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1 General - Merged - Removed
1 General - Merged - Removed
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Syllabus
GATE :Section 3: LOGO
Geotechnical Engineering (8 %)
Soil Mechanics:
Origin of soils, soil structure and fabric; Three-phase system and phase relationships, index
properties; Unified and Indian standard soil classification system;
Permeability - one dimensional flow, Darcy’s law; Seepage through soils - two-dimensional flow,
flow nets, uplift pressure, piping; Principle of effective stress, capillarity, seepage force and
quicksand condition;
Compaction in laboratory and field conditions;
One-dimensional consolidation, time rate of consolidation;
Mohr’s circle, stress paths, effective and total shear strength parameters, characteristics of clays
and sand.
Foundation Engineering:
Sub-surface investigations - scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, plate load test, standard
penetration and cone penetration tests;
Earth pressure theories -Rankine and Coulomb;
Stability of slopes - finite and infinite slopes, method of slices and Bishop’s method;
Stress distribution in soils - Boussinesq’s and Westergaard’s theories, pressure bulbs;
Shallow foundations - Terzaghi’s and Meyerhoff’s bearing capacity theories, effect of water table;
Combined footing and raft foundation; Contact pressure;
Settlement analysis in sands and clays;
Deep foundations - types of piles, dynamic and static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands and
clays, pile load test, negative skin friction.
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Retaining Structures
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TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS AND LOGO
MODES OF FAILURE
Categories
• mass gravity,
• flexible,
• mechanically stabilized earth walls.
filled with
Crib walls have been used in Queensland. soil
Good drainage & allow plant growth.
Looks good. Interlocking
stretchers
and headers
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Road
Train
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Retaining Walls - Applications
High-rise building
basement wall
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DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS
Backfill
• soil retained by the wall.
Plastic equilibrium
• if every point of soil is on the verge of failure.
Charles-Augustine de Coulomb
(1736-1806) was a military
engineer and a famous French
physicist that discovered the force
between two electrical charges.
Less known was his development
of the first thoroughly analytical
study of lateral earth pressures
which he published in 1776.
That theory remains the standard
choice of analysis for lateral forces
upon structures in soils.
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STABILITY OF RIGID RETAINING WALLS
Solution
Problem 2:
Compute
Active Earth
pressure
thrust and
its location.
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For
Practical
batch
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At z=0,
1. Terzaghi’s theory
IS :8009 (Part I) -1976
Summury…
Obtain B1 and B2
DEEP
FOUNDATIONS
Syllabus
Stress and settlement distribution
below a foundation
Assumed Distribution
Pile Foundations
Uses of piles
1. To carry vertical load
• End Bearing Pile : If all the (majority amount) loads are
transferred to the pile tips
• Friction Piles : If all the (majority amount) loads are
transferred to the soil along the length of pile
• Compaction pile: Short piles used for compacting loose
sand.
2. To resist uplift load
• Tension pile or
Uplift:
• Below some
structures such
as transmission
tower, offshore
platform which
are subjected to
tension.
Types of Piles
Types of Piles
• Timber pile: suitable for light loads varies from 100 to
250 kN per pile. Suitable for soft cohesive soil.
• Concrete Pile: all load condition. Most frequently used
piles. Strong, durable.
• Steel pile: Used to carry heavy load
• a) circular, b) square, C) rectangular, d) hexagonal,
e) H- section, f) pipe
• Note:
• Rock or very dense sand - H pile and open ended pipe
pile (least driving effort)
• Under the vertical load, the type of pile cross section does
not play a important role. However, under horizontal load,
square and H section pile perform well as compared to
circular pile
• Cohesive soil
under laid by a
granular soil –
Cylindrical pile
• Loose to medium dense
granular soil –Tapered
pile
• (for efficient transfer of
load along the length of
pile.
• efficient distribution of
pile materials)
Under-reamed pile
Friction pile
• Do not reach hard stratum
. Transfer the load through skin friction between embedded
soil and pile
• The ultimate load carried by pile= load transferred by skin
friction
Disadvantages
• Addition reinforcements are required due handling and
transportation
• Special equipment's are required for handling and driving
• Piles can be damaged during handling and transportation
• lf the soil is saturated, then pore water pressure is developed
which reduces the shear strength of the soil.
• Length adjustment is difficult
Advantages of cast-in-situ concrete pile:
Ap Nq Ny Pd
0.159043 16.5 22.4 262.5
Problem 2
• Consider a 15-m long concrete pile with a cross section of
0.45 m X 0.45 m fully embedded in sand. Unit weight of
sand = 17kN/m3: and soil friction angle = 35°. Estimate
the ultimate pile capacity from tip resistance
0.45 15 17 0.610865
D Depth Y phi