Stability of the Equilibria

Global Stability of infection free equilibrium

Theorem 4
If R0 ≤ 1, the infection-free equilibrium E0 is globally asymptotically stable
for any time delay τ, σ ≥ 0.

Case I: If ke −uσ−pτ > p

Consider the Lyapunov function as
f (x0 , v )
V 1 = x − x0 − lim+ dη + k1 y + k2 v + k3 I + k4 J.
Z x

x0 v →0 f (η, v )

where k1 , k2 , K3 and k4 are constants need to be determined later, and

0 0
I = βf (x(t + η), v (t + η))dη, J = y (t + η)dη,
Z Z

−τ −σ
and
xv
f (x, v ) = .
1 + ax + bv
NS Rathnayaka (KDU) Progress Presentation 17.11.2022 22 / 48
 Stability of the Equilibria

Taking the derivative of V1 along the solutions of model (3), and

kk2 e −uσ p
considering λ = dx0 , k1 = p , k 2 = (ke −uσ−pτ −p)
, k 3 = k 1 e −pτ and

k4 = kk2 e −uσ , we have

d(x − x0 )2 βλbv 2 puv (ud + βλ + auλ)(R0 − 1)

V̇1 = − − +
x(1 + ax0 ) (d + aλ)(1 + ax + bv ) u(d + aλ)(ke −uσ−pτ − p)

It is clear that the first and second terms of the equation above is negative
for all x, v > 0 and last term be negative for R0 < 1. That is, if R0 ≤ 1, it
follows that V̇1 ≤ 0. This is show that the infection equilibrium E0 is
stable.
Next, set E1∗ is defied as:

E1∗ = {ψ = (x(t), y (t), v (t)) ∈ C | V̇1 (ψ) = 0}

Let M1 be the largest invariance subset with respect to model (3) in E1∗ .
V̇1 (ψ) = 0 if and only if x(t) = x0 and v (t) = 0 for t ≥ 0.
NS Rathnayaka (KDU) Progress Presentation 17.11.2022 23 / 48
 Stability of the Equilibria

From the invariance of the subset M1 , it further has that x(t) = x0 and
v (t) = 0 for any t ≥ 0.
Then from the second equation of the model (3), we have y (t) = 0.
This is shown that M1 = {E0 } is the largest invariant subset of E1∗ .
By LaSalle’s invariance principle, the infection free equilibrium E0 is
globally asymptotically stable, if R0 ≤ 1.

Case II: If ke −uσ−pτ ≤ p

Consider the Lyapunov function as
0
V2 = k 5 y + k 6 v + k 7 ky (t + η)dη + βf (x(t + η), v (t + η))dη
Z 0 Z

−σ −τ

where k5 , k6 , and k7 are constants need to be determined.

NS Rathnayaka (KDU) Progress Presentation 17.11.2022 24 / 48

 Stability of the Equilibria

Taking the derivative of V2 along the solutions of model (3), and

pτ pe uσ+pτ
substitute k5 = e , k6 = k , and k 7 = k 6 e −uσ , for t ≥ 0, we have

puve uσ+pτ xv βe uσ+pτ (ke −uσ−pτ − p)

v̇2 = − + .
k k(1 + ax + bv )

It is clear that V̇2 ≤ 0 for all x, v > 0. Hence E0 is stable.

NS Rathnayaka (KDU) Progress Presentation 17.11.2022 25 / 48

 Stability of the Equilibria

Next, set E2 is defied as:

E2 = {ψ = (x(t), y (t), v (t)) ∈ C | V̇2 (ψ) = 0}

Let M2 be the largest invariance set with respect to model (3) in E2 .

V̇2 (ψ) = 0 if and only if v (t) = 0 for t ≥ 0.

From the invariance of the subset M2 , it further has that v (t) = 0 for any
t≥0

Then from the first and second equation of the model (3), and the
invariance of the subset M2 , we have x(t) = x0 and y (t) = 0 for t ≥ 0.
This is shown that M2 = {E0 } is the largest invariant subset of E2 .
By LaSalle’s invariance principle, the infection free equilibrium E0 is
globally asymptotically stable.

NS Rathnayaka (KDU) Progress Presentation 17.11.2022 26 / 48

 Stability of the Equilibria

Permanence

Permanence implies that the infected cells y (t) and virus particles v (t)
cannot be completely eliminated and will eventually persist.
Definition 5
[11]The system (3) is said to be persistent if there are two positive
constants, ml , mu such that for each positive solution (x(t), y (t), v (t)) of
the system (3) with the initial conditions (4) satisfies

ml ≤ x = lim inf x(t) ≤ x = lim sup x(t) ≤ mu ,

t→∞ t→∞
ml ≤ y = lim inf y (t) ≤ y = lim sup y (t) ≤ mu , (20)
t→∞ t→∞
ml ≤ v = lim inf v (t) ≤ v = lim sup v (t) ≤ mu ,
t→∞ t→∞

where, ml = min{x, y , z} and mu = max{x, y , z}.

NS Rathnayaka (KDU) Progress Presentation 17.11.2022 27 / 48

 Stability of the Equilibria

From the first equation of the model (3), we have

λb
lim inf x(t) ≥ ≥ ml
t→∞ db + β
Note that our system is dissipative (or equivalently uniformly ultimately
bounded), and for a dissipative system uniformly persistence is equivalent
to the permanence.[10]
To prove the uniform persistence of the model (3), here we presented the
persistence theory for infinite dimensional system presented by Hale in [4]
and method used in [10].
Definition 6
(see, [9],[4])A matrix A is call Metzler matrix if and only if all the
off-diagonal elements of A are non-negative

Lemma 7
(see, [11] ) Perron-Frobenius theorem implies that, if A is an irreducible
Metzle matrix there is a positive eigenvector V for the associated
maximum eigenvalue λm of A.
NS Rathnayaka (KDU) Progress Presentation 17.11.2022 28 / 48
 Stability of the Equilibria

Now, assume that X be a complete metric space. suppose

X 0 ∈ X , ∂X 0 ∈ X and X = X 0 ∪ ∂X 0 , where ∂X 0 (non-empty) is the
boundary of X 0 . Further suppose that U(t) is a C 0 − semigroup on X
satisfies
U(t) : X 0 −→ X 0 .
0 0
(21)
U(t) : ∂X −→ ∂X .

Let Ub (t) = U(t)|∂X 0 and let Ab be the global attractor for Ub (t).

NS Rathnayaka (KDU) Progress Presentation 17.11.2022 29 / 48

 Stability of the Equilibria

Lemma 8
(see [4]) Suppose that U(t) satisfies the (21) and we have
(i) there is t0 ≥ 0 such that U(t) compact for t > t0 .
(ii) U(t) is point dissipative in X .
(iii) Ãb = ∪x∈Ab ω(x) is isolated and has an acyclic covering M, where
M̃ = {M1 , M2 , . . . , Mn }.
(iv) W s (Mi ) ∩ X 0 = φ, for i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Then ∂X 0 uniform repeller with respect to X 0 , that is, there is an ǫ > 0
such that for any x ∈ X 0 ,

lim inf d(U(t)x, ∂X 0 ) ≥ ǫ,

t→∞

where d is distance of U(t)x from ∂X 0 .

NS Rathnayaka (KDU) Progress Presentation 17.11.2022 30 / 48

 Stability of the Equilibria

Theorem 9
If R0 > 1, then the system (3) is permanent for any time delay τ ≥ 0 and
σ ≥ 0 with the initial condition (4).

proof
Let us to define a set
C0 = {(ψ, φ1 , φ2 ) ∈ C ([−τ, 0], R3+ ) : ψ(θ) 6= 0, φ1 (θ) = φ2 (θ) = 0, (θ ∈
[−τ, 0])}.
If C 0 = intC ([−τ, 0], R3+ ), it is enough to prove that there exist
ǫ0 > 0 such that for any solution U(t) of system(3) Starting from C 0 ,
lim inf t→∞ d(U(t), C0 ) ≥ ǫ0 . To this end, we tend to verify that the
conditions of Lemma 8 are fulfilled.
It is not difficult to see that C 0 and C0 are positively invariant. Also,
conditions (i) and (ii) of Lemma 8 are satisfied.
Hence, we just have to confirm the conditions (iii) and (iv ).

NS Rathnayaka (KDU) Progress Presentation 17.11.2022 31 / 48