOHV SHU KRXU YSK LV DVVXPHG WR DOORZ IRU XQGHU FDSDFLW\ RSHUDWLRQ IRU D
VLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQ

/HYHORI 7UDIILF)ORZ 9ROXPHWR &ULWLFDO/DQH9ROXPHV YSK
6HUYLFH &RQGLWLRQ &DSDFLW\5DWLR 7ZR3KDVH 7KUHH3KDVH 0XOWLSKDVH
$ 6WDEOH
% 6WDEOH
& 6WDEOH
' 8QVWDEOH
( &DSDFLW\
6RXUFH0HVVHUDQG)DPEUR

$ VHULHV RI VLPXODWLRQV ZHUH XQGHUWDNHQ WR HVWDEOLVK WKH UHTXLUHG JXLGHOLQHV IRU URDG GLHW
FRQYHUVLRQV 7KHVH VLPXODWLRQV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG ZLWK WKH &25ULGRU 6,0XODWLRQ &256,0 DQG
9,66,0 VRIWZDUH DQG ZHUH DOVR HYDOXDWHG XVLQJ WKH 6DIHW\ 6XUURJDWH $VVHVVPHQW 0RGHO
66$0

7KHOLWHUDWXUHLGHQWLILHVWKDWURDGGLHWVKDYHEHHQLPSOHPHQWHGIRUURDGZD\VZLWK$'7DVKLJK
DVYHKLFOHVSHUGD\ YSG +RZHYHULQ.HQWXFN\PRVWRIWKHH[LVWLQJFRQYHUVLRQVUDQJH
EHWZHHQ WR YSG 3UHOLPLQDU\ FDSDFLW\ DQDO\VLV LQGLFDWHG D WKHRUHWLFDO PD[LPXP
FDSDFLW\ RI YSK RQ D WKUHHODQH VHFWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH WKLV ZDV XVHG WR VHW WKH XSSHU
WKUHVKROG RI HYDOXDWHG WUDIILF YROXPHV 7KH YSK WKUHVKROG UHODWHV WR DQ $'7 RI
DSSUR[LPDWHO\ $'7 DVVXPLQJ D . IDFWRU RI SHUFHQW $'7V UDQJLQJ IURP WR
YSGZHUHHYDOXDWHGLQWKHVWXG\XVLQJDQLQFUHPHQWRIYSG2QHGLUHFWLRQDOVSOLW
ZDV XWLOL]HG :KLOH $'7 ZDV VHW DV WKH PD[LPXP WKHVH YROXPHV SURGXFHG
XQUHOLDEOH DQG VFDWWHUHG UHVXOWV LQGLFDWLYH RI RYHUVDWXUDWHG FRQGLWLRQV 7KHUHIRUH UHVXOWV DQG
WUHQGV DUH RQO\ GHYHORSHG EDVHG RQ D PD[LPXP RI YSG RU ORZHU GHSHQGLQJ RQ VLGH
VWUHHWYROXPHVDQGVLJQDOL]DWLRQ

$QRWKHU DVSHFW WKDW FRXOG LQIOXHQFH RSHUDWLRQV LV WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI OHIWWXUQV VLQFH ODUJH
QXPEHUVRIOHIWWXUQLQJYHKLFOHVKDYHWKHSRWHQWLDOWREORFNWUDIILFDQGFDXVHWKHLQVLGHWKURXJK
ODQHV WR RSHUDWH DV H[FOXVLYH GH IDFWR OHIWWXUQ ODQHV $ VHULHV RI OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV ZHUH
XVHGUDQJLQJEHWZHHQWRSHUFHQWZLWKLQFUHPHQWVRISHUFHQW)LQDOO\WKHSHUFHQWRIULJKW
WXUQVXVHGZDVVHWDWZLWKRXWDQ\H[FOXVLYHULJKWWXUQODQHVRUED\V7KHVHYDOXHVUHSUHVHQW
DYHUDJHRSHUDWLQJSDUDPHWHUVDQGDUHUHIOHFWLYHRIWKHPDMRULW\RIURDGZD\V

7KHYROXPHVRIWKHFURVVVWUHHWVZHUHDOVRYDULHGWRUHIOHFWSRVVLEOHWUHQGVDQGHIIHFWV7KHVH
YROXPHV YDULHG EHWZHHQ WR YSG ZLWK YSG LQFUHPHQWV 7KHUH ZDV RQO\ RQH
GLUHFWLRQDOVSOLW DQGDSHUFHQWHVWLPDWHRIOHIWDQGULJKWWXUQVZDVXVHG

)RUXQVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVWKHPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHZDVOLPLWHGWRYSKVLQFHWKLVZRXOG
EH WKH KLJKHVW YROXPH ZKHQ WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ ZLOO QRW UHTXLUH VLJQDOL]DWLRQ EDVHG RQ:DUUDQW
3HDN +RXU 9ROXPH )+:$ 7KH VDPH ZDUUDQW DOVR OLPLWV WKH PD[LPXP VLGH VWUHHW
YROXPHWRYSK$GGLWLRQDOVLPXODWLRQVZHUHFRQGXFWHGIRUORZHUVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHVRI
YSKDQGYSKWRDOORZIRUDFRPSOHWHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHXQLVJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQFKDQJHV

$ WRWDO RI FRPELQDWLRQV ZHUH XVHG IRU VLPXODWLQJ VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV LH YROXPH
VFHQDULRV IRU HLJKW OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV DQG VL[ FURVV VWUHHW YROXPHV )RU XQVLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQV WKHWRWDO QXPEHU RIVLPXODWLRQV ZDV LH VL[ YROXPH VFHQDULRVIRU HLJKW OHIW
WXUQSHUFHQWDJHVDQGWKUHHFURVVVWUHHWYROXPHV

$QLVVXHWREHQRWHGKHUHLVWKHIDFWWKDWDWFHUWDLQWLPHVDIRXUODQHURDGZD\PD\RSHUDWHDVD
WKUHHODQH URDG EHFDXVH WKH LQVLGH ODQHV ZLOO EH UHTXLUHG WR DFFRPPRGDWH VLJQLILFDQW OHIWWXUQ
YROXPHV DQG DFW DV OHIWWXUQ ODQHV D GH IDFWR OHIWWXUQ ODQH ,Q WKLV FDVH ERWK WKH WKUHH DQG
IRXUODQHURDGVZLOOSURGXFHWKHVDPHFULWLFDOYROXPHIRUWKHPDLQVWUHHWVLQFHWKLVLVWKHVXPRI
WKHWKURXJKWUDIILF DOORFDWHGLQRQHODQHLQERWKFDVHV DQGWKHOHIWWXUQWUDIILF DOVRDOORFDWHGLQ
RQH ODQH 7KH SUHVHQFH RI VKDUHG OHIW DQG WKURXJK ODQHV UHTXLUHV WKH XVH RI OHIWWXUQ
HTXLYDOHQWV 75% 7KHVHHTXLYDOHQWVFDQWKHQEHXVHGWRGHILQHWKHSRLQWZKHQWKHODQH
RSHUDWLRQVRQDIRXUODQHURDGVKLIWIURPDVKDUHGODQHWRDGHIDFWROHIWWXUQODQH7KLVFRQFHSW
LVGHPRQVWUDWHGEHORZDVVXPLQJDVSOLWRQWKHPDLQVWUHHWDQGHTXDOSHUFHQWDJHVRIOHIW
WXUQV7KHFULWLFDOYROXPHIRUWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ&9DQGWKHWKUHHODQH&9ZLOOEH

&9 /7 /7 /7( 7+ DQG

&9 /77+
ZKHUH/7 OHIWWXUQYROXPH
7+ WKURXJKYROXPH
/7( OHIWWXUQHTXLYDOHQF\IDFWRU

6HWWLQJ&9HTXDOWR&9GHULYHVWKHHTXDWLRQ

/7 /7 /7( 7+ /77+B/7 /7( 7+

DQGVLQFHWKHWRWDOYROXPH9 /77+WKHQ9 /7 /7( ,QWKLVFDVHLIWKH/7(LVWZRWKHQ
WKH FRQYHUVLRQ ZLOO RFFXU ZKHQ OHIWWXUQV H[FHHG SHUFHQW LI WKH /7( LV WKUHH WKHQ WKLV ZLOO
RFFXUDWSHUFHQWRIOHIWWXUQVDQGLIWKH/7(LVIRXUWKHQWKLVZLOORFFXUDWSHUFHQWRIOHIW
WXUQV 7KH /7( LV GHWHUPLQHG EDVHG RQ WKH PDJQLWXGH RI WKH RSSRVLQJ WUDIILF VLQFH LW LV
DVVXPHG WKDW OHIW WXUQV ZLOO EORFN WKURXJK WUDIILF ZKLOH ZDLWLQJ WR FRPSOHWH WKH WXUQ LQ WKH
DYDLODEOHJDSV7KHUHIRUHJUHDWHURSSRVLQJYROXPHVZLOOUHVXOWLQIHZHUJDSVDQGWKXVJUHDWHU
/7(V,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGKHUHWKDWLQWKHVHFDOFXODWLRQVWKHFULWLFDOYROXPHRIWKHIRXUODQHURDG

ZLOODOZD\VEHORZHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHWKUHHODQHVVLQFHWKHWKURXJKWUDIILFLVGLVWULEXWHGLQPRUH
WKDQRQHODQHXQWLOWKHLQVLGHODQHEHFRPHVDGHIDFWROHIWWXUQ7KLVDQDO\VLVGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDW
DWORZOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVWKHIRXUODQHURDGZD\ZLOORSHUDWHPRUHHIILFLHQWO\WKDQDWKUHHODQH
URDGZD\EXWDWKLJKSHUFHQWDJHVRIOHIWWXUQVWKHUHZRXOGEHQRIXQGDPHQWDOGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHLU
RSHUDWLRQ

,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHRSHUDWLRQDODQDO\VLVDQHYDOXDWLRQRILQWHUVHFWLRQVDIHW\ZDVDOVRFRPSOHWHG
XVLQJ 9,66,0 DQG 66$0 WR GHWHUPLQH WKH SRWHQWLDO QXPEHU RI FRQIOLFWV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR
RSWLRQV 66$0 LV D WRRO GHYHORSHG E\ WKH )HGHUDO +LJKZD\ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ ZKLFK DQDO\]HV
YHKLFOH WUDMHFWRU\ RXWSXW IURP WKH 9,66,0 PLFURVLPXODWLRQ PRGHO 66$0 LGHQWLILHV ³FRQIOLFWV´
EHWZHHQYHKLFOHVZKLFKDUHGHILQHGDVLQVWDQFHVRIQHDUPLVVHVEHWZHHQWZRYHKLFOHV66$0
LVFDSDEOHRIFDWHJRUL]LQJWKHFRQIOLFWVDVHLWKHUUHDUHQGRUFURVVLQJDQJOHDQGODQHFKDQJLQJ
VLGHVZLSH FUDVKHV,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGKHUHWKDWWKHHVWLPDWHRIFRQIOLFWVLVFRQVLGHUHGDVDIHW\
VXUURJDWH PHDVXUH DQG GRHV UHIOHFW WKH DFWXDO QXPEHU RI FUDVKHV DW DQ LQWHUVHFWLRQ RU RQ D
URDGZD\ VHJPHQW 7KH QXPEHU RI FRQIOLFWV LV XVHG WR LQGLFDWH SRWHQWLDO UHODWLYH FKDQJHV LQ
VSHFLILFW\SHVRIFRQIOLFWVWKDWFRXOGUHVXOWLQDFUDVK7ZRPDMRUFDWHJRULHVDUHSURYLGHGZKLFK
LQFOXGH UHDU HQG DQG ODQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWV /DQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWV FDQ OHDG WR VLGHVZLSH
FUDVKHV(DFKSRWHQWLDOFRQIOLFWW\SHZDVHYDOXDWHGDORQHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHGLIIHUHQWLDOLPSDFWLW
FRXOGKDYHRQWKHVDIHW\SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHWZRRSWLRQV

7KH GDWD REWDLQHGIURPERWK RSHUDWLRQDO DQG VDIHW\ DQDO\VHV ZHUH XVHGWR GHYHORS SUHGLFWLYH
PRGHOV WKDW FRXOG EH XVHG LQ HVWDEOLVKLQJ SRWHQWLDO JXLGHOLQHV IRU WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI URDG
GLHWV 7KH 6WDWLVWLFDO 3DFNDJH IRU WKH 6RFLDO 6FLHQFHV 6366 ZDV XWLOL]HG WR GHYHORS WKHVH
PRGHOV

RESULTS

Signalized Intersections
DGYDQWDJH RI WKH IRXUODQH RSWLRQ ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR WKDW RI WKH WKUHHODQH 7KHVH UHVXOWV DUH
GLVFXVVHGEHORZE\H[DPLQLQJWKHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWKUHHDQGIRXUODQHRSWLRQVIRU
DVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQ7KHGLIIHUHQFHLVFDOFXODWHGDVWKHGHOD\RIWKHWKUHHODQHPLQXVWKDW
RI IRXUODQH RSWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH D negative QXPEHU LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH WKUHHODQH RSWLRQ KDV D
lowerGHOD\WKDQWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQIRUWKHVSHFLILFYROXPHFRPELQDWLRQ$QRWKHULVVXHWREH
QRWHGLQWKHDQDO\VLVLVWKDWWKHSHDNKRXUYROXPHXVHGLVWKHELGLUHFWLRQDOWUDIILFIRUWKHVWUHHW

7KHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVIRUWKHYSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHVKRZGLIIHUHQWWUHQGVIRUHDFKSHUFHQW
RI OHIWWXUQV HYDOXDWHG )LJXUH )RU ORZ OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV WKH WUHQG VKRZV WKDW DW ORZ
YROXPHVWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQLV³EHWWHU´WKDQWKHIRXUODQH LHQHJDWLYHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHV DQG
DVWKHYROXPHVLQFUHDVHWKHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVEHFRPHVPDOOHU$WDSSUR[LPDWHO\YSKRQ
WKH PDLQ VWUHHW WKH IRXUODQH RSWLRQ EHFRPHV ³EHWWHU´ LH GHOD\ GLIIHUHQFHV DUH SRVLWLYH
LQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHGHOD\ZLWKWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQLVJUHDWHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHIRXUODQH)RUWKH
KLJKHUSHUFHQWDJHVRIOHIWWXUQVGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVUHPDLQHGSUDFWLFDOO\WKHVDPHDVWKHYROXPHV
RQWKHPDLQVWUHHWLQFUHDVHGDQGIRUDOOFRPELQDWLRQVWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQZDV³EHWWHU´WKDQWKH
WKUHHODQH DOWHUQDWLYH 7KHVH GDWD LQGLFDWH WKDW WKHUH LV D UHJLRQ IRU ORZ YROXPHV RQ WKH PDLQ
DQG VLGH VWUHHWV WKDW WKH URDG GLHW RSWLRQ ZLOO UHVXOW LQ DQ RSHUDWLRQDO DGYDQWDJH LH ORZHU
GHOD\VWKDQWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ


7KHFURVVVWUHHWYROXPHRIYSKDOVRVKRZHGVLPLODUWUHQGVIRUWKHORZOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHV
)LJXUH 7KH GDWD VKRZV WKDW DW ORZ YROXPHV WKH WKUHHODQH RSWLRQ LV³EHWWHU´ WKDQ WKHIRXU
ODQH LHQHJDWLYHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHV DQGDVWKHYROXPHVLQFUHDVHWKHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVEHFRPH
VPDOOHU $W DSSUR[LPDWHO\ YSK RQ WKH PDLQ VWUHHWWKHIRXUODQH RSWLRQ EHFRPHV³EHWWHU´

LHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVDUHSRVLWLYH LQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHGHOD\ZLWKWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQLVJUHDWHU
WKDQWKDWRIWKHIRXUODQH)RUWKHKLJKHUSHUFHQWDJHVRIOHIWWXUQVGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVVKRZHGD
UHGXFLQJ WUHQG DV WKH YROXPHV LQ WKH PDLQ VWUHHW LQFUHDVHG DQGIRU DOO FRPELQDWLRQV WKH IRXU
ODQHRSWLRQZDV³EHWWHU´WKDQWKHWKUHHODQHDOWHUQDWLYH7KHGDWDLQGLFDWHVWKHDGYDQWDJHRIWKH
WKUHHODQH RSWLRQ IRU FHUWDLQ FRPELQDWLRQV RI OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV DQG PDLQ VWUHHW YROXPH IRU
WKLVVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH


7KH HIIHFW RI KLJK VLGH VWUHHW YROXPHV ZDV HYDOXDWHG WR GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU WKH QRWHG WUHQGV
KROG )LJXUH 7KH GDWD VKRZV VLPLODU WUHQGV IRU ERWK ORZ DQG KLJK OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV DV
WKRVH REVHUYHG LQ WKH RWKHU VLGH VWUHHW YROXPHV ,W VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW WKLV DQDO\VLV RQO\
LQFOXGHVYROXPHVXSWRYSKDORQJWKHPDMRUVWUHHWDVWKHKLJKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHVFUHDWH
ORZHUFDSDFLW\RQWKHPDLQVWUHHWWKXVUHVXOWLQJLQRYHUVDWXUDWHGFRQGLWLRQV

7KHGDWDLQ)LJXUHVDQGLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHDUHFHUWDLQFRQGLWLRQVZKHUHWKHURDGGLHW
FRXOGEHWKHSUHIHUUHGRSWLRQRYHUDIRXUODQHDOWHUQDWLYH7KHGDWDDOVRLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHLV
DQHIIHFWRIWKHVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHVHFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKDWWKHFRPELQDWLRQRI
PDLQ DQG VLGH VWUHHW YROXPHV QHHGV WR EH FRQVLGHUHG LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ ZKHWKHU WKH URDG GLHW LV
DSSURSULDWH )LQDOO\ WKH OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJH KDV DQ HIIHFW DQG WKLV VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG LQ
FRQMXQFWLRQZLWKWKHWUDIILFYROXPHV

2I LQWHUHVW LV DOVR WKH PDJQLWXGH RI WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ GHOD\V REVHUYHG LQ WKLV DQDO\VLV 0RVW
GHOD\ GLIIHUHQFHV ZHUH VPDOO OHVV WKDQ VHFRQGV IRU WKH ORZ VLGH VWUHHW YROXPHV LQGLFDWLQJ
SUDFWLFDOO\ QR VLJQLILFDQW RSHUDWLRQDO JDLQV RU ORVVHV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR RSWLRQV 7DEOH 7KH
DYHUDJH YDOXHV IRU HDFK VLGH VWUHHW YROXPH IRU DOO OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV HYDOXDWHG ZHUH OHVV
WKDQVHFYHKLQGLFDWLQJDJDLQWKDWWKHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVDUHQRWVLJQLILFDQW


7DEOH5DQJHRIGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVE\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPH

6LGH6WUHHW 0LQ 0D[ $YJ
YSK VHF VHF VHF

$QRWKHUDVSHFWWKDWFRXOGEHRILQWHUHVWUHJDUGLQJWKHRSHUDWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\RIURDGGLHWVLVWKH
UHVXOWLQJ TXHXH OHQJWKV $ TXHXLQJ HYDOXDWLRQ ZDV FRPSOHWHG XVLQJ WKH VDPH VLPXODWLRQ
VFHQDULRVSUHVHQWHGDERYH7KHDQDO\VLVVKRZHGWKDWRYHUDOOWKHURDGGLHWSURGXFHGVLPLODURU
VPDOOHU TXHXH OHQJWKV WKDQ WKH IRXUODQH URDGV 7KH HIIHFW RI WKH VLGH VWUHHW YROXPH ZDV
FRQVLGHUHGKHUHDVZHOODQGWKHUHVXOWVIRUWKHVDPHWKUHHYROXPHVXVHGLQWKHGHOD\DQDO\VLV
DUHVKRZQ,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGDJDLQWKDWDnegativeQXPEHULQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHWKUHHODQHURDG
ZLOOSURGXFHshorterDYHUDJHTXHXHVWKDQWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ7KHVLPXODWLRQRXWSXWSURYLGHV
DQ HVWLPDWH RI WKH DYHUDJH TXHXH E\ ODQH 7KH DYHUDJH TXHXH GLIIHUHQFH KHUH ZDV WDNHQ DV
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHPD[LPXPDYHUDJHTXHXHOHQJWKVIRUWKHWKUHHODQHLHFRQVLGHULQJWKH
TXHXHOHQJWKVRIWKHWKURXJKDQGOHIWWXUQODQHWRWKHPD[LPXPDYHUDJHTXHXHOHQJWKIRUWKH
IRXUODQHZKHUHERWKODQHVDUHHYDOXDWHG

)RUWKHYSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHDQGORZOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVVFHQDULRWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ
ZLOOUHVXOWLQVKRUWHUDYHUDJHTXHXHVWKDQWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQ )LJXUH )RUWKHKLJKOHIWWXUQ
SHUFHQWDJHV WKH WKUHHODQH LV D EHWWHU RSWLRQ WKDQ WKH IRXUODQH GHPRQVWUDWLQJ ORZHU TXHXH
OHQJWKVDQGWKHVHJDLQVLQFUHDVH DVWKHVORSHRIWKHOLQHLQGLFDWHV ZLWKLQFUHDVLQJPDLQVWUHHW
YROXPHV


7KHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHYSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHVKRZHGDVLPLODUWUHQG )LJXUH /RZOHIWWXUQ
SHUFHQWDJHVVKRZHGWKDWWKHURDGGLHWLVWKHEHWWHURSWLRQIRUORZPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHV$WDERXW
YSKWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQVKRZVVKRUWHUTXHXHV+LJKOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVVKRZHGWKDWWKH
URDGGLHWLVWKHEHWWHURSWLRQIRUDOOPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHVDQGWKHJDLQVLQFUHDVHGZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ
PDLQVWUHHWYROXPHV


7KHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHVDPHGDWDIRUWKHYSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHSURGXFHGVLPLODUWUHQGV
EXWZLWKODUJHUGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHWZRRSWLRQV )LJXUH 7KHGDWDKHUHDJDLQVKRZVWKDW
WKH URDG GLHW ZLOO EH D ³EHWWHU´ RSWLRQ WKDQ WKH IRXUODQH DOWHUQDWLYH IRU WKH KLJK OHIWWXUQ
SHUFHQWDJHV EXW WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ TXHXHV ZHUH VPDOOHU WKDQ WKRVH QRWHG LQ WKH RWKHU VLGH
VWUHHWYROXPHVFHQDULRV


$ UHYLHZ RI WKH UDQJH RI YDOXHV QRWHG KHUH DOVR LQGLFDWHV WKDW RYHUDOO WKHUH DUH QR VLJQLILFDQW
GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHWZRRSWLRQVZKHQWKHDYHUDJHTXHXHOHQJWKVDUHFRQVLGHUHG 7DEOH
7KH ODUJHVW GLIIHUHQFHV ZHUH QRWHG IRU WKH YSK VLGH VWUHHW YROXPH VFHQDULR DQG WKH
DYHUDJHVIRUHDFKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHZHUHOHVVWKDQYHKLFOHVDJDLQYLUWXDOO\WKHVDPH

7DEOH5DQJHRIDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHVE\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPH

6LGH6WUHHW 0LQ 0D[ $YJ
YSK YHK YHK YHK

Unsignalized Intersections
'HOD\DQGTXHXLQJDQDO\VLVZDVDOVRFRQGXFWHGIRUXQVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV,QWKLVFDVHDOO
GHOD\VDORQJWKHPDMRUURDGZHUHYHU\VPDOO OHVVWKDQVHFYHK DQGWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQ
KDGVOLJKWO\KLJKHUGHOD\VWKDQWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ+RZHYHUWKHVHGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHYHU\VPDOO
DQG PRVW ZHUH OHVV WKDQ VHFYHK ZLWK WKH PDMRULW\ SHUFHQW RI WKH FDVHV RI WKH GHOD\
GLIIHUHQFHVEHLQJVHFYHKRUOHVV

7KH VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH XQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV ZHUH QRWHG IRU WKH GHOD\V RQ WKH
VLGH VWUHHW DSSURDFKHV )RU DOO VFHQDULRV WHVWHG WKH GHOD\V RQ WKH VLGH VWUHHW IRU D URDG GLHW
FRQYHUVLRQZHUHVPDOOHUWKDQWKRVHREVHUYHGIRUWKHIRXUODQHURDG7KHGDWDZDVDQDO\]HGLQD
VLPLODU PDQQHU DV WKDW RI WKH VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV WR HYDOXDWH WKH HIIHFW RI OHIWWXUQ
SHUFHQWDJHV LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK WKH PDLQ VWUHHW YROXPHV 7KH GHOD\ GLIIHUHQFH QRWHG KHUH LV
FRPSXWHGLQWKHVDPHPDQQHUDVDERYHLHGHOD\RIWKUHHODQHPLQXVGHOD\RIIRXUODQHRSWLRQ
,QWKLVFDVHDOVRnegativeGLIIHUHQFHVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHWKUHHODQHDOWHUQDWLYHUHVXOWVLQlower
GHOD\VWKDQWKHIRXUODQHDOWHUQDWLYHIRUWKHVLGHVWUHHWDSSURDFK

$VVKRZQLQ)LJXUHWKHURDGGLHWSURGXFHVORZHUGHOD\VIRUWKHVLGHVWUHHWWKDQWKHIRXUODQH
RSWLRQ IRU DOO OHIW WXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV ZLWK D WRWDO DSSURDFK YROXPH RI YSK 7KH GDWD DOVR
LQGLFDWHWKDWDVWKHPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHVLQFUHDVHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQGHOD\VLQFUHDVHIRUDOOOHIW
WXUQSHUFHQWDJHV

YROXPH

7KHVDPHWUHQGZDVQRWHGIRUWKHORZHUVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHVZKHUHIRUDOOFDVHVH[DPLQHGWKH
VLGHVWUHHWGHOD\VLPSURYHGIRUDQ\FRPELQDWLRQRIPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHV
DQG WKHVH GLIIHUHQFHV LQFUHDVHG DV ERWK YROXPHV DQG OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV LQFUHDVHG ,W LV
DSSDUHQW WKDW VLJQLILFDQW JDLQV FRXOG PDWHULDOL]H IURP URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV IRU XQVLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQVDQDVSHFWWKDWPD\RXWZHLJKWKHPLQRUGHOD\LQFUHDVHVDWVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV
DVZDVGLVFXVVHGDERYH

7KH DYHUDJH TXHXH OHQJWK IRU VLGH VWUHHW DSSURDFKHV ZDV DOVR H[DPLQHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH
SRWHQWLDOHIIHFWRIWKHURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQV7KHGDWDVKRZVWKDWLQDOOFDVHVWKHURDGGLHWZLOO
UHVXOWLQVPDOOHUTXHXHV )LJXUH 7KHGDWDVKRZVWKDWDVWUDIILFYROXPHVDORQJWKHPDLQVWUHHW
LQFUHDVH WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH DYHUDJH TXHXH OHQJWK DORQJ WKH VLGH VWUHHW DUH GLPLQLVKLQJ

+RZHYHUURDGGLHWVPDLQWDLQWKHDGYDQWDJH LHVKRUWHUDYHUDJHTXHXHVRQWKHVLGHVWUHHW IRU
DOPRVW DOO PDLQ VWUHHW YROXPHV H[DPLQHG 7KLV LQGLFDWHV WKDW EHQHILWV IURP URDG GLHWV FRXOG
PDWHULDOL]HIRUPRVWVLWXDWLRQV,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWIRUDOOVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHVVLPLODUWUHQGV
DUHREVHUYHGDQGRQO\WKHWUHQGRIWKHYSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHLVSUHVHQWHG

)LJXUH 8QVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQ DYHUDJH VLGH VWUHHW TXHXH GLIIHUHQFHV YSK VLGH
VWUHHWYROXPH

Operations Models
7KH DQDO\VLV FRPSOHWHG KHUH ZDV DOVR XVHG WR GHYHORS SUHGLFWLRQ PRGHOV WKDW FRXOG DOORZ IRU
HVWDEOLVKLQJJXLGHOLQHVDQGLGHQWLI\LQJWKHFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKURDGGLHWVFRXOGLPSURYHWKH
RSHUDWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\RIWKHURDGZD\7KH6WDWLVWLFDO3DFNDJHIRU6RFLDO6FLHQFHV 6366 ZDV
XWLOL]HG WR GHYHORS WKHVH PRGHOV /LQHDU UHJUHVVLRQ PRGHOV ZHUH XVHG WR PRGHO WKH GHOD\ IRU
HDFK FRQGLWLRQ LH WKUHH DQG IRXUODQH RSWLRQV DQG LGHQWLI\ WKH YDULDEOHV WKDW FRXOG SUHGLFW
WKHVHGLIIHUHQFHV7KHYDULDEOHVFRQVLGHUHGLQFOXGHWKHYROXPHVRIWKHPDLQDQGVLGHVWUHHWVDV
ZHOODVOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJH

7KHPRGHOIRUWKHWKUHHODQHLQFOXGHGDOOWKUHHYDULDEOHVRIFRQFHUQDQGKDGDJRRGSUHGLFWLYH
SRZHU ZLWK DQ 5 RI 7KH PRGHO FRHIILFLHQWV DUH VXPPDUL]HG LQ 7DEOH 7KH IRXUODQH
PRGHO DOVR XWLOL]HG DOO WKUHH YDULDEOHV EXW WKH SUHGLFWLYH SRZHU ZDV ORZHU 5 7KH
YDULDEOHVLQFOXGHGLQWKHHTXDWLRQVUHIOHFWWKHHIIHFWRIWUDIILFYROXPHVRQGHOD\VDQGWKHLUVLJQV
LQGLFDWHWKDWLQFUHDVLQJYROXPHVZLOOUHVXOWLQJUHDWHUGHOD\V

7DEOH&RHIILFLHQWVIRUSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOV

7KUHHODQH )RXUODQH
9DULDEOH 3DUDPHWHU 3YDOXH 3DUDPHWHU 3YDOXH
,QWHUFHSW
0DLQVWUHHWYROXPH YSK
6LGHVWUHHWYROXPH YSK
/HIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJH QXPEHU

7KHVH PRGHOV FDQ EH XVHG WR GHILQH WKH VFHQDULRV ZKHUH WKH WKUHH DQG IRXUODQH RSWLRQV
SURGXFHDGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHRI]HURLHERWKRSWLRQVZLOOSHUIRUPHTXDOO\ZHOO7KLVZLOOSURGXFH
WKH OLQH RI HTXDOLW\ ZKLFK FDQ WKHQ EH XVHG WR HVWDEOLVK WKH UHJLRQV ZKHUH URDG GLHWV DUH
DGYLVDEOHDQGWKRVHZKHUHWKH\DUHQRW)LJXUHSUHVHQWVWKLVFRQFHSWZKHUHWRWKHULJKWRIWKH
OLQH URDG GLHWV DUH QRW UHFRPPHQGHG ZKLOH WR WKH OHIW RI WKH OLQH URDG GLHWV DUH FRQVLGHUHG
DSSURSULDWH
1RW5HFRPPHQGHG
5HFRPPHQGHG


7KH JXLGHOLQH GHYHORSHG LV EDVHG RQO\ RQ PDLQ DQG VLGH VWUHHW YROXPHV VLQFH LW ZDV
GHWHUPLQHGWKDWWKHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQLVWKHFULWLFDODVSHFWIRUDURDGGLHW
FRQYHUVLRQ:KLOHOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHZDVVKRZQWREHDVLJQLILFDQWSDUDPHWHUIRUWKHFDSDFLW\
DQGGHOD\RIDQLQWHUVHFWLRQLWKDVWKHVDPHHIIHFWIRUERWKWKHIRXUODQHDQGWKUHHODQHVHFWLRQV
DQG WKHUHIRUH SURYLGHV QR GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH DOWHUQDWLYHV ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV RQFH WKH
HIIHFW RI WKH PDLQ DQG VLGH VWUHHW YROXPHV RQ GHOD\V KDYH EHHQ DFFRXQWHG IRU WKH OHIWWXUQ
SHUFHQWDJHGRHVQRWFRQWULEXWHDQ\DGGLWLRQDOGHOD\WRWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRRSWLRQV

$VXQVLJQDOL]HGDFFHVVSRLQWVGRQRWLQWHUUXSWWUDIILFIORZRQWKHSULPDU\VWUHHWWKH\DUHQRWD
VLJQLILFDQWGHWHUPLQDQWRIWKHVXFFHVVRUIDLOXUHRUDURDGGLHWSURMHFW(YHQXQVLJQDOL]HGDFFHVV
SRLQWV ZLWK KLJK YROXPHV RI OHIW WXUQ WUDIILF RQ WKH PDMRU VWUHHW ZLOO FRQWLQXH WR RSHUDWH DW
DFFHSWDEOHOHYHOVRIVHUYLFHZKLOHVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVPD\IDLOGXHWRWKHUHGXFHGPDLQOLQH
FDSDFLW\7KHSULPDU\FRQFHUQIRUXQVLJQDOL]HGDFFHVVSRLQWVLVRYHUODSSLQJOHIWWXUQPRYHPHQWV
ZLWKLQWKHWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHZKLFKLVDYRLGHGZLWKWKHIRXUODQHVHFWLRQ7KHH[LVWLQJ.<7&

DX[LOLDU\WXUQODQHSROLF\FXUUHQWO\DGGUHVVHVWKLVFRQFHUQE\UHFRPPHQGLQJDJDLQVWWKHXVHRI
7:/7/VIRUDFFHVVSRLQWGHQVLWLHVJUHDWHUWKDQDFFHVVSRLQWVSHUPLOH .<7&

Signalized Intersection Safety
6DIHW\ DQDO\VLV RI URDG GLHW SHUIRUPDQFH ZDV DOVR FRQGXFWHG XVLQJ WKH VDPH VLPXODWHG
VFHQDULRV WKURXJK DSSOLFDWLRQ RI 66$0 VRIWZDUH ,W VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW WKLV DQDO\VLV XVHV D
VXUURJDWHPHDVXUHIRUVDIHW\LHQXPEHURIFRQIOLFWVLQWKHWUDIILFVWUHDPDQGGRHVQRWGLUHFWO\
SUHGLFWWKHQXPEHURIFUDVKHVWKRXJKUHVHDUFKKDVVKRZQDGLUHFWFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWZR
PHDVXUHV *HWWPDQ HW DO 7KH UHVXOWV SUHVHQWHG KHUH DOVR XVH WKH VDPH UHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQWKHWZRRSWLRQVDVZDVGRQHZLWKWKHRSHUDWLRQDODQDO\VLVLHQHJDWLYHGLIIHUHQFHVLQ
FRQIOLFWQXPEHUVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQZLOOSHUIRUPEHWWHUWKDQWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ
ZKLOHSRVLWLYHQXPEHUVLQGLFDWHEHWWHUSHUIRUPDQFHE\WKHIRXUODQHFURVVVHFWLRQ7KLVDQDO\VLV
RQO\FRQVLGHUHGPDLQVWUHHWFRQIOLFWVVLQFHWKHVHDUHWKHVDIHW\LPSDFWVRIPDMRUFRQFHUQ

7KH XVH RI WKH VLPXODWLRQ PRGHOV LQ GHYHORSLQJ D VDIHW\ DQDO\VLV LQ OLHX RI XVLQJ EHIRUHDQG
DIWHUGDWDZDVFRQVLGHUHGPRUHDSSURSULDWHIRUVHYHUDOUHDVRQV)LUVWWKHPRGHOVDOORZIRUDQ
HYDOXDWLRQRIDJUHDWHUUDQJHRIYROXPHVWKDQWKHDYDLODEOHFDVHVWXGLHV6HFRQGWKHUHDUHQRW
PDQ\URDGGLHWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQVLQ.HQWXFN\WKDWZRXOGSURYLGHIRUDUREXVWDQDO\VLVDQGDOORZ
IRUGUDZLQJDQ\FRQFOXVLRQVUHJDUGLQJWKHVDIHW\LPSOLFDWLRQVRIURDGGLHWLQVWDOODWLRQV7KLUGWKH
URDG GLHW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV KDYH D YDULHW\ RI RWKHU IDFWRUV VXFK DV YDULHG QXPEHU RI DFFHVV
SRLQWV ODQG XVHWXUQLQJ SHUFHQWDJHV DQG FURVV VHFWLRQDO HOHPHQWV WKDW FRXOG FUHDWHJUHDWHU
XQFHUWDLQW\ WKDQ WKH PRGHOV ZLWK WKHLU FRQWUROOHG HQYLURQPHQW )LQDOO\ VDIHW\ FRQVHTXHQFHV
IURP WKH URDG GLHW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ FRXOG QRW EH HDVLO\ VHSDUDWHG IURP RWKHU LVVXHV VWHPPLQJ
IURPSULRUSUREOHPV VXFKDVDFFHVVFRQWURODQGLPSURSHUWUDQVLWLRQWRDQGIURPWKHURDGGLHW
VHFWLRQ RQWKHVLWH

6DIHW\ DQDO\VLV ZDV FRQGXFWHG IRU UHDU HQG DQG VLGHVZLSH FRQIOLFWV ,W GLG QRW LQFOXGH WKH
DQDO\VLV RI DQJOH FUDVKHV DV WKH VLPXODWLRQ PHWKRGRORJ\ XVHG LV QRW FDSDEOH RI DFFXUDWHO\
UHIOHFWLQJ DQJOH FUDVK H[SRVXUH7KH SULPDU\ UHDVRQIRUWKLV LV WKDW DQJOH FUDVKHV RIWHQ UHVXOW
IURP SRRU VLJKW GLVWDQFH ZKLFK LV QRW DEOH WR EH PRGHOHG HIIHFWLYHO\ ZLWKLQ WKH VLPXODWLRQ
SURJUDPV $ UHYLHZ RI WKH FDVH VWXGLHV GLVFXVVHG LQ $SSHQGL[ $ LQGLFDWHV WKDWURDG GLHWV DUH
HIIHFWLYH LQ UHGXFLQJ OHIW WXUQ DQJOH FUDVKHV UHVXOWLQJ IURP RIIVHW OHIW WXUQ ODQHV +RZHYHU DQ
LQFUHDVHLQDQJOHFUDVKHVZDVREVHUYHGDWDQDFFHVVSRLQWWKDWZDVSODFHGQHDUWKHWUDQVLWLRQ
]RQH EHWZHHQ WKH WKUHH DQG IRXUODQH VHFWLRQV 7KHUHIRUH URDG GLHWV PD\ EH HIIHFWLYH LQ
DGGUHVVLQJDQJOHFUDVKSUREOHPVEXWFDUHIXOUHYLHZRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOVLWHVKRXOGEHSHUIRUPHG

5HDU(QG&RQIOLFWV
7KH VLPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV DQDO\]HG LQGLFDWHG WKDW URDG GLHWV PD\ KDYH PL[HG UHVXOWV LQ WHUPV RI
UHDU HQG FRQIOLFWV ,Q JHQHUDO UHDU HQG FRQIOLFWV PD\ LQFUHDVH DV WKH UHVXOW RI URDG GLHWV RQ
URDGZD\V ZLWK D ORZ YROXPH RI OHIW WXUQLQJ YHKLFOHV )LJXUH 7KLV LQFUHDVH LV GXH WR WKH
GHFUHDVHG FDSDFLW\ RI WKH WKURXJK PRYHPHQW EURXJKW DERXW E\ WKH UHPRYDO RI RQH WKURXJK
ODQH7KLVILQGLQJLVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKRWKHUVWXGLHVZKLFKVKRZDQLQFUHDVHLQUHDUHQGFUDVKHV
ZLWKLQFUHDVLQJYROXPHV *HHGLSDO\HWDO


)RUPRGHUDWHOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHV SHUFHQW URDGGLHWVJHQHUDOO\VKRZHGDUHGXFWLRQLQ
UHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVFRPSDUHGWRWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ )LJXUH 7KLVUHGXFWLRQFDQEHDWWULEXWHG
WRWKHUHPRYDORIVSHHGGLIIHUHQWLDOEHWZHHQOHIWWXUQYHKLFOHVDQGWKURXJKYHKLFOHVZKLFKRIIVHWV
WKH SRWHQWLDOIRUUHDU HQG FRQIOLFWV LQ WKH WKURXJK ODQH )RU WKLV UDQJH RI YROXPHVWKLV PD\ EH
FRQVLGHUHG DQ LQGLFDWLRQ WKDWURDG GLHWV FRXOG UHGXFH VXFK FRQIOLFWV HYHQ WKRXJK ERWK RSWLRQV
FRXOGRSHUDWLRQDOO\EHWKHVDPH)RUKLJKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHV HJYSK WKHGLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQ WKH WZR RSWLRQV GHFUHDVH GHPRQVWUDWLQJ WKH HIIHFW RI WKH VLGH VWUHHW YROXPH DQG
LQFUHDVHGFRQJHVWLRQRQWKHVDIHW\SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHURDG

LQWHUVHFWLRQV E\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPHSHUHFQWOHIWWXUQV

)LQDOO\IRUKLJKSHUFHQWDJHVRIOHIWWXUQV HJSHUFHQW WKHURDGGLHWZLOOUHVXOWLQPRUHUHDU
HQGFRQIOLFWVWKDQWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ )LJXUH ,QWKLVFDVHIRUPRVWYROXPHVFHQDULRVWKH
GLIIHUHQFH LV SRVLWLYH LH PRUH FRQIOLFWV ZLWK WKH URDG GLHW 7KH RYHUDOO WUHQG RI LQFUHDVLQJ
FRQIOLFWVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJYROXPHVLVREVHUYHGKHUHDVZHOO


,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHSHUFHQWOHIWWXUQVSURGXFHGKLJKYDULDWLRQVDQGZHUHFRQVLGHUHG
DVRXWOLHUVLQWKHDQDO\VLVDQGWKXVZHUHH[FOXGHGLQWKHUHVXOWVGLVFXVVHGKHUH

,QVXPPDU\WKHGDWDLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHDUHVFHQDULRVZKHQWKHURDGGLHWZLOOUHVXOWLQORZHU
UHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVDQGWKHVHLQFOXGHPLGUDQJHYROXPHVDQGPLGUDQJHOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHV$W
KLJK YROXPHV ZLWK KLJK OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV WKH URDG GLHW PD\ LQFUHDVH FRQJHVWLRQ DQG WKXV
UHDU HQG FRQIOLFWV 5RDGZD\V ZLWK ORZ YROXPHV DQG ORZ OHIW WXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV GR QRW W\SLFDOO\
KDYHUHDUHQGSUREOHPVDQGWKXVWKHUHGXFWLRQLQFDSDFLW\PD\FDXVHDVOLJKWXSWLFNLQUHDUHQG
FRQIOLFWV

/DQH&KDQJH&RQIOLFWV
7KHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVDQDO\]HGVKRZHGWKDWWKHQXPEHURIODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWV IRUWKHPDLQ
VWUHHWZLOOGHFUHDVHZLWKDURDGGLHWDWWKHVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV7KLVZDVDQH[SHFWHGUHVXOW
VLQFHWKHQXPEHURIODQHVLVUHGXFHGDQGWKXVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\IRUVXFKFRQIOLFWVLVUHGXFHGRU
HYHQ HOLPLQDWHG 7KH GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH QXPEHU RI FRQIOLFWV LV DIIHFWHG DJDLQ E\ WKH OHIWWXUQ
SHUFHQWDJHV ZKHUH WKH GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH QXPEHU RI FRQIOLFWV LQFUHDVHV JUHDWHU QHJDWLYH
QXPEHUV LQGLFDWH D ODUJHU EHQHILW IRU WKH URDG GLHW VFHQDULR DV WKH YROXPH LQFUHDVHV )LJXUH
7KLVFRXOGEHDWWULEXWHGWRWKHODFNRIWKHH[WUDODQHLQWKHURDGGLHWZKLFKUHVXOWVLQIHZHU
RSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWV7KHGDWDDOVRVKRZVWKDWLQJHQHUDOLQFUHDVLQJOHIWWXUQ
SHUFHQWDJHV UHVXOWHG LQ ODUJHU GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR RSWLRQV LQ IDYRU RI WKH URDG GLHWV
7KHUH ZDV QR GLVFHUQLEOH HIIHFW RI WKH VLGH VWUHHW YROXPH IRU WKHVH FRQIOLFWV DQG DOO VKRZHG
VLPLODUWUHQGVDVWKRVHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUH


Unsignalized Intersection Safety
$ VLPLODU HYDOXDWLRQ RI PDLQ VWUHHW VDIHW\ SHUIRUPDQFH ZDV FRPSOHWHG IRU XQVLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQVWRHYDOXDWHWKHURDGGLHWHIIHFW6LPLODUO\WKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHQXPEHURIFRQIOLFWV
DORQJ WKH PDLQ VWUHHW LV FRQVLGHUHG DV WKH PHWULF KHUH DQG D QHJDWLYH GLIIHUHQFH LQGLFDWHV D
³VDIHU´SHUIRUPDQFHIRUWKHURDGGLHWV

5HDU(QG&RQIOLFWV
7KH VLPXODWLRQ DQDO\VLV VKRZHG WKDW IRU XQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV UHDU HQG FRQIOLFWV ZLOO
LQFUHDVH IRU PRVW FRPELQDWLRQV ZLWK D URDG GLHW LQVWDOODWLRQ )RU ORZ OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV D
VPDOOLQFUHDVHLVQRWHGLQUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJPDLQVWUHHWYROXPH )LJXUH 7KLV
WUHQGUHYHUVHGIRUKLJKHUOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVZKHUHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVGHFUHDVHZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ
PDLQVWUHHWYROXPHV7KLVFRXOGEHDWWULEXWHGWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHZKLFK
FRXOGKDYHDJUHDWHUHIIHFWLQKLJKHUYROXPHVDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHV


/DQH&KDQJH&RQIOLFWV
7KHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVDQDO\]HGVKRZHGRYHUDOOWKDWWKHQXPEHURIODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVDORQJ
WKH PDLQ VWUHHW ZLOO LQFUHDVH ZLWK D URDG GLHW DW WKH XQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV )LJXUH
+RZHYHUWKHUHZHUHFRPELQDWLRQVRIPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHVDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVIRUZKLFK
WKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQUHVXOWHGLQIHZHUFRQIOLFWVWKDQWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ7KHGDWDVKRZVWKDW
JUHDWHU OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV UHVXOWHG LQ ODUJHU GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR RSWLRQV LQ IDYRURI
WKHURDGGLHWRSWLRQ

XQVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH

Safety Models
7KH DQDO\VLV FRPSOHWHGKHUH ZDV DOVR XVHG WR GHYHORS FRQIOLFW SUHGLFWLRQ PRGHOVIRU ERWKWKH
WKUHHODQHDQGIRXUODQHFRQGLWLRQVWRDVVLVWLQLGHQWLI\LQJWKHFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKURDGGLHWV
FRXOG LPSURYH WKH URDGZD\ VDIHW\ 7KH 6WDWLVWLFDO 3DFNDJH IRU 6RFLDO 6FLHQFHV 6366 ZDV
XWLOL]HGWRGHYHORSWKHVHPRGHOV/LQHDUUHJUHVVLRQPRGHOVZHUHXVHGWRPRGHOWKHFRQIOLFWVDQG
LGHQWLI\WKHVLJQLILFDQWYDULDEOHV7KHYDULDEOHVFRQVLGHUHGLQFOXGHWKHPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHVLGH
VWUHHWYROXPHDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJH

0RGHO YDULDEOHV DQG 5 YDOXHV DUH SURYLGHG IRU WKH WKUHHODQH DQG IRXUODQH PRGHOV IRU ERWK
UHDU HQG DQG ODQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWV 7DEOH $OO PRGHOV GHYHORSHG LQFOXGHG DOO YDULDEOHV
H[FHSWIRUWKHWKUHHODQHUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVZKLFKGLGQRWLQFOXGHWKHOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHDVD
VLJQLILFDQWSDUDPHWHU7KHSRVLWLYHVLJQVRIWKHFRHIILFLHQWVIRUDOOYDULDEOHVLQDOOPRGHOVLQGLFDWH
WKDW LQFUHDVLQJ YROXPHV ZLOO UHVXOW LQ D JUHDWHU QXPEHU RI FRQIOLFWV $OO PRGHOV KDG 5 YDOXHV
JUHDWHU WKDQ LQGLFDWLQJ WKH LQFOXGHG YDULDEOHV H[SODLQ RYHU SHUFHQW RI WKH YDULDELOLW\ LQ
WKHGDWDVHW

7DEOH&RHIILFLHQWVIRUSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOV

7KUHHODQH )RXUODQH
&RQIOLFW 9DULDEOH 3DUDPHWHU 3YDOXH 3DUDPHWHU 3YDOXH
&RQVWDQW
5HDUHQG YFUDWLRQH[SRQHQW

5
,QWHUFHSW
0DLQVWUHHWYROXPH YSK
/DQH
6LGHVWUHHWYROXPH YSK
FKDQJH
/HIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJH SHUFHQW

5

7KHVH PRGHOV FDQ EH XVHG WR GHILQH WKH VFHQDULRV ZKHUH WKH WKUHH DQG IRXUODQH RSWLRQV
SURGXFHDFRQIOLFWGLIIHUHQFHRI]HURLHERWKRSWLRQVZLOOSHUIRUPHTXDOO\ZHOO7KLVZLOOSURGXFH
WKH OLQH RI HTXDOLW\ ZKLFK FDQ WKHQ EH XVHG WR HVWDEOLVK WKH UHJLRQV ZKHUH URDG GLHWV DUH
DGYLVDEOHDQGWKRVHZKHUHWKH\DUHQRW

,QDGGLWLRQWRPDMRUDQGPLQRUVWUHHWYROXPHVOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHZDVVKRZQWREHDVLJQLILFDQW
IDFWRULQSUHGLFWLQJUHDUHQGFUDVKHV$VQRWHGDERYHWKHUHDUHVFHQDULRVZKHUHWKHIRXUODQH
VHFWLRQ ZLOO SURGXFH IHZHU UHDU HQG FRQIOLFWV WKDQ WKH URDG GLHW 7KLV LV SULPDULO\ GXH WR WKH
LQFUHDVHGFRQJHVWLRQUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHUHGXFWLRQLQWKHQXPEHURIWKURXJKODQHV+RZHYHUDV
WKHOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHLQFUHDVHVWKHURDGGLHWLVVKRZQWRUHGXFHUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWV)LJXUH
VKRZVWKHOLQHRIHTXDOLW\IRUILYHSHUFHQWSHUFHQWDQGSHUFHQWOHIWWXUQVDVDIXQFWLRQRI
WKHPDLQDQGVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHV,QWKHILJXUHWKHPDLQDQGVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHFRPELQDWLRQV
EHORZWKHOLQHLQGLFDWHWKDWUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVZRXOGEHDQWLFLSDWHGWREHUHGXFHGZLWKD WKUHH
ODQHVHFWLRQFRPSDUHGWRDIRXUODQHVHFWLRQ


$VLPLODUPRGHOZDVGHYHORSHGIRUODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWV7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVDQDO\VLVDUHVKRZQ
LQ)LJXUH/HIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHGRHVQRWKDYHDVVLJQLILFDQWRIDQHIIHFWRQODQHFKDQJHVDV
ZDV HYLGHQW IRU UHDU HQG FRQIOLFWV $V VKRZQ LQ WKH ILJXUH WR WKH ULJKW RI WKH OLQH WKUHHODQH
VHFWLRQVDUHDQWLFLSDWHGWRH[SHULHQFHORZHU ODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVZKLOHWRWKHOHIWRIWKHOLQH
URDGGLHWVDUHH[SHFWHGWRKDYHKLJKHUODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVWKDQWKHIRXUODQHVHFWLRQ5HYLHZ
RI WKH ODQH FKDQJH PRGHOV LQGLFDWH WKDW ERWK WKH WKUHHODQH DQG IRXUODQH VHFWLRQV KDYH ORZ
ODQHFKDQJHYROXPHVLQWKHORZHUYROXPHDUHDVEHORZWKHHTXDOLW\OLQHVKRZHYHUWKHIRXUODQH
VHFWLRQ VKRZV D VLJQLILFDQW LQFUHDVH LQ ODQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWV DW KLJK YROXPHV 7KHUHIRUH WKH
SRWHQWLDOIRUODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVLVPLQLPDOLQWKHORZHUYROXPHUDQJH

)LJXUH*XLGHOLQHVIRUODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVE\PDMRUPLQRUVWUHHWYROXPHVDQGSHUFHQWOHIW
WXUQV

Summary
DGYDQWDJH RI WKH IRXUODQH RSWLRQ ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR WKDW RI WKH WKUHHODQH )RU VLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQVWKHUHDUHFHUWDLQFRQGLWLRQVZKHUHWKHURDGGLHWFRXOGEHWKHSUHIHUUHGRSWLRQRYHU
DIRXUODQHDOWHUQDWLYH7KHGDWDDOVRLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHLVDQHIIHFWRIWKHVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHLQ
GHWHUPLQLQJWKHVHFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKDWWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIPDLQDQGVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHVQHHGVWR
EHFRQVLGHUHGLQGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUWKHURDGGLHWLVDSSURSULDWH$QRWKHUDVSHFWWKDWFRXOGEH
RI LQWHUHVW UHJDUGLQJWKH RSHUDWLRQDO HIILFLHQF\ RI URDG GLHWVLV WKH UHVXOWLQJTXHXH OHQJWKV $Q
HYDOXDWLRQZDVFRPSOHWHGIRUWKLVDVSHFWXVLQJWKHVDPHGDWD7KHDQDO\VLVVKRZHGWKDWRYHUDOO
WKHURDGGLHWSURGXFHGVPDOOHURUWKHVDPHDYHUDJHTXHXHOHQJWKVWKDQWKHIRXUODQHURDGV

$ VLPLODU DQDO\VLV IRU XQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV VKRZHG WKDW DOO GHOD\V DORQJ WKH PDMRU URDG
ZHUH YHU\VPDOODQGWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQKDGVOLJKWO\KLJKHUGHOD\VWKDQWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ
+RZHYHU WKHVH GLIIHUHQFHV ZHUH YHU\ VPDOO DQG PRVW ZHUH OHVV WKDQ VHFYHK ZLWK WKH

PDMRULW\ SHUFHQW RI WKH FDVHV RI WKH GHOD\ GLIIHUHQFHV EHLQJ VHFYHK RU OHVV 7KH
VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHXQVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVZHUHQRWHGIRUWKHGHOD\VDORQJWKHVLGH
VWUHHW )RU DOO VFHQDULRV WHVWHG WKH GHOD\V RQ WKH VLGH VWUHHW IRU D URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQ ZHUH
VPDOOHUWKDQWKRVHREVHUYHGIRUWKHIRXUODQHURDGDVDUHVXOWRIWZRVWDJHWXUQLQJPDQHXYHUV
SURYLGHGE\WKHWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQH

$UHYLHZRIVDIHW\DVSHFWVRIWKHURDGGLHWVZDVDOVRFRQGXFWHGXVLQJWKHVLPXODWHGFDVHV,W
VKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHDQDO\VLVSUHVHQWHGXVHVDVXUURJDWHPHDVXUHIRUVDIHW\LHSRWHQWLDO
QXPEHURIFRQIOLFWVDQGQRWFUDVKHV7KHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWLQJHQHUDOURDGGLHWV
ZLOOUHVXOWLQORZHUUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVIRUPLGUDQJHYROXPHVDQGPLGUDQJHOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHV
$WKLJKYROXPHVZLWKKLJKOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVWKHURDGGLHWPD\LQFUHDVHFRQJHVWLRQDQGWKXV
UHDU HQG FRQIOLFWV 5RDGZD\V ZLWK ORZ YROXPHV DQG ORZ OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV GR QRW W\SLFDOO\
KDYHUHDUHQGSUREOHPVDQGWKXVWKHUHGXFWLRQLQFDSDFLW\PD\FDXVHDVOLJKWXSWLFNLQUHDUHQG
FRQIOLFWV 7KLV ZDV DQ H[SHFWHG UHVXOW VLQFH WKH OHIWWXUQ YHKLFOHV FDQ EORFN WKH WKURXJK ODQH
LQFUHDVLQJWKHSUREDELOLW\RIUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWV

7KH DQDO\VLV IRU WKH ODQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWV DORQJ WKH PDLQ VWUHHW VKRZHG WKDW DW ORZ YROXPHV
QHLWKHUWKHWKUHHODQHRUIRXUODQHDOWHUQDWLYHKDGDKLJKQXPEHURIFRQIOLFWVDQGWKHURDGGLHW
SURGXFHGOHVVODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVDWKLJKHUYROXPHV7KLVZDVDQH[SHFWHGUHVXOWVLQFHWKH
QXPEHU RI ODQHV LV UHGXFHG DQG WKXV WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU VXFK FRQIOLFWV LV DOVR UHGXFHG 7KH
GLIIHUHQFHLQWKHQXPEHURIFRQIOLFWVLVOHVVDIIHFWHGE\WKHOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVDVZDVWKHUHDU
HQGFRQIOLFWVZKHUHWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHQXPEHURIFRQIOLFWVLQFUHDVHVDVWKHYROXPHLQFUHDVHV
7KLV FRXOG EH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH ODFN RI WKH H[WUD ODQH LQ WKH URDG GLHW ZKLFK UHVXOWV LQ IHZHU
RSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWV

7KH DQDO\VLV IRU WKH XQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV VKRZHG PL[HG WUHQGV IRU UHDU HQG FRQIOLFWV
LQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHUHDUHFRPELQDWLRQVZKHUHWKHQXPEHURIUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVZLOOLQFUHDVHZLWK
D URDG GLHW ZKLOH IRU RWKHUV WKH\ GHFUHDVH 7KLV WUHQG ZDV GHSHQGHQW XSRQ WKH FURVV VWUHHW
YROXPH)RUORZFURVVVWUHHWYROXPHVDQLQFUHDVHLVQRWHGLQUHDGHQGFRQIOLFWVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ
PDLQVWUHHWYROXPH7KLVWUHQGZDVWUXHIRUERWKORZDQGKLJKOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVZKHUHWKH
GLIIHUHQFHVLQFUHDVHZLWKLQFUHDVLQJOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHV7KHDQDO\VLVRIWKHODQHFKDQJHVIRU
XQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV VKRZHG RYHUDOO WKDW WKH QXPEHU RI ODQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWV DORQJ WKH
PDLQ VWUHHW ZLOO GHFUHDVH ZLWK D URDG GLHW DW WKH XQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV )RU XQVLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQVWKRXJKWKHUHZHUHFRPELQDWLRQVRIPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHVDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHV
IRUZKLFKWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQUHVXOWHGLQIHZHUFRQIOLFWVWKDQWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQ

CASE STUDIES

)LYHURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQVLQ.HQWXFN\ZHUHLGHQWLILHGDQGHYDOXDWHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHLURYHUDOO
HIIHFWV DQG LGHQWLI\ HOHPHQWV WKDW FRXOG DOVR DVVLVW LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH JXLGHOLQHV $
VXPPDU\RIHDFKFDVHVWXG\LVSUHVHQWHGKHUHDQGDQH[WHQGHGGLVFXVVLRQRIHDFKFDVHVWXG\
LVSUHVHQWHGLQ$SSHQGL[$

US 27 Campbell County
7KH URDG GLHW ZDV FRPSOHWHG LQ DQG FRYHUV PLOHV RI WKH KLJKZD\ 7KH PDLQ FURVV
VHFWLRQ KDV WZR IRRW ODQHV ZLWK D IRRW WZRZD\ OHIWWXUQ ODQH DQG IRRW ELF\FOH ODQHV LQ
ERWK GLUHFWLRQV 7KH EHIRUHDIWHU FUDVK DQDO\VLV FRQGXFWHG VKRZHG D SHUFHQW RYHUDOO
GHFUHDVHLQFUDVKHVZLWKDQDFFRPSDQ\LQJGHFUHDVHRISHUFHQWLQUHDUHQGDQGSHUFHQW
LQVLGHVZLSHFUDVKHV%HWZHHQDQGWKHUHZDVDUHGXFWLRQLQWKH$'7 IURP
YSGWRYSG DORQJWKLVURDGZD\VHFWLRQWKRXJKLWVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWYHKLFOHVPLOHVRI
WUDYHO VWDWHZLGH KDYH VWDJQDWHG RU UHGXFHG GXULQJ WKDW WLPH GXH WR RWKHU HFRQRPLF IDFWRUV
([DPLQDWLRQRIWKHFUDVKUDWHVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHWRWDOFUDVKUDWHVDVZHOODVWKHWRWDOQXPEHURI
FUDVKHVZDVUHGXFHGLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHFUDVKUHGXFWLRQZDVGXHWRWKHURDGGLHWLQVWDOODWLRQ
7KHWUDYHOWLPHVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGGLGQRWGHPRQVWUDWHDQ\VLJQLILFDQWFRQJHVWLRQLVVXHVZLWKDQ
DYHUDJHWUDYHOVSHHGRIPSKGXULQJWKH30SHDNSHULRG2YHUDOOWKLVURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQ
FRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDVXFFHVVIXOLQVWDOODWLRQ

Euclid Ave. Fayette County
ERWK GLUHFWLRQV 7KH EHIRUHDIWHU FUDVK DQDO\VLV FRQGXFWHG VKRZHG D SHUFHQW RYHUDOO
GHFUHDVHLQFUDVKHVZLWKDQDFFRPSDQ\LQJGHFUHDVHRISHUFHQWLQUHDUHQGDQGSHUFHQW
LQVLGHVZLSHFUDVKHV7KHUHZDVDUHGXFWLRQLQWKH$'7 IURPYSGLQWRYSG
LQ DORQJ WKLV URDGZD\ VHFWLRQ ZKLFK LV OLNHO\ GXH WR WKH FORVXUH RI 5RVH 6WUHHW LQ WKH
YLFLQLW\ RI (XFOLG $YHQXH DQG QRW WKH UHVXOW RI WKH URDG GLHW ([DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH FUDVK UDWHV
LQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHWRWDOFUDVKUDWHVDVZHOODVWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIFUDVKHVZDVUHGXFHGLQGLFDWLQJ
WKDWWKHFUDVKUHGXFWLRQZDVGXHWRWKHURDGGLHWLQVWDOODWLRQ7KHWUDYHOWLPHVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHG
VKRZHGVRPHFRQJHVWLRQLVVXHVZLWKDQ DYHUDJHWUDYHOVSHHGRIPSKGXULQJWKH30SHDN
SHULRG2YHUDOOWKLVURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDVXFFHVVIXOLQVWDOODWLRQ

KY 1428 Floyd County
VHFWLRQKDVWZRIRRWODQHVZLWKDIRRWWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHLQWKHQRUWKDQGWZRIRRW
ODQHVDQGDQIRRWWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHLQWKHVRXWKVHFWLRQ7KHEHIRUHDIWHUFUDVKDQDO\VLV
FRQGXFWHGVKRZHGDSHUFHQWRYHUDOOGHFUHDVHLQFUDVKHVZLWKDQDFFRPSDQ\LQJGHFUHDVHRI
SHUFHQWLQUHDUHQGSHUFHQWLQDQJOHFUDVKHVDQGSHUFHQWLQVLGHVZLSHFUDVKHV7KHUH
ZDVDQLQFUHDVHLQWKH$'7 IURPYSGLQWRYSGLQ DORQJWKLVURDGZD\
VHFWLRQ +RZHYHU D UHGXFWLRQ LQ FUDVK UDWHV ZDV REVHUYHG LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WKH FUDVK UHGXFWLRQ
ZDVGXHWRWKHURDGGLHWLQVWDOODWLRQ7KHWUDYHOWLPHVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGVKRZHGQRFRQJHVWLRQ
LVVXHV ZLWK DQ DYHUDJH WUDYHO VSHHG RI PSK GXULQJ WKH 30 SHDN SHULRG 2YHUDOO WKLV URDG
GLHWFRQYHUVLRQFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDVXFFHVVIXOLQVWDOODWLRQ

US 172 Mercer County
VHFWLRQ KDV WZR IRRW ODQHV ZLWK D IRRW WZRZD\ OHIWWXUQ ODQH 7KH EHIRUHDIWHU FUDVK
DQDO\VLV FRQGXFWHG VKRZHG D SHUFHQW RYHUDOO GHFUHDVH LQ FUDVKHV ZLWK DQ DFFRPSDQ\LQJ
GHFUHDVH RI SHUFHQW LQ UHDU HQG FUDVKHV DQG SHUFHQW LQ VLGHVZLSH FUDVKHV $'7 ZDV

UHODWLYHO\VWDEOHRQWKHFRUULGRUEHWZHHQ YSG DQG YSG ([DPLQDWLRQ
RIWKHFUDVKUDWHVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHWRWDOFUDVKUDWHVDVZHOODVWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIFUDVKHVZDV
UHGXFHGLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHFUDVKUHGXFWLRQZDVGXHWRWKHURDGGLHWLQVWDOODWLRQ7KHWUDYHOWLPH
VWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGGLGQRWGHPRQVWUDWHDQ\VLJQLILFDQWFRQJHVWLRQLVVXHVZLWKDQDYHUDJHWUDYHO
VSHHG RI PSK GXULQJ WKH 30 SHDN SHULRG 2YHUDOO WKLV URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQ FRXOG EH
FRQVLGHUHGDVDVXFFHVVIXOLQVWDOODWLRQ

US 60 Woodford County
ERWKGLUHFWLRQV6RPHVHFWLRQVRIWKHURDGZD\DOVRLQFOXGHDIRRWVKRXOGHUDQGWKHFRQYHUVLRQ
RIWKHELF\FOHODQHWRSDUNLQJ7KHUHZDVQRFKDQJHLQWKH$'7RIYSGDORQJWKLVURDGZD\
VHFWLRQ 7KH WUDYHO WLPH VWXGLHV FRQGXFWHG GLG QRW GHPRQVWUDWH DQ\ VLJQLILFDQW FRQJHVWLRQ
LVVXHVZLWKDQDYHUDJHWUDYHOVSHHGRIPSKGXULQJWKH30SHDNSHULRG

7KHEHIRUHDIWHUFUDVKDQDO\VLVFRQGXFWHGVKRZHGDSHUFHQWRYHUDOOLQFUHDVHLQFUDVKHVZLWK
DQDFFRPSDQ\LQJLQFUHDVHRISHUFHQWLQUHDUHQGDQGSHUFHQWLQVLGHVZLSHFUDVKHV7KH
DQDO\VLVVKRZHGWKDWPRVWRIWKHDIWHUFUDVKHVZHUHLQWKHYLFLQLW\WKH86%\SDVVDQG:LOVRQ
$YHQXH LQWHUVHFWLRQ LH WKH ZHVW WHUPLQXV RIWKH SURMHFW )LJXUH 7KH UHYLHZ VKRZHG WKDW
WKHVHFUDVKHVDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGHVLJQLVVXHVRILPSURSHUWUDQVLWLRQRIWKHURDGGLHWWHUPLQXV
DQGDFFHVVPDQDJHPHQWDWWKHVDPHORFDWLRQ$VVKRZQEHORZ ZHVWERXQGWUDIILFLQWKHULJKW
ODQHPHUJHVLQWRWKHLQQHUODQH$WWKHVDPHWLPH ZHVWERXQGYHKLFOHVWXUQLQJLQWRWKHDFFHVV
SRLQWVRQWKHVRXWKVLGHRIWKHURDGZD\ ZLOOVWRSLQWKHLQQHU ODQHZDLWLQJWRWXUQ2YHUDOOWKLV
URDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDVXFFHVVIXOLQVWDOODWLRQZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIWKH
WUDQVLWLRQDQGDFFHVVPDQDJHPHQWLVVXHVDWWKHZHVWWHUPLQXVRIWKHURDGGLHW


Summary
,Q JHQHUDO LW FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH ILYH FDVHV HYDOXDWHG DUH VXFFHVVIXO URDG GLHW
FRQYHUVLRQV 7KH LQVWDOODWLRQV FRYHUHG URDGZD\ OHQJWKV EHWZHHQ WR PLOHV DQG D
YDULHW\RIFRQGLWLRQV7KH$'7UDQJHVEHWZHHQWRYSGLQGLFDWHDOVRDZLGHUDQJH
RI YROXPHV ZKHUH URDG GLHWV KDYH EHHQ LPSOHPHQWHG ,Q WKUHH RI WKH IRXU FDVHV VDIHW\
LPSURYHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ DQG VLGHVZLSH DQG UHDU HQG FUDVKHV VKRZHG ODUJH UHGXFWLRQV 7KHUH
ZHUHQRVLJQLILFDQWFRQJHVWLRQLVVXHVUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHLQVWDOODWLRQDQGWUDIILFYROXPHVVKRZHG
DVOLJKWGHFUHDVHDIWHUWKHFRQYHUVLRQ

2QHRIWKHFDVHVWKDWVKRZHGDQLQFUHDVHLQFUDVKHVDIWHUWKHLQVWDOODWLRQSRLQWVWRWKHQHHGIRU
GHYHORSLQJSURSHUGHVLJQVIRUWKHWUDQVLWLRQLQWRDQGRXWRIWKHURDGGLHW7KLVLVFULWLFDOWRDYRLG
SRWHQWLDOVDIHW\SUREOHPVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKPHUJLQJRIWUDIILFDQGWKXVFUHDWLQJDQLQDSSURSULDWH
HQYLURQPHQW7KHVDPHFDVHDOVRLGHQWLILHVDFFHVVPDQDJHPHQWDVDQLVVXHIRUUHYLHZWRDYRLG
SRWHQWLDOVDIHW\SUREOHPV

GUIDELINES

7KH GDWD DQDO\]HG KHUH ZDV XWLOL]HG WR GHYHORS JXLGHOLQHV IRU URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV 7KH
JXLGHOLQHVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ$SSHQGL[%DVDVWDQGDORQHGRFXPHQWDQGWKH\ZLOOUHIHUWKHXVHUWR
WKLVUHSRUWIRUDGGLWLRQDOEDFNJURXQGLQIRUPDWLRQ$EULHIGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHJXLGHOLQHVLVSURYLGHG
KHUH

Road Diet Conversions
7KH JXLGHOLQHV IRFXV RQ WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU D URDG GLHW DSSOLFDWLRQ LV DSSURSULDWH
FRQVLGHULQJRSHUDWLRQDOVDIHW\DQGRWKHUIDFWRUVWKDWFRXOGKDYHDEHDULQJRQWKHGHFLVLRQWR
LPSOHPHQWDURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQ7RDFKLHYHWKLVDIORZFKDUWZDVGHYHORSHGWKDWLGHQWLILHVWKH
YDULRXVVWHSVWREHWDNHQZKHQVXFKGHFLVLRQLVHYDOXDWHG )LJXUH


7KH IORZ FKDUW DOORZV WKH XVHU WR LGHQWLI\ WKH DSSURSULDWH DFWLRQ WR EH XQGHUWDNHQ LQ RUGHU WR
GHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHURDGGLHWZLOOLPSURYHWKHRSHUDWLRQVVDIHW\RURWKHUSHUIRUPDQFHLVVXHV
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHURDG7RDGGUHVVWKLVOLVWVRISRVVLEOHSUREOHPVFRUUHFWDEOHE\DURDGGLHW
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQDUHLGHQWLILHG,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHVHOLVWVWKHUHTXLUHGLWHPVIRUFRQGXFWLQJDQLQ
GHSWKHYDOXDWLRQDUHDOVRLGHQWLILHGLQRUGHUWRDOORZIRUDFRPSOHWHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHLPSOLFDWLRQV
IURPDURDGGLHWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY
7KLV UHSRUW SURYLGHV GHVLJQ JXLGDQFH RQ ZKHQ URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV DUH IHDVLEOH DOWHUQDWLYHV
DQGSURYLGHVWKHUHTXLUHGVXSSRUWIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHDSSURSULDWHQHVVRIURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQV
$ VWUXFWXUHG DSSURDFK ZDV IROORZHG WKDW FRQVLGHUHG WKH RSHUDWLRQDO DQG VDIHW\ HYDOXDWLRQ RI
FRPSDULVRQV EHWZHHQ WKUHH DQG IRXUODQH URDGV DQG LGHQWLILHG SDUDPHWHUV WR EH FRQVLGHUHG
GXULQJVXFKHYDOXDWLRQV

LQWHUVHFWLRQV GR QRW SUHVHQW DQ\ RSHUDWLRQDO SUREOHPV 7KHUHIRUH WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH
JXLGHOLQHVIRFXVHGRQHYDOXDWLQJDQGFRPSDULQJWKHRSHUDWLRQRIWKUHHDQGIRXUODQHURDGVDW
VLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV7KHJHQHUDODSSURDFKXWLOL]HGDVHULHVRIVLPXODWLRQVIRUGHYHORSLQJWKH
UHTXLUHG JXLGHOLQHV IRU URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV 7KHVH VLPXODWLRQV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG ZLWK WKH
&25ULGRU 6,0XODWLRQ &256,0 DQG 9,66,0 VRIWZDUH 6WDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLV ZDV HPSOR\HG WR
LGHQWLI\ WUHQGV DQG GHYHORS SRWHQWLDO UDQJHV RI IHDVLEOH DQG XQIHDVLEOH FRQGLWLRQV DV ZHOO DV
YROXPHFRPELQDWLRQVZKHUHDGGLWLRQDOHYDOXDWLRQDQGDQDO\VLVDUHQHHGHG

$QLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWRIWKHZRUNFRPSOHWHGKHUHLVWKHH[WHQVLRQRIWKHXVDEOHUDQJHRIYROXPHV
ZKHUHURDGGLHWVFRXOGEHEHQHILFLDO3DVWZRUNUHFRPPHQGHGWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQIRUURDGVZLWKDQ
$'7 XS WR YSG 7KH FXUUHQW UHVHDUFK LQGLFDWHV WKDW VXFK FRQYHUVLRQV FRXOG ZRUN IRU
URDGVZLWKVLJQLILFDQWO\JUHDWHUYROXPHVXSWRYSG0RUHRYHUWKHILQGLQJVKHUHLGHQWLI\
WKHHIIHFWRIWKHVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHLQGLFDWLQJWKDWERWKYROXPHVQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHG ZKHQ
GHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUVXFKDFRQYHUVLRQVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG

6DIHW\ DQDO\VLV ZDV DOVR FRPSOHWHG XVLQJ WKH PLFURVLPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV IURP 9,66,0 DQG
SURFHVVLQJWKHWUDMHFWRU\ILOHVZLWKWKH66$066$0WKHQSURYLGHGDQHVWLPDWHRIUHDUHQGDQG
ODQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWVIRU ERWK WKHWKUHHODQH DQGIRXUODQH VHFWLRQV $QDO\VLV LQGLFDWHG WKDW DW
VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV ZLWK PRGHUDWH OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV WKH URDG GLHW GHFUHDVHG WKH
SRWHQWLDOIRUUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVEXWZKHQORZRUYHU\KLJKOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVZHUHSUHVHQWWKH
IRXUODQHVHFWLRQSHUIRUPHGEHWWHU:KHQH[DPLQLQJODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVERWKWKHWKUHHDQG
IRXUODQH VHFWLRQV KDG ORZ IUHTXHQFLHV RI FRQIOLFWV DW ORZ YROXPHV EXW DW KLJKHU YROXPHV WKH
WKUHHODQHVHFWLRQPDLQWDLQHGORZRYHUDOOFRQIOLFWVZKLOHWKHODQHVDZDVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHLQ
FRQIOLFWV

7\SLFDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQVIRU URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV LQFOXGH WUDIILF YROXPHVRI WKH PLQRU DQGPDLQ
VWUHHWV PDLQ VWUHHW OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV IXQFWLRQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ DFFHVV IUHTXHQF\ DQG ODQG
XVH$PRQJWKHVHIDFWRUVIXQFWLRQDOFODVVLILFDWLRQLVDQLPSRUWDQWFRQVLGHUDWLRQEXWKDVOLPLWHG
HIIHFWRQWKHGHFLVLRQRIDURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQ7KHURDGZD\FODVVLILFDWLRQLVPHDQLQJIXOIRUD
YDULHW\ RI DVSHFWV EXW WKH WUDIILF YROXPHV DORQJ WKH URDGZD\ DUH PRUH FULWLFDO WKDQ LWV
FODVVLILFDWLRQ7KHUHLVDZLGHUDQJHRIYROXPHVIRUURDGZD\VWKDWDUHFODVVLILHGZLWKLQDVLQJOH
FDWHJRU\ SUDFWLFDOO\ UHQGHULQJ WKLV IDFWRU XQXVDEOH IRU FRQVLGHUDWLRQ LQ URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV
7KH HIIHFW RI DFFHVV SRLQWV LV DOVR LPSRUWDQW LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ RSHUDWLRQDO HIILFLHQF\ DQG
SHUIRUPDQFH RI D URDGZD\ +RZHYHU WKH H[LVWLQJ FDVHV UHYLHZHG DORQJ ZLWK VRPH RI WKH
SURSRVHGFDVHVHYDOXDWHGLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHUHDUHJUHDWGLIIHUHQFHVLQDFFHVVIUHTXHQFLHVDQG
WKLVIDFWRUKDVDPLQRULQIOXHQFHRQWKHRSHUDWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHURDGGLHW DOWKRXJKLWKDV
EHHQREVHUYHGWKDWDURDGGLHWFURVVVHFWLRQFDQIDFLOLWDWHOHIWWXUQHJUHVVIURPDFFHVVSRLQWV
)LQDOO\ ODQG XVH DORQJ WKH FRUULGRUV UHYLHZHG ZDV PL[HG ZLWK SUHGRPLQDQWO\ UHVLGHQWLDO DQG
FRPPHUFLDO XVHV DQG KDG QR GLVFHUQDEOH HIIHFW RQ WKH URDG GLHW SHUIRUPDQFH *LYHQ WKHVH
FRQVLGHUDWLRQV WKH IDFWRUV XWLOL]HG KHUH LQFOXGH WUDIILF YROXPHV DQG OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV DV
SUHGLFWRUV IRU WKH RSHUDWLRQDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQ +RZHYHU WKH RWKHU

IDFWRUVQRWHGKHUHQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHGZKHQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHRYHUDOOIHDVLELOLW\RIDURDGGLHW
DVWKHILQDOFKHFNOLVWSUHVHQWHGODWHULQGLFDWHV

)LYHURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQVLQ.HQWXFN\ZHUHLGHQWLILHGDQGHYDOXDWHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHLURYHUDOO
HIIHFWV DQG LGHQWLI\ HOHPHQWV WKDW FRXOG DOVR DVVLVW LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH JXLGHOLQHV ,Q
JHQHUDO LW ZDV FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKHIRXU FDVHV HYDOXDWHG DUH VXFFHVVIXO URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV
7KH LQVWDOODWLRQV FRYHUHG URDGZD\ OHQJWKV IURP WR ZLWK $'7 UDQJHV IURP WR
YHKLFOHVSHUGD\LQGLFDWLQJDOVRDZLGHUDQJHRIFRQGLWLRQVZKHUHURDGGLHWVKDYHEHHQ
LPSOHPHQWHG ,Q WKUHH RI WKH IRXU FDVHV VDIHW\ LPSURYHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ DQG VLGHVZLSH DQG UHDU
HQG FUDVKHV VKRZHG ODUJH UHGXFWLRQV 7KHUH ZHUH QR VLJQLILFDQW FRQJHVWLRQ LVVXHV UHVXOWLQJ
IURPWKHURDGGLHWV2QHRIWKHFDVHVGLGVKRZDQLQFUHDVHLQFUDVKHVDIWHUWKHLQVWDOODWLRQEXW
IXUWKHU DQDO\VLV RI WKH FUDVK SDWWHUQV LGHQWLILHG WKH QHHG IRU GHYHORSLQJ SURSHU WUDQVLWLRQV LQWR
WKHURDGGLHW7KHWUDQVLWLRQGHVLJQLVFULWLFDOWRDYRLGSRWHQWLDOVDIHW\SUREOHPVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK
PHUJLQJRIWUDIILFDQGWKXVFUHDWLQJDQLQDSSURSULDWHHQYLURQPHQW7KHVDPHFDVHDOVRLGHQWLILHV
DFFHVVPDQDJHPHQWDVDQLVVXHIRUUHYLHZWRDYRLGSRWHQWLDOVDIHW\SUREOHPV

5RDG GLHWV PD\ DOVR LPSURYH WKH RSHUDWLRQDO HIILFLHQF\ RI VLJQDOL]HG DQG XQVLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQV RQ D FRUULGRU2SHUDWLRQDO LPSURYHPHQWV DUH W\SLFDOO\ VHHQ ZKHQ KLJK $'7VDQG
KLJKOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVDUHSUHVHQWRQWKHSULPDU\DQGFURVVVWUHHW7\SLFDOO\URDGGLHWVDUH
VKRZQWRKDYHUHGXFHGGHOD\VDQGUHGXFHGTXHXHVZKHQKLJKOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHV$1'KLJK
YROXPHVDUHSUHVHQW

REFERENCES

%XUGHQ ' DQG /DJHUZH\ 3 Road Diets: Fixing the Big Roads
ZZZZDONDEOHRUJGRZQORDGUGLHWVSGI$FFHVVHG-XO\

)HGHUDO +LJKZD\ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ Evaluation of Lane Reduction “Road Diet” Measures
and Their Effects of Crashes and Injuries)+:$+57:DVKLQJWRQ'&

)HGHUDO +LJKZD\ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ Evaluation of Lane Reduction Road Diet Measures on
Crashes)+:$+57:DVKLQJWRQ'&

)HGHUDO+LJKZD\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices:DVKLQJWRQ
'&

*DWHV71R\FH'7DODGD9+LOO/ 7KH6DIHW\DQG2SHUDWLRQDO(IIHFWVRI³5RDG'LHW´
&RQYHUVLRQVLQ0LQQHVRWDPaper No. 07-1918$FFHVVHGIURP75%$QQXDO0HHWLQJ&'
520:DVKLQJWRQ'&

*HHGLSDO\63DWLO6DQG/RUG' ([DPLQLQJ0HWKRGVIRU(VWLPDWLQJ&UDVK&RXQWV
$FFRUGLQJWR7KHLU&ROOLVLRQ7\SH Transportation Research Record 2165:DVKLQJWRQ'&SS
±
*HWWPDQ'3X/7DUHN6DQG6KHOE\6 Surrogate Safety Assessment Model and

Validation: Final Report,)+:$+57:DVKLQJWRQ'&
+XDQJ + 6WHZDUW - DQG =HJHHU & (YDOXDWLRQ RI /DQH 5HGXFWLRQ Ä5RDG 'LHWெ
0HDVXUHV RQ &UDVKHV DQG ,QMXULHV Transportation Research Record 1784 :DVKLQJWRQ '&
SS±

.QDSS.DQG*LHVH. ) Guidelines for the Conversion of Urban Four-Lane Undivided
Roadways to Three-Lane Two-Way Left-Turn Lane Facilities Final Report &HQWHU IRU
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFKDQG(GXFDWLRQ,RZD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\$PHV,$

.HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DELQHW 'HVLJQ0HPR0DQXDO)UDQNIRUW.<

0HVVHU&DQG)DPEUR' &ULWLFDOODQH$QDO\VLVIRU,QWHUVHFWLRQ'HVLJQTransportation
Research Record 6447UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK%RDUG:DVKLQJWRQ'&SS
3DZORYLFK0/L:&DUULTXLU\$DQG:HOFK7 ,RZDெV([SHULHQFHZLWK³5RDG'LHW´

0HDVXUHV ,PSDFWV RQ &UDVK )UHTXHQFLHV DQG &UDVK 5DWHV $VVHVVHG )ROORZLQJ D %D\HVLDQ
$SSURDFKJournal of the Transportation Research Board No. 1953:DVKLQJWRQ'&SS±

5RVDOHV - Road Diet handbook: Setting Trends for Livable Communities 6HFRQG
(GLWLRQV,7(:DVKLQJWRQ'&

5RVDOHVDQG.QDSS. /LYDELOLW\,PSDFWVRI*HRPHWULF'HVLJQ&URVV6HFWLRQ&KDQJHV
RI 5RDG 'LHWV Proceedings 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric Design
&KLFDJR,/

7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK %RDUG Highway Capacity Manual 75% 6SHFLDO 5HSRUW
:DVKLQJWRQ'&

:HOFK 7 7KH &RQYHUVLRQ RI )RXU/DQH 8QGLYLGHG 8UEDQ 5RDGZD\V WR 7KUHH/DQH
)DFLOLWLHV 3UHVHQWHG DW WKH Transportation Research Board Urban Street Symposium 'DOODV
7;

APPENDIX A

.HQWXFN\&DVH6WXGLHV

ROAD DIET CASE STUDY EVALUATION
US 60 VERSAILLES, KY
(FINAL) REPORT

Prepared by

Prepared for:
.HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DELQHW
'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJ

Date:
$XJXVW

TABLE OF CONTENTS

5RDG'LHW&DVH6WXG\(YDOXDWLRQ
869HUVDLOOHV.\
)LQDO 5HSRUW
,QWURGXFWLRQ
5RDG'LHW,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ
5HVXOWLQJFRQGLWLRQV
7UDYHO7LPHV
&UDVK+LVWRU\
(YDOXDWLRQ0HWKRGRORJ\
6DIHW\(YDOXDWLRQ
2SHUDWLRQV(YDOXDWLRQ
(YDOXDWLRQ6XPPDU\

LIST OF FIGURES

)LJXUH6WXG\$UHD
)LJXUH7\SLFDO6HFWLRQV
)LJXUH5RDG'LHW&URVV6HFWLRQ
)LJXUH86ZLWK6WDQGDUG5RDG'LHW
)LJXUH86ZLWK$GGHG6KRXOGHUV
)LJXUH86ZLWK3DUNLQJ
)LJXUH865RDG'LHW7\SHVDQG/RFDWLRQV

LIST OF TABLES
7DEOH7UDYHO7LPH6WXG\
7DEOH7KUHH<HDU&UDVK6XPPDU\
7DEOH7ZR<HDU&UDVK6XPPDU\
7DEOH6XPPDU\RI5RDG'LHW(IIHFWV
L

INTRODUCTION
7KH SXUSRVH RI WKLV UHSRUW LV WR HYDOXDWH DQG SUHVHQW WKH HIIHFWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH
FRQYHUVLRQ RI D VHFWLRQ RI 86 LQ 9HUVDLOOHV :RRGIRUG &RXQW\ .< 7KLV VHFWLRQ
XQGHUZHQWD³URDGGLHW´LQLQZKLFKWKHURDGZDVUHGXFHGIURPDODQHIDFLOLW\WRD
ODQHIDFLOLW\7KHDUHDFRQVLGHUHGLQWKLVVWXG\H[WHQGVRQ86IURP0DLQ6WUHHWWR
WKH86%\SDVV 03WR03 IRUDGLVWDQFHRIPLOHV7KHORFDWLRQRI
WKHVWXG\DUHDLVVKRZQEHORZLQFigure 1
Figure 1: Study Area

7KLVUHSRUWVXPPDUL]HVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHURDGGLHWRQ WKLVFRUULGRUZKLOHFRQFHQWUDWLQJ
RQ DVSHFWV VXFK DV WUDYHO WLPHV FUDVK UHFRUGV DQG VDIHW\ $V ZHOO DV UHVXOWLQJ
FRQGLWLRQVIRUPHUFRQGLWLRQVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG

ROAD DIET IMPLEMENTATION
7KHVWXG\VHFWLRQZDVRULJLQDOO\IRXURUILYHODQHVZLGHHDFKDERXWIWLQZLGWKZLWK
WZRODQHVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQDQGVRPHWLPHVFRQWDLQHGDPHGLDQ7\SLFDOFURVVVHFWLRQV
DUHVKRZQLQFigure 2. ,WVKRXOGDOVREHQRWHGWKDWDORQJWKHPLOHVHFWLRQWKHUHDUH
DERXWUHVLGHQWLDORUFRPPHUFLDOHQWUDQFHVH[LWV)XUWKHUPRUHWKHUHDUHVLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQV DW 0DLQ 6WUHHW /RFXVW DQG WKH 86 E\SDVV 7KH IUHTXHQF\ RI DFFHVV
SRLQWV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO OHIW WXUQV DORQJ WKH FRUULGRU 7KLV UHVXOWHG LQ
IUHTXHQW EDFNHG XS WUDIILF LQ WKH LQVLGH ODQHV LQ HDFK GLUHFWLRQ UHVXOWLQJ LQ WKH XVH RI
WKHVHODQHVDVH[FOXVLYHOHIWWXUQODQHVDWSHDNFRQGLWLRQV7KHUHLVDOVRWKHSRWHQWLDOIRU
XQVDIHFRQGLWLRQVGXHWRWKHQHHGRIWKURXJKYHKLFOHVWRDYRLGWKHEORFNHGODQHV

Figure 2: Typical Sections

7KH URDG GLHW DSSURDFK GLVWULEXWHG WKH DYDLODEOH URDGZD\ ZLGWK GLIIHUHQWO\ WR DGGUHVV
WKHVHLVVXHV,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHUHZDVQRWDXQLIRUPFURVVVHFWLRQIRUWKHHQWLUH
FRUULGRU7KHPRVWW\SLFDOFURVVVHFWLRQFUHDWHVRQO\RQHIRRWODQHLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ
ZKLOHDIRRWWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQH 7:/7/ ZDVDGGHGLQWKHFHQWHU$GGLWLRQDOO\
IRRW ELNH ODQHV ZHUH DGGHG RQ HDFK VLGH LQ KRSHV RI LQFUHDVLQJ PXOWLPRGDO
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ $Q H[DPSOH RI WKLV FURVVVHFWLRQ FDQ EH VHHQ LQ Figure 3 DQG D
FRQVWUXFWHGH[DPSOHLVVKRZQLQFigure 4.

Figure 3: Road Diet Cross-Section
Figure 4: US 60 with Standard Road Diet
$QRWKHURSWLRQVLPLODUWRWKHRQHGHVFULEHGDERYHDGGVIRRWVKRXOGHUVWRHDFKVLGH
7KLVZDVGRQHZKHUHWKHUHZDVDPHGLDQSUHYLRXVO\IHZHUDFFHVVSRLQWVZHUHSUHVHQW
DQGDZLGHUSDYHGVXUIDFHH[LVWHG$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVFDQEHVHHQLQFigure 5.

Figure 5: US 60 with Added Shoulders
)LQDOO\DWKLUGFURVVVHFWLRQZDVXWLOL]HGZKHUHWKHELNHODQHVZHUHUHPRYHGWRSURYLGH
IRUSDUNLQJVSDFHV7KLVFURVVVHFWLRQLVXWLOL]HGLQWKHVHFWLRQLQWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKH
GRZQWRZQDUHDWRFUHDWHPRUHSDUNLQJ$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVFDQEHVHHQLQFigure 6
EHORZFigure 7VXPPDUL]HVWKHXVHRIHDFKFURVVVHFWLRQDORQJWKHFRUULGRU
Figure 6: US 60 with Parking

Figure 7: US 60 Road Diet Types and Locations
2QH RI WKH PDLQ JRDOV RI WKH URDG GLHW ZDV WR LPSURYH VDIHW\ DORQJ ZLWK LPSURYLQJ
HIILFLHQF\ 7KH WZRZD\ OHIWWXUQ ODQH SURYLGHV PRWRULVWV ZLWK D UHIXJH DUHD DQG
UHPRYHVWKHPIRUPWKHWUDIILFZKLOHZDLWLQJWRFRPSOHWHWKHLUWXUQV

RESULTING CONDITIONS

7KLVVHFWLRQFRQWDLQVWKHUHVXOWVFRQFHUQLQJWUDYHOWLPHVDQGFUDVKKLVWRU\

Travel Times

7UDYHOWLPHVZHUHFROOHFWHGDORQJWKHFRUULGRUWRGHWHUPLQHDYHUDJHWUDYHOWLPHVDVZHOO
DVDYHUDJHVSHHGVIRUSHDNWUDYHO7UDYHOWLPHVIRUHDFKGLUHFWLRQDUHVKRZQLQTable 1
7KHWUDYHOWLPHVZHUHFDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQUXQVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ

Table 1: Travel Time Study

7UDYHO7LPH 6HFRQGV
5XQ :HVW (DVW

$YHUDJH

7KHDYHUDJHZHVWERXQGWUDYHOWLPHZDVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV DQGWKHDYHUDJH
HDVWERXQG WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV 7KLV PHDQV WKH FRPELQHG
DYHUDJHLVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV WKXVWKHDYHUDJHGLUHFWLRQDOWULSVSHHGLV
PLOHVSHUKRXU,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHH[LVWLQJVSHHGOLPLWLVPLOHVSHUKRXU

Crash History

$ WKUHH\HDU FUDVK KLVWRU\ ZDV FROOHFWHG DQG DQDO\]HG DORQJ WKH FRUULGRU 7KH SHULRG
HYDOXDWHG ZDV EHWZHHQ -DQXDU\ DQG 'HFHPEHU DQG WKHUH ZHUH
FUDVKHVUHFRUGHGLQWKLVSHULRGTable 2VXPPDUL]HVWKHFUDVKHVE\W\SHDQGORFDWLRQ
&UDVKHV DUH GLVDJJUHJDWHG E\ VLJQDOL]HG DQG PLGEORFN FUDVKHV WR DVVLVW LQ LGHQWLI\LQJ
FUDVK SDWWHUQV WKDW PD\ EH DIIHFWHG E\ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH URDG GLHW Table 3
VXPPDUL]HV FUDVKHV IRU WKH WZR \HDUV IROORZLQJ WKH URDG GLHW FKDQJH DQG WKH GDWH LV
VLPLODUO\ DUUDQJHG DV LQ Table 2. 7KH GDWHV RI WKH FUDVKHV HYDOXDWHG H[WHQG IURP
-DQXDU\WR'HFHPEHU

Table 2: Pre- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (2005-2007)

&UDVK7\SH 7RWDO 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN
+HDG2Q
%DFNLQJ
2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ
5HDUHQG
6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ
6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ
6LQJOHYHKLFOH
3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW
2WKHU
Total 39 15 24

Table 3: Post- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (2009-2010)

+HDG2Q
%DFNLQJ
2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ
5HDUHQG
6LQJOHYHKLFOH
3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW
2WKHU
Total 49 16 33

7KHGDWDLQ7DEOHVDQGLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHUHLVDQRYHUDOOLQFUHDVHLQFUDVKHVIRUWKH
DIWHUWKH LQVWDOODWLRQ SHULRG 7KLVGLIIHUHQFH LVHYHQ JUHDWHUZKHQ FRQVLGHULQJ WKDW WKH
DIWHUSHULRGLVRQO\IRUWZR\HDUV,QWKLVFDVHWKHDYHUDJHQXPEHURIFUDVKHVEHIRUHLV
SHU\HDUZKLOHDIWHUWKHURDGGLHWWKHQXPEHURIFUDVKHVLVSHU\HDU7KLVLVDQ
LQFUHDVH

EVALUATION METHODOLOGY
6DIHW\ DQG RSHUDWLRQDO LPSURYHPHQWV DUH W\SLFDOO\ WKH UHDVRQV IRU D URDG GLHW
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH WKH HYDOXDWLRQ VKRXOG FRQVLGHU PHWULFV WKDW FRXOG DOORZ IRU
FRPSDULVRQV RI WKH EHIRUH DQG DIWHU FRQGLWLRQV DV ZHOO GHWHUPLQH WKH OHYHO RI
SHUIRUPDQFH IRU WKH FXUUHQW FRQGLWLRQV 7KHVH PHDVXUHV LQFOXGH FUDVK FKDQJHV DQG
WUDYHOWLPHVDQGVSHHGV
Safety Evaluation

7KHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHEHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKHURDGGLHWSHULRGVVKRZHGWKDWWUDIILFFUDVKHV
DOPRVWGRXEOHGSHU\HDU7KHGDWDVKRZVWKDWFUDVKHVLQFUHDVHGSHU\HDUDQGUHDU
HQG FUDVKHV LQFUHDVHG SHU \HDU 7KH DQWLFLSDWHG SDWWHUQ LV GLIIHUHQW WKDQ WKH
REVHUYHG LH UHDUHQGV DQG RYHUDOO QXPEHU RI FUDVKHV DUH H[SHFWHG WR GHFUHDVH $Q
H[DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH LQMXU\ FUDVKHV VKRZHG D UHGXFWLRQ LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW D VPDOOHU
SHUFHQWDJHRIFUDVKHVDUHLQMXULHV

$ GHWDLOHG H[DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH FUDVKHV DORQJ WKH FRUULGRU UHYHDOHG WKDW DOO UHDU HQG
FUDVKHVLQWKHDIWHUSHULRGZHUHDWWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKH86%\SDVVDQG:LOVRQ$YHQXH
LQWHUVHFWLRQ 7KH DQDO\VLV VKRZHG WKDW PRVW RI WKH ZHVWERXQG FUDVKHV LH WRZDUGV
9HUVDLOOHV ZHUHFDXVHGIURPPRWRULVWVVWRSSLQJWRDOORZRWKHUPRWRULVWVLQWKHULJKWODQH
WR PHUJH DV WKH ODQH HQGHG LH DW WKH WUDQVLWLRQ WR WKH URDG GLHW ,Q WKH HDVWERXQG
GLUHFWLRQPRVWFUDVKHVZHUHFDXVHE\DVSHHGGLIIHUHQWLDODQGRFFXSDQF\EHWZHHQWKH
DYDLODEOH ODQHV 7KH OHIW ODQH VHHPHG WR EH OHVV RFFXSLHG WKDQ WKH ULJKW ODQH ZKLFK
W\SLFDOO\ZLOOGHPRQVWUDWHORQJHUTXHXHVUHVXOWLQJLQUHDUHQGFUDVKHV0RUHRYHUPDQ\
YHKLFOHV H[LWLQJ WKH DGMDFHQW SDUNLQJ ORWV DQG PDNLQJ OHIW WXUQV ZHUH DOVR LQYROYHG LQ
FUDVKHVZLWKYHKLFOHVWUDYHOLQJHDVWERXQG7KLVDUHDDFFRXQWVIRURIWRWDOFUDVKHV
SRVWURDGGLHWZKLOHEHIRUHLWZDVRQO\RIWRWDOFUDVKHV

,WZDVDOVRREVHUYHGWKDW$'7UHPDLQHGYLUWXDOO\XQFKDQJHG,QWKHYROXPHZDV
YHKLFOHVSHUGD\DQGLQYHKLFOHVSHUGD\7KHUHIRUHWKHLQFUHDVHLQ
FUDVKHV FDQQRW EH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH FKDQJHV LQ $'7 7KH FUDVK UDWHV DOVR VKRZHG D
VLPLODULQFUHDVHRIRYHUWKHVDPHSHULRG DYHUDJHFUDVKUDWHRIFUDVKHV
PLOOLRQ YHKLFOHPLOHV WUDYHOHG SHU \HDU LQ EHIRUH SHULRG DQG FUDVKHV PLOOLRQ
YHKLFOHPLOHVWUDYHOHGSHU\HDULQWKHDIWHUSHULRG

$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWDVSHFW LVWKH FKDQJHV LQWKH FUDVKHVIRUSHGHVWULDQV DQG ELF\FOLVWV
(YHQWKRXJKWKHEHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKHURDGGLHWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQGDWDVKRZHGQRFUDVKHV
WKLVFRXOGEHLQGLFDWLYHHLWKHURIODFNRIDQ\VXFKXVHUVRUDVDIHHQYLURQPHQWIRUWKHP
,WLVPRUHOLNHO\WKDWWKHUHLVRQO\DVPDOOQXPEHURIXVHUVWKDWXVHWKHIDFLOLW\DQGHIIRUWV
WRLQFUHDVHDQGSURPRWHLWVXVHPD\EHQHHGHG

Operations Evaluation
7KHUH LV QR WUDYHO WLPH GDWD DYDLODEOH IRU WKH EHIRUH SHULRG WR DOORZ IRU D EHIRUHDIWHU
FRPSDULVRQ7KHFXUUHQWVSHHGVDUHEHORZWKHVSHHGOLPLWLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHUHPD\EH
VRPHGHOD\VGXULQJWKHSHDNSHULRG7KHSUHVHQFHRIWKHVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVFRXOG

LQGXFH RSHUDWLRQDOGHOD\V ZKLFK FRXOG H[SODLQ WKH LQFUHDVHGWUDYHOWLPH +RZHYHU WKH
LQFUHDVHG WUDYHO WLPHV DUH VPDOO DQG QR FRQJHVWLRQ ZDV REVHUYHG GXULQJ WKH GDWD
FROOHFWLRQLQGLFDWLQJDFFHSWDEOHRSHUDWLRQ

EVALUATION SUMMARY
7KHDQDO\VLVVKRZQKHUHKHOSVRQHWRVHHWKHEHQHILWVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHURDG
GLHWDOORZLQJWKHPWRGHFLGHLILWZDVWKHFRUUHFWGHFLVLRQTable 4 SUHVHQWVDVXPPDU\
RIWKHHYDOXDWLRQSDUDPHWHUVFRQVLGHUHG

Table 4: Summary of Road Diet Installation Effects
$VSHFW (IIHFW
7UDYHOWLPHVDQG 6XFFHVVIXOSRVVLEO\LPSURYHG
,QWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\V
'HFOLQHG
UHGXFHGFRQIOLFWSRLQWV
LQFUHDVHGFUDVKHVHVSHFLDOO\UHDUHQG
2YHUDOOVDIHW\ UHGXFHGFUDVKHVZLWKLQMXULHV
7UDYHOVSHHGV 0RVWOLNHO\LPSURYHGXQLIRUPLW\WUDIILFFDOPLQJSRWHQWLDO
3HGHVWULDQVDIHW\ 1R&KDQJH
0XOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQV 1R&KDQJHHQFRXUDJHVELF\FOLVWVPRUH
$FFHVVPDQDJHPHQW ,PSURYHGSRWHQWLDO

7KH WUDYHO WLPHV VKRZ DQ LPSURYHPHQW RYHUDOO IRU WKLV URDG GLHW LQVWDOODWLRQ 7KH
LQFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURIFUDVKHVLVGLUHFWO\DWWULEXWHGWRWKHODFNRISURSHUGHVLJQIRU
WKHWUDQVLWLRQRIWKHH[LVWLQJFURVVVHFWLRQWRWKHURDGGLHWFURVVVHFWLRQLQWKHHDVWHQG
RIWKHSURMHFW0RUHRYHUWKHODFNRIDQ\DFFHVVPDQDJHPHQWLQWKHVRXWKVLGHRIWKH
SURMHFW FRQWULEXWHV WR WKH KLJKHU QXPEHU RI FUDVKHV LQ WKH DIWHU SHULRG ,W VKRXOG EH
QRWHG WKDW LI WKH HDVW HQG RI WKH SURMHFW LV H[FOXGHG WKH VDIHW\ SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH
UHPDLQLQJFRUULGRULVDVW\SLFDOO\DQWLFLSDWHGLHWKHUHLVDQRYHUDOOUHGXFWLRQLQFUDVKHV
DQGDQLPSURYHPHQWLQVDIHW\ 2WKHUDVSHFWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKPRVWURDGGLHWVVXFKDV
LPSURYHG WUDIILF FDOPLQJ LPSURYHG DFFHVV PDQDJHPHQW SRWHQWLDO DQG LPSURYHG
PXOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQVFRXOGDOVREHYLHZHGDVDGGLWLRQDOEHQHILWVIRUWKLVFRUULGRU7KH
VDIHW\SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKLVFRUULGRUSRLQWVWRWKHQHHGIRUGHYHORSLQJSURSHUGHVLJQVIRU
WKH WUDQVLWLRQ LQWR DQG RXW RI WKH URDG GLHW DQG WKHUHIRUH D UHYLHZ RI WKLV PD\ EH
QHHGHG

EUCLID AVE. LEXINGTON, KY
(FINAL) REPORT

Prepared by

Prepared for:
'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJ

Date:
$XJXVW

TABLE OF CONTENTS

,QWURGXFWLRQ
5HVXOWLQJ&RQGLWLRQV
7UDYHO7LPHV
&UDVK+LVWRU\
6DIHW\(YDOXDWLRQ
(YDOXDWLRQ6XPPDU\

LIST OF FIGURES

)LJXUH6WXG\$UHD
)LJXUH7\SLFDO6HFWLRQ
)LJXUH(XFOLG3RVW5RDG'LHW7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ

LIST OF TABLES
L

INTRODUCTION
FRQYHUVLRQRIDVHFWLRQRI(XFOLG$YHQXHLQ/H[LQJWRQ)D\HWWH&RXQW\.<7KLVVHFWLRQ
ODQH IDFLOLW\ 7KH DUHD FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ H[WHQGV RQ (XFOLG $YHQXH IURP
$VKODQG$YHQXHWR6/LPHVWRQH 6WUHHW 03WR03 IRUDGLVWDQFHD RI
PLOHV7KHORFDWLRQRIWKHVWXG\DUHDLVVKRZQEHORZLQFigure 1

7KLV UHSRUW VXPPDUL]HV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH URDG GLHW RQ (XFOLG ZKLOH FRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ
DVSHFWVVXFKDVWUDYHOWLPHVFUDVKUHFRUGVDQGVDIHW\$VZHOODVUHVXOWLQJFRQGLWLRQV
IRUPHUFRQGLWLRQVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG

7KH VWXG\ VHFWLRQ ZDV RULJLQDOO\ IRXU ODQHV ZLGH HDFK DERXW IW LQ ZLGWK ZLWK WZR
ODQHVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ7KLVFURVVVHFWLRQLVVKRZQLQFigure 2. ,WVKRXOGDOVREHQRWHG
WKDWDORQJWKHPLOHVHFWLRQWKHUHDUHUHVLGHQWLDORUFRPPHUFLDOHQWUDQFHVH[LWV
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHUHDUHILYHLQWHUVHFWLRQVZLWKWUDIILFVLJQDOVDW/LPHVWRQH6WUHHW0DUWLQ
/XWKHU .LQJ %RXOHYDUG 5RVH 6WUHHW :RRGODQG $YHQXH DQG $VKODQG $YHQXH 7KH
IUHTXHQF\RIDFFHVVSRLQWVLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHDUHVHYHUDOOHIWWXUQVDORQJWKHFRUULGRU
7KLVUHVXOWHGLQIUHTXHQWEDFNHGXSWUDIILFLQWKHLQVLGHODQHVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQUHVXOWLQJ
LQ WKH XVH RI WKHVH ODQHV DV H[FOXVLYH OHIWWXUQ ODQHV DW SHDN FRQGLWLRQV7KHUH LVDOVR
WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU XQVDIH FRQGLWLRQV GXH WR WKH QHHG RI WKURXJK YHKLFOHV WR DYRLG WKH
EORFNHGODQHV

Figure 2: Typical Section

)RU(XFOLGUHDUHQGFUDVKHVZHUHEHFRPLQJDSUREOHPDVZDVFRQJHVWLRQ$URDGGLHW
ZDV LPSOHPHQWHG WR DGGUHVV WKHVH LVVXHV $ VLJQLILFDQW QXPEHU RI SHGHVWULDQV DQG
F\FOLVW ZDV DOVR SUHVHQW GXHWRWKH SUR[LPLW\ RI WKH URDG WR WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI.HQWXFN\
FDPSXV7KLVVROXWLRQXWLOL]HGWKHH[LVWLQJSDYHGURDGZD\DQGUHGLYLGHGLWVRWKDWRQO\
RQHIRRWODQHUHPDLQHGLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQZKLOHDIRRWWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHZDV
DGGHGLQWKHFHQWHU$GGLWLRQDOO\ IRRWELNHODQHVZHUHDGGHGRQHDFKVLGHDLPLQJWR
LQFUHDVH PXOWLPRGDO WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ $Q H[DPSOH RI WKLV FURVVVHFWLRQ FDQ EH VHHQ LQ
Figure 3


2QHRIWKHPDLQJRDOVRIWKHURDGGLHWZDVWRLPSURYHVDIHW\DORQJZLWKLPSURYLQJ
HIILFLHQF\7KHWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHSURYLGHVPRWRULVWVZLWKDUHIXJHDUHDDQG
UHPRYHVWKHPIRUPWKHWUDIILFZKLOHZDLWLQJWRFRPSOHWHWKHLUWXUQV$FRQVWUXFWHG
H[DPSOHVKRZLQJWKHVHFKDQJHVLVGLVSOD\HGLQFigure 4.
Figure 4: Euclid Post-Road Diet Transformation



Travel Times



7UDYHO7LPH 6HFRQGV
5XQ 1RUWKZHVW 6RXWKHDVW

$YHUDJH

7KHDYHUDJHQRUWKZHVWWUDYHOWLPHZDVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV DQGWKHDYHUDJH
VRXWKHDVW WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV 7KLV PHDQV WKH FRPELQHG
DYHUDJH LV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV WKXV WKH DYHUDJH GLUHFWLRQDO WULS VSHHG LV

Crash History

HYDOXDWHGZDVEHWZHHQ-DQXDU\ DQG'HFHPEHU DQGWKHUHZHUH
VXPPDUL]HVFUDVKHVIRUWKHWKUHH\HDUVIROORZLQJWKHURDGGLHWFKDQJHDQG WKHGDWDLV
-DQXDU\WR'HFHPEHUDQGWKHUHZHUHFUDVKHVGXULQJWKDWSHULRG


+HDG2Q
%DFNLQJ
2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ
5HDUHQG
6LQJOHYHKLFOH
3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW
2WKHU
Total 236 140 96


+HDG2Q
%DFNLQJ
2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ
5HDUHQG
6LQJOHYHKLFOH
3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW
2WKHU
Total 104 49 55

7KHSULPDU\FUDVKW\SHDWERWKLQWHUVHFWLRQDQGPLGEORFNORFDWLRQVDQGERWKEHIRUHDQG
DIWHU WKH URDGGLHW WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ LV UHDU HQGV 7KLV LV PDLQO\ DWWULEXWHG WR YHKLFOHV
VORZLQJWRWXUQOHIWRUULJKW7KRXJKWKLVLVVWLOOWKHKLJKHVWW\SHRI FUDVKDIWHUWKHURDG
GLHWLVLPSOHPHQWHGRQHFDQVHHDVLJQLILFDQWUHGXFWLRQLQWKHQXPEHURIFUDVKHV7KH
GDWDVKRZVDGHFUHDVHLQWRWDOFUDVKHV OHVVWKDQKDOIDIWHUWKHURDGGLHW DQGDQ
DFFRPSDQ\LQJGHFUHDVHLQUHDUHQGVDQGGHFUHDVHLQVLGHVZLSHV

Safety Evaluation

7KH EHIRUH DQG DIWHU WKH URDGGLHW FRPSDULVRQRI WUDIILF FUDVKHV VKRZV D GHFUHDVH E\
LQWKHDIWHUSHULRGDFFRPSDQLHGE\DGHFUHDVHLQUHDUHQGFUDVKHVDQG
GHFUHDVHLQVLGHVZLSHV,WZDVDOVRIRXQGWKDWWKHSHUFHQWRIFUDVKHVZLWKLQMXULHVKDV
VWD\HGDERXWWKHVDPHEXWVLQFHRYHUDOOFUDVKHVKDYHGHFUHDVHVRKDYHWRWDOLQMXULHV
7KHVH GDWD LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH VDIHW\ RI WKH FRUULGRU KDV LPSURYHG ZLWK WKH URDG GLHW
FRQYHUVLRQ

,WVKRXOGDOVREHQRWHGWKDW$'7RQWKLVVHFWLRQGLGQRWLQFUHDVH,QWKH$'7ZDV
YHKLFOHVSHUGD\DQGLQDIWHUWKHURDGGLHWWKH$'7ZDVYHKLFOHV
SHUGD\7KLVVKRZVWKDWYROXPHKDVUHPDLQHGYLUWXDOO\WKHVDPH7KHUHGXFWLRQLQWKH
$'7 GRHV QRW DIIHFW WKH FUDVK FRPSDULVRQ VLQFH WKH FUDVK UDWHV ZHUH DOVR UHGXFHG
RYHUWKHVDPHSHULRGE\ DYHUDJHFUDVKUDWHRIFUDVKHVPLOOLRQYHKLFOH
PLOHV WUDYHOHG SHU \HDU LQ EHIRUH SHULRG DQG FUDVKHV PLOOLRQ YHKLFOHPLOHV
WUDYHOHGSHU\HDULQWKHDIWHUSHULRG

$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWDVSHFW LVWKH FKDQJHV LQWKH FUDVKHVIRUSHGHVWULDQV DQG ELF\FOLVWV
7KHVH FUDVKHV GHFUHDVHG IURP WR VKRZLQJ D GHFUHDVH RI 7KLV JUHDWO\
HQFRXUDJHV PRUH ELF\FOLVWV DQG SHGHVWULDQV ZKLOH PDNLQJ WKH DUHD VDIHU IRU WKHP DV
ZHOODVIRUPRWRULVWV



EVALUATION SUMMARY

$VSHFW (IIHFW
7UDYHOWLPHVDQG,QWHUVHFWLRQ
GHOD\V 8QGRFXPHQWHGEXWFRXOGEHDSUREOHP
,PSURYHG
UHGXFHGFUDVKHVHVSHFLDOO\VLGHVZLSHDQGUHDUHQG
UHGXFHGFUDVKHVZLWKLQMXULHV
2YHUDOOVDIHW\ SRWHQWLDOWRLQFUHDVHUHDUHQGFUDVKHVDWLQWHUVHFWLRQV
3HGHVWULDQVDIHW\ ,PSURYHG
0XOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQV ,PSURYHGIRUELF\FOHVDQGWUDQVLW

7KRXJK WUDYHOWLPHV DQG LQWHUVHFWLRQ GHOD\V UHPDLQ D SUREOHPIRU WKH FRUULGRU DW SHDN
WLPHV WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO LPSURYHPHQWV HVSHFLDOO\ LQ VDIHW\ WKDW FRXOG RXWZHLJK WKH
RSHUDWLRQDO GHOD\V 7KH VDIHW\ UHGXFWLRQV ERWK LQ WRWDO FUDVKHV DQG UHDU HQG FUDVKHV
VKRZ WKDW WKHUH KDV EHHQ D VLJQLILFDQW VDIHW\ LPSURYHPHQW DORQJ WKH FRUULGRU 7KLV LV
HYHQ PRUH VR IRU SHGHVWULDQ DQG ELF\FOLVWV IRU ZKLFK WKH FUDVKHV UHGXFHG E\
0RUHRYHU WKH DVSHFWV WKDW FRPH DORQJ ZLWK PRVW URDG GLHWV VXFK DV LPSURYHG WUDIILF
FDOPLQJLPSURYHGDFFHVVPDQDJHPHQWSRWHQWLDODQGLPSURYHGPXOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQV
FRXOG DOVR EH YLHZHG DV DGGLWLRQDO EHQHILWV IRU WKLV FRUULGRU 7KHUHIRUH LW LV GHHPHG
DSSURSULDWHWRFRQVLGHUWKLVDVDVXFFHVVIXOFRQYHUVLRQ

US 27 CAMPBELL COUNTY, KY
(FINAL) REPORT

Prepared by

Prepared for:
'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJ

Date:
$XJXVW

TABLE OF CONTENTS

,QWURGXFWLRQ
5HVXOWLQJ&RQGLWLRQV
7UDYHO7LPHV
&UDVK+LVWRU\
6DIHW\(YDOXDWLRQ
(YDOXDWLRQ6XPPDU\

LIST OF FIGURES

)LJXUH6WXG\$UHD
)LJXUH863RVW5RDG'LHW7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ QHDUHQGV
)LJXUH863RVW5RDG'LHW7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ LQPLGGOH

LIST OF TABLES

7DEOH7ZR<HDU&UDVK6XPPDU\
L

INTRODUCTION
FRQYHUVLRQ RI D VHFWLRQ RI 86 &DPSEHOO &RXQW\ .< ZKLFK RFFXUUHG LQ 7KLV
VHFWLRQXQGHUZHQWD³URDGGLHW´LQZKLFKWKHURDGZDVUHGXFHGIURPDODQHIDFLOLW\WRD
ODQH IDFLOLW\ 7KH DUHD FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ H[WHQGV RQ 86 IURP &DPS WR )W
7KRPDV$YHQXH 03WR03 IRUDGLVWDQFHRIPLOHV7KHORFDWLRQ
RIWKHVWXG\DUHDLVVKRZQEHORZLQFigure 1

7KLV UHSRUW VXPPDUL]HV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH URDG GLHW RQ 86 ZKLOH FRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ

7KH VWXG\ VHFWLRQ ZDV RULJLQDOO\ IRXU ODQHV ZLGH HDFK DERXW IW LQ ZLGWK ZLWK WZR
ODQHVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ7KLVFURVVVHFWLRQLVVKRZQLQFigure 2. ,WVKRXOGDOVREHQRWHG
WKDW DORQJ WKH PLOH VHFWLRQ WKHUH DUH UHVLGHQWLDO RU FRPPHUFLDO
HQWUDQFHVH[LWV )XUWKHUPRUH WKHUH DUH VL[ LQWHUVHFWLRQV ZLWK WUDIILF VLJQDOV DW /RZHV
5RDG 5HQVKDZ 5RDG +ROO\:RRGV 'ULYH &URZHOO $YHQXH &RQFRUG $YHQXH DQG )W
7KRPDV $YHQXH 7KH IUHTXHQF\ RI DFFHVV SRLQWV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO OHIW
WXUQVDORQJWKHFRUULGRU7KLVUHVXOWHGLQIUHTXHQWEDFNHGXSWUDIILFLQWKHLQVLGHODQHVLQ
HDFK GLUHFWLRQ UHVXOWLQJ LQ WKH XVH RI WKHVH ODQHV DV H[FOXVLYH OHIWWXUQ ODQHV DW SHDN
FRQGLWLRQV7KHUHLVDOVRWKHSRWHQWLDOIRUXQVDIHFRQGLWLRQVGXHWRWKHQHHGRIWKURXJK
YHKLFOHVWRDYRLGWKHEORFNHGODQHV


WKHVHLVVXHV7KLVVROXWLRQWRRNWKHSDYHGURDGZD\DQGPDGHLWVRWKDWRQO\RQHIRRW
ODQHUHPDLQHGLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQZKLOHDIRRWWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHZDVDGGHGLQWKH
FHQWHU$GGLWLRQDOO\IRRWELNHODQHVZHUHDGGHGRQHDFKVLGHLQKRSHVRILQFUHDVLQJ
PXOWLPRGDOWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVFURVVVHFWLRQFDQEHVHHQLQFigure3


HIILFLHQF\ 7KH WZRZD\ OHIW WXUQ ODQH SURYLGHV PRWRULVWV ZLWK D UHIXJH DUHD DQG
UHPRYHV WKHP IURP WKH WUDIILF ZKLOH ZDLWLQJ WR FRPSOHWH WKHLU WXUQV &RQVWUXFWHG
H[DPSOHVRIWKHUHVXOWLQJFRUULGRUFDQEHVHHQLQFigures 4 DQG 5.
Figure 4: US 27 Post-Road Diet Transformation (Near Ends with More Entrances)

Figure 5: US 27 Post-Road Diet Transformation (In Middle with Few Entrances)



Travel Times


7UDYHO7LPH 6HFRQGV
5XQ 1RUWK 6RXWK

$YHUDJH

7KH DYHUDJH QRUWKERXQG WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV DQG WKH
DYHUDJH VRXWKERXQG WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV 7KLV PHDQV WKH
FRPELQHGDYHUDJHLVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV WKXVWKHDYHUDJHGLUHFWLRQDOWULS
VSHHGLVPLOHVSHUKRXU,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHH[LVWLQJVSHHGOLPLWLVPLOHV
SHUKRXU

Crash History

HYDOXDWHG ZDV EHWZHHQ -DQXDU\ DQG 'HFHPEHU DQG WKHUH ZHUH
VXPPDUL]HV FUDVKHV IRU WKH WZR \HDUV IROORZLQJ WKH URDG GLHW FKDQJH DQG WKH GDWD LV
-DQXDU\ WR 'HFHPEHU DQG WKHUH ZHUH D WRWDO RI FUDVKHV IRU WKLV
SHULRG


+HDG2Q
%DFNLQJ
2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ
5HDUHQG
6LQJOHYHKLFOH
3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW
2WKHU
Total 60 15 47


+HDG2Q
%DFNLQJ
2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ
5HDUHQG
6LQJOHYHKLFOH
3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW
2WKHU
Total 19 1 18

VORZLQJ WR WXUQ OHIW RU ULJKW $YHUDJH FUDVKHV SHU \HDU DUH XVHG IRU WKH FRPSDULVRQ
VLQFH WKH WZR WLPH SHULRGV ZHUH QRW WKH VDPH 7KHVH DYHUDJHV VKRZ D VLJQLILFDQW
UHGXFWLRQLQFUDVKHVZLWKDGHFUHDVHLQWRWDOFUDVKHVGHFUHDVHLQUHDUHQGV
DQGGHFUHDVHLQVLGHVZLSHV

Safety Evaluation

DQG UHDU HQGV DOLNH GHFUHDVHG JUHDWO\ :LWK WRWDO FUDVKHV GHFUHDVLQJ UHDU HQGV
GHFUHDVLQJ DQG VLGHVZLSHV GHFHDVLQJ LW FRXOG HDVLO\ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDWWKH
URDGGLHWKDVLQFUHDVHGYHKLFXODUVDIHW\$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHUHZDVDUHGXFWLRQLQWKH
$'7IURPLQWRLQ 7KHUHGXFWLRQLQWKH$'7GRHVQRWDIIHFW
WKHFUDVKFRPSDULVRQVLQFHWKHFUDVKUDWHVZHUHDOVRUHGXFHGRYHUWKHVDPHSHULRGE\
DYHUDJH FUDVK UDWH RI FUDVKHV PLOOLRQ YHKLFOHPLOHV WUDYHOHG SHU\HDU LQ
EHIRUH SHULRG DQG FUDVKHV PLOOLRQ YHKLFOHPLOHV WUDYHOHG SHU \HDU LQ WKH DIWHU
SHULRG

7KH FUDVK GDWD VKRZV WKDW WKHUH ZHUH QR ELF\FOH FUDVKHV EHIRUH WKH URDG GLHW
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DQG RQH DIWHU ,W FRXOG EH K\SRWKHVL]HG WKDW WKLV LV GXH WR LQFUHDVHG
QXPEHUVRIELF\FOLVWVDORQJWKHFRUULGRUEXWWKLVFDQQRWEHVXEVWDQWLDWHGVLQFHWKHUHDUH
QRDYDLODEOHELF\FOHFRXQWVDORQJWKHFRUULGRU



EVALUATION SUMMARY
7KHDQDO\VLVVKRZQKHUHKHOSVRQHWRVHHWKHEHQHILWVDQG GLVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHURDG

$VSHFW (IIHFW
7UDYHOWLPHVDQG,QWHUVHFWLRQ 8QVXUHRIFKDQJHEXWQRFRQJHVWLRQVRVHHPV
GHOD\V VXFFHVVIXOLQWKLVDUHD
,PSURYHG
UHGXFHGFUDVKHVDQGFUDVKUDWHVHVSHFLDOO\VLGHVZLSH
DQGUHDUHQG
3HGHVWULDQVDIHW\ 8QVXUH

,WKDVEHHQPDGHHYLGHQWWKDWVDIHW\KDVLQFUHDVHGZKLFKLQLWVHOILVHQRXJKUHDVRQWR
VXSSRUWWKHURDGGLHW+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHDVSHFWVWKDWFRPHDORQJZLWKPRVWURDGGLHWV
VXFK DV LPSURYHG WUDIILF FDOPLQJ LPSURYHG DFFHVV PDQDJHPHQW SRWHQWLDO DQG
LPSURYHG PXOWLPRGDO RSHUDWLRQV WKDW FDQQRW EH PHDVXUHG :LWK WKLV VDLG WKH YDOXH
EHKLQGWKLVURDGGLHWLVHYLGHQW$OVRWRXVHUVWKHYDOXHRIHIILFLHQWWUDYHOWLPHVFDQEH
LQYDOXDEOH 7KHUHIRUH WKH DEVHQFH RI YLVLEOH FRQJHVWLRQ VHHPV WR MXVWLI\ WKH URDG GLHW
FRQYHUVLRQ

7KH LQFUHDVHG VDIHW\ DQG HIILFLHQW WUDYHO WLPHV LQGLFDWH D VXFFHVVIXO URDG GLHW
DSSOLFDWLRQ7KHWUDYHOWLPHVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGGXULQJSHDNKRXUWUDIILFVKRZWKHODFNRI
DQ\ FRQJHVWLRQ DQG LQGLFDWH HIILFLHQW RSHUDWLRQV )RU FDVHV VLPLODU WR WKLV D URDG GLHW
FRQYHUVLRQVHHPVDYHU\VHQVLEOHDQGKHOSIXOVROXWLRQWKDWFRXOGEHLPSOHPHQWHG

KY 1428 FLOYD COUNTY, KY
(FINAL) REPORT

Prepared by

Prepared for:
'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJ

Date:
1RYHPEHU

TABLE OF CONTENTS

,QWURGXFWLRQ
5HVXOWLQJ&RQGLWLRQV
7UDYHO7LPHV
&UDVK+LVWRU\
6DIHW\(YDOXDWLRQ
(YDOXDWLRQ6XPPDU\

LIST OF FIGURES

)LJXUH6WXG\$UHD
)LJXUH,QLWLDO)RXU/DQH6HFWLRQ 1RUWKRI.<
)LJXUH,QLWLDO7ZR/DQH6HFWLRQ 6RXWKRI.<
)LJXUH5RDG'LHW&URVV6HFWLRQ 1RUWKRI.<
)LJXUH5RDG'LHW&URVV6HFWLRQ 6RXWKRI.<
)LJXUH.<3RVW5RDG'LHW7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ
)LJXUH.<3RVW5RDG'LHW7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ 7UDQVLWLRQ)URP7ZR/DQHV

LIST OF TABLES

7DEOH3UH5RDG'LHW7KUHH<HDU&UDVK6XPPDU\
7DEOH3RVW5RDG'LHW7KUHH<HDU&UDVK6XPPDU\
L

INTRODUCTION
FRQYHUVLRQRIDVHFWLRQRI.<)OR\G&RXQW\.<7KHSURMHFWWRRNSODFHEHWZHHQ
$XJXVWDQG-XQH7KLVVHFWLRQXQGHUZHQWD³URDGGLHW´LQZKLFKWKHURDGZDV
UHGXFHGIURPDODQHIDFLOLW\WRDODQHIDFLOLW\RQVRPHSDUWVDQGJUHZIURPDODQH
IDFLOLW\WRDODQHIDFLOLW\RQWKHRWKHU7KHDUHDFRQVLGHUHGLQWKLVVWXG\H[WHQGVRQ.<
IURP(DVW*UDKDP$YHWR%ODFN&DW$OO\ 03WR03 IRUDGLVWDQFH
RIPLOHV7KHORFDWLRQRIWKHVWXG\DUHDLVVKRZQEHORZLQFigure 1

7KLVUHSRUWVXPPDUL]HVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHURDGGLHWRQ.<ZKLOHFRQFHQWUDWLQJRQ

7KH VWXG\ VHFWLRQ VRXWK RI .< ZDV RULJLQDOO\ IRXU ODQHV ZLGH HDFK DERXW IHHW
ZLGH7KHVHFWLRQQRUWKRI.<ZDVWZRODQHVZLGHHDFKDERXWIHHWZLGH7KHVH
FURVVVHFWLRQVDUHVKRZQLQFigure 2 and Figure 3. ,WVKRXOGDOVREHQRWHGWKDWDORQJ
WKHPLOHVHFWLRQWKHUHDUHLQWHUVHFWLRQV&6&5)ULHQG6WUHHW.<
'LQJXV6WUHHW%UDQKDP6WUHHW3DWWRQ6WUHHWDQG0XVLF6WUHHW7KHUHDUHDOVRD
QXPEHURIUHVLGHQWLDODQGFRPPHUFLDOHQWUDQFHVDORQJWKHVWXG\VHFWLRQ7KHIUHTXHQF\
RI DFFHVV SRLQWV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO OHIW WXUQV DORQJ WKH FRUULGRU 7KLV
UHVXOWHGLQIUHTXHQWEDFNHGXSWUDIILFLQWKHLQVLGHODQHVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQUHVXOWLQJLQWKH
XVH RI WKHVH ODQHV DV H[FOXVLYH OHIWWXUQ ODQHV DW SHDN FRQGLWLRQV 7KHUH LV DOVR WKH
SRWHQWLDOIRUXQVDIHFRQGLWLRQVGXHWRWKHQHHGRIWKURXJKYHKLFOHVWRDYRLGWKHEORFNHG
ODQHV

Figure 2: Initial Four Lane Section (North of KY 114)
Figure 3: Initial Two Lane Section (South of KY 114)

WKHVH LVVXHV7KLV VROXWLRQ WRRN WKHSDYHG URDGZD\ RQ WKHQRUWKHUQ KDOI RI WKHSURMHFW
DQGFRQYHUWHGLWLQWRRQHIRRWODQHLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQZLWKDIRRWWZRZD\OHIWWXUQ
ODQH LQ WKH FHQWHU 7KH VDPH WKLQJ ZDV GRQH ZLWK WKH VRXWKHUQ KDOI RI WKH SURMHFW
XWLOL]LQJIHHWODQHVLQVWHDGRIIHHWODQHV$QH[DPSOHRIWKHVHFURVVVHFWLRQVFDQ
EHVHHQLQFigure 4 DQGFigure 5

Figure 4: Road Diet Cross-Section (North of 114)
Figure 5: Road Diet Cross-Section (South of 114)

HIILFLHQF\ 7KH WZRZD\ OHIWWXUQ ODQH SURYLGHV PRWRULVWV ZLWK D UHIXJH DUHD DQG
UHPRYHV WKHP IURP WKH WUDIILF ZKLOH ZDLWLQJ WR FRPSOHWH WKHLU WXUQV &RQVWUXFWHG
H[DPSOHVRIWKHUHVXOWLQJFRUULGRUFDQEHVHHQLQFigures 6 DQG Figure 7.

Figure 6: KY 1428 Post-Road Diet Transformation

Figure 7: KY 1428 Post-Road Diet Transformation (Transition from Two Lanes)



Travel Times


7UDYHO7LPH 6HFRQGV
6HFWLRQ 'LVWDQFH IW 1RUWKERXQG 6RXWKERXQG
03WR&RXUW6WUHHW
&RXUW6WUHHWWR)ULHQG6WUHHW
)ULHQG6WUHHWWR.<
.<WR0XVLF6WUHHW
0XVLF6WUHHWWR03
7RWDO

7KH WRWDO QRUWKERXQG WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV DQG WKH WRWDO
VRXWKERXQGWUDYHOWLPHZDVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV 7KLVPHDQVWKHFRPELQHG
DYHUDJHLVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV WKXVWKHDYHUDJHGLUHFWLRQDOWULSVSHHGLV

Crash History

VXPPDUL]HVFUDVKHVIRUWKHWKUHH\HDUVIROORZLQJWKHURDGGLHWFKDQJHDQGWKHGDWDLV
-DQXDU\ WR 'HFHPEHU DQG WKHUH ZHUH D WRWDO RI FUDVKHV IRU WKLV
SHULRG


+HDG2Q
$QJOH
2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ
5HDUHQG
6LQJOHYHKLFOH
3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW
2WKHU
Total 115 17 98


+HDG2Q
$QJOH
2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ
5HDUHQG
6LQJOHYHKLFOH
3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW
2WKHU
Total 52 12 40

VORZLQJ WR WXUQ OHIW RUULJKW 7KHGDWD¶V\HDUO\ DYHUDJHV VKRZ D VLJQLILFDQW UHGXFWLRQ LQ
FUDVKHV ZLWK D GHFUHDVH LQ WRWDO FUDVKHV GHFUHDVH LQ UHDU HQGV DQG
GHFUHDVHLQDQJOHFROOLVLRQV

Safety Evaluation

DQG DQJOH FROOLVLRQV DOLNH GHFUHDVHG JUHDWO\ :LWK WRWDO FUDVKHV GHFUHDVLQJ UHDU
HQGVGHFUHDVLQJDQGDQJOHFROOLVLRQVGHFUHDVLQJLWFRXOGHDVLO\EHFRQFOXGHG
WKDW WKH URDG GLHW KDV LQFUHDVHG YHKLFXODU VDIHW\ $W WKH VDPH WLPH WKHUH ZDV OLWWOH
FKDQJHLQWKH$'7IURPLQWRLQ7KHVPDOOJURZWKLQWKH$'7
VKRZWKDWDGHFUHDVHLQWUDIILFLVQRWWKHFDXVHRILPSURYHGVDIHW\VLQFHWKHFUDVKUDWHV
ZHUH UHGXFHG RYHU WKH VDPH SHULRG E\ DYHUDJH FUDVK UDWH RI FUDVKHV
PLOOLRQYHKLFOHPLOHVWUDYHOHGLQEHIRUHSHULRGDQGFUDVKHVSHUPLOOLRQYHKLFOH
PLOHV WUDYHOHG LQ WKH DIWHU SHULRG ,W VKRXOG DOVR EH QRWHG WKDW WKH QXPEHU RI LQMXU\
FUDVKHVZDVDOVRUHGXFHGIURPWR7KLVGHFUHDVHRILVHYHQODUJHUWKDQWKH
GHFUHDVHLQWRWDOFUDVKHVDQGVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHURDGGLHWKDVLPSDFWHGVHYHUHFUDVKHV
DVZHOO

7KHFUDVKGDWDVKRZVWKDWWKHUHZDVRQHELF\FOHSHGHVWULDQFUDVKEHIRUHWKHURDGGLHW
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DQG RQH DIWHU ,W FRXOG EH K\SRWKHVL]HG WKDW WKLV LV GXH WR LQFUHDVHG
QXPEHUV RI ELF\FOLVWV DQG SHGHVWULDQV DORQJ WKH FRUULGRU EXW WKLV FDQQRW EH
VXEVWDQWLDWHGVLQFHWKHUHDUHQRDYDLODEOHELF\FOHSHGHVWULDQFRXQWVDORQJWKHFRUULGRU



EVALUATION SUMMARY

$VSHFW (IIHFW
7UDYHOWLPHVDQG,QWHUVHFWLRQ 8QVXUHRIFKDQJHEXWQRFRQJHVWLRQVRVHHPV
GHOD\V VXFFHVVIXOLQWKLVDUHD
,PSURYHG
UHGXFHGFUDVKHVDQGFUDVKUDWHVHVSHFLDOO\DQJOHDQG
UHDUHQGFROOLVLRQV
3HGHVWULDQVDIHW\ 8QVXUHEXWVKRXOGHUJLYHVPRUHVSDFHIURPWUDIILF
0XOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQV 8QVXUH

,WKDVEHHQPDGHHYLGHQWWKDWVDIHW\KDVLQFUHDVHGZKLFKLQLWVHOILVHQRXJKUHDVRQWR
VXSSRUWWKHURDGGLHW+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHDVSHFWVWKDWFRPHDORQJZLWKPRVWURDGGLHWV
VXFK DV LPSURYHG WUDIILF FDOPLQJ LPSURYHG DFFHVV PDQDJHPHQW SRWHQWLDO DQG
LPSURYHG PXOWLPRGDO RSHUDWLRQV WKDW FDQQRW EH PHDVXUHG :LWK WKLV VDLG WKH YDOXH
EHKLQGWKLVURDGGLHWLVHYLGHQW$OVRWRXVHUVWKHYDOXHRIHIILFLHQWWUDYHOWLPHVFDQEH
LQYDOXDEOH 7KHUHIRUH WKH DEVHQFH RI YLVLEOH FRQJHVWLRQ VHHPV WR MXVWLI\ WKH URDG GLHW
FRQYHUVLRQ

7KH LQFUHDVHG VDIHW\ DQG HIILFLHQW WUDYHO WLPHV LQGLFDWH D VXFFHVVIXO URDG GLHW
DSSOLFDWLRQ7KHWUDYHOWLPHVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGGXULQJSHDNKRXUWUDIILFVKRZWKHODFNRI
DQ\ FRQJHVWLRQ DQG LQGLFDWH HIILFLHQW RSHUDWLRQV )RU FDVHV VLPLODU WR WKLV D URDG GLHW
FRQYHUVLRQVHHPVDYHU\VHQVLEOHDQGKHOSIXOVROXWLRQWKDWFRXOGEHLPSOHPHQWHG

US 127 HARRODSBURG, KY
(FINAL) REPORT

Prepared by

Prepared for:
'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJ

Date:
$XJXVW

TABLE OF CONTENTS

,QWURGXFWLRQ
5HVXOWLQJ&RQGLWLRQV
7UDYHO7LPHV
&UDVK+LVWRU\
6DIHW\(YDOXDWLRQ
(YDOXDWLRQ6XPPDU\

LIST OF FIGURES

)LJXUH6WXG\$UHD
)LJXUH863RVW5RDG'LHW7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ

LIST OF TABLES

L

INTRODUCTION
FRQYHUVLRQ RI D VHFWLRQ RI 86 LQ +DUURGVEXUJ 0HUFHU &RXQW\ .< 7KLV VHFWLRQ
ODQHIDFLOLW\ 7KH DUHD FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKLVVWXG\ H[WHQGV RQ 86 IURP .< WR
&KHVWQXW6WUHHW 03WR03 IRUDGLVWDQFHRIPLOHV7KHORFDWLRQRI
WKHVWXG\DUHDLVVKRZQEHORZLQFigure 1

7KLV UHSRUW VXPPDUL]HV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH URDG GLHW RQ &ROOHJH 6WUHHW ZKLOH
FRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ DVSHFWV VXFK DV WUDYHO WLPHV FUDVK UHFRUGV DQG VDIHW\ $V ZHOO DV
UHVXOWLQJFRQGLWLRQVIRUPHUFRQGLWLRQVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG

7KH VWXG\ VHFWLRQ ZDV RULJLQDOO\ IRXU ODQHVZLGH HDFKDERXW RUIW LQ ZLGWK ZLWK
WZRODQHVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ7KLVFURVVVHFWLRQLVVKRZQLQ Figure 2. ,WVKRXOGDOVREH
QRWHG WKDW DORQJ WKH PLOH VHFWLRQ WKHUH DUH XQVLJQDOL]HG HQWUDQFHVH[LWV
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHUHDUHWZRVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVDW/H[LQJWRQ6WUHHWDQG0RRUHODQG
$YHQXH7KHIUHTXHQF\RIDFFHVVSRLQWVLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHDUHVHYHUDOOHIWWXUQVDORQJ
WKH FRUULGRU 7KLV UHVXOWHG LQ IUHTXHQW EDFNHG XS WUDIILF LQ WKH LQVLGH ODQHV LQ HDFK
GLUHFWLRQ UHVXOWLQJ LQ WKH XVH RI WKHVH ODQHV DV H[FOXVLYH OHIWWXUQ ODQHV DW SHDN
FRQGLWLRQV7KHUHLVDOVRWKHSRWHQWLDOIRUXQVDIHFRQGLWLRQVGXHWRWKHQHHGRIWKURXJK
YHKLFOHVWRDYRLGWKHEORFNHGODQHV

)RU86UHDUHQGFUDVKHVZHUHEHFRPLQJDSUREOHPDVZDVFRQJHVWLRQ7KHURDG
GLHWFRQYHUVLRQZDVLPSOHPHQWHGWRDGGUHVVWKHVHLVVXHV 7KHQHZGHVLJQGLVWULEXWHG
WKHDYDLODEOHURDGZD\E\SURYLGLQJRQHIRRWODQHLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQZKLOHDGGLQJD
IRRWWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHLQWKHFHQWHU7KHZLGHUWUDYHOODQHVSURYLGHVRPHZKDWRID
³VKRXOGHU´VRFDUVZLOOEHIDUWKHUDZD\IURPSHGHVWULDQV7KLVVKRXOGHUDOVRKHOSVPDNH
ELF\FOLVWVWUDYHOLQJRQWKHURDGIHHOVDIHU$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVFURVVVHFWLRQFDQEHVHHQ
LQFigure3

HIILFLHQF\ 7KH WZRZD\ OHIW WXUQ ODQH SURYLGHV PRWRULVWV ZLWK D UHIXJH DUHD DQG
UHPRYHV WKHP IRUP WKH WUDIILF ZKLOH ZDLWLQJ WR FRPSOHWH WKHLU WXUQV $ FRQVWUXFWHG
H[DPSOHRIWKHVHFKDQJHVFDQEHVHHQLQFigure 4.

Figure 4: US 127 Post-Road Diet Transformation



Travel Times

DV DYHUDJH VSHHGV IRU UXVK KRXU WUDYHO 7UDYHO WLPHV IRU HDFK GLUHFWLRQ DUH VKRZQ LQ
Table 17KHWUDYHOWLPHVZHUHFDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQUXQVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ


7UDYHO7LPH 6HFRQGV
5XQ 6RXWK 1RUWK

$YHUDJH

7KH DYHUDJH VRXWKERXQG WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV DQG WKH
DYHUDJH QRUWKERXQG WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV 7KLV PHDQV WKH
FRPELQHG DYHUDJH LV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV WKXVWKH DYHUDJH GLUHFWLRQDOWULS
VSHHGLVPLOHVSHUKRXU,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHH[LVWLQJVSHHGOLPLWLVPLOHV
SHUKRXU
Crash History

VXPPDUL]HVFUDVKHVIRUWKHWKUHH\HDUVIROORZLQJWKHURDGGLHWFKDQJHDQG WKHGDWDLV
-DQXDU\WR'HFHPEHUZLWKDWRWDORIFUDVKHVIRUWKHSHULRG


+HDG2Q
%DFNLQJ
2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ
5HDUHQG
6LQJOHYHKLFOH
3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW
2WKHU
Total 164 89 75

+HDG2Q
%DFNLQJ
2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ
5HDUHQG
6LQJOHYHKLFOH
3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW
2WKHU
Total 97 36 61

VORZLQJWRWXUQOHIWRUULJKW7KRXJKWKLVLVVWLOOWKHKLJKHVWW\SHRI FUDVKDIWHUWKHURDG
GLHWLVLPSOHPHQWHGDVLJQLILFDQWUHGXFWLRQLQWKHQXPEHURIFUDVKHVLVQRWHG7KHGDWD
VKRZVWKDWWKHUHDGHFUHDVHLQWRWDOFUDVKHVDUHGXFWLRQLQUHDUHQGVDQGD
UHGXFWLRQLQVLGHVZLSHV

Safety Evaluation

GHFUHDVH E\ DQG WKH OHDGLQJ FDXVH RI WKHVH FUDVKHV UHDU HQGV GHFUHDVHG E\
$OVRVLGHVZLSHFUDVKHVZHUHUHGXFHGE\ 7KHLQMXU\FUDVKHVDOVRUHGXFHG
IURP LQ WKH EHIRUH SHULRG WR DIWHU LQGLFDWLQJ D VLJQLILFDQW GHFUHDVH 7KH
GDWD VKRZV WKDW D VLJQLILFDQW VDIHW\ LPSURYHPHQW DORQJ 86 RFFXUUHG GXH WR WKH
URDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQ

,WVKRXOGDOVREHQRWHGWKDW$'7RQWKLVVHFWLRQGLGQRWLQFUHDVH,QWKH$'7ZDV
YHKLFOHVSHUGD\ DQGLQDIWHUWKHURDGGLHWWKH$'7ZDV YHKLFOHV
SHUGD\7KLVVKRZVWKDWYROXPHKDVUHPDLQHGYLUWXDOO\XQFKDQJHG7KHUHGXFWLRQLQWKH
$'7 GRHV QRW DIIHFW WKH FUDVK FRPSDULVRQ VLQFH WKH FUDVK UDWHV ZHUH DOVR UHGXFHG
RYHUWKHVDPHSHULRGE\ DYHUDJHFUDVKUDWHRIFUDVKHVPLOOLRQYHKLFOH
PLOHV WUDYHOHG SHU \HDU LQ EHIRUH SHULRG DQG FUDVKHV PLOOLRQ YHKLFOHPLOHV
WUDYHOHGSHU\HDULQWKHDIWHUSHULRG

7KHGDWDLQTables 2 DQG3LQGLFDWHWKDWWKHUHZHUHQRSHGHVWULDQDQGELF\FOHFUDVKHV
EHIRUHRUDIWHUWKH URDG GLHW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 7KLVFRXOG HLWKHULQGLFDWH WKH DEVHQFH RI
DQ\ SUREOHPV RU WKH DEVHQFH RI WKHVH XVHUV 7KH ODFN RI DQ\ SHGHVWULDQ DQG ELF\FOH
WUDIILFFRXQWVGRHVQRWDOORZIRUDQ\DGGLWLRQDOFRQFOXVLRQV


EVALUATION SUMMARY
GLHWKHOSLQJGHFLGHLILWZDVWKHFRUUHFWGHFLVLRQ Table 4 SUHVHQWVDVXPPDU\RIWKH
HYDOXDWLRQSDUDPHWHUVFRQVLGHUHG

$VSHFW (IIHFW
7UDYHOWLPHVDQG,QWHUVHFWLRQ
GHOD\V 6HHPVWRUXQVPRRWK
,PSURYHG
UHGXFHGFUDVKHVHVSHFLDOO\VLGHVZLSH
UHGXFHGFUDVKHVZLWKLQMXULHV
3HGHVWULDQVDIHW\ 8QFKDQJHG
0XOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQV 8QFKDQJHGEXWHQFRXUDJHELF\FOLVWVPRUH

7KH EHIRUH DQG DIWHU FUDVK GDWD LQGLFDWH D VLJQLILFDQW VDIHW\ LPSURYHPHQW DORQJ WKLV
FRUULGRUVXSSRUWLQJWKHURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQ,QDGGLWLRQWKHLQWDQJLEOHEHQHILWVRIURDG
GLHWV VXFK DV LPSURYHG WUDIILF FDOPLQJ LPSURYHG DFFHVV PDQDJHPHQW SRWHQWLDO DQG
LPSURYHG PXOWLPRGDO RSHUDWLRQV FRXOG IXUWKHU VXSSRUW WKH EHQHILWV RI WKH FRQYHUVLRQ
7KRXJK DQ LQFUHDVH LQ ELF\FOLVWV LV QRW HYLGHQW DW OHDVW WKH URDG GLHW ZLWK LWV ZLGHU
ODQHV HQFRXUDJHVPRUHELF\FOLVWVWRXVHWKHURDGV:LWKWKLVVDLGWKHYDOXHEHKLQGWKLV
URDGGLHWLVHYLGHQW

7KHWUDYHOWLPHVWXGLHVVKRZWKDWWKHURDGGLHWKDVKHOSHGWUDIILFPRYHVPRRWKO\DVZHOO
DV VDIHO\ 7KH VDIHW\ LPSURYHPHQWV DUH VLJQLILFDQW DQG WKH URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQ KDV
FRQWULEXWHG WR WKLV DQG WKXV LW LV ZRXOG EH UHFRPPHQGHG IRU FDVHV VLPLODU WR WKLV IRU
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

KY 74 MIDDLESBORO, KY
KYTC DISTRICT 11
FINAL REPORT

Prepared by

Prepared for:
'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJ

Date:
'HFHPEHU

TABLE OF CONTENTS
,QWURGXFWLRQ
([LVWLQJ&RQGLWLRQV
7UDIILF9ROXPHV
7UDYHO7LPHV
&UDVK+LVWRU\
5RDG'LHW$OWHUQDWLYH
&DOLEUDWLRQ
0HDVXUHVRI(IIHFWLYHQHVV
5HVXOWV
2SHUDWLRQDO$QDO\VLV
6DIHW\$QDO\VLV
'HVLJQ&RQVLGHUDWLRQV
(YDOXDWLRQ6XPPDU\

LIST OF FIGURES
)LJXUH6WXG\$UHD
)LJXUH7\SLFDO&URVV6HFWLRQ
)LJXUHQG6WUHHW7UDQVLWLRQ

LIST OF TABLES
7DEOH9,66,07UDYHO7LPH&DOLEUDWLRQ
7DEOH7UDYHO7LPH&RUULGRU/HYHO
7DEOH303HDN+RXU,QWHUVHFWLRQ2SHUDWLRQV6XPPDU\
7DEOH6DIHW\(IIHFWVRI5RDG'LHW
7DEOH6XPPDU\RI5RDG'LHW,QVWDOODWLRQ(IIHFWV
.<0LGGOHVERUR.< L

INTRODUCTION
7KH SXUSRVH RI WKLV UHSRUW LV WR HYDOXDWH DQG SUHVHQW WKH SRWHQWLDO RSHUDWLRQDO DQG
VDIHW\LPSDFWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFRQYHUVLRQRI.<LQ0LGGOHVERUR%HOO&RXQW\.<
IURP D ODQH VHFWLRQ WR D UHGXFHG ODQH VHFWLRQ D WUHDWPHQW UHIHUUHG WR DV D ³URDG
GLHW´7KHVWXG\DUHDH[WHQGVIURPWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRIVWW6WUHHWWRWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRI
86( 03WR03 KRZHYHUWKH URDGGLHWLVEHLQJFRQVLGHUHGIRUWKH
VHFWLRQ WKURXJK GRZQWRZQ 0LGGOHVERUR IURP VW 6WUHHW WR WK 6WUHHW $ JHQHUDO
ORFDWLRQ RI WKH VWXG\ DUHD LVVKRZQ LQ Figure 17KLVWUHDWPHQW LVEHLQJ FRQVLGHUHG WR
LQFUHDVHZDONDELOLW\DQGVHUYHDVDPHWKRGRIWUDIILFFDOPLQJIRUWUDIILFWUDYHOLQJWKURXJK
GRZQWRZQ0LGGOHVERURRQ.<


7KLVUHSRUWVXPPDUL]HVWKHPHWKRGRORJLHVXVHGWRHYDOXDWHWKH URDGGLHWFRQFHSWDQG
WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH RSHUDWLRQDO DQG VDIHW\ DQDO\VLV ,Q DGGLWLRQ VSHFLDO GHVLJQ
FRQVLGHUDWLRQV ZLWK WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH WUHDWPHQW RQ .< DUH SUHVHQWHG DQG
GLVFXVVHG
.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

EXISTING CONDITIONS
7KH VWXG\ VHFWLRQ .< LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV DQ XUEDQ PLQRU DUWHULDO ZLWK DQ DYHUDJH
GDLO\ WUDIILF $'7 RI DSSUR[LPDWHO\ YHKLFOHV 7KH VWXG\ VHFWLRQ KDV IRXU
VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV DW VW 6WUHHW WK 6WUHHW WK 6WUHHW DQG WK 6WUHHW 7KH
SRVWHGVSHHGOLPLWRQ.<LVPSK

7KURXJK WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH VWXG\ VHFWLRQ .< PDLQWDLQV D ODQH VHFWLRQ ZLWK WZR
WUDYHO ODQHV LQ HDFK GLUHFWLRQ /HIWWXUQ ODQHV DUH SURYLGHG RQ .< DW 6RXWK WK
6WUHHWDQGWK6WUHHW:HVWRIWK6WUHHWDQGHDVWRIWK6WUHHW.<KDVDODQH
VHFWLRQZLWKDIXOOWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHRUUDLVHGPHGLDQ3DUNLQJLVSHUPLWWHGRQERWK
VLGHVRIWKHVWUHHWIURPQG6WUHHWWRWK6WUHHW7KHFURVVVHFWLRQLVW\SLFDOO\IHHW
ZLGHZLWKIRRWODQHVDQGIRRWSDUNLQJODQHVFigure 2VKRZVWKHW\SLFDOVHFWLRQRI
WKHFRUULGRU


/DQG XVH DURXQG WKH VWXG\ DUHD LV SULPDULO\ FRPPHUFLDO DV WKLV VHFWLRQ RI .<
UHSUHVHQWV WKH FRPPHUFLDO FHQWHU RI 0LGGOHVERUR 7KHUH DUH IRXU VLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQVDQGHLJKWFRPPHUFLDODFFHVVSRLQWVLQWKHSURMHFWDUHD$FFHVVSRLQWVDUH
GLVWULEXWHGHYHQO\RQWKHQRUWKDQGVRXWKVLGHVRIWKHURDG

Appendix AVKRZVWKHH[LVWLQJODQHJHRPHWU\DORQJWKHFRUULGRU

Traffic Volumes
7XUQPRYHPHQWFRXQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHGE\.<7&'LVWULFWIRUWKH30SHDNSHULRGWR
EH XVHG LQ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ SURFHVV 7KLV SHULRG ZDV FKRVHQ E\ WKH GLVWULFW DV LW
UHSUHVHQWV WKH KLJKHVW WUDYHO GHPDQG RQ WKH FRUULGRU Appendix B VXPPDUL]HV WKH
SHDNKRXUWXUQPRYHPHQWFRXQWVDWWKHVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV

7KH,7(7ULS*HQHUDWLRQ0DQXDOZDVXVHGWRHVWLPDWHWXUQFRXQWVDWWKHXQVLJQDOL]HG
DFFHVV SRLQWV 7KLV SURFHVV ZDV FRQVLGHUHG DFFHSWDEOH LQ HVWLPDWLQJ WKH HQWHULQJ
H WR
DQGH[LWLQJIURPWKHFRPPHUFLDODFFHVVSRLQWVVLQFHWUDIILFFRXQWVDWHDFKSRLQWZHUH
QRW DYDLODEOH 7ULS JHQHUDWLRQ ODQG XVH FRGHV DQG IDFLOLW\ VL]HV DUH VXPPDUL]HG LQ
Appendix B.
.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

Travel Times
7UDYHO WLPHV ZHUH FROOHFWHG DORQJ WKH FRUULGRUWR DVVLVW LQ WKH FDOLEUDWLRQ RI WKH PLFUR
VLPXODWLRQPRGHOLQJHIIRUWV$YHUDJHWUDYHOWLPHVIRUWKHFRUULGRUDUHVKRZQLQTable 1
7KHWUDYHOWLPHVZHUHEDVHGRQHLJKWUXQVSHUGLUHFWLRQ7KH30SHDNWUDYHOWLPHVZHUH
VHFRQGVIRUWKHHDVWERXQGDQGVHFRQGVIRUWKHZHVWERXQGGLUHFWLRQ

7UDYHO6HJPHQW'LUHFWLRQ 7UDYHO7LPH VHF
.< $0 1RRQ 30
Westbound
WK6W7RWK6W
WK6WWRWK6W
WK6WWRVW6W
Total 48 47 43
Eastbound
VW6W7RWK6W
WK6W7RWK6W
WK6W7RWK6W
Total 51 49 52

Crash History
HYDOXDWHGZDVEHWZHHQ-DQXDU\DQG'HFHPEHUDQGWKHUHZHUH
FUDVKHVUHFRUGHGLQWKLVSHULRG7KHVHFWLRQKDVDFUDVKUDWHRIFUDVKHVSHU
PLOOLRQYHKLFOHPLOHVRIWUDYHO 0907 ZKLOHWKHDYHUDJHVDWHUDWHIRUVLPLODUURDGV IRXU
ODQHXUEDQDUWHULDOV LVFUDVKHVSHU09077KHFULWLFDOFUDVKUDWHIDFWRUIRU
WKHVH URDGV LV FUDVKHV SHU 0907 DQG WKLVLQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH VHFWLRQKDV D
&UDVK 5DWH )DFWRU RI Table 2 VXPPDUL]HV WKH FUDVKHV E\ W\SH DQG ORFDWLRQ
FUDVKSDWWHUQVWKDWPD\EHDIIHFWHGE\WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHURDGGLHW 5RDGGLHWV
W\SLFDOO\ FDQ UHGXFH PLGEORFN FUDVKHV VXFK DV VLGHVZLSHV DQG UHDU HQGV DV ZHOO DV
LQWHUVHFWLRQFUDVKHVVXFKDVDQJOH+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDOLNHOLKRRGRILQFUHDVHGQXPEHU
RIUHDUHQGFUDVKHVDWLQWHUVHFWLRQV

.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

Table 2: Three-Year Crash Summary (2007-2009)
$QJOH
%DFNLQJ
+HDGRQ
2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ
5HDUHQG
6LQJOHYHKLFOH
2WKHU
Total 135 100 35

7KHGDWDLQ7DEOHVKRZVWKDWWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHFUDVKHVRQWKHFRUULGRURFFXUDWWKH
VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV 7KH SULPDU\ FUDVK W\SH DW WKH VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV LV DQ
DQJOH FUDVK ZKLFK PD\ EH GXH WR WKH DEVHQFH RI OHIWWXUQ ODQHV DW WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQV
ZKLFKZLOODOORZIRUYHKLFOHVWUDYHOOLQJWKURXJKVHHLQJOHIWWXUQLQJYHKLFOHV7KLVVFHQDULR
UHVWULFWVVLJKWGLVWDQFHZKLFKFDQOHDGWRWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIDQJOHFUDVKHV

&UDVK GLDJUDPV VKRZLQJ WKH ORFDWLRQ DQG W\SH RI HDFK FUDVK RQ WKH FRUULGRU DUH
SURYLGHGLQAppendix C
.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

ROAD DIET ALTERNATIVE
7KHURDGGLHWDOWHUQDWLYHHYDOXDWHGZRXOGUHGXFHWKHQXPEHURIODQHVIURPIRXUWRWKUHH
7KH QHZ FURVV VHFWLRQ ZRXOG FRQVLVW RI D VLQJOH WUDYHO ODQH LQ HDFK GLUHFWLRQ DQG D
FHQWHUWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQH$WPDMRULQWHUVHFWLRQVWKHWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHZRXOGEH
RSHUDWHGDVDGHGLFDWHGOHIWWXUQODQHRIWKHSULPDU\LQWHUVHFWLRQ3DUDOOHOSDUNLQJZRXOG G
UHPDLQ RQ RQH VLGH RI WKH URDG DQG UHYHUVH DQJOH SDUNLQJ ZLOO
LOO EH DGGHG RQ WKH RWKHU
VLGH RI WKH URDGZD\ 7KLV SRWHQWLDO FURVVVHFWLRQ LV VKRZQ LQ Figure 3 7KH ILQDO
FRQILJXUDWLRQVKRXOGEHGHWHUPLQHGE\.<7&LQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKWKHFLW\RI0LGGOHVERUR
WRSURYLGHWKHEHVWDQGVDIHVWXVHRIWKHDGGLWLRQDOVSDFHFUHDWHGE\WKHUHPRYDORIRQH
ODQHRIWUDYHO

Figure 3: Typical Cross-Section
.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

7KHURDGGLHWRQ.<ZDVHYDOXDWHGXVLQJWKH9,66,0PLFURVLPXODWLRQVRIWZDUH
9,66,0LVDPLFURVFRSLFVLPXODWLRQPRGHODQGDFRPSRQHQWRIWKH3799LVLRQVXLWH
,WV IOH[LEOH QHWZRUN VWUXFWXUH SURYLGHV WKH DELOLW\ WR PRGHO DQ\ W\SH RI JHRPHWULF
FRQILJXUDWLRQ DQG DV VXFK ZDV WKH SUHIHUUHG VRIWZDUH E\ .<7& WR HYDOXDWH WKH
RSHUDWLRQRIDWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHDVSDUWRIWKHURDGGLHW

7ZR PRGHOV ZHUH GHYHORSHG IRU WKH FRUULGRU 7KH ILUVW ZDV GHVLJQHG WR UHIOHFW WKH
H[LVWLQJ ODQH FURVVVHFWLRQ RI WKH FRUULGRU 7KLV PRGHO ZDV FDOLEUDWHG EDVHG RQ WKH
WUDYHO WLPH VWXGLHV FRPSOHWHG E\ WKH SURMHFW WHDP DQG LW UHSUHVHQWV WKH H[LVWLQJ
FRQGLWLRQV 7KH FDOLEUDWLRQ DVVXUHG WKDW WKH XVHU FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH PRGHO ZHUH
UHIOHFWLYHRIGULYHUVDQGWKHJHRPHWULFFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHFRUULGRU%DVHGRQWKHFDOLEUDWHG
PRGHODQDOWHUQDWLYHPRGHOZDVGHYHORSHGZKLFKDVVXPHGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHURDG
GLHW (DFK RI WKH PRGHOV ZDV HYDOXDWHG IRU WKH $0 1RRQ DQG 30 SHDN KRXUV RI
RSHUDWLRQV

7KH VHFWLRQV EHORZ VXPPDUL]H WKH FDOLEUDWLRQ DQG PHDVXUHV RI HIIHFWLYHQHVV XVHG WR
HYDOXDWHWKH9,66,0PRGHOV
Calibration
7KHH[LVWLQJPRGHOZDVFDOLEUDWHGXVLQJWKHWUDYHOWLPHVWXGLHV 7DEOH LQWKHH[LVWLQJ
FRQGLWLRQV$WKUHVKROGRISHUFHQWDERYHRUEHORZWKHH[LVWLQJWUDYHOWLPHVZDVXVHG
WR GHWHUPLQH WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH FDOLEUDWHG PRGHO 7KH 9,66,0 PRGHO ZDV
FDOLEUDWHG E\ DGMXVWLQJ WXUQLQJ YROXPHV WXUQLQJ VSHHGV DQGWUDYHOVSHHGV WKURXJK WKH
FRUULGRUTable 3VXPPDUL]HVWKHWUDYHOWLPHFDOLEUDWLRQIRUWKH.<FRUULGRU

Table 3: VISSIM Travel Time Calibration
7UDYHO7LPH VHF
7UDYHO6HJPHQW $0 1RRQ 30
.<
)LHOG 9,66,0 )LHOG 9,66,0 )LHOG 9,66,0
Westbound
WK6W7RWK6W
WK6WWRWK6W
WK6WWRVW6W
Total 48 47 47 49 43 54
Eastbound
VW6W7RWK6W
WK6W7RWK6W
WK6W7RWK6W
Total 51 50 49 51 52 59

7KHFDOLEUDWLRQLVZLWKLQWKHDFFHSWDEOHSHUFHQWYDULDWLRQ0RUHRYHUWKLVFDOLEUDWLRQ
DQG UHFRUGLQJV RI WKH 9,66,0 PRGHO ZHUH SURYLGHG WR 'LVWULFW DQG DSSURYHG DV
DFFXUDWHO\UHSUHVHQWLQJWKHH[LVWLQJFRQGLWLRQVRQWKHFRUULGRU
.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

Measures of Effectiveness
2SHUDWLRQDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH URDG GLHW DOWHUQDWLYH ZDV HYDOXDWHG IRU ERWK FRUULGRU
RSHUDWLRQV DV ZHOO DV LQGLYLGXDO VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV RQ WKH FRUULGRU &RUULGRU
RSHUDWLRQV ZHUH HYDOXDWHG XVLQJ WUDYHO WLPHV WKURXJK WKH HQWLUH VHFWLRQ ,QWHUVHFWLRQ
RSHUDWLRQVZHUHHYDOXDWHGXVLQJWKHIROORZLQJIRXUPHDVXUHVRIHIIHFWLYHQHVVZKLFKDUH
IRUWKHHQWLUHLQWHUVHFWLRQ

'HOD\ 6HFRQGV
6WRSSHG'HOD\ 6HFRQGV
1XPEHURI6WRSV
$YHUDJH4XHXH/HQJWK IHHW

.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

RESULTS

Operational Analysis
Table 4 VXPPDUL]HV WKH UHVXOWV RI FRUULGRU OHYHO DQDO\VLV IRU WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI D
URDG GLHW RQ .< 7KH GDWD LQ WKH WDEOH LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKHUH LV D VOLJKW GHFUHDVH LQ
WUDYHOWLPHVDIWHUWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHURDGGLHW7KLVGHFUHDVHLVEHWZHHQWR
VHFRQGV GXULQJ WKH SHDN SHULRGV UHSUHVHQWLQJ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ D WR SHUFHQW
GHFUHDVHLQWUDYHOWLPHV

Table 4: Travel Time Corridor Level
Travel Time(sec)
Travel Segment
(KY 74) AM Noon PM
4-Lane 3-Lane 4-Lane 3-Lane 4-Lane 3-Lane
Westbound
WK6W7RWK6W
WK6WWRWK6W
WK6WWRVW6W
Total 47 41 49 40 54 49
Eastbound
VW6W7RWK6W
WK6W7RWK6W
WK6W7RWK6W
Total 50 50 51 50 59 54

Table 5VXPPDUL]HVWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\DQGTXHXHHVWLPDWHVIRUWKH30SHDNKRXU
7KHRYHUDOOSDWWHUQLQWKHGDWDSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOHLQGLFDWHVQRVLJQLILFDQWFKDQJHVLQ
GHOD\VIRUWKH30SHDNSHULRGDIWHUWKHLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHURDGGLHW,QWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\V
ZLOO LQFUHDVH E\ WR VHFYHK DW WKH YDULRXV LQWHUVHFWLRQV UHSUHVHQWLQJ DQ LQFUHDVH
EHWZHHQ WR SHUFHQW LQFUHDVH 4XHXH OHQJWKV DW DOO LQWHUVHFWLRQV DUH UHGXFHG
VLJQLILFDQWO\²IRUWKUHHRIWKHIRXUDWDERXWRQHWKLUGRIWKHRULJLQDOOHQJWK7KLVFRXOGEH
DWWULEXWHG WR WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH OHIWWXUQ DX[LOLDU\ ODQH DW WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQV VHSDUDWLQJ
OHIWWXUQLQJ DQG WKURXJKPRYHPHQWV $Q LVVXH WKDW VKRXOGEHQRWHG KHUH LVWKH ODFNRI
VLJQLILFDQWFKDQJHVLQGHOD\VDQGVLJQLILFDQWLPSURYHPHQWVLQ TXHXHOHQJWKVLQGLFDWLQJ
WKDWWKHURDGGLHWDSSOLFDWLRQZLOOQRWLPSDFWQHJDWLYHO\RSHUDWLRQV
.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

Table 5: PM Peak Hour Intersection Operations Summary
'HOD\ VHF $YHUDJH4XHXH IW
,QWHUVHFWLRQ
([LVWLQJ 5RDG'LHW ([LVWLQJ 5RDG'LHW
.<DWVW6WUHHW
.<DWWK6WUHHW
.<DWWK6WUHHW

.<DWWK6WUHHW

Safety Analysis
7KH SULPDU\ FUDVK W\SH RQ WKH FRUULGRU LV DQ DQJOH FUDVK DW DQ LQWHUVHFWLRQ 7DEOH
7KLV FUDVK W\SH LV OLNHO\ FDXVHG E\ WKH DEVHQFH RI OHIWWXUQ ODQHV WKDW FRXOG SURYLGH
XQUHVWULFWHGVLJKWGLVWDQFHWRRQFRPLQJWUDIILF7KHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDOHIWWXUQODQHDW
WKHVH LQWHUVHFWLRQV WKURXJK WKH URDG GLHW ZLOO FRUUHFW WKLV SUREOHP DQG VLJQLILFDQWO\
LPSURYH VLJKW GLVWDQFH IRU OHIWWXUQLQJ YHKLFOHV 7KLV VKRXOG UHVXOW LQ D UHGXFWLRQ RI
DQJOHFUDVKHV

7KH VHFRQGPRVWIUHTXHQW FUDVKW\SH RQ WKH FRUULGRULVUHDUHQGFUDVKHVDQG PRVWRI
WKH\
\ DUH RFFXUULQJ DW LQWHUVHFWLRQV 7KLV FUDVK W\SH LV W\SLFDOO\ DWWULEXWHG WR D
FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKH ODFN RI OHIWWXUQ ODQHV FDXVLQJ UHDU HQG FUDVKHV ZKHQ D YHKLFOH
VWRSVWRWXUQOHIW DQGFRQJHVWLRQRQWKHFRUULGRU7KHRSHUDWLRQDODQDO\VLVSUHVHQWHGLQ
7DEOHV DQG LQGLFDWH WKDW WKHUH ZLOO EH QR FKDQJHV LQ WKH OHYHO RI FRQJHVWLRQ DQG
WKHUHIRUH QR FKDQJHV DUH DQWLFLSDWHG LQ FUDVKHV UHVXOWLQJ IURP FRQJHVWLRQ +RZHYHU
WKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIOHIWWXUQODQHVDQGWKHVHSDUDWLRQRIWKURXJKDQGOHIWWXUQLQJYHKLFOHV
ZLOO OLNHO\ KDYH D SRVLWLYH HIIHFW RI UHGXFLQJ VRPH RI WKH UHDU HQG FUDVKHV DW WKH
VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV ,W VKRXOG EH SRLQWHG G WKRXJK WKDW WKLV HIIHFW ZLOO QRW DSSO\ DW
WKRVHLQWHUVHFWLRQVZKLFKDOUHDG\KDYHOHIWWXUQODQHV

$SSUR[LPDWHO\SHUFHQWRIWKHFUDVKHVDUHDWPLGEORFNORFDWLRQVDQGWKHURDGGLHWFDQ
SRWHQWLDOO\ DGGUHVV VHYHUDO RI WKHVH FUDVKHV 5HDU HQG DQG VLGHVZLSHV DUH WKH WZR
SULPDU\FUDVKW\SHVWKDWURDGGLHWVW\SLFDOO\UHGXFHE\HOLPLQDWLQJWKHIULFWLRQFUHDWHGE\
VWRSSHGOHIWWXUQLQJYHKLFOHVLQWUDIILF7KHUHPRYDORIOHIWWXUQLQJYHKLFOHVIURPWKHPDLQ
VWUHDPRIWUDIILFHOLPLQDWHVXQH[SHFWHGVWRSSHGYHKLFOHVWKDWFRXOGOHDGWRUHDUHQGVRU
WKH QHHG WR VZHUYH WR DYRLG WKH VWRSSHG YHKLFOHV UHVXOWLQJ LQ VLGHVZLSHV Table 6
VXPPDUL]HVWKHSRWHQWLDOHIIHFWVRIURDGGLHWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRQFUDVKHVIRU.<

.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

Table 6: Safety Effects of Road Diet
6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN
&UDVK7\SH
1XPEHU (IIHFW 1XPEHU (IIHFW
$QJOH
%DFNLQJ
+HDGRQ
2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ
5HDUHQG
5HDUWRUHDU
6LQJOHYHKLFOH
Total 27 - 11 -
/HJHQG LQGLFDWHVUHGXFWLRQLQFUDVKHV LQGLFDWHVPL[HGLPSDFWEDVHGRQFDXVDOIDFWRUVRIWKHFUDVK
.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
7ZR SULPDU\ FRQVLGHUDWLRQV QHHG WR EH DGGUHVVHG ZLWK UHVSHFW WR URDG GLHW
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 7KH ILUVW LV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH SUHIHUUHG XWLOL]DWLRQ RI WKH DGGLWLRQDO VSDFH
FUHDWHGE\WKHUHGXFWLRQLQWUDYHOODQHV7KHSURSRVHGFURVVVHFWLRQVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
SURYLGH D SUHOLPLQDU\ UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ IRU WKH XWLOL]DWLRQ RI WKH DGGLWLRQDO VSDFH )RU
PRVWVHFWLRQVRIWKHSURMHFWWKHH[WUDVSDFHFDQEHXVHGWRSURYLGHDGGLWLRQDOSDUNLQJ
RSSRUWXQLW\LQERWKVLGHVRIWKHFRUULGRU,QWKLVFDVHIRRWODQHVZLOOEHLPSOHPHQWHG
OO
ZLWKDIRRWWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHDQGDQIRRWSDUNLQJVWULSLQRQHVLGHDQGDQ
IRRWUHYHUVHDQJOHSDUNLQJLQWKHRWKHUVLGH

7KH VHFRQG FRQVLGHUDWLRQ LV WR SURSHUO\ ORFDWH DQG GHVLJQ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ IURP WKH
H[LVWLQJ DQG ODQH VHFWLRQV WR WKH UHGXFHG ODQH VHFWLRQ )RU WKH HDVW HQG RI WKH
FRUULGRUWKHWUDQVLWLRQVKRXOGRFFXUDWWKHQGDQGUG6WUHHWV)RUWKHZHVWHQGRIWKH
FRUULGRU WKH WUDQVLWLRQ VKRXOG RFFXUDW WKH WK 6WUHHW 7KH DGGLWLRQDOLQERXQG ODQH WR
WKH VWXG\ FRUULGRU LV UHFRPPHQGHG WR EH GURSSHG DV D ULJKWWXUQ ODQH DW WKHVH
LQWHUVHFWLRQV $ FRQFHSWXDO SODQ IRU WKH WUDQVLWLRQ DW QG DQG UG 6WUHHWV LV VKRZQ LQ
Figure 4
.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

EVALUATION SUMMARY
7KHDQDO\VLVSUHVHQWHGKHUHHYDOXDWHVWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIFRQYHUWLQJWKHODQHVHFWLRQRI
.< LQ 0LGGOHVERUR WR D ODQH FURVVVHFWLRQ ZLWK RQH ODQH LQ HDFK GLUHFWLRQ DQG D
WZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQH7KHVLPXODWLRQPRGHOVGHYHORSHGLQ9,66,0ZHUHFDOLEUDWHGWR
UHIOHFWWKHILHOGFRQGLWLRQV7KHDQDO\VLVFRPSOHWHGHYDOXDWHGWKHRSHUDWLRQDODQGVDIHW\
HIIHFWV RI WKLV SRWHQWLDO FKDQJH $ VXPPDU\ RI WKH RYHUDOO SRWHQWLDO HIIHFWV RI WKH
LQVWDOODWLRQLVVKRZQLQTable 7

$VSHFW (IIHFW
7UDYHOWLPHV 1RQHRUQHJOLJHQW
,QWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\V 1RQHRUQHJOLJHQW
,PSURYHGUHGXFHGFRQIOLFWSRLQWVUHGXFHG
DQJOHDQGVLGHVZLSHFUDVKHVSRWHQWLDOWR
2YHUDOOVDIHW\ LQFUHDVHUHDUHQGFUDVKHVDWLQWHUVHFWLRQV
7UDYHOVSHHGV ,PSURYHGXQLIRUPLW\WUDIILFFDOPLQJSRWHQWLDO
3HGHVWULDQVDIHW\ ,PSURYHG

7KH RSHUDWLRQDODQDO\VLV VKRZHG WKDW WUDYHOWLPHV ZLOO UHPDLQ YLUWXDOO\ XQFKDQJHG ZLWK
WKH FRQYHUVLRQ 7KH FRPSDULVRQ RI WUDYHO WLPHV IURP 7DEOH VKRZV D GHFUHDVH RI
DSSUR[LPDWHO\ SHUFHQW IRU ERWK GLUHFWLRQV LQ WKH 30 SHDN KRXUV DORQJ ZLWK ORZHU
UHGXFWLRQVLQWKHRWKHUSHDNSHULRGV $OOVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVDORQJWKHFRUULGRUZLOO
H[SHULHQFHDVOLJKWLQFUHDVHLQRYHUDOOGHOD\VLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHFRQYHUVLRQZLOOKDYHQR
QHJDWLYH HIIHFWV RQ WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI WKH FRUULGRU 4XHXH OHQJWKV DW WKH VLJQDOL]HG
LQWHUVHFWLRQVZLOOEHVLJQLILFDQWO\UHGXFHGWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\RQHWKLUGRIFXUUHQWOHQJWKV,W
VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW WKHUH DUH DGGLWLRQDO EHQHILWV WKDW FRXOG PDWHULDOL]H IURP WKH
FRQYHUVLRQ WKDW WKH VLPXODWLRQ ZDV QRW DEOH WR TXDQWLI\ 7KHVH EHQHILWV LQFOXGH WKH
SRWHQWLDOIRUPRUHXQLIRUPVSHHGVDORQJWKHFRUULGRUHOLPLQDWLRQRIXQEDODQFHGVSHHGV
E\ WUDYHO ODQHV DQG SRWHQWLDO VSHHG UHGXFWLRQV URDG GLHW LV DFWLQJ DV WUDIILF FDOPLQJ
$GGLWLRQDOO\ SHGHVWULDQ FRPIRUW DQG VDIHW\ PD\ EH LPSURYHG E\ UHGXFLQJ WKH QXPEHU
ODQHV WR EH FURVVHG SURYLGLQJ D UHIXJH ZLWKLQ WKH WZRZD\ OHIWWXUQ ODQH DQG UHGXFLQJ
WKHVSHHGGLIIHUHQWLDOLQWKHWUDYHOODQHV5RDGGLHWVDOVRLPSURYHPXOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQV
ELF\FOHV DQG WUDQVLW WKURXJK WKH SUHVHQFH RI HLWKHU ZLGHU ODQHV RU H[FOXVLYH ELF\FOH
ODQHVDVZHOODVLPSURYHDFFHVVPDQDJHPHQWSRWHQWLDO

7KH VDIHW\ DQDO\VLV VKRZHG WKDW WKHUH LV WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU LPSURYHPHQWV ERWK DW WKH
VLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVDQGPLGEORFNDUHDVDORQJWKHFRUULGRU7KHURDGGLHWLQVWDOODWLRQ
LVH[SHFWHGWRUHGXFHDQJOHDQGVLGHVZLSHFUDVKHVGXHWRWKHUHPRYDORIWKHOHIWWXUQLQJ
YHKLFOHVIRUWKHWUDYHOODQHV5HDUHQGFUDVKHVDWPLGEORFNVHFWLRQVDUHDOVRH[SHFWHG
WRUHGXFHZKLOHUHDUHQGFUDVKHVDWLQWHUVHFWLRQVFRXOGEHDIIHFWHGDVZHOOEXWWKHUHLV
DOVR WKH SRWHQWLDO RI LQFUHDVLQJ WKHP ZLWK WKH SODFHPHQW RI WKH OHIWWXUQ ODQHV DW WKH
LQWHUVHFWLRQV7KHURDGGLHWLQVWDOODWLRQFDQWKHUHIRUHUHGXFHWKHQXPEHURIFUDVKHVDQG
.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

WKXVLPSDFWWKHFUDVKUDWHIDFWRULIQRWHGIRUWKLVVHFWLRQ$GGLWLRQDOVDIHW\JDLQV

WKDW FRXOG PDWHULDOL]H IURP URDG GLHW LQVWDOODWLRQV LQFOXGH UHGXFHG QXPEHU RI FRQIOLFW
SRLQWV LPSURYHG SHGHVWULDQ VDIHW\ WKURXJK SURYLVLRQ RI PHGLDQ UHIXJH DQG SRWHQWLDO
IRUORZHUVHYHULW\FUDVKHVGXHWRUHGXFHGWUDYHOVSHHGV

2QHSRWHQWLDOGLVDGYDQWDJHRIWKHURDGGLHWZRXOGEHWKHDELOLW\WRKDQGOHGLVUXSWLRQVLQ
WKH WUDIILF IORZ UHVXOWLQJ IURP LQFLGHQWV 7KH UHGXFHG QXPEHU RI WUDYHO ODQHV FRXOG
LPSDFWRSHUDWLRQVLIRQHODQHLVEORFNHGWKURXJKDFUDVKRFFXUUHQFHRURWKHULQWHUPLWWHQW
LQFLGHQWV VXFK DV WUDLQ PRYHPHQWV 'XULQJ WKHVH DEEUHYLDWHG WLPHV TXHXHV DUH
H[SHFWHGWREHORQJHUSRWHQWLDOO\LPSDFWLQJVLGHVWUHHWRSHUDWLRQV7KHORQJHUTXHXHV
ZRXOGDOVRWDNHORQJHUWRGLVVLSDWHDIWHUDQLQFLGHQW
.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

APPENDIX A
Existing Conditions
.<0LGGOHVERUR.<

APPENDIX B
Traffic Volumes
.<0LGGOHVERUR.<
482 470 476 476
10 10 31, 9, 18
14, 2, 2
6
454 15
22 4 453
4 8
22nd
4 20
21st Street
20 th
44
500 476
9 10
33, 16, 25 6,
3, 8, 4
10 10
541 553 506 506 5
CODE 934 6
STORE ITE CODE 935
ING ITE CODE 210

485 506 506 656
10 10
2, 1, 7
6, 39, 5
4 20
452 501
50 135 4
18 th
3 4
19 th
465
3
3, 3, 183
FITZPATRICK
27, 26, 27
10 10
506 471 471 655
6
49, 7, 13
30
563
4
15
4 120
15 th
521
38
18, 9, 17
0 679 551
6
520 500 508 514
10 10 40, 19, 23 69, 24, 48
8
474 24
38 460
4
4 30
4
42
22nd
4 43
21st Street
20 th
440 429
13 18
29, 18, 42
8, 10, 26 11,
10 10
496 489 489
541 502 502 667
10 10
9, 4, 27
18, 64, 4
14 28
430 491
148 4
58
18 th
4 4
19 th
494
10
FITZPATRICK
93, 69, 69 2, 14, 185
10 10
505 508 508 706
547
110, 10, 34
30
4 502
15
4 118
15 th
562
50
31, 23, 19
0 730 615
678 686
5 5 13, 11, 30 71, 30, 60
26 33
597 659
55 9 26
9
22nd
9 34 30
21st Street
20 th
725 717
12 48
55, 34, 15 14, 10, 40
10,
5 5
771 795 795 8
712 703 703 697
5 5
6, 4, 33
7, 69, 12
85 7
606 687
12 3 9
242
18 th
9
19 th
560
20
99, 82, 81 10, 10, 326

FITZPATRICK
5 5
822 919
45, 28, 45
55
612
27
9 125
15 th
768
10
56, 17, 27
903 840

APPENDIX C
Crash Diagrams

.<0LGGOHVERUR.<
APPENDIX B

5RDG'LHW*XLGHOLQHV

INTRODUCTION

5RDG GLHWV XVXDOO\ LQYROYH UHVWULSLQJ D IRXUODQH XQGLYLGHG URDG DV D WKUHHODQH URDG ZLWK WZR
WKURXJK ODQHV DQG D WZRZD\ OHIWWXUQ ODQH 7KH H[WUD URDGZD\ ZLGWK FDQ EH XVHG WR ZLGHQ
H[LVWLQJ ODQHV FUHDWH ELF\FOH ODQHV VXSSO\ RQ VWUHHW SDUNLQJ ZLGHQ VLGHZDONV RU SURYLGH
RSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUODQGVFDSHGPHGLDQLVODQGV

7\SLFDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQVIRU URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV LQFOXGH WUDIILF YROXPHVRI WKH PLQRU DQGPDLQ
VWUHHWV DQG PDLQ VWUHHW OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV +RZHYHU FRPSDWLELOLW\ RI WKH WUHDWPHQW ZLWK
URDGZD\ IXQFWLRQDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ DFFHVV IUHTXHQF\ DQG ODQG XVH VKRXOG DOVR EH FRQVLGHUHG
ZKHQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIDURDG

ROAD DIET CONVERSIONS
Process
5RDGGLHWVPD\EHSURSRVHGWRDGGUHVVERWKVDIHW\DQGRSHUDWLRQDOLVVXHVRQURDGZD\V 7KH
IROORZLQJIORZFKDUWSURYLGHVDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHSURFHVVWREHIROORZHGWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUD
URDGGLHWLVDSSURSULDWH )LJXUH


7KH IORZ FKDUW DOORZV WKH XVHU WR LGHQWLI\ WKH DSSURSULDWH DFWLRQ WR EH XQGHUWDNHQ LQ RUGHU WR
GHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHURDGGLHWZLOOLPSURYHWKHRSHUDWLRQVVDIHW\RURWKHUSHUIRUPDQFHLVVXHV
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHURDG7RDGGUHVVWKLVDOLVWRISRVVLEOHSUREOHPVFRUUHFWDEOHE\DURDGGLHW
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQLVSUHVHQWHGEHORZ 7DEOH ,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHTXLUHGLWHPVIRUFRQGXFWLQJDQ

LQGHSWK HYDOXDWLRQ DUH DOVR LGHQWLILHG LQ RUGHU WR DOORZ IRU D FRPSOHWH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH
LPSOLFDWLRQVIURPDURDGGLHWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 7DEOH

7DEOH5RDGGLHWFRUUHFWDEOHSUREOHPV
&DWHJRU\ 3UREOHP 5DWLRQDOH
'HOD\VDVVRFLDWHGZLWKOHIW 6HSDUDWLRQRIOHIWWXUQLQJWUDIILFKDYHVKRZQWR
WXUQLQJWUDIILF LPSURYHGHOD\VDWVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV
6LGHVWUHHWWUDIILFUHTXLUHVVKRUWHUJDSVWR
+LJKVLGHVWUHHWGHOD\VDW
2SHUDWLRQDO FRPSOHWHPRYHPHQWVGXHWRWKHFRQVROLGDWLRQ
XQVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV
RIOHIWWXUQVLQWRRQHODQH
3RWHQWLDOIRULQFOXGLQJDELNHODQHHOLPLQDWHV
%LF\FOHGHOD\V
VXFKGHOD\V
5HDUHQGFUDVKHVZLWKOHIW 5HPRYDORIVWRSSHGWXUQLQJYHKLFOHVIURPWKH
WXUQLQJWUDIILF WKURXJKODQHFRXOGUHGXFHUHDUHQGFUDVKHV
(OLPLQDWLRQRIQHHGWRFKDQJHODQHVWRDYRLG
6LGHVZLSHFUDVKHV GHOD\VEHKLQGDOHIWWXUQLQJYHKLFOHLQWKH
LQVLGHWKURXJKODQHUHGXFHVVLGHVZLSHFUDVKHV
(OLPLQDWLRQRIWKHQHJDWLYHRIIVHWEHWZHHQ
6DIHW\
/HIWWXUQFUDVKHVGXHWRRIIVHW RSSRVLQJOHIWWXUQYHKLFOHVDQGLQFUHDVHRI
OHIWWXUQV DYDLODEOHVLJKWGLVWDQFHUHGXFHVOHIWWXUQ
FUDVKHV
%LF\FOHODQHVHSDUDWHVELF\FOHVIURPWUDIILF
%LF\FOHDQGSHGHVWULDQFUDVKHV SHGHVWULDQVKDYHVKRUWHUGLVWDQFHWRFURVVDQG
FDQXVHDUHIXJHDUHD LIRQHSURYLGHG
%LF\FOHDQGSHGHVWULDQ
2SSRUWXQLW\WRSURYLGHDSSURSULDWHRUUHTXLUHG
DFFRPPRGDWLRQGXHWRODFNRI
IDFLOLWLHVLQFUHDVLQJXVHE\VXFKXVHUV
IDFLOLWLHV
2WKHU 3URYLVLRQIRUODQGVFDSHGPHGLDQVDQGRWKHU
$HVWKHWLFV
WUHDWPHQWVDVVHHILW
3RWHQWLDOIRUXQLIRUPVSHHGVDQGFRQVLVWHQF\
7UDIILFFDOPLQJ
RSSRUWXQLW\WRHQFRXUDJHSHGHVWULDQDFWLYLW\

7DEOH,QGHSWKHYDOXDWLRQLWHPV
Operational evaluation
7UDYHOWLPHV
,QWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\V
7UDYHOVSHHGV
0LQRUVWUHHWRSHUDWLRQV
5DLOURDGFURVVLQJV
Safety evaluation
$QJOHFUDVKHV
/HIWWXUQFUDVKHV
5HDUHQGFUDVKHV
3HGHVWULDQVDIHW\
%LF\FOLVWVVDIHW\

Operational Performance
5RDGGLHWVPD\EHDIHDVLEOHDOWHUQDWLYHRQURDGZD\VZLWK$'7VDVKLJKDVYHKLFOHVSHU
GD\ YSG EXWPD\DOVRIDLORQURDGZD\VZLWKORZ$'7 HJGHSHQGLQJXSRQVLGHVWUHHW
YROXPH DW PDMRU LQWHUVHFWLRQV )LJXUH VXPPDUL]HV WKH UDQJH RI RSHUDWLQJ SDUDPHWHUV WKDW
ZRXOGVXSSRUWDURDGGLHWSURMHFW

)LJXUH2SHUDWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHJXLGHOLQHIRUURDGGLHWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

7KH UHG OLQH LQ WKH ILJXUH LGHQWLILHV WKH YROXPH FRPELQDWLRQV ZKHUH WKH URDGZD\ ZLOO RSHUDWH
XQGHU FDSDFLW\ ZLWK D URDG GLHW 7KH EOXH OLQH LGHQWLILHV WKH SRLQW ZKHUH WKH RSHUDWLRQDO
SHUIRUPDQFH LH GHOD\V LV HTXDO EHWZHHQ D IRXUODQH DQG WKUHHODQH FURVVVHFWLRQ 7KH
FRPELQDWLRQVEHORZWKHEOXHOLQHLQGLFDWHORZHUGHOD\VDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRID
URDG GLHW 8WLOL]LQJ WKHVH FRQFHSWV )LJXUH GHILQHV WKUHH DUHDV ZLWK UHVSHFW WR URDG GLHW
LQVWDOODWLRQV7KHORZHUDUHDFDOOHG³5HFRPPHQGHG´LGHQWLILHVWKHYROXPHFRPELQDWLRQVZKHUH
WKHURDGGLHWZLOOSHUIRUPEHORZFDSDFLW\DQGUHVXOWLQRSHUDWLRQDOJDLQV7KHXSSHUDUHD³1RW
UHFRPPHQGHG´ LGHQWLILHV WKH YROXPH FRPELQDWLRQV ZKHUH WKH URDGZD\ ZLOO RSHUDWH DERYH
FDSDFLW\DQGZLOOKDYHKLJKHUGHOD\VWKDQWKHIRXUODQHDOWHUQDWLYH$URDGGLHWRSHUDWLQJLQWKLV
UDQJHZLOOOLNHO\UHVXOWLQXQGHVLUHGFRQJHVWLRQ7KHDUHDEHWZHHQWKHWZROLQHVLVFRQVLGHUHGDV
WKHDUHDUHTXLULQJDGGLWLRQDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRGHWHUPLQHWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIDURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQ
$URDGGLHWLQWKLVDUHDZLOORSHUDWHXQGHUFDSDFLW\EXWPD\KDYHKLJKHU GHOD\VWKDQWKHIRXU
ODQH VHFWLRQ 7KXV DQDO\VLV VKRXOG EH FRPSOHWHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH LPSDFWV WKDW ZRXOG UHVXOW
IURPWKHURDGGLHW

Safety Performance
%DVHGRQEHIRUHDQGDIWHUDQDO\VLVRIFDVHVWXGLHVLQ.HQWXFN\URDGGLHWVKDYHGHPRQVWUDWHG
DQDYHUDJHSHUFHQWUHGXFWLRQLQWRWDOFUDVKHVFRPSDUHGWRIRXUODQHFURVVVHFWLRQV1DWLRQDO
UHVHDUFKKDVGHYHORSHGDFUDVKPRGLILFDWLRQIDFWRURIEDVHGGXHWRWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRID
FRQWLQXRXVOHIWWXUQODQHRQDURDGZD\LQGLFDWLQJDSHUFHQWUHGXFWLRQLQFUDVKHV:KLOHURDG
GLHWVFDQEHHIIHFWLYHLQDGGUHVVLQJFUDVKSUREOHPVDVDIHW\DQDO\VLVVKRXOGEHFRPSOHWHGWR

GHWHUPLQH WKH W\SH RI FUDVKHV RQ WKH FRUULGRU DQG HQVXUH WKDW WKH\ DUH FRUUHFWDEOH E\ WKH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI D URDG GLHW 7KH IROORZLQJ FUDVK W\SHV DUH FRPPRQ W\SHV WKDW PD\ EH
DGGUHVVHGE\DURDGGLHW
x 6LGHVZLSH&UDVKHV6LGHVZLSHFUDVKHVFDQUHVXOWIURPYHKLFOHVFKDQJLQJODQHVWRDYRLG
GHOD\V EHKLQG D OHIWWXUQLQJ YHKLFOH LQ WKH LQVLGH WKURXJK ODQH 7KHVH W\SHV RI FUDVKHV
FDQRFFXUDWPLGEORFNDFFHVVSRLQWVDQGPDMRULQWHUVHFWLRQV5RDGGLHWVHOLPLQDWHWKHVH
W\SHVRIFUDVKHVE\UHPRYLQJWKHWXUQLQJYHKLFOHIURPWKHWKURXJKODQH6LGHVZLSHVFDQ
DOVRRFFXUEHWZHHQYHKLFOHVWUDYHOLQJRQWKHWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHDQGWKRVHDWWHPSWLQJ
WRHQWHULWEXWWKHVHFUDVKHVDUHQRWDIUHTXHQWRFFXUUHQFHDVSULRUUHVHDUFKDQGFDVH
VWXGLHV LQGLFDWH )LJXUH VKRZV WKH UHJLRQ RI GHFUHDVHG VLGHVZLSH FRQIOLFWV DV D
FRPELQDWLRQRIPDMRUDQGPLQRUVWUHHWYROXPHVDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJH

)LJXUH6LGHVZLSHFRQIOLFWJXLGDQFHE\PDMRUPLQRUVWUHHWYROXPHDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQW

x 5HDU (QG &UDVKHV 5HDU HQG FUDVKHV FDQ UHVXOW IURP YHKLFOHV WUDYHOLQJ LQ WKH LQVLGH
WKURXJKODQHEHKLQGDVWRSSLQJRUVWRSSHGOHIWWXUQLQJYHKLFOH$URDGGLHWUHGXFHVWKHVH
W\SHV RI FUDVKHV E\ UHPRYLQJ WKH VWRSSHG WXUQLQJ YHKLFOH IURP WKHWKURXJK ODQH 5RDG
GLHWVDUHDQWLFLSDWHGWRUHGXFHUHDUHQGFUDVKHVRQURDGZD\VZLWKKLJKYROXPHVRIOHIW
WXUQ WUDIILF KRZHYHU LQFUHDVHG FRQJHVWLRQ UHVXOWLQJ IURP WKH ODQH UHGXFWLRQ PD\
LQFUHDVHUHDUHQGFUDVKHVRQWKHPDLQVWUHHWXQGHURWKHUFRQGLWLRQV)LJXUHVKRZVWKH
UHJLRQ RI GHFUHDVHG UHDU HQG FRQIOLFWV DV D FRPELQDWLRQ RI PDMRU DQG PLQRU VWUHHW
YROXPHVDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJH

)LJXUH5HDUHQGFRQIOLFWJXLGDQFHE\PDMRUPLQRUVWUHHWYROXPHDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQW

x /HIWWXUQ DQJOH FUDVKHV :KHQ PRGHUDWH WR KLJK YROXPHV RI OHIWWXUQ WUDIILF H[LVW RQ D
URDGZD\ ZLWKRXW GHGLFDWHG OHIWWXUQ ODQHV D VLJQLILFDQW LQFUHDVH LQ FUDVKHV EHWZHHQ
PDMRU VWUHHW OHIWWXUQV DQG RSSRVLQJ WKURXJK YROXPHV FDQ RFFXU 7KLV LV GXH WR WKH
UHVWULFWHGVLJKWGLVWDQFHWKDWFDQRFFXUZKHQDQRSSRVLQJOHIWWXUQYHKLFOHUHVWULFWVVLJKW
GLVWDQFH WR DSSURDFKLQJ WKURXJK YHKLFOHV LQ WKH RXWVLGH ODQH 5RDG GLHWV DGGUHVV WKLV
W\SH RI FUDVK E\ FRUUHFWLQJWKH QHJDWLYH RIIVHW EHWZHHQ RSSRVLQJ OHIWWXUQ YHKLFOHV DQG
VLJQLILFDQWO\LQFUHDVLQJDYDLODEOHVLJKWGLVWDQFH

Other Considerations
7KHUH DUH DGGLWLRQDO HOHPHQWV WKDW VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG ZKHQ URDG GLHWV DUH HYDOXDWHG 7KH
IROORZLQJ OLVW LGHQWLILHV WKHVH HOHPHQWV DQG SURYLGHV D EULHI RYHUYLHZ RI WKHLU SRWHQWLDO
LPSOLFDWLRQV
x 0XOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQV5RDGGLHWVLPSURYHPXOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQV ELF\FOHVDQGWUDQVLW
WKURXJKWKHSUHVHQFHRIHLWKHUZLGHUODQHVRUH[FOXVLYHELF\FOHODQHV
x 3HGHVWULDQ VDIHW\ 5RDG GLHWV FDQ LQFUHDVH SHGHVWULDQ FRPIRUW DQG VDIHW\ E\ UHGXFLQJ
WKHQXPEHURIODQHVWREHFURVVHGSURYLGLQJDUHIXJHZLWKLQWKHWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQH
DQGUHGXFLQJWKHVSHHGGLIIHUHQWLDOLQWKHWUDYHOODQHV
x 2SHUDWLRQDO FRQVLVWHQF\ 7KLV DVSHFW DGGUHVVHV WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU PRUH XQLIRUP VSHHGV
DORQJWKHFRUULGRUHOLPLQDWLRQRIXQEDODQFHGVSHHGVE\WUDYHOODQHVDQGSRWHQWLDOVSHHG
UHGXFWLRQV URDGGLHWLVDFWLQJDVWUDIILFFDOPLQJ DIWHUWKHURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQ
x /LYDELOLW\ 5RDG GLHWV KDYH WKH SRWHQWLDO WR LPSURYH FRUULGRU OLYDELOLW\ DQG SURYLGH
RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU UHVLGHQWLDO DQG FRPPHUFLDO JURZWK 5HGXFHG VSHHGV HQFRXUDJH
SHGHVWULDQDQGELF\FOHWUDIILFDQGFUHDWHDSHGHVWULDQIULHQGO\HQYLURQPHQW

Design Considerations

7UDQVLWLRQ
2QHRIWKHSULPDU\FRQVLGHUDWLRQVLQWKHGHVLJQRIDURDGGLHWLVWKHWUDQVLWLRQIURPDIRXUODQH
FURVVVHFWLRQWRDWKUHHODQHFURVVVHFWLRQ7KLVWUDQVLWLRQFDQVHUYHDV DFDSDFLW\DQGVDIHW\
FRQFHUQLIQRWGHVLJQHGSURSHUO\,GHDOO\DURDGGLHWZRXOGUHSODFHWKHHQWLUHIRXUODQHVHFWLRQ
RI URDGZD\ HOLPLQDWLQJ WKH QHHG IRU D WUDQVLWLRQ +RZHYHU LI QHFHVVDU\ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ FDQ EH
SODFHGDWHLWKHUDPDMRULQWHUVHFWLRQRUPLGEORFN

,I WUDQVLWLRQLQJ DW D PDMRU LQWHUVHFWLRQ WKH HQWHULQJ WKURXJK ODQH VKRXOG EH GURSSHG DV D WXUQ
ODQHVHUYLQJDVLJQLILFDQWYROXPHRIWUDIILFVXFKDVDKHDY\ULJKWWXUQPRYHPHQW'URSSLQJWKH
ODQHDVDULJKWRUOHIWWXUQODQHIRUDPLQLPDOYROXPHPD\EHFRXQWHUSURGXFWLYHDVWKHZHDYLQJ
DQGPHUJLQJRSHUDWLRQVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHODQHGURSRFFXUVLPXOWDQHRXVO\ZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHG
GHPDQGVRIWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQ)LJXUHVKRZVDODQHGURSDVDULJKWWXUQODQHDWDQLQWHUVHFWLRQ

)LJXUH5LJKWWXUQODQHGURSDVURDGGLHWWUDQVLWLRQ

$SURSHUWUDQVLWLRQPD\DOVRWDNHSODFHPLGEORFNRQWKHURDGZD\:KHQSODFLQJWKHWUDQVLWLRQ
PLGEORFNLWVKRXOGRFFXUDZD\IURPLQWHUVHFWLRQVDQGRUKLJKYROXPHDFFHVVSRLQWVWKDWZRXOG
SODFH VWRSSHG WXUQLQJ WUDIILF LQ WKH WKURXJK ODQHV RI WKH PHUJLQJ WUDIILF )LJXUH VKRZV D
PLGEORFNWUDQVLWLRQ

)LJXUH0LGEORFNODQHGURSDVURDGGLHWWUDQVLWLRQ

,I QRW GHVLJQHG SURSHUO\ WKHVH WUDQVLWLRQV FDQ VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQFUHDVH FUDVKHV UHPRYLQJ DQ\
VDIHW\ EHQHILW RI WKH URDG GLHW $OO WUDQVLWLRQV VKRXOG IROORZ $$6+72ெV 3ROLF\ RQ *HRPHWULF
'HVLJQIRU+LJKZD\VDQG6WUHHWVDQG087&'JXLGDQFHIRUWKHUHGXFWLRQRIWKURXJKODQHV

&URVV6HFWLRQ
7KH FURVV VHFWLRQ RI D IRXUODQH URDGZD\ FDQ YDU\ ZLGHO\ IURP D IRRW VHFWLRQ ZLWK QDUURZ
ODQHVWRDZLGHIRRWVHFWLRQ7KHSURSRVHGFURVVVHFWLRQIRUWKHURDGGLHWVKRXOGXWLOL]HWKH
DYDLODEOHVSDFHLQWKHPRVWHIILFLHQWPDQQHUZKLOHSURSHUO\FKDQQHOL]LQJLQWHQGHGPRYHPHQWV
7KHIROORZLQJILJXUHVVKRZSRVVLEOHFRQILJXUDWLRQVIRUURDGGLHWVHFWLRQV

)LJXUH([DPSOHFURVVVHFWLRQZLWKDWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHDQGELF\FOHODQHV

)LJXUH([DPSOHFURVVVHFWLRQZLWKWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHELF\FOHODQHVDQGSDUNLQJ

)LJXUH([DPSOHFURVVVHFWLRQZLWKODQGVFDSHGPHGLDQDQGSDUNLQJ EDFNLQWRVKRZQ

$FFHVV'HQVLW\
:KLOHDFFHVVGHQVLW\FDQKDYHDVLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQDQJOHDQGUHDUHQGFUDVKHVDVYHKLFOHV
VORZWRHQWHUDQGH[LWDQDFFHVVSRLQWQRFDVHVWXGLHVKDYHVKRZQWKDWWKLVLPSDFWLVJUHDWHU
RQ URDG GLHWVWKDQ DIRXUODQH FURVVVHFWLRQ 2QH DUHD RIFRQFHUQIRUWKH RSHUDWLRQ RI DWZR
ZD\ OHIW WXUQ ODQH LV WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU RYHUODSSLQJ OHIWWXUQ SDWKV EHWZHHQ WKH PDLQ VWUHHW DQG
DGMDFHQW DFFHVV SRLQWV $FFRUGLQJ WR .7& $X[LOLDU\ 7XUQ /DQH 3ROLF\ D QRQWUDYHUVDEOH
PHGLDQDQGWXUQUHVWULFWLRQVDUH UHFRPPHQGHGZKHQDFRUULGRUH[FHHGVDFFHVVSRLQWVSHU
PLOH EDVHGRQQXPEHURIDFFHVVSRLQWVRQERWKVLGHVRIWKHVWUHHW 'HSHQGLQJRQWKHLQJUHVV
DQGHJUHVVYROXPHVRIPDMRUDFFHVVSRLQWVWKHIRXUODQHVHFWLRQPD\RXWSHUIRUPWKHWKUHHODQH
VHFWLRQLQVRPHLQVWDQFHV

Performance Evaluation
3ULRU WR WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI D URDG GLHW LW LV UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW D FDSDFLW\ DQDO\VLV EH
FRPSOHWHG IRU WKH PDMRU VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV RQ WKH FRUULGRU WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH\ ZRXOG
RSHUDWH DFFHSWDEO\ ZLWK D UHYLVHG ODQH FRQILJXUDWLRQ $QDO\VLV EDVHG RQ +LJKZD\ &DSDFLW\
0DQXDO +&0 PHWKRGRORJLHV LV VXIILFLHQW WR FKHFN LQWHUVHFWLRQ FDSDFLWLHV )RU VSHFLDO FDVHV
VXFKDVFORVHO\VSDFHGLQWHUVHFWLRQVFRRUGLQDWHGVLJQDOV\VWHPVRUFRUULGRUVZLWKDWJUDGHUDLO
FURVVLQJVPLFURVLPXODWLRQLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRDGHTXDWHO\HYDOXDWHDUULYDOSDWWHUQVDQGTXHXH
IRUPDWLRQDQGGLVVLSDWLRQ

When Not to Convert
7KHUH DUH FDVHV ZKHUH D URDG GLHW PD\ QRW EH WKH DSSURSULDWH VROXWLRQ 7KHVH FDVHV LQFOXGH
VFHQDULRV ZKHUH WKH URDG GLHW ZLOO QRW LPSURYH WKH RSHUDWLRQDO HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH FRUULGRU RU
FRUULGRUVZKHUHDWJUDGHUDLOFURVVLQJRURWKHUFRQGLWLRQVVXFKDVDKLJKIUHTXHQF\RIEXVVWRSV
PD\FUHDWHTXHXHVWKDWUHTXLUHDORQJWLPHWRGLVVLSDWH

5RDG GLHWV RQO\ DGGUHVV WKH VSHFLILF FUDVK W\SHV LGHQWLILHG LQ WKH VDIHW\ SHUIRUPDQFH VHFWLRQ
7KHVHFUDVKHVLQFOXGHUHDUHQGDQGVLGHVZLSHV WKDWUHVXOWIURPDQLQVLGHWKURXJKODQHWKDWLV
EORFNHGE\OHIWWXUQLQJWUDIILFDQGOHIWWXUQDQJOHFUDVKHVWKDWUHVXOWIURPRIIVHWOHIWWXUQODQHV,I
WKHVHFUDVKW\SHVGRQRWH[LVWDVDIHW\EHQHILWZRXOGQRWEHUHDOL]HG

,IDQDGHTXDWHWUDQVLWLRQFDQQRWEHGHVLJQHGIRUWKHURDGGLHWLWVKRXOGEHUHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKLV
PD\FDXVHDQLQFUHDVHLQFUDVKHVDQGRXWZHLJKDQ\GHULYHGEHQHILWDORQJWKHFRUULGRU

,IOHIWWXUQODQHVDOUHDG\H[LVWRQWKHFRUULGRUHYHQLQOLPLWHGORFDWLRQVDWPDMRULQWHUVHFWLRQVWKH
LQWURGXFWLRQ RI D URDG GLHW ZRXOG DGYHUVHO\ LPSDFW FDSDFLW\ DQG VDIHW\ EHQHILWV PD\ QRW EH
UHDOL]HG

Analysis Checklist
7KHIROORZLQJFKHFNOLVWLVSURYLGHGLQRUGHUWRDOORZIRUDV\VWHPDWLFFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHYDULRXV
HOHPHQWV WR EH HYDOXDWHG DQG FRQVLGHUHG SULRU WR D URDG GLHW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 7DEOH 7KH
FKHFNOLVWLGHQWLILHVDQDO\VLVWREHFRPSOHWHGDQGGDWDWREHFROOHFWHGWKDWPD\EHXVHGWRDVVLVW
LQ HYDOXDWLQJ WKH URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQ IRU D VSHFLILF VHFWLRQ RI URDGZD\ :KHUH DSSOLFDEOH WKH
JXLGDQFHLQWKLVGRFXPHQWPD\EHXVHGWRDGGUHVVPDQ\RIWKHVHLVVXHV

7DEOH&KHFNOLVWIRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQFRQVLGHUDWLRQV

Operational aspects
7UDYHOWLPHV
,QWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\V
7UDYHOVSHHGV
0LQRUVWUHHWRSHUDWLRQV
5DLOURDGFURVVLQJV
Safety aspects
$QJOHFUDVKHV
/HIWWXUQFUDVKHV
5HDUHQGFUDVKHV
3HGHVWULDQVDIHW\
%LF\FOLVWVVDIHW\
Multimodal operations
3XEOLFWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
%LF\FOH
3HGHVWULDQ
Access management
Livability
Operational consistency
Transition design
Cross section elements
1XPEHURIODQHV
%LF\FOHODQHV
3DUNLQJ
6LGHZDONV
%XIIHUV

REFERNCES

6WDPDWLDGLV 1 .LUN $ :DQJ & DQG &XOO $ Guidelines for Road Diet
Conversions,.7&.HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&HQWHU/H[LQJWRQ.<

2. .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DELQHW 'HVLJQ0HPR0DQXDO)UDQNIRUW.<

For more information or a complete publication list, contact us at:
KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CENTER

176 Raymond Building
University of Kentucky
Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0281
(859) 257-4513
(859) 257-1815 (FAX)
1-800-432-0719
www.ktc.uky.edu
ktc@engr.uky.edu
The University of Kentucky is an Equal Opportunity Organization

Road Diet Guidelines For Road Diet Conversion Stamatiadis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Road Diet Guidelines For Road Diet Conversion Stamatiadis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Road Diet Guidelines For Road Diet Conversion Stamatiadis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Research Report

KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CENTER

GUIDELINES FOR ROAD DIET CONVERSIONS

Honesty and Ethical Behavior

Draft Final Report

4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date

6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.

15. Supplementary Notes

17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement

*HWWPDQ'3X/7DUHN6DQG6KHOE\6  Surrogate Safety Assessment Model and

3DZORYLFK0/L:&DUULTXLU\$DQG:HOFK7  ,RZDெV([SHULHQFHZLWK³5RDG'LHW´

Figure 1: Study Area

Figure 4: US 60 with Standard Road Diet

Figure 6: US 60 with Parking

Figure 1: Study Area

Figure 4: Euclid Post-Road Diet Transformation

Figure 1: Study Area

Figure 4: US 27 Post-Road Diet Transformation (Near Ends with More Entrances)

Figure 1: Study Area

Figure 3: Initial Two Lane Section (South of KY 114)

Figure 5: Road Diet Cross-Section (South of 114)

Figure 6: KY 1428 Post-Road Diet Transformation

Figure 1: Study Area

Figure 2: Typical Section

Figure 3: Road Diet Cross-Section

Table 3: Post- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (2007-2009)

.<DWVW6WUHHW    

.<DWWK6WUHHW    

.<DWWK6WUHHW    

ING ITE CODE 210

10 10 40, 19, 23 69, 24, 48

93, 69, 69 2, 14, 185

5 5 13, 11, 30 71, 30, 60

99, 82, 81 10, 10, 326

KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CENTER

The University of Kentucky is an Equal Opportunity Organization

You might also like

*HWWPDQ'3X/7DUHN6DQG6KHOE\6 Surrogate Safety Assessment Model and

3DZORYLFK0/L:&DUULTXLU\$DQG:HOFK7 ,RZDெV([SHULHQFHZLWK³5RDG'LHW´

.<DWVW6WUHHW

.<DWWK6WUHHW

.<DWWK6WUHHW